Performance Implications of Transformational Supply Chain Leadership and Followership

7/31/2019 Performance Implications of Transformational Supply Chain Leadership and Followership

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Vjxiaxeodkj nevcnko}nad{ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond

cjomjx{lnv odm iaccarjx{lnvK$ Kcniiaxm Mjijj

Mjvox}ejd} ai Oyno}nad odm [zvvc~ Klond Eodobjejd}# Ozhzxd Zdnyjx{n}~#Ozhzxd# Ocohoeo# Z[O

]ljamaxj V$ ,]jm. [}od`Kaccjbj ai Hz{ndj{{ Omendn{}xo}nad# ]lj Zdnyjx{n}~ ai ]jddj{{jj#

@da|ynccj# ]jddj{{jj# Z[O# odm

]jxx~ J{vjx

Mjvox}ejd} ai Eox`j}ndb odm Cabn{}nk{# [}a`jc~ Eodobjejd} Kjd}jx#Zdnyjx{n}~ ai ]jddj{{jj# @da|ynccj# ]jddj{{jj# Z[O

Oh{}xok}

Vzxva{j ]lj vzxva{j ai }ln{ vovjx n{ }a mjyjcav }lj kadkjv}{ ai {zvvc~ klond cjomjx{lnv ,[KC. odm{zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{lnv ,[KI. ixae }lj cn}jxo}zxj# odm vxava{j o }ljax~ ai cjomjx{lnv nd {zvvc~klond{ z{ndb o {}xo}jb~%{}xzk}zxj%vjxiaxeodkj }ljax~ ixoejrax`$

Mj{nbd!ej}lamacab~!ovvxaokl Kad{}xzk}{ oxj mjdjm odm yocnm odm xjcnohcj {kocj{ oxjmjyjcavjm iax [KC# [KI# odm }lxjj {}xzk}zxoc jcjejd}{ ,ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohncn}~# kaeezdnko}nad# odmxjroxm{.$ Vxava{jm [KC odm [KI }ljaxj}nkoc xjco}nad{lnv{ oxj }j{}jm z{ndb mo}o kaccjk}jm ixae odnd}jxok}nyj {nezco}nad odm odoc~wjm z{ndb {}xzk}zxoc jqzo}nad eamjcndb$

Indmndb{ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KC odm [KI oxj nd}jx%xjco}jm kad{}xzk}{ }lo} kod hj cnd`jm }a }ljkxjo}nad ai }lj }lxjj iaxe{ ai {zvvc~ klond {}xzk}zxj j|oendjm nd }ln{ xj{joxkl }a yox~ndb mjbxjj{$O dmndb ai {nbdnkodkj n{ }lo} {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{ eo~ ok}zocc~ loyj bxjo}jxndzjdkj ayjx avjxo}nadoc vjxiaxeodkj }lod }lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx$

Xj{joxkl cnen}o}nad{!nevcnko}nad{ ]ln{ xj{joxkl vxj{jd}{ od ndn}noc }j{} ai {zvvc~ klond%xjco}jmkad{}xzk}{ da} }j{}jm nd vxjynaz{ xj{joxkl$ ]lj{j xjvxj{jd} {nbdnkod} axbodnwo}nadoc kad{}xzk}{ }lo}eo~ hjdj} iz}zxj {zvvc~ klond xj{joxkl jiiax}{$

Vxok}nkoc nevcnko}nad{ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond hjloynax{ ai cjomjx{ odm iaccarjx{ kod hjvjxkjnyjm odm ejo{zxjm$ Eodobjx{ eo~ z}ncnwj }ln{ `darcjmbj }a hj}}jx zdmjx{}odm }lj }~vj ai {zvvc~klond xjco}nad{lnv{ }ljnx axbodnwo}nad {lazcm ea{} jiijk}nyjc~ vzx{zj$

Axnbndocn}~!yoczj ]lj vovjx nd}xamzkj{ }lj kadkjv}{ ai [KC odm [KI odm jevnxnkocc~ }j{}{ }lj{jkadkjv}{ odm }lj {}xzk}zxoc kad{}xzk}{ ai ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohncn}~# kaeezdnko}nad# odm xjroxm{$

@j~raxm{ [zvvc~ klond eodobjejd}# Cjomjx{lnv

Vovjx }~vj Xj{joxkl vovjx

Nd}xamzk}nad]lj nd}jbxo}jm {zvvc~ klond kadkjv}# odm }lj kloccjdbj{ n} vxj{jd}{ iax cabn{}nk{ odm{zvvc~ klond mjkn{nad eo`jx{# lo{ bxard nd nevax}odkj ayjx }lj co{} 86 ~jox{$ O{ {zkl#eod~ xe{ loyj vcokjm o {nbdnkod} jevlo{n{ ad `j~ jcjejd}{ ai {zvvc~ klondnd}jbxo}nad# {zkl o{ {loxndb ndiaxeo}nad# xn{`{# xjroxm{ odm gand} vxahcje {acyndb ,@oldodm Ejd}wjx# ?>>9# ?>>96%66;:$l}e

]xod{iaxeo}nadoc[KC odm [KI

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Xjkjnyjm Eoxkl 866>Xjyn{jm Gzdj 86?6

Okkjv}jm Gzc~ 86?6

Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Vl~{nkocMn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}

Yac$ =6 Da$ ?6# 86?6vv$ 29;%2>?

q Jejxocm Bxazv Vzhcn{lndb Cnen}jm6>96%66;:

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odm xjco}jm {zvvc~ klond cn}jxo}zxj{ ad kadkjv}{ odm vxakj{{j{ o{{akno}jm rn}l eaxjjiijk}nyj nd}jbxo}nad nd }lj {zvvc~ klond ,Bacm{h~ j} oc$# 86690 Eox`cj~ odm Moyn{# 86620[}od` j} oc$# 866:.$

Hjndb }lo} o {zvvc~ klond ndyacyj{ }lxjj ax eaxj kaevodnj{ mnxjk}c~ cnd`jm h~ adj ax

eaxj ai }lj zv{}xjoe odm mard{}xjoe ar{ ai vxamzk}{# {jxynkj{# dodkj{# odmndiaxeo}nad ixae o {azxkj }a o kz{}aejx ,Ejd}wjx# 866?# v$ :.# }lj iakz{ ad nd}jbxo}nad nd}lj cn}jxo}zxj xon{j{ od nd}jxj{}ndb# ~j} ai}jd zdod{rjxjm qzj{}nad$ Rla n{ xj{vad{nhcjiax jd{zxndb }lo} nd}jbxo}nad rn}lnd }lj {zvvc~ klond n{ jiijk}nyjc~ nevcjejd}jm odmeodobjm1 Ox}nkcj{ nd }lj okomjenk odm }xomj vxj{{ ai}jd j{vaz{j }lj hjdj}{ ai {zvvc~klond nd}jbxo}nad# vxneoxnc~ jevlo{nwndb }lj avjxo}nadoc jdlodkjejd} odm vjxiaxeodkjav}nenwo}nad avvax}zdn}nj{ o{{akno}jm rn}l jdbobndb nd eaxj nd}jbxo}jm j|klodbj rn}la}ljx {zvvc~ klond jd}n}nj{ ,Iohhj%Ka{}j{ odm Golxj# 86620 Xnklj~ j} oc$# 866>.$ [zklcn}jxo}zxj n{ ai}jd ho{jm ad }lj ayjxoxklndb o{{zev}nad }lo} nd}jbxo}nad rncc jejxbjaxbodnkocc~$ Rlncj }ln{ kazcm hj }lj ko{j# oda}ljx va}jd}noc xo}nadocj iax }lj omav}nad odmeodobjejd} ai nd}jbxo}jm {zvvc~ klond{ kazcm cnj nd o coxbjc~ nbdaxjm oxjo }lj maeondai cjomjx{lnv$

Okkaxmndb }a Coehjx} j} oc$ ,?>>22.$

Zdiax}zdo}jc~# }lj }jxe {ziijx{ ixae ndkad{n{}jd} z{j odm cok`{ o vxjkn{j mjdn}nad$ ]lj}jxe {zvvc~ klond cjomjx lo{ hjjd z{jm }a mj{kxnhj o xe }lo} az}vjxiaxe{ ndmz{}x~kaevj}n}ax{ ,Loxxn{ad odm Djr# 8668.# o {azxkj ai ndmz{}x~ hj{} vxok}nkj{ ,H~xdj# 866=.#odm ndmnynmzoc }lazbl} cjomjx{ ,Iorkj}} odm Eobdod# 866=.$ O }~vnkoc mj{kxnv}nad ai{zvvc~ klond cjomjx{lnv ,[KC. jqzo}j{ }lj cjomjx{ xacj rn}l }lj ea{} varjxizc#maendod} xe nd o {zvvc~ klond ,Eocadn odm Hjd}ad# 8666.0 larjyjx# nd{nbl}{ ixaekad}jevaxox~ }ljaxnj{ nd }lj cjomjx{lnv cn}jxo}zxj {zbbj{} }lj maeond ai cjomjx{lnv n{ezkl hxaomjx odm hjloynax ho{jm# rlncj vzxjc~ varjx%ho{jm kadkjv}zocnwo}nad{ oxjaz}mo}jm ,Bxojd odm Zlc%Hnjd# ?>>:0 Labb j} oc$# 866;0 Laccodmjx# 866>.$

]lj vzxva{j ai }ln{ xj{joxkl# }ljxjiaxj# n{ }a mjyjcav odm nd}xamzkj }lj hjloynaxockadkjv} ai [KC }a iokncn}o}j o hj}}jx zdmjx{}odmndb ai }lj axbodnwndb ejklodn{e{ iazdmoeadb nd}jbxo}jm {zvvc~ klond xe{$ H~ cjyjxobndb j|n{}ndb }ljax~ ixae az}{nmj }lj

mn{knvcndj ,[}ak`# ?>>2.# kadkjv}zoc mjdn}nad{ ai [KC odm {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{lnv,[KI. oxj vxj{jd}jm ho{jm ad o xjynjr ai `j~ }ljej{ ixae kad}jevaxox~ }ljaxnj{ nd }ljcjomjx{lnv cn}jxo}zxj$ Rj ovvc~ }lj{j }ljaxnj{ ai cjomjx{lnv# axnbndocc~ kxjo}jm o} }ljndmnynmzoc!eodobjx cjyjc# o} }lj kaevod~ cjyjc nd o {zvvc~ klond kad}j|}$ Eaxj{vjknkocc~# rj iakz{ ad }lj kadkjv}{ ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KC ,Ho{{# ?>


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X_?$ Maj{ o }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {}~cj ai cjomjx{lnv j|lnhn}jm h~ o {zvvc~ klondaxbodnwo}nad xj{zc} nd }lj kxjo}nad ai {vjknk {}xzk}zxoc az}kaej{ nd {zvvc~klond{1

X_8$ Ma }lj {}xzk}zxoc jcjejd}{ iazdm nd {zvvc~ klond{ cjm h~ o }xod{iaxeo}nadoc{zvvc~ klond cjomjx xj{zc} nd lnbljx vjxiaxeodkj1

Rj }j{} }lj{j da}nad{ z{ndb o kaehndjm ej}lamacabnkoc ovvxaokl ai j|vjxnejd}ocmj{nbd yno o {nezco}jm {zvvc~ klond jdynxadejd} odm {zxyj~ mo}o kaccjk}jm ixae8:; eodobjx{$

]lj eodz{kxnv} rncc vxakjjm o{ iaccar{$ Inx{}# rj hxnj~ xjynjr }lj cjomjx{lnvcn}jxo}zxj odm z{j nd{nbl}{ bondjm }a j|vcond }lj kadkjv}{ ai [KC odm [KI$ [jkadm# rjnd}xamzkj }lj kadkjv}zoc eamjc }a hj }j{}jm nd }ln{ xj{joxkl odm mjdj jokl ai }ljkadkjv}{ iazdm nd }lj eamjc$ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv }ljax~ n{ z{jm }a mjyjcav }lj`j~ kadkjv}{ ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KC odm }xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KI$ ]lxjj {}xzk}zxockadkjv}{ ,ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohncn}~# kaeezdnko}nad# odm xjroxm{. odm }ra mnejd{nad{ai {zvvc~ klond vjxiaxeodkj ,jiknjdk~ odm jiijk}nyjdj{{. oxj oc{a mjyjcavjm nd }ln{{jk}nad ocadb rn}l l~va}lj{j{ ai }lj xjco}nad{lnv{ hj}rjjd }lj eamjc yoxnohcj{$ ]lnxm#}lj kaehndjm {nezco}nad odm {zxyj~ ej}lamacab~ z{jm n{ j|vcondjm$ Dj|}# xj{zc}{ ai}lj l~va}lj{n{ }j{}{ oxj {zeeoxnwjm$ Indocc~# rj kadkczmj rn}l o mn{kz{{nad ai `j~dmndb{ odm kaeejd} ad {nbdnkod} nevcnko}nad{ ai }lj xj{joxkl$

Kadkjv}zoc mjyjcavejd}[zvvc~ klond cjomjx{lnvCjomjx{lnv lo{ hjjd xaz}ndjc~ iazdm }a hj od nevax}od} kad}xnhz}ax }a axbodnwo}nadoc{zkkj{{ odm kaevj}n}nyj omyod}obj ,Ho{{# ?>>60 Rocmeod j} oc$# 866?.# rn}l o{ ezklo{ =: vjx kjd} ai xe vjxiaxeodkj o}}xnhz}jm }a cjomjx{lnv ,Mo~ odm Caxm# ?>>.$ Eaxj xjkjd}c~#cjomjx{lnv }ljaxnj{ loyj }o`jd od ndkxjo{ndbc~ lacn{}nk# xjco}nad{lnv%axnjd}jm ynjr }lo}xjjk}{ }lj vjx{vjk}nyj ai ha}l }lj cjomjx odm }lj iaccarjx ,Laz{j odm Omn}~o# ?>>2.#odm ok`darcjmbj }lo} iaccarjx{ eo~ ndzjdkj cjomjx mjkn{nad eo`ndb ,@azwj{ odmVa{djx# 866=.$

O xjynjr ai eaxj kad}jevaxox~ cjomjx{lnv cn}jxo}zxj {zbbj{}{ o dzehjx aikadkjv}zoc }ljej{ o{{akno}jm rn}l }lj mjdndb kloxok}jxn{}nk{ ai cjomjx{lnv$Cjomjx{lnv n{ o vxakj{{ ai ndzjdkndb ndmnynmzoc{ ax bxazv{ }a oklnjyj bxazv baoc{,La~} odm Hco{kaynkl# 866;.$ N} ndyacyj{ o bxazv ai iaccarjx{ ,Laccodmjx# ?>>;. rn}l rlae}lj cjomjx {lazcm iaxe ka%ndzjdkndb xjco}nad{lnv{ ,@azwj{ odm Va{djx# 866=.# ~j} }ljcjomjx n{ nmjd}nohcj odm xjomnc~ mn{}ndbzn{ljm ixae }la{j iaccarjx{ ad }lj ho{n{ ai }ljhjloynax{ }lj~ vxagjk} ,[loenx# ?>>>.$ Eaxjayjx# cjomjx{ iaxe odm ox}nkzco}j o yn{nad ai

}ljiz}zxj ,Xnkloxm{odmJdbcj# ?>>8. rljd }oxbj}ndb o {j} ai {loxjm baoc{ ,Labb j}oc$# 866;.$ [zeeoxnwndb}lj{j kadkjv}zoc }ljej{ ~njcm{ }lj cjomjx{lnv mjdn}nad z{jm nd }ln{ xj{joxkl7

Cjomjx{lnv n{ o xjco}nadoc kadkjv} ndyacyndb }lj cjomjx odm adj ax eaxj iaccarjx{ rla nd}jxok}nd o m~doenk# ka%ndzjdkndb vxakj{{$ Cjomjx{ {}xnyj }a zdmjx{}odm }lj djjm{ odm baoc{ aiiaccarjx{# iaxe odm jiijk}nyjc~ kaeezdnko}j o yn{nad ai }lj iz}zxj# odm vxagjk} hjloynax{kad{n{}jd} rn}l oklnjyndb }lj cadb%}jxe ahgjk}nyj{ ai }lj axbodnwo}nad$ Jokl ai }lj{j ok}nad{xjndiaxkj{ odm ea}nyo}j{ iaccarjx{$


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]lj eod~ }ljaxnj{ ai cjomjx{lnv vxava{jm nd }lj cjomjx{lnv cn}jxo}zxj loyj hjjd ho{jmad }lj xacj ai }lj ndmnynmzoc o{ cjomjx nd {aknj}~ ax }lj axbodnwo}nad ,Ho{{# ?>>60Laccodmjx# 866>0 Laz{j odm Omn}~o# ?>>20 ^z`c# 866?.$ Cjomjx{lnv n{ oc{a iazdm nd }ljeokxa kad}j|} ai nd}jx%axbodnwo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond xjco}nad{lnv{$ ]ln{ iaxe ai

cjomjx{lnv iazdm o} }lj xecjyjc n{ djkj{{ox~ }a kaaxmndo}j }lj jiiax}{ ai ezc}nvcj {zvvc~klond axbodnwo}nad{ ,Harjx{a| odm Kca{{# ?>>90 Coehjx} j} oc$# ?>>.$

]lj kadkjv} ai [KC vxava{jm nd }ln{ xj{joxkl n{ ho{jm ad }lj iazx jcjejd}{ aicjomjx{lnv vxj{jd}jm vxjynaz{c~$ Inx{}# }lj j{{jdkj ai cjomjx{lnv nd o {zvvc~ klond n{iazdm nd }lj ohncn}~ ai adj axbodnwo}nad }a ndzjdkj }lj ok}nad{ ai oda}ljx axbodnwo}nad$[jkadm# }lj hjloynax{ vxagjk}jm h~ }lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx eo~ hj {jjd }lxazbl n}{{}o}jm vacnknj{# odm }lj ok}nad{ ai hazdmox~%{voddndb vjx{addjc$ ]lj{j hjloynax{ occar}lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx }a hj nmjd}njm odm mn{}ndbzn{ljm ixae iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{$

]lnxm# }lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx n{ }lj axbodnwo}nad }lo} nmjd}nj{ }lj djjm iax klodbj odmkxjo}j{ o yn{nad ai o hj}}jx iz}zxj iax }lj {zvvc~ klond$ Iazx}l# [KC vcokj{ }lj {zvvc~klond cjomjx odm {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{ nd o xjco}nad{lnv rn}l jokl axbodnwo}nad loyndb}lj ohncn}~ }a ndzjdkj }lj a}ljx ,Bxojd odm Zlc%Hnjd# ?>>:0 Bxzdm{}njd%Oeoma# ?>>>0@azwj{ odm Va{djx# 866=.$ ]lz{# h~ mjdn}nad# rj vxava{j }lo} [KC n{7

P$ $ $U o xjco}nadoc kadkjv} ndyacyndb }lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx odm adj ax eaxj {zvvc~ klondiaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{ }lo} nd}jxok} nd o m~doenk# ka%ndzjdkndb vxakj{{$ ]lj {zvvc~ klondcjomjx n{ kloxok}jxnwjm o{ }lj axbodnwo}nad }lo} mjead{}xo}j{ lnbljx cjyjc{ ai }lj iazxjcjejd}{ ai cjomjx{lnv nd xjco}nad }a a}ljx ejehjx axbodnwo}nad{ ,n$j$ }lj axbodnwo}nad kovohcjai bxjo}jx ndzjdkj# xjomnc~ nmjd}nohcj h~ n}{ hjloynax{# kxjo}ax ai }lj yn{nad# odm }lo}j{}ohcn{lj{ o xjco}nad{lnv rn}l a}ljx {zvvc~ klond axbodnwo}nad{.$

[zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{lnvKad}xo{}jm rn}l }lj j|}jd{nyj cjomjx{lnv cn}jxo}zxj# }lj {}zm~ ai iaccarjx{lnv lo{ hjjdejobjx ,Klocjii# 866;0 Mn|ad odm Rj{}hxaa # 866;.$ Hz}# cjomjx{lnv kodda} j|n{} rn}laz}o rnccndb bxazv ai iaccarjx{ ,Laccodmjx# ?>>;. odm od~ mj{kxnv}nad ai cjomjx{lnv n{ndkaevcj}j rn}laz} }lj kaevcjejd}ox~ kadkjv} ai iaccarjx{lnv ,Mynx j} oc$# 86680 @jccj~#866=.$ O{ rn}l }lj }ljaxnj{ ai cjomjx{lnv mj{kxnhjm nd }lj cn}jxo}zxj# }lj kadkjv} aiiaccarjx{lnv lo{ hjjd mjyjcavjm odm mj{kxnhjm o} }lj ndmnynmzoc cjyjc nd }lj cn}jxo}zxj$]ln{ {jk}nad hxnj~ xjynjr{ `j~ kadkjv}{ ai ndmnynmzoc iaccarjx{lnv odm jcjyo}j{ }lj{j}a }lj axbodnwo}nad cjyjc }a j{}ohcn{l }lj mjdn}nad ai [KI$

Cjomjx{lnv n{ nevax}od}# hz} }lj eogaxn}~ ai rax` vjxiaxejm nd axbodnwo}nad{ n{ omnxjk} xj{zc} ai }lj kad}xnhz}nad{ ai iaccarjx{ ,@jccj~# 866=.$ Oc}lazbl }lj }jxe iaccarjxbjdjxocc~ koxxnj{ o djbo}nyj kadda}o}nad o{ o rjo`# kadiaxendb ndmnynmzoc rla ez{} hj}acm rlo} }a ma ,Hodz}z%Baejw# 866=.# xjco}nad{lnv%axnjd}jm }ljaxnj{ ai cjomjx{lnvva{n}nad iaccarjx{ o{ kxn}nkoc kad}xnhz}ax{ }a }lj {zkkj{{ ai }lj axbodnwo}nad ,@azwj{odm Va{djx# 866=.$ Iaccarjx{lnv nd }ln{ kad}j|} nmjd}nj{ yacn}nadoc# yoczj%ommjmhjloynax{ }lo} mniijxjd}no}j vxaok}nyj lnbl kad}xnhz}ax{ ixae vo{{nyj car kad}xnhz}ax{,Va}}jx j} oc$# 866?.$

Jiijk}nyj iaccarjx{ loyj hjjd kloxok}jxnwjm o{ ok}ndb rn}l nd}jbxn}~ ho{jm ad }ljnxard {j} ai hjcnji{ ,Czdmnd odm Codko{}jx# ?>>6.# vox}djxndb rn}l cjomjx{ }a o}}ond {loxjm

NGVMCE=6#?6

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baoc{ ,Va}}jx j} oc$# 866?.# odm rnccndbc~ kloccjdbndb ndovvxavxno}j cjomjx hjloynax }lo}{}xo~{ ixae ez}zocc~ ljcm baoc{ j{}ohcn{ljm hj}rjjd cjomjx{ odm iaccarjx{ ,Klocjii#866;.$ ]lj yoczj%ommndb iaccarjx n{ ok}nyjc~ jdbobjm odm nd}jxj{}jm nd j|vodmndb }ljnxxjco}nad{lnv rn}l cjomjx{# odm ohcj }a mjead{}xo}j kxn}nkoc }lnd`ndb {`ncc{ }lo} eo~ cjom

}a }lj kxjo}nad ai dayjc {acz}nad{ ,@jccj~# 866=0 Va}}jx j} oc$# 866?.$ Kad{nmjxndb }ln{mjdn}nadoc mnocabzj ai }lj iaccarjx{lnv kadkjv}# rj vxava{j }lj iaccarndb mjdn}nad ai[KI z{jm nd }ln{ xj{joxkl7

[KI n{ o xjco}nadoc kadkjv} hj}rjjd cjomjx odm iaccarjx {zvvc~ klond axbodnwo}nad{ nd rlnkl}lj iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad j|lnhn}{ hjloynax{ nd}jdmjm }a ljcv }lj cjomjx axbodnwo}nad odm }lj{zvvc~ klond oklnjyj baoc{ {a cadb o{ }lj~ oxj ocnbdjm rn}l }lj iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{ ardbaoc{# odm }lj ayjxocc yn{nad odm cadb%}jxe ahgjk}nyj{ ai }lj {zvvc~ klond$

O kadkjv}zoc eamjc ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KC odm [KILoyndb j{}ohcn{ljm }lj nevax}odkj ai [KC odm [KI# odm }ljnx kadkjv}zocnwo}nad ndj|n{}ndb cjomjx{lnv cn}jxo}zxj# }ln{ {jk}nad vxj{jd}{ o kadkjv}zoc eamjc ho{jm zvad }lj

rnmjc~ xj{joxkljm }ljax~ ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv,Ho{{# ?>>>.# Lnd`nd odm[klxnj{ljne ,866


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]xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{ eo~ hj ynjrjm o{ hjndb va{n}nadjm avva{n}j }xod{ok}nadoccjomjx{ ad o kad}ndzze# rn}l }lj hjloynax{ j|lnhn}jm h~ }lj cjomjx mj}jxendndb rlj}ljx}lj cjomjx{ {}~cj n{ eaxj }xod{iaxeo}nadoc ax }xod{ok}nadoc ,Hzxd{# ?>2>>0 Lo}jx odm Ho{{# ?>;.$ Nd{vnxo}nad n{ }ljcjomjx{ ohncn}~ }a mjdj o kcjox {jd{j ai vzxva{j }lxazbl }lj ox}nkzco}jm yn{nad ai omj{nxohcj iz}zxj# mjdndb o vo}l iax oklnjyndb }lj yn{nad# odm {j}}ndb lnbl vjxiaxeodkjj|vjk}o}nad{$ Nd}jccjk}zoc {}nezco}nad n{ mjdjm o{ }lj cjomjx ljcvndb iaccarjx{ hjkaejeaxj kxjo}nyj odm nddayo}nyj h~ bj}}ndb }lje }a qzj{}nad okkjv}jm ej}lam{ ai {acyndbvxahcje{$ Ndmnynmzocnwjm kad{nmjxo}nad akkzx{ rljd }lj cjomjx vo~{ o}}jd}nad }a }ljzdnqzj mjyjcavejd}oc djjm{ ai jokl iaccarjx# o{{n{}{ nd }lj cjoxdndb vxakj{{# odm z}ncnwj{{vjknoc iaccarjx {`ncc{$ Axbodnwo}nad{ ljomjm h~ cjomjx{ j|lnhn}ndb {zkl}xod{iaxeo}nadoc hjloynax{ loyj kad{n{}jd}c~ hjjd iazdm }a hj eaxj jiijk}nyj }lod}xod{ok}nadocc~ cjm axbodnwo}nad{ ocadb ezc}nvcj vjxiaxeodkj mnejd{nad{ ndkczmndbayjxocc axbodnwo}nad vjxiaxeodkj ,Wjiiodj# ?>>=.# qzocn}~ ai az}vz} ,La~} odm

Hco{kaynkl# 866;.# ha}}ae%cndj dodknoc vjxiaxeodkj ,Vjxx~ odm Vxak}ax# 8666.# odmiaccarjx {o}n{iok}nad odm ea}nyo}nad ,Ho{{ odm Oyacna# ?>>=0 Eo{n odm Kaa`j# 8666.$Ljdkj# {zvvc~ klond cjomjx axbodnwo}nad{ }lo} eo`j }lj {}xo}jbnk klankj }a omav} }lj}xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv {}~cj {lazcm hjloyj {nencoxc~ odm ~njcm {nencox xj{zc}{$

Rj vxava{j# }ljxjiaxj# }lo} }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond cjomjx axbodnwo}nad{vxaynmj nd{vnxo}nad h~ kcoxni~ndb }lj vzxva{j odm en{{nad ai }lj jd}nxj {zvvc~ klond odmjdkazxobndb ejehjx{ }a hz~%nd }a }lj cjomjx{ mnxjk}nad ,Hjddn{# ?>6.$ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klondcjomjx{ vxaynmj nd}jccjk}zoc {}nezco}nad h~ {acnkn}ndb djr nmjo{ odm kloccjdbndbejehjx{ }a mjyjcav kxjo}nyj {acz}nad{ }a {zvvc~ klond n{{zj{ ,@azwj{ odm Va{djx# 866=.$Od j|oevcj n{ Mjcc{ hxond{}axendb {j{{nad{ rn}l {zvvcnjx{ }a bj} djr nmjo{ iaxvok`obndb odm xjk~kcohncn}~ ai n}{ vxamzk}{ ,Loddad# 86?6.$ [zvvc~ klond cjomjx{zdmjx{}odm }lo} {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{ va{{j{{ mn{}ndk}nyj {`ncc{ odm loyj mniijxndbaxbodnwo}nadoc baoc{$ Ovvxaoklndb jokl xjco}nad{lnv ndmjvjdmjd}c~ iaxe{ }ljiazdmo}nad iax ndmnynmzocnwjm kad{nmjxo}nad hjloynax{ ,[o{l`nd odm Hzx`j# ?>>6.$]xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond cjomjx{ `dar }lo} {aej iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{ xjqznxjkaoklndb }a mjyjcav xjqznxjm kovohncn}nj{# rlncj a}ljx {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{ oxj ocxjom~qzn}j kovohcj odm rod} }a }o`j ad djr kloccjdbj{ ,Oyacna j} oc$# ?>>>.$ Od j|oevcj n{ o{avln{}nko}jm {zvvcnjx mjyjcavejd} vxabxoe }lo} nmjd}nj{ }lj kovohncn}nj{ odm djjm{ aijokl {zvvcnjx {jvoxo}jc~$

]xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KIZ{ndb }lj mjdn}nad ai [KI vxj{jd}jm joxcnjx# n} n{ vxava{jm }lo} {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{kod oc{a eo`j }lj {}xo}jbnk klankj }a omav} o }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {}~cj$ ]lj iaccarjx{lnvcn}jxo}zxj {zbbj{}{ iazx `j~ hjloynax{ }lo} mj{kxnhj }lj maeond ai }xod{iaxeo}nadociaccarjx{lnv0 kxn}nkoc }lnd ndb# o{{zendb xj{vad{nhncn}~# kaccohaxo}nad# odm kaeen}ejd}

NGVMCE=6#?6

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}a axbodnwo}nadoc {zkkj{{ ,Klocjii# 866;0 @jccj~# 866=0 Va}}jx j} oc$# 866?.$ ]lj{j iazxhjloynax{ oxj z{jm }a mjyjcav }lj kadkjv} ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KI$

]xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{ }lnd` kxn}nkocc~ ohaz} {zvvc~klond ok}nyn}nj{ ,@jccj~# 866=.$ ]ln{ eo~ akkzx o{ iaccarjx{ kloevnad klodbj ndn}no}nyj{

odm caa` iax hj}}jxro~{ }a okkaevcn{l nd}jx%axbodnwo}nadoc vxakj{{j{$ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc{zvvc~ klond iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{ o{{zej xj{vad{nhncn}~ iax }ljnx ard kad}xnhz}nadrn}laz} mnxjk}nad ixae }lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx ,Va}}jx j} oc$# 866?.$ ]ln{ ndkczmj{ eo ndbkad{n{}jd}c~ {azdm mjkn{nad{# j|jkz}ndb }o{`{ okkzxo}jc~ odm ad%}nej# odm {jj`ndbavvax}zdn}nj{ }a }o`j ad ommn}nadoc xj{vad{nhncn}nj{ }lo} hjdj} }lj rnmjx {zvvc~ klond,Klocjii# 866;0 Vam{o`aiij} oc$# 8666.$ ]lj~ mjyjcav {}xadb xjco}nad{lnv{ rn}l }lj {zvvc~klond cjomjx odm a}ljx ejehjx{$ ]lj yoczj vcokjm ad kaccohaxo}nad eo~ ndzjdkjiaccarjx{ }a {zvvax} }lj mnxjk}nad odm baoc{ j{}ohcn{ljm h~ }lj cjomjx ,@jccj~# 866=.$ Co{}#}lj }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad mjead{}xo}j{ o kaeen}ejd} }aayjxocc {zvvc~ klond {zkkj{{ ,Hodz}z%Baejw# 866=0 @azwj{ odm Va{djx# ?>2=.$[jyjxoc oz}lax{ loyj oxbzjm }lo} }lj } hj}rjjd {}xo}jb~ odm {}xzk}zxj vxaynmj{ odovvxavxno}j cjd{ iax j|oendndb dj}rax`{ ai xe{ {zkl o{ }la{j iazdm nd o {zvvc~ klond,Klar j} oc$# ?>>:0 Kaavjx j} oc$# ?>>20 [}ak` j} oc$# ?>>>.$ Dzejxaz{ jcjejd}{ ai {zvvc~klond {}xzk}zxj loyj hjjd mj{kxnhjm ocadb mnejd{nad{ {zkl o{ iaxeocnwo}nad ai daxe{odm xzcj{# kjd}xocnwo}nad ai oz}laxn}~# mjbxjj ai yjx}nkoc nd}jbxo}nad# odm cabn{}nk{kovohncn}nj{ ,Klar j} oc$# ?>>:0 [}od` j} oc$# 866:0 [}ak` j} oc$# ?>>>.$ Mjijj odm [}od`,866:. xjynjrjm }lj {zvvc~ klond [[V cn}jxo}zxj odm {zeeoxnwjm {}xzk}zxj nd}ayj jcjejd}{ ,ai rlnkl# }lj co}}jx }lxjj oxj ndyj{}nbo}jm nd }lj kzxxjd} odoc~{n{.7


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{}odmoxmnwo}nad# mjkn{nad eo ndb# ndiaxeo}nad nd}jbxo}nad# kaeezdnko}nad{# odmxjroxm{$ [}odmoxmnwo}nad odm mjkn{nad eo`ndb oxj da} kad{nmjxjm nd }ln{ xj{joxklhjkoz{j }lj{j jcjejd}{ rjxj da} o{ kcjoxc~ mjyjcavjm nd }lj kad}j|} ai }lj {nezco}nad$Nd cndj rn}l [[V# rj vxava{j }lo} adkj o xe lo{ eomj }lj {}xo}jbnk klankj }a vzx{zj

}xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv ax iaccarjx{lnv# }lj {zvvc~ klond rncc mjyjcav {vjknk{}xzk}zxoc az}kaej{ iax jokl ai }lj{j jcjejd}{$

Ndiaxeo}nad n{ o kxn}nkoc nd}jbxo}ndb ejklodn{e nd {zvvc~ klond{ ,@jd} odm Ejd}wjx#866;.$ Ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohncn}~ n{ }lj kovohncn}~ }a j|klodbj ndiaxeo}nad rn}l nd}jxdocodm j|}jxdoc {zvvc~ klond ejehjx{ nd o }nejc~# xj{vad{nyj odm z{johcj iaxeo} ,Mjijjodm [}od # 866:.$ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond cjomjx{ jdkazxobj {zvvc~ klondiaccarjx{ }a hj nddayo}nyj odm mjyjcav nevxayjm vxakj{{j{ }lo} hjdj} }lj jd}nxj {zvvc~klond ,Oyacna j} oc$# ?>>>0 Ho{{# ?>>6.$]xz{} odm xjco}nad{lnv kca{jdj{{ n{ kxjo}jm h~ kad{n{}jd} kaeezdnko}nad oeadb {zvvc~klond vox}djx{ ,Klz odm Iodb# 86690 Lz}} j} oc$# 8666.$ Ejehjx {o}n{iok}nad ndkxjo{j{rn}l nevxayjm qzocn}~ ai kaeezdnko}nad ,Ealx odm [vj`eod# ?>>=.# xjco}nad{lnvvjxiaxeodkj nevxayj{ rn}l kaeezdnko}nad ixjqzjdk~ ,Eaxxn{ j} oc$# ?>>>=0 ]nk`cj j} oc$# 866:.$ [nencoxc~#}xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond cjomjx{ xaz}ndjc~ {jj` ijjmhok` ixae iaccarjx{ }a jd{zxjcjomjx%iaccarjx ocnbdejd} ,Lzevlxj~{ odm Jnd{}jnd# 866;0 Xndb odm Yod Mj Yjd# ?>>=.$Cn`jrn{j# }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{ mj{nxj }a kaccohaxo}j {lazcmjdkazxobj ommn}nadoc ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad ,@jccj~# 866=.7

L;o$ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KC n{ va{n}nyjc~ xjco}jm }a bxjo}jx z{j ai ndiaxeockaeezdnko}nad okxa{{ }lj {zvvc~ klond$

L;h$ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KI n{ va{n}nyjc~ xjco}jm }a bxjo}jx z{j ai ndiaxeockaeezdnko}nad okxa{{ }lj {zvvc~ klond$

]lj cn}jxo}zxj lo{ kad{n{}jd}c~ kadkczmjm }lo} {zvvc~ klond xjroxm{ {lazcm }oxbj}lacn{}nk vjxiaxeodkj o{ avva{jm }a ndmnynmzoc xe vjxiaxeodkj rljd nevxayjejd} aiayjxocc {zvvc~ klond vjxiaxeodkj n{ }lj baoc ,Harjx{a| j} oc$# 86680 Lacehjxb# 86660Coehjx} odm Valcjd# 866?0 Ejd}wjx# 866=.$ Lacn{}nk {zvvc~ klond xjroxm{ vxaynmjkaevjd{o}nad }a occ ejehjx{ ho{jm ad ayjxocc {zvvc~ klond vjxiaxeodkj xj{zc}{ xo}ljx

NGVMCE=6#?6

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}lod ndmnynmzoc axbodnwo}nad xj{zc}{$ [zkl xjroxm {}xzk}zxj{ eo~ xjqznxj eodobjx{ }a{zh%av}nenwj }ljnx ard axbodnwo}nad{ vjxiaxeodkj iax }lj baam ai }lj {zvvc~ klond,Harjx{a| j} oc$# ?>>>0 Kaavjx j} oc$# ?>>2.# rlnkl eo~ j|vcond rl~ ijr {zvvc~ klond{loyj nd{}n}z}jm {zkl o {~{}je odm xjc~ nd{}jom ad xe%{vjknk vjxiaxeodkj }a mj}jxendj

xjroxm{ ,Hxjrjx odm [vjl# 8666.$ Xjvcokndb xe%{vjknk baoc{ rn}l {zvvc~ klond%rnmjbaoc{ xjqznxj{ ejehjx{ }a caa` hj~adm }lj djjm{ ai }ljnx ard axbodnwo}nad# eo`ndb}lj j{}ohcn{lejd} ai lacn{}nk baoc{ odm xjroxm{ od j|vjk}jm az}kaej ai {zvvc~ klond{rljxj }xod{iaxeo}nadoc hjloynax{ vxjmaendo}j$ Ha}l }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klondcjomjx{ odm iaccarjx{ {lazcm {}xnyj }a mjyjcav odm obxjj zvad lacn{}nk xjroxm{ }lo} }njhok` }a }lj yn{nad odm ez}zocc~ ljcm baoc {}xzk}zxj ,Ho{{# ?>>>?.$ [zvvc~ klond jiknjdk~ n{ mjdjm o{ }ljejo{zxjai lar rjcc }lj xj{azxkj{ j|vjdmjm oxj z}ncnwjm ,Ejd}wjx odm @adxom# ?>>?. odmeo~ hj jqzo}jm rn}l }lj ohncn}~ ai }lj {zvvc~ klond }a vxaynmj }lj xjqznxjm cjyjc ai{jxynkj o} }lj carj{} ka{} ,Ejd}wjx# 866=.$ [zvvc~ klond jiijk}nyjdj{{ n{ }lj j|}jd} }arlnkl baoc{ oxj okkaevcn{ljm ,Ejd}wjx odm @adxom# ?>>?.$ ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~klond cjomjx{ odm iaccarjx{ {lazcm kxjo}j {}xzk}zxj{ }lo} vxamzkj lnblc~ jiknjd} odmjiijk}nyj {zvvc~ klond vjxiaxeodkj ,La~} odm Hco{kaynkl# 866;.# vxneoxnc~ }lxazbl }ljndiaxeo}nad {loxndb# ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad# odm lacn{}nk xjroxm {}xzk}zxj{ }lo} oxjkloxok}jxn{}nk{ ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond dj}rax`{ ,Mjijj odm [}od`# 866:.$

Rljd ndiaxeo}nad n{ {loxjm okxa{{ ezc}nvcj {zvvc~ klond ejehjx{# xe{ loyj }ljmo}o djkj{{ox~ }a vxaok}nyjc~ ommxj{{ mjeodm yoxnohncn}~ odm {zvvc~ kad{}xond}{,@onvno odm Lox}noco# 8669.# }ljxjiaxj endnenwndb {oij}~ {}ak` xjqznxjejd}{$ ]ln{ cjom{}a eaxj jiknjd} avjxo}nad{ iax jokl xe$ Bxjo}jx oyoncohncn}~ ai ndiaxeo}nad occar{xe{ }a hj vxjvoxjm odm {}oiijm omjqzo}jc~ }a mjoc rn}l klodbndb kz{}aejx mjeodmvo}}jxd{ odm {jxynkj xjqznxjejd}{ ,Jejx{ad j} oc$# 866>.$ ]ln{ vxamzkj{ eaxj jiijk}nyj#{jxynkj%axnjd}jm vjxiaxeodkj7

L:o$ ]lj bxjo}jx }lj ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohncn}~ j|lnhn}jm nd }lj {zvvc~ klond }lj

bxjo}jx }lj jiknjd} vjxiaxeodkj ai }lj ayjxocc {zvvc~ klond$

L:h$ ]lj bxjo}jx }lj ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohncn}~ j|lnhn}jm nd }lj {zvvc~ klond }ljbxjo}jx }lj jiijk}nyj vjxiaxeodkj ai }lj ayjxocc {zvvc~ klond$

]lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx odm iaccarjx{ oxj j|vjk}jm }a mjyjcav kca{jx# eaxj kaccohaxo}nyjxjco}nad{lnv{ rljd ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad n{ vxj{jd} ,Gald{ad j} oc$# ?>>=.$ Ndiaxeockaeezdnko}nad vxaea}j{ }nbl}jx nd}jx%axbodnwo}nadoc nd}jbxo}nad ,Vobjcc# 866=. odm{lazcm xj{zc} nd eaxj jiknjd} odm jiijk}nyj {zvvc~ klond vjxiaxeodkj7


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L9o$ ]lj bxjo}jx }lj z{j ai ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad{ j|lnhn}jm nd }lj {zvvc~ klond}lj bxjo}jx }lj jiknjd} vjxiaxeodkj ai }lj ayjxocc {zvvc~ klond$

L9h$ ]lj bxjo}jx }lj z{j ai ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad{ j|lnhn}jm nd }lj {zvvc~ klond

}lj bxjo}jx }lj jiijk}nyj vjxiaxeodkj ai }lj ayjxocc {zvvc~ klond$Hjkoz{j vxakj{{j{ oxj jyoczo}jm lacn{}nkocc~ nd }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond{ ,xo}ljx}lod o{ o {jxnj{ai m~omnkj|klodbj{.# bxjo}jx yn{nhncn}~}a ayjxocc ndjiknjdknj{ n{ vxaynmjm,Hxjrjx odm [vjl# 8666.$ ]lj jevlo{n{ ad lacn{}nk baoc{ odm xjroxm{ ea}nyo}j{}xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond cjomjx{ odm iaccarjx{ }a rax` kaccohaxo}nyjc~ }a kxjo}jnddayo}nyj vxakj{{ nevxayjejd}{ ,Lo}jx odm Ho{{# ?>


11/29

}lj mn{}xnhz}nad kjd}jx# odm iaxjko{}jm qzod}n}nj{ mxnyj eodziok}zxndb# eo}jxnoc{eodobjejd} odm vxakzxjejd} ok}nyn}nj{$

]ra xzd{ ai }lj {nezco}nad rjxj kadmzk}jm rn}l jokl bxazv ai vox}nknvod}{$ Nd }ljx{} xzd ai }lj boej# vox}nknvod}{ rjxj nd{}xzk}jm }a iakz{ ad }ljnx ard ok}nyn}nj{# }lz{cnen}ndb }ljnx nd}jxok}nad rn}l zv{}xjoe odm mard{}xjoe vox}nknvod}{$ ]lj x{} xzd{jxyjm }a okkcneo}j vox}nknvod}{ }a }lj {nezco}nad jdynxadejd} odm }lj nd{}xzk}nad{ rjxjnd}jdmjm }a jdkazxobj }lj kxjo}nad ai o }xod{ok}nadoc {zvvc~ klond jdynxadejd}$ ]lj{jkadm xzd ai }lj boej ro{ omendn{}jxjm nd o ro~ }lo} razcm iokncn}o}j odm ndmzkj }ljkxjo}nad ai o }xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond jdynxadejd}$ [vjknkocc~# mzxndb o96%endz}j hxjo` hj}rjjd }lj }ra xzd{ vox}nknvod}{ rjxj bnyjd }lj avvax}zdn}~ }a mj{nbdnevxayjm vxakj{{j{ odm nmjd}ni~ ro~{ }a {loxj ndiaxeo}nad okxa{{ xe{$ ]ln{eodnvzco}nad ai ha}l xzd{ ai }lj {nezco}nad j|vjxnjdkj ro{ vxj%}j{}jm# odm ro{ iazdm }aomjqzo}jc~ {zvvax} }lj j|lnhn}nad ai }xod{ok}nadoc cjomjx{lnv odm iaccarjx{lnvhjloynax{ nd xzd ? odm }xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv odm iaccarjx{lnv hjloynax{ nd xzd 8$]lj jiijk}nyjdj{{ ai }lj eodnvzco}nad ro{ kadxejm h~ }lj {nbdnkod} mniijxjdkj iazdmhj}rjjd }lj }ra xzd{ iax ha}l }lj [KC odm [KI kad{}xzk}{ ,v + $66?.$ ]ohcj N{zeeoxnwj{ }lj xj{zc}{ ai }lj{j }j{}{$

O} }lj kadkcz{nad ai jokl xzd ai }lj {nezco}nad# vox}nknvod}{ kaevcj}jm o {zxyj~o{`ndb }lje }a xj{vadm }a qzj{}nad{ xjco}jm }a }ljnx j|vjxnjdkj nd }lj {nezco}nad$

Kadmjdkj nd}jxyocEjod [M Zvvjx Carjx }%yoczj v%yoczj

[KC }j{} ai {nbdnkodkj]xod{ok}nadoc bxazv ,xzd ?. 8$8; ?$6< 8$6> 8$;9]xod{iaxeo}nadoc bxazv ,xzd 8. ;$26 6$>6 ;$:> ;$ ?$?6 8$9: 8$>;]xod{iaxeo}nadoc bxazv ,xzd 8. ;$>> 6$


12/29

Nd vox}nkzcox# }lj {zxyj~ ro{ mj{nbdjm }a kov}zxj }lj kloxok}jxn{}nk{ ai }lj j|klodbjjdynxadejd} o{ o ejod{ ai yocnmo}ndb }lj jikok~ ai }lj }xod{iaxeo}nadoc jdynxadejd}eodnvzco}nad odm }j{}ndb }lj vxava{jm l~va}lj{j{$ Nd ommn}nad# }lj kadkjv} ai [KCro{ kcoxnjm o{ }lj kaevod~ nd }lj {nezco}nad }lo} ea{} ndzjdkjm }lj ok}nad{ ai a}ljx

kaevodnj{ nd }lj boej vxnax }a omendn{}jxndb }lj {zxyj~$ ]ln{ ro{ jevlo{nwjm }akcoxni~ }a vox}nknvod}{ }lo} nmjd}nko}nad ai }lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx ro{ ho{jm ad }ljnxard j|vjxnjdkj nd }lj {nezco}nad odm }lj hjloynax{ }lj~ {or }o`j vcokj nd }lj kad}j|}ai }lj j|klodbj$ Iax jokl vox}nknvod}# }lj axbodnwo}nad{ da} nmjd}njm o{ }lj {zvvc~klond cjomjx rjxj kad{nmjxjm {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{$

Mo}o kaccjk}nad]lj {oevcj kad{n{}jm ai 8:; j|jkz}nyj{# eodobjx{ odm {jdnax odoc~{}{# ea{} loyndb{jyjxoc ~jox{ ai {zvvc~ klond j|vjxnjdkjP?U$ ]lj{j vox}nknvod}{ rjxj bjdjxo}jm ixae?8 {jvoxo}j {nezco}nad ovvcnko}nad{ kadmzk}jm mzxndb j|jkz}nyj jmzko}nad {j{{nad{aiijxjm }lxazbl o eogax {}o}j zdnyjx{n}~ nd }lj Z[O$ J|vjxnjdkj nd }lj {zvvc~ klond

jdynxadejd} ro{ hjcnjyjm }a hj yoczohcj hjkoz{j n} jd{zxjm vox}nknvod}{ lom o ixoej aixjijxjdkj z{jizc iax eo`ndb {zvvc~ klond mjkn{nad{ nd }lj boej$ Larjyjx# vox}nknvod}xj{vad{j{ rjxj ho{jm {acjc~ ad }ljnx j|vjxnjdkj nd }lj {nezco}nad xo}ljx }lod od~vxjynaz{ rax` j|vjxnjdkj{$ Neejmno}jc~ vxnax }a omendn{}jxndb }lj {zxyj~ vox}nknvod}{rjxj yjxhocc~ nd{}xzk}jm }a od{rjx {zxyj~ qzj{}nad{ ho{jm {acjc~ ad }ljnx j|vjxnjdkj nd}lj {nezco}nad xzd }lj~ lom gz{} kaevcj}jm$ ]lj{j nd{}xzk}nad{ rjxj xjn}jxo}jm ad }ljkayjx {ljj} ai }lj {zxyj~ n}{jci$ O{ qzj{}nad{ oxa{j ixae vox}nknvod}{ rlncj }lj {zxyj~ro{ hjndb kaevcj}jm }lj cjom xj{joxkljx mnxjk}jm }lj vox}nknvod} }a ho{j }ljnx od{rjx{ad }ljnx j|vjxnjdkj nd }lj gz{}%kaevcj}jm {nezco}nad xzd$ Xj{vad{j{ }a ndmnynmzocqzj{}nad{ rjxj oddazdkjm }a }lj jd}nxj vox}nknvod} bxazv$ ]ln{ vxakj{{ jd{zxjm }lo}vox}nknvod}{ rjxj bznmjm }a od{rjx }lj {zxyj~ ho{jm ad }ljnx {nezco}nad j|vjxnjdkj$

J|vjxnjdkjm {zvvc~ klond j|jkz}nyj{ odm eodobjx{ okkazd}jm iax 28 vjx kjd} ai }lj

{oevcj rn}l }lj xjeondndb 8< vjx kjd} akkzv~ndb odoc~{} xacj{$ Ohaz} :< vjx kjd} aivox}nknvod}{lomljcm {zvvc~ klond va{n}nad{ iax o} cjo{}{n| ~jox{# rn}l oda}ljx 8= vjxkjd}rax`ndb nd {zvvc~ klond xacj{ iax }ra }a {n| ~jox{$ Vox}nknvod}{ xjvxj{jd}jm occ {zvvc~klond jkljcad{# rn}l xj}oncjx ,=: vjx kjd}.# mn{}xnhz}ax ,89 vjxkjd}. odm }xod{vax}o}nadkaevod~ ,?6 vjx kjd}. ea{} ixjqzjd}c~ xjvax}jm0 a}ljx{ ndkczmjm {zvvcnjx{ ,9 vjx kjd}.#eodziok}zxjx{ ,: vjxkjd}.# odm ;VC{ ,= vjx kjd}.$ [}zm~ vox}nknvod}{ rax`jm iaxkaevodnj{ai yox~ndb {nwj{# rn}l 96 vjx kjd} ai }lj {oevcj xjvxj{jd}ndb xe{ rn}l xjyjdzj ai-:$6%->$> hnccnad$

O }a}oc ai 8=> va{}%{nezco}nad {zxyj~{ rjxj kaccjk}jm$ Dad%xj{vad{j hno{ ro{ da}kad{nmjxjm od n{{zj {ndkj ayjx >< vjx kjd} ai vox}nknvod}{ kaevcj}jm }lj {zxyj~$Vox}nknvod}{ rjxj o{`jm }a {`nv qzj{}nad{ kadkjxdndb hjloynax{ }lj~ mnm da} ah{jxyj nd}lj {nezco}nad$ ]ln{ nd{}xzk}nad xjmzkjm }lj vxahcje ai iaxkndb xj{vad{j{ rljxj da

ho{n{ iax od{rjxndb j|n{}jm# hz} vxahohc~ xj{zc}jm nd od ndkxjo{j nd en{{ndb mo}o# rn}l9$< vjx kjd} ai }lj }a}oc va{{nhcj mo}o vand}{ cji} zdod{rjxjm$ ]lj eogaxn}~ ai en{{ndbmo}o rjxj kad}ondjm nd ?: {zxyj~{ rn}l eaxj }lod 8: vjx kjd} ai }lj n}je{ cji}zdod{rjxjm$ ]lj{j ko{j{ rjxj mxavvjm# cjoyndb o mo}o{j} iax odoc~{n{ kad}ondndb8;= ko{j{$ En{{ndb mo}o okkazd}jm iax ?$= vjx kjd} ai va{{nhcj xj{vad{j{ nd }lj xjmzkjmmo}o{j}$ ]lj j|vjk}o}nad%eo|nenwo}nad ocbaxn}le nd [V[[ ?:$6$? ro{ z{jm }a j{}neo}jodm xjvcokj en{{ndb yoczj{ ,Mjev{}jx j} oc$# ?>22.$ Kaevoxn{ad ai ejod{ hj}rjjd }ljaxnbndoc odm xjmzkjm mo}o{j}{ {larjm da {nbdnkod} mniijxjdkj{$

NGVMCE=6#?6

22=


13/29

[kocj mjyjcavejd}Ejo{zxjejd} {kocj{ rjxj mjyjcavjm iaccarndb }lj vxakj{{ az}cndjm h~ Klzxklncc ,?>2>.#Mzdd j} oc$ ,?>>=. odm Odmjx{ad odm Bjxhndb ,?>8.$

Ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohncn}~$ NDI n{ mjdjm o{ }lj mjbxjj }a rlnkl ndiaxeo}nad n{oyoncohcj }a jiijk}nyjc~ {zvvax} {zvvc~ klond ok}nyn}nj{$ N} n{ avjxo}nadocnwjm o{ {zvvc~klond eodobjx vjxkjv}nad{ ai }lj oeazd} ai ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohcj }a ezc}nvcjaxbodnwo}nad{ nd }lj {zvvc~ klond$ Lnbl {kaxj{ ad }lj {kocj xjvxj{jd} bxjo}jx ndiaxeo}nadoyoncohncn}~ }lxazblaz} }lj {zvvc~ klond0 carjx {kaxj{ xjvxj{jd} cj{{ ndiaxeo}nad hjndbeomj oyoncohcj }a axbodnwo}nad{ nd }lj {zvvc~ klond$ ]lj xjdjm iazx%n}je NDI {kocj ro{kxjo}jm ixae o kaehndo}nad ai n}je{ mjyjcavjm h~ }lj oz}lax{ odm n}je{ omov}jm ixae

}lj cabn{}nk{ qzocn}~ odm cabn{}nk{ j|nhncn}~ {kocj{ ,Iorkj}} j} oc$# ?>>2.$Kaeezdnko}nad$ KAE n{ }lj mjbxjj }a rlnkl iaxeoc yjx{z{ ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad{

ejklodn{e{ oxj z{jm }a {jdm odm xjkjnyj ndiaxeo}nad hj}rjjd {zvvc~ klond ejehjx{$N} n{ avjxo}nadocnwjm o{ {zvvc~ klond eodobjx vjxkjv}nad{ ai }lj {zvvc~ klond cjomjx{z{j ai iaxeoc yjx{z{ ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad ej}lam{$ Lnbl {kaxj{ ad }lj {kocjxjvxj{jd} o bxjo}jx z{j ai ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad0 car {kaxj{ xjvxj{jd} o bxjo}jx z{j aiiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad rn}l adc~ cnen}jm ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad hjndb vxj{jd}$ ]ljxjdjm iazx%n}je KAE {kocj ro{ kxjo}jm ixae o kaehndo}nad ai n}je{ mjyjcavjm h~ }lj


22:


14/29

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15/29

Kad{}xzk}N}je

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16/29

oz}lax{ odm n}je{ omov}jm ixae {jyjxoc vxjynaz{c~ vzhcn{ljm kaeezdnko}nad iaxeocn}~{kocj{ ,Cn odm Mod}# ?>>20 Ejdad j} oc$# ?>>20 Ealx j} oc$# ?>>9.$

Xjroxm{$ XJR n{ }lj mjbxjj }a rlnkl kaevjd{o}nad n{ mn{}xnhz}jm }a {zvvc~ klondejehjx{ ho{jm zvad xe%kjd}xnk yjx{z{ lacn{}nk {zvvc~ klond baoc{ odm vjxiaxeodkj$

N} n{ avjxo}nadocnwjm o{ {zvvc~ klond eodobjx vjxkjv}nad{ ai vjxiaxeodkj baoc{ odmo{{akno}jm xjroxm{ o{ vxneoxnc~ xe%kjd}xnk ax lacn{}nk$ Lnbljx {kaxj{ ad }lj {kocjxjvxj{jd} o bxjo}jx z{j ai lacn{}nk xjroxm{ z{jm }lxazblaz} }lj {zvvc~ klond0 carjx{kaxj{ xjvxj{jd} bxjo}jx z{j ai xe%{vjknk xjroxm{$ ]lj xjdjm iazx%n}je XJR {kocjro{ kxjo}jm ixae o kaehndo}nad ai n}je{ mjyjcavjm h~ }lj oz}lax{ odm n}je{ omov}jmixae }lj xjroxm{ {~{}je{ {kocj ,Eaccjd`avij} oc$# 8666.$

]lj ndn}noc vaac ai ?;> n}je{ mjyjcavjm okxa{{ occ {kocj{ ro{ xjmzkjm nd }ra {}jv{ }aiaxe }lj doc {zxyj~ nd{}xzejd}$ Ndn}nocc~# ?8%{zhgjk} eo}}jx j|vjx}{ xjynjrjm }lj n}je{nd }jxe{ ai n}je {vjknkn}~# xjvxj{jd}o}nyjdj{{# xjomohncn}~ odm iokj yocnmn}~ ,Ejd}wjxodm Icnd}# ?>>2.$ ]ln{ ro{ od n}jxo}nyj vxakj{{ xj{zc}ndb nd }lj xj%raxmndb ai {n| n}je{odm jcnendo}nad ai 86 n}je{$ ]lj xj{zc}ndb ??>%n}je {zxyj~ ro{ }ljd vnca} }j{}jm rn}l 8:{nezco}nad vox}nknvod}{# rla rjxj da} vox} ai }lj doc {oevcj$ Vnca} }j{} xj{zc}{ rjxjj|oendjm iax nd}jx%n}je xjcnohncn}~ z{ndb kajiknjd} ocvlo$ Jcnendo}nad ai }lj vaaxj{}vjxiaxendb n}je{ vxamzkjm }lj 2>.$

Xj{zc}{Jyoczo}nad ai ejo{zxj{OEA[ 2 ro{ }lj {}xzk}zxoc jqzo}nad eamjcndb ,[JE. {ai}roxj z{jm iax mo}o odoc~{n{$]lj }ra%{}jv ovvxaokl xjkaeejdmjm h~ Odmjx{ad odm Bjxhndb ,?>>.$ Hjkoz{j ai }lj coxbj dzehjx ain}je{ z{jm nd }lj {zxyj~# o KIO ro{ x{} vjxiaxejm ad jokl {kocj ndmjvjdmjd}c~ }aiokncn}o}j {kocj vzxnko}nad$ Co}jx KIO eamjc{ kaehndjm {kocj{ zd}nc }lj kaevcj}jejo{zxjejd} eamjc kad}ondndb occ kad{}xzk}{ ro{ j|oendjm$ ]lj {}xzk}zxoc eamjc ro{kad{nmjxjm adc~ oi}jx }lj ejo{zxjejd} eamjc mjead{}xo}jm baam }$

[kocj{ rjxj jyoczo}jm iax n}je caomndb{ ai }lj j|vjk}jm mnxjk}nad# {}o}n{}nkoc{nbdnkodkj ,o + 6$6:.# rn}l {}odmoxmnwjm voxoej}jx j{}neo}j{ ai o} cjo{} 6$26 }a jd{zxjzdnmnejd{nadocn}~ odm kadyjxbjd} yocnmn}~ ,Lzccodm j} oc$# ?>>9.$ [}odmoxmnwjm xj{nmzoc{bxjo}jx }lod 8$66 odmeamnko}nad ndmnkj{ coxbjx }lod }jd rjxj z{jm }a nmjd}ni~ kodmnmo}jn}je{ iax mjcj}nad ,Ejm{`jx j} oc$# ?>>=0 [}jjd`oev odm yod ]xngv# ?>>?.$ Z{ndb }lj{jkxn}jxno# 8> n}je{ rjxj xj}ondjm# ndkczmndb o {jyjd%n}je [KC {kocj# }jd%n}je [KI {kocj odmiazx%n}je {kocj{ iax NDI# KAE# odm XJR$ [kocj xjcnohncn}~ ro{ kadxejm rn}l kajiknjd}

ocvlo bxjo}jx }lod 6$.$ Ayjxocc# } ai }lj ejo{zxjejd} eamjc ro{ baam,|8 ?#8;:$:> o} 2:< mjbxjj{ ai ixjjmae# xaa} ejod {qzoxj jxxax ai ovvxa|neo}nad,XE[JO. 6$6=# kaevoxo}nyj } ndmj| ,KIN. 6$>9# ]zk`jx%Cjrn{ ndmj| ,]CN. 6$>:.$

Mn{kxnendod} yocnmn}~ ro{ o{{j{{jm }lxjj ro~{$ Inx{}# Eok@jdwnj j} oc$ ,866:.xjkaeejdm nd}jxkaxxjco}nad{ oeadb }lj kad{}xzk}{ hj cj{{ }lod 6$26$ Occ vonx{ aikad{}xzk}{ ej} }ln{ kz}%aii# j|kjv} iax }lj nd}jxkaxxjco}nad hj}rjjd KAE odm XJR ,6$28.$

NGVMCE=6#?6

22


17/29

[jkadm# o {jxnj{ ai dj{}jm eamjc{ rjxj {vjknjm kad{}xondndb }lj kayoxnodkj hj}rjjdjokl vonx ai kad{}xzk}{ }a adj ,Odmjx{ad odm Bjxhndb# ?>:>.$ O kad{}xzk} da} }ljaxj}nkocc~ xjco}jm }a od~a}ljx kad{}xzk}{ nd }lj xj{joxkl ro{ ndkczmjm }a }j{} iax kaeead ej}lam hno{ ,Cndmjccodm Rln}dj~# 866?.$ ]lj eox`jx yoxnohcj {jcjk}jm ro{ Avvax}zdn{e ,AVV. odm ro{omov}jm ixae }lj {kocj z{jm h~ Eaaxj odm Kzddndbloe ,?>>>.$ AVV ejo{zxj{ }lj j|}jd}}a rlnkl {zvvc~ klond ejehjx{ }o`j omyod}obj ai o xjco}nad{lnv iax }ljnx ard hjdj}$]lj AVV kad{}xzk} mjead{}xo}jm kadyjxbjd} yocnmn}~# mn{kxnendod} yocnmn}~ odmxjcnohncn}~# rn}l occ n}je caomndb{ nd }lj j|vjk}jm mnxjk}nad# ohayj 6$26# odm {}o}n{}nkocc~

{nbdnkod} ,o +

6$6:.$ Kad{}xzk} xjcnohncn}~ odm kajiknjd} ocvlo rjxj bxjo}jx }lod 6$>=$OYJ ro{


18/29

L~va}lj{n{ }j{}ndbXj{zc}{ ai }lj ejo{zxjejd} eamjc ndmnko}jm }lo} }lj hjloynax{ o{{akno}jm rn}l}xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond cjomjx{ ,nd{vnxo}nad# nd}jccjk}zoc {}nezco}nad#odm ndmnynmzocnwjm kad{nmjxo}nad. {nbdnkod}c~ mj{kxnhjm }lj maeond ai

}xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KC$ ]lj ejo{zxjejd} eamjc xj{zc}jm nd }lj kxjo}nad ai o yocnmodm xjcnohcj {jyjd%n}je {kocj }lo} mn{}ndbzn{ljm oeadb [KC {}~cj{ ad }lj ho{n{ ai }ljvxj{jdkj ,}xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KC. ax oh{jdkj ,}xod{ok}nadoc [KC. ai }lj{j hjloynax{$]lj ejo{zxjejd} eamjc xj{zc}{ oc{a kadxejm }lo} }lj hjloynax{ o{{akno}jm rn}l}xod{iaxeo}nadoc {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx{ ,kxn}nkoc }lnd`ndb# o{{zev}nad ai xj{vad{nhncn}~#kaccohaxo}nad# odm kaeen}ejd} }a {zvvc~ klond {zkkj{{. mj{kxnhjm }lj maeond ai [KI$]ljejo{zxjejd} eamjc xj{zc}jm nd }lj kxjo}nad ai o yocnm odm xjcnohcj }jd%n}je {kocj }lo}mn{}ndbzn{ljm oeadb [KI {}~cj{ yno }lj vxj{jdkj ai }lj }xod{iaxeo}nadoc [KI hjloynax{$

L? }lxazblL2rjxj }j{}jm z{ndb }lj {}xzk}zxoc eamjc nd Inbzxj ?$L? ro{ {zvvax}jm,v + 6$66?.$ ]lj kayoxnodkj rjnbl} ,6$9


19/29

ej}xnk{ eo~ loyj ndzjdkjm }lj nd{nbdnkod} xj{zc}{ nd }ln{ vox} ai }lj eamjc$ Iaxj|oevcj# vjxijk} axmjx n{ o rnmjc~ z{jm ej}xnk ,Covnmj# 8662.# hz} }lj z{j ai }ln{ ej}xnkeo~ loyj kad}xnhz}jm }a }lj nd{nbdnkod} xj{zc} nd zdj|vjk}jm ro~{$

Mn{kz{{nad odm nevcnko}nad{]ln{ xj{joxkl vxaynmj{ o {}ox}ndb vand} iax zdmjx{}odmndb }lj kadkjv}{ ai [KC odm [KIodm }ljnx nevok} ad {zvvc~ klond {}xzk}zxoc odm vjxiaxeodkj az}kaej{$ ]lj }ljax~az}cndjm n{ mn{}ndk} ixae vxjynaz{ mj{kxnv}nad{ ai [KC hjkoz{j n} caa`{ o} }lj cjomjx{ xacjlacn{}nkocc~ h~ ndkaxvaxo}ndb }lj hjloynax{ odm ndzjdkj ai occ {zvvc~ klond ejehjx{$N} ez{} hj vand}jm az} }lo} }lj kadkcz{nad{ mj{kxnhjm nd }ln{ {jk}nad {lazcm da} hjhxaomc~ bjdjxocnwjm$ ]ln{ xj{joxkl n{ djkj{{oxnc~ j|vcaxo}ax~ odm }lj ej}lam z{jm,{nezco}nad. maj{ da} cjdm n}{jci }a mxorndb bjdjxocnwohcj kadkcz{nad{$ ]lj nevcnko}nad{mj{kxnhjm oxj nd}jdmjm }a lnblcnbl} azx ynjr ai }lj ea{} nd}jxj{}ndb odm nevax}od}xj{zc}{$ Rj {zbbj{} }lj{j xjvxj{jd} cabnkoc oxjo{ iax iz}zxj xj{joxkl$

Eodobjxnoc nevcnko}nad{Oc}lazbl cjomjx{lnv lo{ hjjd vxj{zejm }a hj o {nbdnkod} kad}xnhz}ndb iok}ax }avjxiaxeodkj ,Ho{{# ?>>6.# od nevax}od} dmndb ai }ln{ ndyj{}nbo}nad n{ }lo} iaccarjx{eo~ loyj }lj va}jd}noc }a {nbdnkod}c~ ndzjdkj {zvvc~ klond az}kaej{# odm nd o}xod{iaxeo}nadoc dj}rax` [KI eo~ hj }lj vxneox~ iok}ax$ ]ln{ n{ {zvvax}jm h~ }lj cok`ai o {nbdnkod} xj{zc} iax [KC ad ndiaxeo}nad oyoncohncn}~# odm }lj va{n}nyj xj{zc}{ ai [KI}a occ {}xzk}zxoc az}kaej{$ Nd }xod{iaxeo}nadoc dj}rax`{# {zvvc~ klond iaccarjxaxbodnwo}nad{ eo~ hj eaxj rnccndb }a }o`j o coxbjx xacj$ ]lz{# eodobjx{ nd {zvvc~ klondcjomjx axbodnwo}nad{ }lo} xjkabdnwj }lj vxj{jdkj ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc hjloynax{ okxa{{}lj {zvvc~ klond eo~ rod} }a vxaynmj {zvvc~ klond iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{ }ljavvax}zdn}~ }a kad}xnhz}j nmjo{ odm eo`j mjkn{nad{ }lo} loyj od jiijk} ad {}xzk}zxocmjyjcavejd} ,j$b$ vxakj{{ klodbj. odm!ax oxj vxaynmjm rn}l lacn{}nk vjxiaxeodkj xjroxm

kxn}jxno$ ]ln{ ovvjox{ }a hj j{vjknocc~ }xzj rljd bxjo}jx ndiaxeo}nad {loxndb n{ mj{nxjm }aiokncn}o}j ok}nyn}nj{ okxa{{ ezc}nvcj axbodnwo}nad{$

Iaccarjx{ kad}xnhz}nad }a {zvvc~ klond vjxiaxeodkj eo~ hj zdmjxovvxjkno}jmmj{vn}j }o`ndb ad odm okkaevcn{lndb }lj eogaxn}~ ai {zvvc~ klond }o{`{ mzj }a }ljnxbxjo}jx dzehjx{ ,Mn|ad odm Rj{}hxaa`# 866;.$ Eodobjx{ rod}ndb }a o}}ond {zvvc~klond%rnmj vjxiaxeodkj baoc{# rlncj z{ndb }xod{iaxeo}nadoc hjloynax{# eo~ rod} }ajevlo{nwj }lj xacj ai iaccarjx axbodnwo}nad{$ [zvvc~ klond cjomjx{ eo~ dm nevxayjmjiknjdk~ rljd iaccarjx{ {loxj ndiaxeo}nad odm ljcv j{}ohcn{l lacn{}nk xjroxm{$

Nevcnko}nad{ iax xj{joxkljx{]ljaxnj{ ai hz{ndj{{# odm {vjknkocc~ }ljaxnj{ nd }lj {zvvc~ klond xjoce# ai}jd loyj }ljnxxaa}{ nd a}ljx mn{knvcndj{ {zkl o{ od}lxavacab~# v{~klacab~# ax {aknacab~ ,[}ak`# ?>>2#

?>>9.$ ]lj }ljax~ ai [KC j|oendjm nd }ln{ xj{joxkl n{ iazdmjm vxndknvocc~ ad }ljaxnj{mjyjcavjm nd }lj cjomjx{lnv jcm$ O kad}xnhz}nad ai [KC }ljax~ n{ }lo} n} n{ ho{jm ad }ljdmndb{ ai mawjd{ ai {}zmnj{ nd}a }lj hjloynax ai cjomjx{ nd o {aknoc ax axbodnwo}nadockad}j|}$ ]lj{j ndmnynmzoc hjloynax{ loyj hjjd jcjyo}jm odm ovvcnjm o} }lj axbodnwo}nadcjyjc nd }ln{ xj{joxkl$ ]ljxj n{ od adbandb djjm iax djr }ljax~ }a j|vcond {zvvc~ klondxjco}nad{lnv{ odm vxjmnk} {zvvc~ klond az}kaej{# odm xj{joxkljx{ nd}jxj{}jm ndzdmjx{}odmndb kaevcj|# nd}jx%axbodnwo}nadoc hjloynax eo~ hjdj} ixae haxxarndb}ljax~ axnbndocc~ ovvcnjm }a ndmnynmzoc{$


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20/29

]lj xj{zc}{ ai azx xj{joxkl mj}jxendjm }lo} [KC {lazcm hj ynjrjm o{ o xjjk}nyjkad{}xzk}# n$j$ od nd}xod{njd} kadkjv} }lo} n{ nddo}j nd od axbodnwo}nad odm xjjk}jm h~ }ljmnejd{nad{ ai n}{ maeond# doejc~ }lj mjbxjj }a rlnkl n} j|jxkn{j{ nd{vnxo}nad#nd}jccjk}zoc {}nezco}nad# odm ndmnynmzocnwjm kad{nmjxo}nad$ ]lj {oej cabnk ovvcnj{

}a azx dmndb{ xjboxmndb [KI$ ]lj nevcnko}nad n{ }lo} [KC odm [KI oxj izdmoejd}ockadkjv}{ }lje{jcyj{ odm }lj hjloynax{ }lo} j|n{} nd o {zvvc~ klond xjjk} }lj zdmjxc~ndbcjomjx{lnv odm iaccarjx{lnv {}~cj{ ai }lj axbodnwo}nad{$ Iz}zxj xj{joxkl z{ndb }lj [KCodm [KI {kocj{ n{ djjmjm }a kadxe azx kadkcz{nad }lo} [KC odm [KI oxj ho{nk }a }ljMDO ai jokl axbodnwo}nad odm o{ {zkl kodda} hj jo{nc~ oc}jxjm$

Mjijj odm [}od` ,866:. vax}xo~jm yj jcjejd}{ ai {zvvc~ klond {}xzk}zxj kzccjmixae vxjynaz{ [[V cn}jxo}zxj$ Oc}lazbl j|}jd{nyjc~ mj{kxnhjm# jevnxnkoc xj{joxkl nd}a{zvvc~ klond {}xzk}zxj n{ endneoc$ ]lj dmndb{ ai }ln{ xj{joxkl mjead{}xo}j {}xzk}zxocjcjejd}{ kod hj vjxkjnyjm h~ vox}nknvod}{ odm ejo{zxjm jiijk}nyjc~$ Vo{} [[V xj{joxkllo{ kad{n{}jd}c~ {lard }lj koz{oc kaddjk}nad hj}rjjd {}xzk}zxj odm vjxiaxeodkj$ ]ljen|jm dmndb{ ai }ln{ xj{joxkl ndmnko}j {zvvc~ klond xj{joxkljx{ {lazcm kad}ndzj }andyj{}nbo}j }lj [[V cnd`obj nd }lj kaevcj| {zvvc~ klond jdynxadejd}$

Nd}jxok}nyj {nezco}nad{ loyj da} hjjd z{jm ai}jd nd {zvvc~ klond xj{joxkl$ ]ln{ }~vjai {nezco}nad# {zkl o{ }lj {zvvc~ klond yoczj boej z{jm nd }ln{ xj{joxkl# eo~ aiijx oixj{l {azxkj iax mo}o kaccjk}nad rljd }xomn}nadoc {zxyj~ xj{joxkl ej}lam{ oxj da}ovvxavxno}j ,Hjdmac~ j} oc$# 8669.$ Xjoc%raxcm {zvvc~ klond{ oxj yjx~ kaevcj| odm }ljva}jd}noc iax kadiazdmndb nd}jxok}nad{ ndkxjo{j{ rljd kaevoxjm }a }~vnkoc {ndbcj xe# axjyjd m~omnk# xj{joxkl$ O {nezco}nad vxaynmj{ kad}xac ayjx }lj kaevcj|n}nj{ iazdm nd }ljxjoc raxcm ,EkBxo}l# ?>


21/29

Oyacna# H$G$ odm Ho{{# H$E$ ,866=.# Ezc}niok}ax Cjomjx{lnv _zj{}naddonxj7 Eodzoc odm [oevcjx[j}# ;xm jm$# Endmboxmjd# Voca Oc}a# KO$

Oyacna# H$G$# Ho{{# H$E$ odm Gzdb# M$N$ ,?>>>.# Xj%j|oendndb }lj kaevadjd}{ ai }xod{iaxeo}nadocodm }xod{ok}nadoc cjomjx{lnv z{ndb }lj ezc}niok}ax cjomjx{lnv qzj{}naddonxj# Gazxdoc ai

Akkzvo}nadoc ) Axbodnwo}nadoc V{~klacab~# Yac$ 28 Da$ =# vv$ ==?%98$Oyacna# H$G$# Rocmeod# M$O$ odm Jnd{}jnd# R$A$ ,?>6.# Ho{{ odm [}abmncc{ Lodmhaa` ai Cjomjx{lnv# ]lj Ixjj Vxj{{# Djr ^ax`# D^$

Ho{{# H$E$ ,?>>>.# ]ra mjkomj{ ai xj{joxkl odm mjyjcavejd} nd }xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv#Jzxavjod Gazxdoc ai Rax` odm Axbodnwo}nadoc V{~klacab~# Yac$ < Da$ ?# vv$ >%89$

Ho{{# H$E$ odm Oyacna# H$G$ ,?>>=.# Nevxayndb Axbodnwo}nadoc Jiijk}nyjdj{{ ]lxazbl]xod{iaxeo}nadoc Cjomjx{lnv# [obj# ]laz{odm Ao`{# KO$

Hjdmac~# J$# Madalzj# @$ odm [klzc}w# @$C$ ,8669.# Hjloynax nd avjxo}nad{ eodobjejd}7o{{j{{ndb xjkjd} dmndb{ odm xjyn{n}ndb acm o{{zev}nad{# Gazxdoc ai Avjxo}nad{

Eodobjejd}# Yac$ 8= Da$ 9# vv$ 2;2%:8$

Hjddn{# R$ ,?>>9.# Cabn{}nkoc Eodobjejd}7 ]lj Nd}jbxo}jm [zvvc~ KlondVxakj{{# EkBxor%Lncc# Djr ^ax`# D^$

Harjx{a|# M$G$# Kca{{# M$G$ odm Kaavjx# E$H$ ,8668.# [zvvc~ Klond Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}#EkBxor%Lncc# Ha{}ad# EO$

Harjx{a|# M$G$# Kca{{# M$G$ odm [}od`# ]$V$ ,?>>>.# 8?{} Kjd}zx~ Cabn{}nk{7 Eo`ndb [zvvc~ KlondNd}jbxo}nad o Xjocn}~# ]lj Kazdknc ai Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}# Ao` Hxaa`# NC$

Hxjrjx# V$K$ odm [vjl# ]$R$ ,8666.# Z{ndb }lj hocodkjm {kaxjkoxm }a ejo{zxj {zvvc~ klond

vjxiaxeodkj# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ 8? Da$ ?# vv$ 2:%>:$Hzxd{# G$E$ ,?>2.# Kadyjxbjd} odm mn{kxnendod} yocnmo}nad h~ }ljezc}n}xon}%ezc}nej}lam eo}xn|# V{~klacabnkoc Hzccj}nd# Yac$ :9# vv$ >:.# [}xo}jb~# {}xzk}zxj odm vjxiaxeodkj7o ixoejrax` iax cabn{}nk{ xj{joxkl# Cabn{}nk{ ) ]xod{vax}o}nad Xjynjr# Yac$ ;? Da$ =#vv$ 8>$

Klz# [$%^$ odm Iodb# R$%K$ ,8669.# J|vcaxndb }lj xjco}nad{lnv{ ai }xz{} odm kaeen}ejd} nd

{zvvc~ klond eodobjejd}# Gazxdoc ai Oejxnkod Okomje~ ai Hz{ndj{{# Koehxnmbj# Yac$ >Da$ ?# vv$ 88=%2>.# O voxomnbe iax mjyjcavndb hj}}jx ejo{zxj{ ai eox`j}ndb kad{}xzk}{#Gazxdoc ai Eox`j}ndb Xj{joxkl# Yac$ ?9 Da$ ?# vv$ 9=%2;$

Kaavjx# E$K$# Coehjx}# M$E$ odm Vobl# G$M$ ,?>>2.# [zvvc~ klond eodobjejd}7 eaxj }lod o djrdoejiaxcabn{}nk{# ]lj Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Cabn{}nk{Eodobjejd}#Yac$


22/29

Mjijj# K$K$ odm [}od`# ]$V$ ,866:.# Ovvc~ndb }lj {}xo}jb~%{}xzk}zxj%vjxiaxeodkj voxomnbe }a }lj{zvvc~ klond jdynxadejd}# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}# Yac$ ?9 Da$ ?#vv$ 8.# ]lj xacj ai iaccarjx{ nd {zvvc~

klond{# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ ;6 Da$ 8# vv$ 9:%22.# Eo|neze cn`jcnlaam ixae ndkaevcj}j mo}o

yno }lj JE ocbaxn}le# Gazxdoc ai }lj Xa~oc [}o}n{}nkoc [aknj}~# Yac$ ;> Da$ ?# vv$ ?%;%8:$

Mzdd# [$K$# [jo`jx# X$I$ odm Roccjx# E$O$ ,?>>=.# Co}jd} yoxnohcj{ nd hz{ndj{{ cabn{}nk{ xj{joxkl7{kocj mjyjcavejd} odm yocnmo}nad# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ ?: Da$ 8# vv$ ?=:%28$

Mynx# ]$# Jmjd# M$# Oyacna# H$G$ odm [loenx# H$ ,8668.# Nevok} ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv adiaccarjx mjyjcavejd} odm vjxiaxeodkj7 o jcm j|vjxnejd}# Okomje~ ai Eodobjejd}

Gazxdoc# Yac$ =: Da$ =# vv$ 2;:%==$

Jejx{ad# M$# Wlaz# R$ odm Vnxoez}lz# [$ ,866>.# Baamrncc# ndyjd}ax~ vjdoc}~#odm omov}nyj{zvvc~

klond eodobjejd}# Jzxavjod Gazxdoc ai Avjxo}nadoc Xj{joxkl# Yac$ ?>> Da$ ?# vv$ ?;6%22.# Kloddjc jdynxadejd} odm kloddjc cjomjx{lnv# Gazxdoc ai Eox`j}ndb Xj{joxkl#

Yac$ ?= Da$ ?# vv$ 9>%29$

Iohhj%Ka{}j{# D$ odm Golxj# E$ ,8662.# [zvvc~ klond nd}jbxo}nad nevxayj{ vjxiaxeodkj7 }ljjevjxax{ djr {zn}1# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Vl~{nkoc Mn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{

Eodobjejd}# Yac$ ;2 Da$ ?6# vv$ >2.# Mjyjcavndb o cabn{}nk{ kovohncn}~ }a nevxayj}lj vjxiaxeodkj ai nd}jxdo}nadoc avjxo}nad{# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ ?< Da$ 8#vv$ ?6?%82$

Iaxdjcc# K$ odm Coxk`jx# M$I$ ,?>>>.# Cabn{}nk{ xj{joxkl ej}lam{7 jevca~ndb {}xzk}zxocjqzo}nad eamjcndb }a }j{} iax kad{}xzk} yocnmn}~# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ 86Da$ ?# vv$ ;;%:;$

Bacm{h~# ]$G$# Bxni{# [$J$ odm Xao}l# O$[$ ,8669.# Eamjcndb cjod# obncj# odm cjobncj {zvvc~ klond{}xo}jbnj{# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ 82 Da$ ?# vv$ :2%>:.# Mjyjcavejd} ai cjomjx%ejehjx j|klodbj ,CE\. }ljax~ aicjomjx{lnv ayjx 8: ~jox{7 ovvc~ndb o ezc}n%cjyjc# ezc}n%maeond vjx{vjk}nyj# Cjomjx{lnv_zox}jxc~# Yac$ 9 Da$ 8# vv$ 8?>%=2$

Bxzdm{}njd%Oeoma# X$ ,?>>>.# Hnco}jxoc }xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv7 od ovvxaokl }a ia{}jxndbj}lnkoc kadmzk} nd vzhcnk {jxynkj axbodnwo}nad{# Omendn{}xo}nad odm [aknj}~# Yac$ ;? Da$ 8#vv$ 8=2%96$

Loddad# M$ ,86?6.# Mjcc cjyjxobj{ {zvvcnjx j|vjx}n{j iax bxjjd vok`obndb {acz}nad# Vzxklo{ndb#Yac$ ?;> Da$ ?# vv$ ?8%?;$

Loxxn{ad# O$ odm Djr# K$ ,8668.# ]lj xacj ai kaljxjd} {zvvc~ klond {}xo}jb~ odm vjxiaxeodkjeodobjejd} nd oklnjyndb kaevj}n}nyj omyod}obj7 od nd}jxdo}nadoc {zxyj~# Gazxdoc ai }ljAvjxo}nadoc Xj{joxkl [aknj}~# Yac$ :; Da$ ;# vv$ 89;%2?$

NGVMCE=6#?6

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23/29

Lo}jx# G$G$ odm Ho{{# H$E$ ,?>>;.# Cjbn}neok~# varjx odm ndzjdkj7 o vjx{vjk}nyj ad xjco}nadoc ijo}zxj{ aicjomjx{lnv# nd Kljejx{# E$E$ odm O~eod# X$ ,Jm{.# Cjomjx{lnv ]ljax~ odm Xj{joxkl7

Vjx{vjk}nyj{ odm Mnxjk}nad{# Okomjenk Vxj{{# [od Mnjba# KO$

Laccodmjx# J$V$ ,866>.# Ndkcz{nyj Cjomjx{lnv7 ]lj J{{jd}noc Cjomjx%Iaccarjx Xjco}nad{lnv#Xaz}cjmbj# Djr ^ax`# D^$

Lacehjxb# [$ ,8666.# O {~{}je{ vjx{vjk}nyj ad {zvvc~ klond ejo{zxjejd}{# Nd}jxdo}nadocGazxdoc ai Vl~{nkoc Mn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}# Yac$ ;6 Da$ ?6# vv$ %2;$

Larjcc# G$E$ odm Oyacna# H$G$ ,?>>;.# ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv# }xod{ok}nadoc cjomjx{lnv#cakz{ ai kad}xac# odm {zvvax} iax nddayo}nad7 `j~ vxjmnk}ax{ ai kad{acnmo}jm%hz{ndj{{%zdn}vjxiaxeodkj# Gazxdoc ai Ovvcnjm V{~klacab~# Yac$ 2< Da$ 9# vv$ ?%>68$

La~}# K$C$ odm Hco{kaynkl# G$ ,866;.# ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc odm }xod{ok}nadoc cjomjx{lnv nd ynx}zocodm vl~{nkoc jdynxadejd}{# [eocc Bxazv Xj{joxkl# Yac$ ;= Da$ 9# vv$ 92>9.# Z{j ai koz{oc eamjc{ nd eox`j}ndb xj{joxkl7o xjynjr# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Xj{joxkl nd Eox`j}ndb# Yac$ ?; Da$ 8# vv$ ?>>.# ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc!kloxn{eo}nk cjomjx{lnv{ }xod{iaxeo}nad ai }lj jcm7od ln{}axnkoc j{{o~# Cjomjx{lnv _zox}jxc~# Yac$ ?6 Da$ 8# vv$ ?8>%==$

Lz}}# E$M$# [}oiiaxm# J$X$# Roc`jx# H$O$ odm Xjndbjd# V$L$ ,8666.# Mjdndb }lj {aknoc dj}rax` aio {}xo}jbnk occnodkj# [caod Eodobjejd} Xjynjr# Yac$ =?$

Gald{ad# G$M$# Madalzj# R$O$# O}`nd# K$@$ odm Gald{ad# [$ ,?>>=.# Mniijxjdkj{ hj}rjjd iaxeocodm ndiaxeoc kaeezdnko}nad kloddjc{# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Kaeezdnko}nad# Yac$ ;? Da$ 8#vv$ ???%88$

Gzdb# M$N$ odm Oyacna# H$G$ ,8666.# Avjdndb }lj hcok` ha|7 od j|vjxnejd}oc ndyj{}nbo}nad ai }ljejmno}ndb jiijk}{ ai }xz{} odm yoczj kadbxzjdkj ad }xod{iaxeo}nadoc odm }xod{ok}nadoc

cjomjx{lnv# Gazxdoc ai Axbodnwo}nadoc Hjloynax# Yac$ 8? Da$ =>%9=$@old# @$H$ odm Ejd}wjx# G$]$ ,?>>9.# Cabn{}nk{ odm nd}jxmjvox}ejd}oc nd}jbxo}nad# Nd}jxdo}nadoc

Gazxdoc ai Vl~{nkoc Mn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}# Yac$ 89 Da$ >;$

@jccj~# X$J$ ,?>>8.# ]lj Varjx ai Iaccarjx{lnv# Mazhcjmo~%Kzxxjdk~# Djr ^ax`# D^$


2


24/29

@jccj~# X$J$ ,866=.# Iaccarjx{lnv# nd Baj}loc{# B$X$# [axjd{jd# B$ odm Hzxd{# G$E$ ,Jm{.#Jdk~kcavjmno ai Cjomjx{lnv# [obj# ]laz{odm Ao`{# KO$

@jd}# G$C$ odm Ejd}wjx# G$]$ ,866;.# ]lj jiijk} ai ndyj{}ejd} nd nd}jxaxbodnwo}nadoc ndiaxeo}nad}jkldacab~ nd o xj}onc {zvvc~ klond# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ 8= Da$ 8# vv$ ?::%2:$

@jxcndbjx# I$D$ odm Cjj# L$H$ ,8666.# Iazdmo}nad{ ai Hjloynaxoc Xj{joxkl# =}l jm$# Loxkazx}Kaccjbj Vzhcn{ljx{# Iax} Rax}l# ]\$

@azwj{# G$E$ odm Va{djx# H$ ,?>$

Coehjx}# M$E$# Kaavjx# E$K$ odm Vobl# G$M$ ,?>> Da$ 8# vv$ ?%?>$

Coehjx}# M$E$# [}ak`# G$X$ odm Jccxoe# C$E$ ,?>>2.# Od j|vcaxo}ax~ {}zm~ ai j|kcz{nyj mjocndb nd kloddjcxjco}nad{lnv{# Gazxdoc ai }lj Okomje~ ai Eox`j}ndb [knjdkj# Yac$ 8: Da$ ;# vv$ 86?%?;$

Cndmjcc# E$@$ odm Rln}dj~# M$G$ ,866?.# Okkazd}ndb iax kaeead ej}lam yoxnodkj ndkxa{{%{jk}nadoc xj{joxkl mj{nbd{# Gazxdoc ai Ovvcnjm V{~klacab~# Yac$ >6.# ]lj nevax}odkj ai iaccarjx{lnv# ]lj Iz}zxn{}# Yac$ 8=Da$ ;# vv$ ?6 Da$ =# vv$ 2?6%;6$

Eocadn# E$ odm Hjd}ad# R$K$ ,8666.# Varjx ndzjdkj{ nd }lj {zvvc~ klond# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ 8? Da$ ?# vv$ =>%2;$

Eox`cj~# E$G$ odm Moyn{# C$ ,8662.# J|vcaxndb iz}zxj kaevj}n}nyj omyod}obj }lxazbl {z{}ondohcj{zvvc~ klond{# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Vl~{nkoc Mn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}#Yac$ ;> Da$ ># vv$ 29;%2=$

Eo{n# X$G$ odm Kaa`j# X$O$ ,8666.# Jiijk}{ ai }xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv ad {zhaxmndo}jea}nyo}nad$ Jevarjxndb daxe{# odm axbodnwo}nadoc vxamzk}nyn}~# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai

Axbodnwo}nadoc Odoc~{n{# Yac$ < Da$ ?# vv$ ?9%=2$Ejm{ jx# B$G$# Rnccnoe{# C$G$ odm Lacolod# V$G$ ,?>>=.# O xjynjr ai kzxxjd} vxok}nkj{ iax

jyoczo}ndb koz{oc eamjc{ nd axbodnwo}nadoc hjloynax odm lzeod xj{azxkj{ eodobjejd}xj{joxkl# Gazxdoc ai Eodobjejd}# Yac$ 86 Da$ 8# vv$ =;>%9=$

Ejdad# O$# Gorax{`n# H$G$ odm @alcn# O$@$ ,?>>2.# Vxamzk} qzocn}~7 nevok} ai nd}jxmjvox}ejd}ocnd}jxok}nad{# Gazxdoc ai }lj Okomje~ ai Eox`j}ndb [knjdkj# Yac$ 8: Da$ ;# vv$ ?


25/29

Ejd}wjx# G$]$ odm Icnd}# M$G$ ,?>>2.# Yocnmn}~ nd cabn{}nk{ xj{joxkl# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{#Yac$ ?< Da$ ?# vv$ ?>>%8?9$

Ejd}wjx# G$]$ odm @adxom# H$V$ ,?>>?.# Od jiknjdk~!jiijk}nyjdj{{ ovvxaokl }a cabn{}nk{vjxiaxeodkj odoc~{n{# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ ?8 Da$ ?# vv$ ;;%9;$

Ealx# G$ odm Djynd# G$X$ ,?>>6.# Kaeezdnko}nad {}xo}jbnj{ nd eox`j}ndb kloddjc{7 o }ljaxj}nkocvjx{vjk}nyj# Gazxdoc ai Eox`j}ndb# Yac$ := Da$ =# vv$ ;9%:?$

Ealx# G$ odm [vjèod# X$ ,?>>=.# Kloxok}jxn{}nk{ ai vox}djx{lnv {zkkj{{7 vox}djx{lnv o}}xnhz}j{#kaeezdnko}nad hjloynax# odm kadnk} xj{acz}nad }jkldnqzj{# [}xo}jbnk Eodobjejd}

Gazxdoc# Yac$ ?: Da$ 8# vv$ ?;:%:8$

Ealx# G$G$# In{ljx# X$G$ odm Djynd# G$X$ ,?>>9.# Kaccohaxo}nyj kaeezdnko}nad nd nd}jxxexjco}nad{lnv{7 eamjxo}ndb jiijk}{ ai nd}jbxo}nad odm kad}xac# Gazxdoc ai Eox`j}ndb# Yac$ 96Da$ ;# vv$ ?6;%?:$

Eaccjdàvi# M$# Bnh{ad# O$ odm Awoddj# C$ ,8666.# ]lj nd}jbxo}nad ai eox`j}ndb odm cabn{}nk{izdk}nad{7 od jevnxnkoc j|oendo}nad ai Djr Wjocodm xe{# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{#Yac$ 8? Da$ 8# vv$ %??8$

Eaaxj# @$X$ odm Kzddndbloe# R$O$ ,?>>>.# [aknoc j|klodbj hjloynax nd cabn{}nk{ xjco}nad{lnv{7o {lnvvjx vjx{vjk}nyj# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Vl~{nkoc Mn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{Eodobjejd}# Yac$ 8> Da$ 8# vv$ ?6;%8?$

Eaxxn{# E$L$# Hxzd~jj# G$ odm Vobj# E$ ,?>>%2?$

Vobjcc# E$ ,866=.# Zdmjx{}odmndb }lj iok}ax{ }lo} jdohcj odm ndlnhn} }lj nd}jbxo}nad ai avjxo}nad{#vzxklo{ndb odm cabn{}nk{# Gazxdoc ai Avjxo}nad{ Eodobjejd}# Yac$ 88 Da$ :# vv$ =:>%>6.# ]xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjxhjloynax{ odm }ljnx jiijk}{ ad iaccarjx{ }xz{} nd cjomjx# {o}n{iok}nad# odm axbodnwo}nadockn}nwjd{lnv hjloynax{# Cjomjx{lnv _zox}jxc~# Yac$ ? Da$ 8# vv$ ?62%=8$

Vam{oàii# V$E$# Eok@jdwnj# [$H$# Vondj# G$H$ odm Hoklxokl# M$B$ ,8666.# Axbodnwo}nadockn}nwjd{lnv hjloynax{7 o kxn}nkoc xjynjr ai }lj }ljaxj}nkoc odm jevnxnkoc cn}jxo}zxj odm{zbbj{}nad{ iax iz}zxj xj{joxkl# Gazxdoc ai Eodobjejd}# Yac$ 89 Da$ ;# vv$ :?;%9;$

Va}}jx# J$L$# Xa{jdhokl# R$J$odm Vn}}eod#]$[$ ,866?.# Iaccarjx{iax }lj}nej{# nd Xa{jdhokl# R$J$odm ]o~cax# X$C$ ,Jm{.# Kad}jevaxox~ N{{zj{ nd Cjomjx{lnv# :}l jm$# Rj{}ynjr Vxj{{#Koehxnmbj# EO$

Xnkloxm{# M$ odm Jdbcj# [$ ,?>.# ]lj eamjxo}ndb xacj aihoxxnjx{ ad }lj xjco}nad{lnv hj}rjjd mxnyjx{ }a {zvvc~ klond nd}jbxo}nad odm xevjxiaxeodkj# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Vl~{nkoc Mn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}#

Yac$ ;> Da$ ?6# vv$ >=.#Mjyjcavejd}oc vxakj{{j{ai kaavjxo}nyj nd}jxaxbodnwo}nadoc

xjco}nad{lnv{# Okomje~ ai Eodobjejd} Xjynjr# Yac$ ?> Da$ ?# vv$ >6%??2=.# [}xo}jb~# [}xzk}zxj# odm Jkadaenk Vjxiaxeodkj# Loxyoxm Zdnyjx{n}~ Vxj{{#Koehxnmbj# EO$


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[o{l`nd# E$ odm Hzx`j# R$R$ ,?>>6.# Zdmjx{}odmndb odm o{{j{{ndb axbodnwo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv#nd Kcox # @$J$ odm Kcox`# E$H$ ,Jm{.# Ejo{zxj{ nd Cjomjx{lnv# Kjd}jx iax Kxjo}nyjCjomjx{lnv# Rj{} Axodbj# DG$

[kljnd# J$L$ ,?>>8.# Axbodnwo}nadoc Kzc}zxj odm Cjomjx{lnv# 8dm jm$# Ga{{j~%Ho{{# [od Ixodkn{ka# KO$

[loenx# H$ ,?>>>.# Cjomjx{lnv nd hazdmox~cj{{ axbodnwo}nad{7 mn{va{ohcj ax ndmn{vjd{ohcj1#Jzxavjod Gazxdoc ai Rax` odm Axbodnwo}nadoc V{~klacab~# Yac$ < Da$ ?# vv$ =>%2?$

[}od`# ]$V$ ,866;.# Yoczj klond boej iokncn}o}ax eodzoc# @da|ynccj# ]D7 [jci%vzhcn{ljm$

[}od`# ]$V$# Moyn{# H$X$ odm Izbo}j# H$[$ ,866:.# O {}xo}jbnk ixoejrax iax {zvvc~ klond axnjd}jmcabn{}nk{# Gazxdoc ai Hz{ndj{{ Cabn{}nk{# Yac$ 89 Da$ 8# vv$ 82%=:$

[}jjd`oev# G$%H$J$E$ odm yod ]xngv# L$K$E$ ,?>>?.# ]lj z{j ai Cn{xjc nd yocnmo}ndb eox`j}ndbkad{}xzk}{# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc ai Xj{joxkl nd Eox`j}ndb# Yac$ < Da$ =# vv$ 8>$

[}ak`# G$X$ ,?>>9.# ]lj {aknoc {knjdkj{ odm cabn{}nk{7 {aej {zbbj{}nad{ iax iz}zxj j|vcaxo}nad#Gazxdoc ai Eox`j}ndb ]ljax~ ) Vxok}nkj# Yac$ = Da$ 8# vv$ ?%89$

[}ak`# G$X$ ,?>>2.# Ovvc~ndb }ljaxnj{ ixae a}ljx mn{knvcndj{ }a cabn{}nk{# Nd}jxdo}nadoc Gazxdoc aiVl~{nkoc Mn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}# Yac$ 82 Da{ >!?6# vv$ :?:%;>$

[}ak # B$D$# Bxjn{# D$V$ odm @o{oxmo# G$M$ ,?>>>.# Cabn{}nk{# {}xo}jb~ odm {}xzk}zxj# Nd}jxdo}nadocGazxdoc ai Vl~{nkoc Mn{}xnhz}nad ) Cabn{}nk{ Eodobjejd}# Yac$ 8> Da{ ;!=# vv$ ;2%:8$

]nk`cj# J$C$# Hxardcjj# G$ odm Doncad# M$ ,866:.# Vjx{adoc jvn{}jeacabnkoc hjcnji{ odm}xod{iaxeo}nadoc cjomjx{lnv hjloynax{# Gazxdoc ai Eodobjejd} Mjyjcavejd}# Yac$ 8=Da$ $

Rocmeod# M$O$# Xoenxjw# B$B$# Laz{j# X$G$ odm Vzxodoe# V$ ,866?.# Maj{ cjomjx{lnv eo}}jx1KJA cjomjx{lnv o}}xnhz}j{ odm vxa}ohncn}~ zdmjx kadmn}nad{ ai vjxkjnyjm jdynxadejd}oczdkjx}ond}~# Okomje~ ai Eodobjejd} Gazxdoc# Yac$ == Da$ ?# vv$ ?;=%=;$

^z`c# B$O$ ,866?.# Cjomjx{lnv nd Axbodnwo}nad{# :}l jm$# Vxjd}nkj%Locc# Zvvjx [ommcj Xnyjx# DG$

Wjiiodj# X$E$ ,?>>=.# Kaxxjco}j{ ai gah {o}n{iok}nad odm }ljnx nevcnko}nad{ iax rax` xjmj{nbdo iakz{ ad }lj Oz{}xocnod }jcjkaeezdnko}nad{ ndmz{}x~# Vzhcnk Vjx{addjc Eodobjejd}#Yac$ 8;# vv$ 9?%29$

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Performance Implications of Transformational Supply Chain Leadership and Followership

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