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Spent Fuel and Waste Science andTechnology

SKB Task Forces: Long-term Diffusive Transport (LANL)

DFN with high uniform micro-fracture intensity

DFN with higher micro-fracture intensity at a surface of a sample

DFN with significantly lower intensity at a core of a sample

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Perform Particle Tracking Simulations


Looking Forward to New Experiments: Planning for HotBENT

A planned collaboration project, led by NAGRA, to conduct a joint experiment integrated with lab and modeling studies to evaluate buffer and host rock integrity at 150oC to 200oC

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Can waste package and bentonite buffer temperature safely be raised to to 200oC, without causing performance relevant alteration and damage in barrier behavior?


What To Expect in Buffer Materials and Host Rock at T ~ 200oC?

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Due to the high temperature:– cementation possibly affecting mechanical properties– illitization (certain conditions, e.g. high potassium concentrations) affecting mechanical properties

Due to the strong thermal gradients:– thermal pressurization and complex moisture transport process, including convection of vapor– delayed saturation– heterogeneous, time-dependent density distribution (differential swelling)

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Excavation/ analysis/

modelling/ reporting1- 2 yeras

Experiment construction

7 month

Experiment runing/monitoring

5 years (-->2023)

2016 2017 2018

Conceptual design and modelling

(budget)

Formalise partici-pation

6 month 2 month

Site and experiment preparation

6- 8 month


Planned Extension of Mont Terri Rock Laboratory in 2018 to 2019 Timeframe

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• Significant addition for new experiments

• Most of the construction cost covered by Swiss partners

• New research program:- 45 proposals- 60% are nuclear waste related- 10 proposals in detailed

planning


Example for New Experiments Planned in Mont Terri Extension Galleries:

Gas Transport in Clay Host Rock

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GT Experiment: Evaluation of gas transport models and of the behavior of clay rocks under gas pressure

Lab Studies in 2018 and 2020 Field Studies 2019 to 2021


Emerging Opportunities and Hot Topics:Importance of Microbial Processes

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• Microbial enhanced corrosion of containment systems• Metal oxidation• Sulfide generation• Alter pH• Exudation• …

• Microbial alteration of transport properties of radionuclides• Precipitation/Dissolution of radionuclide• Alteration of sorbent phase (dissolution/precipitation

of coatings)• Microbial colloid transport• …

• Microbial utilization of by-products• Consumption of H2

• …

• Microbial alteration of water or gas permeability of matrix• Biofilm formation• Mineral precipitation/dissolution

MA-A Experiment


DECOVALEX 2023: Early Ideas

36

Planning for new DECOVALEX Phase (2020 to 2023) is starting now. All current and prospective partners are asked to propose ideas for next modeling tasks.

FE Heater Test

FS-B ExperimentThermal Fracturing Experiment

Salt Heater Test and Brine Migration

Natural Analogs

Gas Transport Field Experiments (LASGIT)

Uncertainty Quantification


Active collaboration with international programs, initiatives, or projects is now a central element of DOE’s disposal research program

International disposal research activities have been extremely beneficial: Improved understanding of near-field perturbation, engineered barrier integrity,

and RN transport Testing of advanced process-modeling tools against experimental data at scale Confidence and community building Shared cost for large expensive experiments Information about R&D priorities and safety case relevance decisions made in

other nuclear waste disposal programs (i.e., which issues are “hot” elsewhere)

Activities are balanced in terms of host rock, repository design and R&D issues

HotBENT is first potential experiment that DOE is actively planning with partners; so far, activities have been mostly “participatory”

International Collaborations: Accomplishments

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Re-establishing the U.S. program as a trusted and committed participants in international collaborative efforts

Maintaining DOE’s international leadership regarding the necessary expertise and tools to assess various disposal environments in the near-term and the long-term

Sharing of knowledge and experience to stay abreast with new science advances

Working towards a common set of disposal best practices and lessons learned

Building valuable relationships of mutual respect and trust Attracting and building a new generation of “waste disposal” scientists

Indirect Benefits of International Collaboration

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2017 International Collaboration Report

Content of Report (236 pages):– International Opportunities and

Strategic Considerations– Multinational Cooperative

Initiatives– Bilateral Collaboration

Opportunities– Selection of International

Collaboration Activities– Status of International

Collaboration Activities with Focus on URL Experiments

– Brief Status of Other International Collaboration Activities

3939


Replanning and Reprioritizing our International Portfolio

4040

Relevant Ongoing or Planned Experiments (Selected) URL Cooperation

Possible? Participation? Host Rock Main Focus FEPs Ranking Test Period

FE: Full-scale heater test demonstration experiment

Mont Terri, Switzerland(Opalinus Clay)

Via Mont Terri Project

Yes, LBNL Opalinus Clay Both EBS and NBS NBS: Many aspects of near-field shale repository evolution, such as EDZ creation, desaturation and resaturation, thermal effects, pore pressure increase after backfilling and heatingEBS: Performance of EBS backfilling and lining technology

Geosphere FEPS (for shale):2.2.01: Excavation Disturbed Zone (EDZ) >> High (Shale)2.2.07: Mechanical Processes >> Medium (Shale)2.2.08: Hydrologic Processes >> Medium (Shale)2.2.11: Thermal Processes >> Medium (Shale)

Engineered System FEPS: Buffer/Backfill materials2.1.04.01: Buffer/Backfill >> High 2.1.07.02, .03., .04., .09: Mechanical Processes >> Medium2.1.08.03, .07, .08: Hydrological Processes >> Medium2.1.11.04: Thermal Processes >> Medium

Engineered System FEPS: Seal/liner materials 2.1.05.01: Seals >> Medium 2.1.07.02, .08., .09: Mechanical Processes >> Medium2.1.08.04, .05, .07, .08, .09: Hydrological Processes >> Low

Test is in preparation and design phase; heating to start in 2014

HE-H: Half-scale heater test in VE test section

Mont Terri, Switzerland

Via DECOVALEX or Mont Terri Project

Yes, LBNL Opalinus Clay Mostly EBS EBS: Non-isothermal resaturation behavior in bentonite backfillNBS: Interaction of near-field shale rock with EBS components

Geosphere (for shale):2.2.01: Excavation Disturbed Zone (EDZ) >> High (Shale)2.2.07: Mechanical Processes >> Medium (Shale)2.2.08: Hydrologic Processes >> Medium (Shale)2.2.11: Thermal Processes >> Medium (Shale) 2.2.09: Chemical Processes - Transport >> Medium-High Engineered System FEPS: Buffer/Backfill materials2.1.04.01: Buffer/Backfill >> High 2.1.07.02, .03., .04., .09: Mechanical Processes >> Medium2.1.08.03, .07, .08: Hydrological Processes >> Medium2.1.11.04: Thermal Processes >> Medium

Heating phase: June 2011 through 2014

MB: Mine-by Test for full-scale HM validation



No Opalinus Clay NBS Excavation-generated response in the argillaceous clay host rock near a mined tunnel, including changes in the near-field hydrologic properties

Geosphere FEPS (for shale):2.2.01: Excavation Disturbed Zone (EDZ) >> High (Shale)2.2.07: Mechanical Processes >> Medium (Shale)2.2.08: Hydrologic Processes >> Medium (Shale)

2008 - 2009

SB: Self-sealing barries of clay/sand mixtures



No Opalinus Clay EBS Test performance of different clay/sand mixtures for backfill and seals allowing for gas pressure release while very low permeability to water

Engineered System FEPS: Buffer/Backfill materials2.1.04.01: Buffer/Backfill >> High 2.1.08.03, .07, .08: Hydrological Processes >> Medium2.1.12.01, .02, .03: Gas sources and effects >> Medium

Experiment has ended and post-test analysis is ongoing

CI: Cement clay interaction Mont Terri, Switzerland


Maybe, SNL Opalinus Clay Mostly EBS Investigation of interaction between cement, bentonite and opalinus clay. Chemical processes at interfaces are evaluated.

Engineered System FEPS: Buffer/Backfill materials2.1.04.01: Buffer/Backfill >> High 2.1.09.01, .04, .07, .09, .13: Chemical Processes - Chemistry >> Medium

Engineered System FEPS: Seal/liner materials 2.1.05.01: Seals >> Medium 2.1.09.01, .04, .07, .09, .13: Chemical Processes - Chemistry >> Medium

Sampling and modeling is ongoing.

Planning Workshop April 2012: Selection Criteria for International Collaboration Portfolio: Technical merit, key research gaps addressed, relevance to safety case, access to URLs or related data Program balance in terms of host rock focus and performance period Cost/benefit

Spreadsheet developed and discussed in 2012 workshop


New R&D Integration Table:To Be Discussed Thursday Morning

4141


Fifth Worldwide Review Completed and Released in 2017

• Berkeley Lab and Sandia National Labs published the Fifth Worldwide Review on International Approaches for Nuclear Waste Disposal in Geological Formations: Geological Challenges in Radioactive Waste Isolation.

• This book summarizes state-of-the-art radioactive waste disposal approaches in geological formations, with contributions from authors representing 23 countries.

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Where to get it?

A complete PDF file of the WWR-5 report is stored at the DOE OSTI site, with the DOI Number: 10.2172/1353043

You can download the full report from the OSTI website: https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1353043

The full report and individual chapters are available from the WWR-5 website at https://eesa.lbl.gov/wwr5/– The website also contains a link to the materials of the WWR-5

Workshop that was held in Berkeley in 2016. LBNL blog https://eesa.lbl.gov/just-released-book-nuclear-waste-

disposal-worldwide/

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https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1353043

https://eesa.lbl.gov/wwr5/

https://eesa.lbl.gov/just-released-book-nuclear-waste-disposal-worldwide/


Backup

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CI: Cement Clay InteractionMicro-CT Analysis of CI Samples (SNL)

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Investigation of interaction between cement, bentonite and opalinus clay


Dedicated Underground Testing: Science and Demonstration Experiments

Long History of Underground Observatories for Nuclear Waste

Disposal R&D

Yucca MountainStripa Mine

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General Goals– Continued engagement with international community in terms of best practices,

state of the art simulation tools, advanced monitoring methods– Education and training of junior staff (attracting and maintaining junior staff)– International trust and goodwill, continue existing commitments

R&D to Support Yucca Mountain Program – Supporting science base, reducing uncertainty and confidence building in the

context of license defense (i.e., demonstrating that relevant processes are well understood and PA models work well in other settings)

– Supporting the technical basis for post-LA activities such as repository construction, operations, performance confirmation, monitoring, and closure

R&D to Support Deep Geological Disposal Repositories Elsewhere – Regardless of the future of YM, it is important to have options for geologic

disposal at other sites– Maintain expertise and tools to assess alternative disposal environments in the

future

Why International Program Going Forward?

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International Collaboration as Part of OCRWM’s Mission (1982 – 2008)

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Taking stock of current international work:– Do we have the right portfolio of projects and tasks?– Are there valuable opportunities we missed? Why?– What is the benefit to the program? – How do we evaluate benefit to the program?– What are the lessons learned from ongoing projects?

Going forward– Revisit, change, and add to current portfolio?– Are there too many opportunities with too little support?– Is it time for DOE to be more active than reactive in international settings? Plan own

experiments? Organize and lead own modeling tasks?

Thursday Planning Session on Cross-Cutting Activities

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Multi-year bilateral agreement with the ROK where the central element of this joint disposal research is the KURT URL

Focus is on joint field testing and modeling to support the study of high-level nuclear waste disposal in crystalline geologic media

Technical scope includes developing improved techniques for in situ borehole characterization and new methods for measuring fracture flow/transport

Republic of Korea (ROK)KAERI Underground Research Tunnel (SNL)

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US-Germany Collaborative Studies for Salt THM Behavior (SNL, LBNL)

A Memorandum of Understanding signed by the US DOE and BMWi (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) in 2012, allows US and researchers to advance the basis for salt disposal

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Building the scientific basis for salt disposal combines the extensive knowledge from Germany on domal salt structures with that from the US on bedded salt formations

Ongoing collaborations between German and US scientists include laboratory testing, advanced thermal-mechanical-hydrological modeling and benchmarking, and seal system performance studies

Modeling of TDSE heater test at Asse URL in Germany


Other DOE Activities Associated with Mont Terri Projects

Site instrumentation:HG-A2, HG-A3 Multipacker systemsHG-A4, HG-A6 Deflectometer chainsHG-A5, HG-A7 Inclinometer chainsHG-A8 to A13 MinipiezometersSG1 to SG22 Strain gagesHG-EH, HG-EV Horizontal/vertical

extensometer

HG-A3

HG-A7

HG-A13

HG-A8HG-A4

HG-A5HG-A2

HG-SGHG-EH

HG-EVMicrotunnel:- length: 13 m- diameter: 1 mEquipped with more than 20 observation boreholes

Fracture damage and flow modeling for HG-A test (LBNL)

Side view approx. 40mTHM model analysis and comparison for

HE-E heater test (LBNL)

FS: Fault Slip Experiment (LBNL)

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Past Current


Task B in DECOVALEX-2019: Fault Slip Test

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Monitor, understand and be able to predict impact of fault slip on potential for creation of permeable pathways and radionuclide transport


The Issue of Thermal Management for Direct Disposal of DPCs

54Hardin, E.L., Repository Engineering

Largest capacity: MagnastorDPC system (37-PWR or equiv.)

Thermal limits: 35.5 kW storage/24 kW transport

Fuel cool time >4 yr OoRdepending on burnup

Pictures and data from NAC International website 31Mar2012

Perform Particle Tracking Simulationsenergyworkshops.sandia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/29-2... · 2018-05-29 · Waste Disposal in Geological Formations: Geological Challenges

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