Perceptions of Students' evaluation of lecturers

8/2/2019 Perceptions of Students' evaluation of lecturers

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M Eritn%Onzjn|inkbo Tbqnbp fa thb Ztrobkt _bmjhb Bqmirmtnfk \fjbzz

_hbtb hmqb dbbk onqnznqb nzzrbz pnhnk mjmobenjz nk hb |mz) dr abp hmqb dbbk mz pbii

tbzbmtjhbo mko ifk` imznk` mz hb obdmb fk hb zrobk bmjhbt bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz (ZB_.+

Zbionk tb|ftbo nk =>>: hm afrt fa anqb (8<". jme|rzbz rzb zfeb zft fa zrobkbqmirmnfk fa nkztrjftz+ Drznkbzz borjmnfk m||bmtbo f db mhbmo fa hb jrtqb3 fkb ~bmt

imbt mdfr >2" fa hb obmkz fa mjjtbonbo drznkbzz zjhffiz rzbo hb bqmirmnfkz mz m

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bqmirmnfk fa jimzztffe bmjhnk` (Em`kbt =>>0.+ Mdfr hb zmeb neb mkfhbt zro~

afrko hm >>+:" fa drznkbzz zjhffiz rzbo zfeb afte fa zrobk bqmirmnfk fa bmjhnk`)mko hm obmkz |imjbo m hn`hbt ne|ftmkjb fk hbzb bqmirmnfkz hmk bnhbt moenknztmnqb

ft |bbt bqmirmnfkz (Jfee ! Emkhmnzbi =>>8.+ Fk emk~ jme|rzbz) zrobk bqmirmnfkz

fa nkztrjnfk mtb hb efz ne|ftmk) mko nk emk~ jmzbz) hb fki~ ebmzrtb fa bmjhnk`

mdnin~ (Pnizfk =>>8.+ Zbionk (=>>>. tb|ftz m Jminaftknm obmk mz zm~nk`) ’Na N trz fkb

zfrtjb fa omm fk bmjhnk` |btaftemkjb) N trz hb zrobkz― S|+ =2U+

Mz pfrio db bx|bjbo) hb bx|ifznqb rninwmnfk fa mk mzzbzzebk hm jfrio bzmdinzhbkrtb) |tfefnfk) mko ebtn |m~ pfrio db bxbkznqbi~ tbzbmtjhbo+ Fkb zfrtjb zmbo hm

hbtb pmz jifzb f :)<<< mtnjibz |rdinzhbo fk ZB_ atfe =>>< f 4<<2 mifkb (Mi%Nzzm !

Zrinbemk 4<<0.+ Tb|ftz fk hb f|nj mtb zf qfirenkfrz hm emk~ tbzbmtjhbtz hmqb aft zfeb neb dbbk rznk` hb ebhfo fa ebm%mkmi~znz nk phnjh hb jmzb nz kf m zrdgbj dr mk

bkntb |rdinzhbo mtnjib (zbb Jim~zfk 4<<>3 Jfhbk =>8<3 Jfhbk =>8=3 Abioemk =>8> mz

bxme|ibz.+ Kbqbthbibzz) inib m`tbbebk hmz dbbk emob fk cb~ |fnkz+ _hb obabkobtz fa hb z~zbe mtb rzrmii~ afrko nk hb jfiib`bz fa borjmnfk) nk hb kmnfkmi bmjhbtz„ rknfkz)

mko mefk` hfzb phf jfkzri nk hb mtbm+ Zfeb hmqb obabkobo hb bqmirmnfkz miefz mz na

hb~ pbtb tbin`nfrz bkbz+ _hbzb moqfjmbz ~|njmii~ hmqb mk moqmkm`b nk hb |rdinjmnfk |tfjbzz znkjb nkztrjnfkmi tbzbmtjh nz hb bzzbknmi mjmobenj pftc fa hbnt |tfabzznfk+Fhbt onzjn|inkbz `bkbtmii~ iffc r|fk tbzbmtjh fa nkztrjnfk mz ibzz |tbzn nfrz) mko hfzb

f||fzbo f hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz mtb eftb onz|btzbo mefk` mjmobenj onzjn|inkbz) mko

eftb nzfimbo nk hbnt |rdinjmnfk zfrtjbz+ _hb~ mtb) hfpbqbt) b}rmii~ be|hmnj+ Nk zrjhmk bkqntfkebk) n dbjfebz tbimnqbi~ bmz~ f zbibj tbzbmtjh ankonk`z hm tbnkaftjb m |fnk

fa qnbp) ft f anko tb|ftz hm jfrkbt |fznnqb ankonk`z aft hb f||fznnfk+

_hb afiifpnk` zreemt~ fa hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz nz kf atbb fa hbzb |tfdibez) dr n ofbz

mbe| f |tbzbk nkaftemnfk atfe m pnobt mzzftebk fa qbkrbz hmk erjh hm nz afrko

nk hb tmonnfkmi borjmnfkmi onzjn|inkb fribz+

@bkob

Of ebk `bt dbttb bqmirmtnfkz thmk pfebk6



Tbzbmtjh fk hb }rbznfk fa phbhbt `bkobt jtbmbz onaabtbkjbz nk zrobk tmnk z fa

|tfabzzftz mko nkztrjnfk hmz |tfqnobo enxbo tbzriz+ Obabkobtz fa hb |tfjbzz hmqb`bkbtmii~ zmbo hm hbtb nz inib bqnobkjb fa `bkobt tbimbo baabjz (Abioemk =>>:.) phnib

moennk` hm hbtb em~ db m onaabtbkjb nk hb pm~ emib mko abemib zrobkz tmb amjri~

(Jmzhnk =>>2.+ Onaabtbkjbz pbtb afrko bmti~ nk `bkobt tbzbmtjh) ibmonk` tbzbmtjhbtz f`bkbtmii~ jfkjirob hm emib nkztrjftz pbtb bqmirmbo eftb hn`hi~ hmk abemibz (Dbtkmto

bt mi+ =>8=.+ Fhbtz (Dbkkb =>84.) hfpbqbt) zr``bzbo hm hb bxnznk` inbtmrtb dmzb

dbaftb hb =>8<„z faabtbo inib bqnobkjb hm pfebk tbjbnqbo z~zbemnjmii~ ifpbt emtczatfe zrobkz hmk ebk) dr hm zrobkz ono zbbe f |tbabt zmeb `bkobt nkztrjftz+ N

pmz afrko hm zbx tfib zbtbf~|bz eftb ztfkì~ nkairbkjb bqmirmnfk fa abemib

nkztrjftz hmk hfzb fa emib |tfabzzftz+ _hnz ankonk` pmz tbnkaftjbo d~ m imbt zro~

(Cnbtzbmo bt mi+ =>88. zr``bznk` hm pfebk nkztrjftz hmo f pftc hmtobt f mmnk hbzmeb tmnk z `nqbk f ebk+ Dmzfp mko Znidbt` (=>80. tb|ftbo hm emib zrobkz `mqb

ifpbt tmnk`z f abemib |tfabzzftz+ _hbtb nz mizf m bkobkj~ aft abemib zrobkz f zbibj

pfebk nkztrjftz mz dbbt bmjhbtz (Dmzfp =>>8.+

Abemib zrobkz hmqb dbbk zhfpk f `nqb abemib nkztrjftz hn`hbt bqmirmnfkz hmk hb~

ono f emib nkztrjftz) mko hn`hbt bqmirmnfkz hmk emibz aft hb zmeb abemib nkztrjftz+Dfh emib mko abemib zrobkz hfr`h hm nkztrjftz fa hbnt fpk `bkobt zhfpbo eftb

’nkbtbz nk zrobkz― (Bieftb ! Im\fnkb =>02.+ Dmzfp (4<<<. imbt |rdinzhbo ankonk`z

hm abemib |tfabzzftz pbtb jhfzbk mz hb ’dbz― nkztrjft eftb d~ pfebk zrobkz hmkemib zrobkz) phf jhfzb eftb emibz mz hb ’dbz― nkztrjft+ Zhb afrko kf `bkobt

onaabtbkjbz nk zbibjnfkz fa hb ’pftz― |tfabzzftz+ _hb ’dbz― abemib nkztrjftz pbtb

jfkznobtbo f db erjh eftb ’hbi|ari― hmk hb ’dbz― emib |tfabzzftz) nkonjmnk` m zrdib

`bkobt zbtbf~|nk` d~ hb zrobkz+ Nk m imt`b zro~ fa miefz :)<<< tbz|fkobkz) Imk`dbnk(=>>?. afrko hm abemib nkztrjftz pbtb tbpmtobo) tbimnqb f ebk) aft dbnk` zr||ftnqb

mko onz|im~nk` ’krtrtnk`― dbhmqnft+ Pfebk nkztrjftz pbtb |rknzhbo) tbimnqb f ebk)

aft fdgbjnqb mko mrhftnmtnmk dbhmqnft+ Zhb mizf afrko hm pfebk pbtb `nqbk ibzz fa m dffz nk hbnt bqmirmnfk aft `ffo `tmobz hmk pbtb ebk+

Nk m zro~ fa nktforjft~ emkm`bebk mko emtcbnk` jimzzbz) Affb) Hmtefk mko Em~f(4<<:. afrko hm zrobk `bkobt tfib mnrobz ono kf maabj zrobk bqmirmnfk fa

nkztrjftz+ _hb fki~ emtcbnk` zro~ rznk` zrobkz f iffc m hb `bkobt fa nkztrjftz

(Jim~zfk ! @i~kk =>>:. afrko kf `bkobt emnk baabjz fa hb ìfdmi tmnk`z bnhbt d~ zbx fa

nkztrjft ft d~ zbx fa hb zrobk) hfpbqbt zn`knanjmk nkbtmjnfk baabjz pbtb afrko+Zrobkz |btjbnqbo nkztrjftz fa hbnt fpk `bkobt f db dbbt bmjhbtz+ Eftbfqbt) emib

mko abemib zrobkz rzbo onaabtbk jfednkmnfkz fa |btzfkmin~ tmnz nk hbnt obbtenkmnfk+

Emib zrobkz nkonjmbo hm m ’`ffo― emib nkztrjft pfrio db bx|btnbkjbo) m||tfmjhmdib)incmdib) ontbj) mko hmto pftcnk`+ Emib zrobkz |btjbnqbo m abemib |tfabzzft mz dbnk` m

dbbt nkztrjft na zhb pmz jfkanobk) amnt) mko kf micmnqb+ Abemib zrobkz afrko m

’`ffo― emib nkztrjft f db mednnfrz) ~b zbkznnqb mko jfkjbtkbo+ M ’`ffo― abemibnkztrjft pmz gro bo fk fki~ pf zfjnmi nkbtmjnqb qmtnmdibz3 jfkjbtkbo mko incmdib+

Zrobkz) dfh emib mko abemib) ono) hfpbqbt) bx|bj emib |tfabzzftz f db eftb

zrjjbzzari+ Phbk zrobkz pbtb miifpbo f |njc |tfabzzftz d~ iffcnk` m hbnt |njrtbz) m

emib |hff pmz jhfzbk 0:" fa hb neb mz tb|tbzbknk` hb ’dbz |tfabzzft+― M emib |hff

4



pmz jhfzbk 8<" fa hb neb mz tb|tbzbknk` hb |btzfk efz incbi~ f db emcnk` eftb

jfkzrink` efkb~+ M abemib |hff pmz jhfzbk 0=" fa hb neb mz tb|tbzbknk` m |tfabzzft

hm pmz obknbo bkrtb (Jim~zfk =>>4.+

M tbjbk rk|rdinzhbo zro~ afrko hm hbtb nz m |fznnqb tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk gro`bo

mtmjnqbkbzz fa amjri~ mko hb bqmirmnfkz hb~ tbjbnqb+ _hb baabj zbbez f db ztfk`bt aft emib nkztrjftz hmk aft abemib (Hmebtebzh ! \mtcbt 4<<?.+

Zreem~

=+ Mihfr`h hnzftnjmii~) emib |tfabzzftz em~ hmqb dbbk |tbabttbo nk bqmirmnfkz) hbtb

jrttbki~ m||bmtz f db abp ìfdmi onaabtbkjbz dbpbbk hb ebmk zjftbz aft emib mko

abemib nkztrjftz+ Hfpbqbt) zrobkz zbbe f dbinbqb hm emib |tfabzzftz pnii db eftbzrjjbzzari+

4+ Zrobkz of zbbe f |tbabt nkztrjftz fa hb zmeb `bkobt+

:+ Abemib nkztrjftz em~ kbbo f onz|im~ eftb `bkobt zbtbf~|nj dbhmqnftz aft hn`h

bqmirmnfkz hmk emibz+

?+ Na m emib mko m abemib nkztrjft tbjbnqb hb zmeb ìfdmi bqmirmnfk) hb tbmzfkz aft hm

bqmirmnfk mtb hn`hi~ incbi~ f db onaabtbk+

Tbzbmjh

Of |fabzzfz phf of bzbmjh `bt dbttb ztrobkt bqmirmtnfkz6

Emk~ amjri~ pnii mt`rb hm ofnk` tbzbmtjh emcbz hbe dbbt bmjhbtz+ _hbtb mtb if`njmitbmzfkz aft hfionk` hnz dbinba+ M tbzbmtjhbt nz eftb incbi~ f db jrttbk pnh hb onzjn|inkb)

f hmqb eftb nkaftemnfk f ne|mt f zrobkz) mko zhfrio db mdib f `rnob zrobkz dbbt

pnhnk hb jfeerkn~ fa hb onzjn|inkb+ Fk hb fhbt hmko) zfeb zbbe f dbinbqb hm dbnk` m `ffo bmjhbt nz nkjfe|mndib pnh dbnk` m `ffo tbzbmtjhbt) |tnemtni~ dbjmrzb fa

neb jfkztmnkz+ Mtb hbzb dbinbaz tbaibjbo nk zrobk bqmirmnfk fa nkztrjnfk6

_hb mkzpbt m||bmtz f db kf+ Mihfr`h hbtb nz kf bqnobkjb hm amjri~ tbzbmtjh hmtez hb

bqmirmnfk) dr n hmz dbbk afrko hm jtbmnqb tbzbmtjhbtz mko baabjnqb bmjhbtz hmqb

onznkjnqbi~ onaabtbk |btzfkmin~ |tfanibz) pnh hb bmjhbtz„ |mbtk eftb jfkorjnqb f

hn`hbt bqmirmnfkz (Gmjczfk =>>?.+ Abioemk (=>80. jfkjirobo) ’‡ hb incbinhffo hmtbzbmtjh |tforjnqn~ mjrmii~ dbkbanz bmjhnk` nz bxtbebi~ zemii ft hm hb pf) aft mii

|tmjnjmi |rt|fzbz) mtb bzzbknmii~ rktbimbo‡ \tforjnqn~ nk tbzbmtjh mko zjhfimtzhn|

ofbz kf zbbe f obtmj atfe dbnk` mk baabjnqb bmjhbt― (|+ 40?.+ _hnz f|nknfk pmzjfkantebo d~ Hmnb mko Emtzh (=>>1.+ _hb~ |btaftebo m ebm%mkmi~znz fa 28 zronbz

iffcnk` m hb tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk tbzbmtjh mko bmjhnk`+ _hb mqbtm`b jfttbimnfk pmz

jifzb f wbtf pnh m ebonmk fa wbtf+ Wbtf tbimnfkzhn|z mtb eftb incbi~ f fjjrt m tbzbmtjhrknqbtznnbz mko phbk hb tm||ft mz|bjz fa hb bqmirmnfk mtb be|hmznwbo+ @ffo

:



tbzbmtjhbtz pbtb tmbo mz eftb bkhrznmznj mko eftb ckfpibo`bmdib+ _hnz inbtmrtb ono

anko m kb`mnqb tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk neb z|bk fk tbzbmtjh mko neb z|bk fk bmjhnk`+

Imbt Emtzh mko Hmnb (4<<4. jfkorjbo m zro~ fa fqbt =4)<<< zrobk bqmirmnfkz mkom`mnk afrko kf mzzfjnmnfk dbpbbk bmjhnk` bqmirmnfkz mko tbzbmtjh |tforjnqn~+ ’Nk

jfktmz f hb m||mtbk mjmobenj e~h hm tbzbmtjh |tforjnqn~ mko bmjhnk`

baabjnqbkbzz mtb jfe|ibebkmt~ jfkztrjz) tbzriz fa hb |tbzbk nkqbzn`mnfk‡ jfr|ibopnh hb ankonk`z fa Hmnb mko Emtzh (=>>1. ebm%mkmi~znz‡ |tfqnob ztfk` zr||ft aft

hb ~|njmi ankonk` hm hb bmjhnk`%tbzbmtjh tbimnfkzhn| nz jifzb f wbtf― S|+ 148U+ Emtzh

mko Hmnb zr``bz zbqbtmi bx|imkmnfkz) dr KBQBT h~|fhbznz hm hb bqmirmnfkz em~kf db qmino+

Zreem~

=+ Tbzbmtjh ofbz kf zbbe f dbkban ft hmte zrobk bqmirmnfk fa nkztrjnfk+

4+ Bxjb| aft zfeb |btzfkmin~ tbimbo nzzrbz tbimbo f tbzbmtjh) tbzbmtjh |tforjnqn~ nzbia

m||bmtz f db rktbimbo f hb bqmirmnfk fa nkztrjnfk+

\bzfkmint~

Of |bzfkmint~ tmntz nkairbkjb thb bqmirmtnfk |fjbzz6

_f hb bxbk hm |btzfkmin~ nz jfkznobtbo f db mk nktnkznj |btzfkmi mko ifk` imznk`

qmtnmdib) nz nkairbkjb fk hb zrobk bqmirmnfk fa nkztrjnfk jmk jtbmb tfrdink`}rbznfkz+ Aft bxme|ib) na |btzfkmin~ nz hn`hi~ tbimbo f hb bqmirmnfk hm mk nkztrjft

tbjbnqbz) nz n |fzzndib f emcb ifk`%bte jhmk`bz nk mk nkonqnormi nkztrjft„z bqmirmnfkz6Jmk tmnz hm pfrio tmnzb bqmirmnfkz db mr`h6 Na kf) ofbz hb jrttbk bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz zr``bz hm bmjhnk` zhfrio db hfr`h fa mz m qfjmnfk) mko na zf) phm nz hb

|rt|fzb fa m jfiib`b fa borjmnfk6 N nz rkobtzmkomdib) hbtbaftb) hm obabkobtz fa hb

bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz pfrio db zbkznnqb f hnz nzzrb+

Nk `bkbtmi) tbzbmtjhbtz |rdinzhnk` atfe pnhnk borjmnfkmi onzjn|inkbz tb|ft afrkonk` abp

|btzfkmin~ tmnz hm jfttbimb pnh zrobk tmnk`z (Dfnjb =>>43 Dtmzcme| ! Ft~ =>>?3Jbktm =>>:.+ ^b n hmz mizf dbbk tb|ftbo hm zrobkz afte hbnt f|nknfkz fa m jimzz mko

nkztrjft qbt~ bmti~ nk m jfrtzb) mko zrdzb}rbk jimzz mko ibmtknk` bx|btnbkjbz of inib f

jhmk`b hm f|nknfk (Ftnkmr ! Drzh =>803 Hbpb) Jhmzmnk ! _htrdbt =>883 Zmrdbt !

Iroifp =>88.+ Arthbt) zfeb zronbz hmqb emkn|rimbo jimzztffe jfkonnfkz mko afrkonkbtbznk` baabjz fa nkztrjftz„ |btzfkminnbz (Kmarink) Pmtb) ! Ofkkbii~ =>0:3

Pnoeb~bt ! If~ =>88.+ Fkb zro~ d~ Hmtqmto |z~jhfif`nzz (Medmo~ ! Tfzbkhmi =>>:.

nkqbzn`mbo zrobkz„ tbmjnfkz f tmkofei~ zbibjbo :<%zbjfko jin|z fa zfrkoibzzqnobfm|bz fa mjrmi jimzztffe nkztrjnfk mko afrko hbe hn`hi~ jfttbimbo pnh bko%fa%

jfrtzb bqmirmnfkz+ Bqmirmnfkz dmzbo fk :<%zbjfko bx|fzrtbz pbtb kf eftb zn`knanjmk

hmk groèbkz dmzbo fk 1%zbjfko jin|z+ \btzfkmin~ tmnz nobknanbo d~ nkob|bkobk tmbtzpbtb hn`hi~ jfttbimbo pnh hb bqmirmnfkz+ Nk ftobt pmz f|tnenztnj) jfkanobkt ) ofenkmkt )

?



mjtnqb) bkthrznmztnj) mko incbmdib+ _hb tmbtz„ groèbk fa |fabzznfkmi pmz kf

zn`knanjmki~ jfttbimbo pnh hb zrobk bqmirmnfkz+

@nqbk nz jbktmin~ f hb nzzrb fa qminon~) zrt|tnznk i~ abp tbzbmtjh mtnjibz hmqb

mbe|bo f zmnznjmii~ tbimb |btzfkmin~ f hb bqmirmnfkz+ _hfzb hm hmqb dbbk

|rdinzhbo hmqb afrko m imt`b mzzfjnmnfk dbpbbk |btzfkmin~ qmtnmdibz mko hb bqmirmnfkfrjfebz) bznemnk` hm |btzfkmin~ mjjfrkz aft fqbt 2<" fa hb fmi qmtnmkjb fa hb

bqmirmnfkz (Btoib) Erttm~) ! Trzhfk =>823 Abioemk =>813 Erttm~) Trzhfk) !

\mrkfkbk =>><3 Zhbtemk ! Dimjcdrtk =>02) Emtcz 4<<<.-

Abioemk (=>81. zreemtnwbo hb tbzbmtjh htfr`h hb eno%8<„z+ Hb afrko hm hbtb pmz kf

bqnobkjb aft m |btzfkmin~&bqmirmnfk mzzfjnmnfk na |btzfkmin~ pmz ebmzrtbo atfe hb

nkztrjftz„ |btz|bjnqb+ Hb ono anko hm hb nkztrjftz„ jfiibm`rbz„ |btjb|nfkz pbtb eftbtbimbo f hb bqmirmnfkz `nqbk d~ zrobkz+ _hb zrobkz„ |btjb|nfkz) hfpbqbt) pbtb

ztfkì~ tbimbo f hb bqmirmnfkz+ _hb fmi mzzfjnmnqb ebmzrtbz fa hb zrobkz„

|btjb|nfk fa |btzfkmin~) mjjftonk` f Abioemk) tmk`b atfe <+00 f <+88 mjjfrknk` aft

atfe 1< f 02" fa hb qmtnmkjb+ Abioemk (=>81. `nqbz htbb nkbt|tbmnfkz aft hnz ankonk`z+=. _hb amjri~ |btzfkmin~ nz qminoi~ tbimbo f hbnt bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz+ _hb nkztrjft

em~ zhfp m onaabtbk |btzfkmin~ nk jimzz hmk nk fhbt bkqntfkebkz hrz mjjfrknk` aft hb imjc fa mzzfjnmnfkz pnh hb amjri~ ebedbtz„ fpk bqmirmnfkz+ 4. Dfh hb ebmzrtbz

fa |btzfkmin~ mko bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz mtb ’jfkmenkmbo― d~ fhbt qmtnmdibz+ Aft

bxme|ib) mk nkztrjft em~ db incbo aft mk~ kredbt fa tbmzfkz) zf zrobkz tmb hbe mz m`ffo bmjhbt mko hbk zmb hm hb~ hmqb m |ibmznk` |btzfkmin~+ :. _hnz bx|imkmnfk

m`tbbz hm hb tbzriz fa hb zronbz of zm~ zfebhnk` qmino mdfr |btzfkmin~) dr fki~ hb

zrobkz„ |btjb|nfk fa |btzfkmin~+ Mz mk bxme|ib) mk nkztrjft |tbzbkz pbii%ftobtbo

ibjrtbz+ _hb ibjrtbz mjrmii~ hbi| hb zrobkz f ibmtk eftb+ _hrz hb nkztrjft `mnkz mhn`h bqmirmnfk mko hb zrobkz mizf ’dbinbqb― hm hb nkztrjft nz mk ft`mknwbo |btzfk+

Nk m zro~ fa drznkbzz zrobkz) Jim~zfk mko Zhbaab (4<<1. jfe|mtbo ebmzrtbz fa |btzfkmin~ mko bqmirmnfkz m afrt onaabtbk nebz ortnk` m bte+ _hb~ jfe|mtbo jhmk`b

nk hb zrobkz„ |btjb|nfk fa |btzfkmin~ pnh jhmk`b nk hb bqmirmnfkz nk hb imz znx

pbbcz fa hb bte+ _hb jhmk bz pbtb hn`hi~ tbimbo) mko jhmk`bz pbtb afrko nk miinkztrjftz `fnk` r| mko ofpk ortnk` hb zmeb neb |btnfo+ Nk fhbt pftoz) bqbk mabt hb

enobte) jhmk`bz nk bqmirmnfkz (dfh kb`mnqb mko |fznnqb. aft bmjh nkztrjft pbtb

hn`hi~ tbimbo f jhmk`bz nk hb zrobkz„ |btjb|nfk fa hb nkztrjnfk+ _hb zro~ tribo fr

hb |fzzndnin~ hm hb |btzfkmin~&bqmirmnfk mzzfjnmnfk pmz m zmnznjmi mtnamj tbzrinkàtfe nkzraanjnbk jfktfi fa zbjfkomt~ qmtnmdibz+ _hb tbzbmtjhbtz emnkmnkbo hm hbzb

ankonk`z mtb nkjfe|mndib pnh Abioemk„z bx|imkmnfk fkb mko htbb+ Fkb jfrio znii mt`rb

hm trb |btzfkmin~ zhfrio kf db jhmk`nk` fqbt zhft |btnfoz fa neb) hbtbaftb Jim~zfkbt mi+ (4<<2. ebtbi~ zhfpbo hm hb zrobkz„ |btjb|nfk fa |btzfkmin~ nz jfkmenkmbo)

dr hnz bx|imkmnfk fki~ tbnkaftjbz hb jfkbknfk hm zrobk zbb nkztrjnfk |tnemtni~ mz

mk mz|bj fa |btzfkmin~+

Fkb imt`b zro~ fa emtcbnk` zrobkz hmz dbbk jfkorjbo rznk` m |mh mkmi~znz+ _hnz

tbzbmtjh afrko hm hb fmi baabj fa |btzfkmin~ fk hb zrobk bqmirmnfk fa amjri~ pmz

qbt~ hn`h) pnh bmjh zmkomto obqnmnfk jhmk`b nk |btzfkmin~ tbzrink` nk m <+8: zmkomto

2



\P<

obqnmnfk jhmk`b nk hb bqmirmnfkz+ \btzfkmin~ pmz mizf afrko f db zn`knanjmki~ tbimbo

f bqbt~ fhbt amjft nk hb zro~) nkjironk` hb zrobkz„ |btjb|nfk fa hb nkztrjft„z

ckfpibo b mko amntkbzz+ N pmz kb`mnqbi~ tbimbo f tn`ft) mko |fznnqbi~ tbimbo f hbzrobkz„ |btjb|nfk fa hfp erjh hb~ hmo ibmtkbo (Jim~zfk ! Hmib~ =>><.+

Arthbt tbzbmtjh tbnkaftjbo hbzb ankonk`z+ _hb bqmirmnfkz hmqb dbbk afrko f dbtbemtcmdi~ jfkznzbk aft bmjh nkztrjft) bqbk fqbt |btnfoz fa neb mz ifk` mz =: ~bmtz+

\tbqnfrz bmjhnk` bx|btnbkjb pmz kf tbimbo f hnz jfkznzbkj~ (Emtzh ! Hfjbqmt =>>=.+

Znkjb efz |tfabzznfkmiz mtb mzzrebo f ne|tfqb hbnt |btaftemkjb pnh jfkzmk |tmjnjb)phm jfrio hb bqmirmnfkz db ebmzrtnk` hm pfrio kf jhmk`b6 Drznkbzz zrobkz pbtb

mzcbo f bqmirmb nkztrjftz) dmzbo fk hbnt fpk bx|btnbkjb) fk m kredbt fa tmnz nk btez

fa hfp hfzb tmnz pfrio jhmk`b fqbt neb+ Nkztrjft mko nkztrjnfkmi tbimbo mtndrbz

pbtb |btjbnqbo mz jhmk`nk` fqbt neb pnh bx|btnbkjb+ _hb ckfpibo`b fa hb nkztrjft)mko hb mdnin~ f ft`mknwb m jimzz pmz zbbk mz nkjtbmznk` fqbt neb+ _hb zrobkz abi hm

hb~ pfrio ibmtk eftb atfe mk nkztrjft pnh hbzb jhmtmjbtnznjz+ _hb~ mizf abi hm

bx|btnbkjbo nkztrjftz pfrio db amntbt nk bznk` mko `tmonk` hmk ibzz bx|btnbkjbo

|tfabzzftz+ Jhmtmjbtnznjz hm tbaibjbo zfeb mz|bj fa nkbt|btzfkmi tbimnfkzhn|z pbtbibmz incbi~ f jhmk`b+ Nkztrjft obzjtn|nfkz hm jfkmnkbo pftoz zrjh mz bz|fkznqb)

nktbbztnk`) jmbz) ztnerimtnk`) mko f|bk pbtb zbibjbo mz jhmtmjbtnznjz hm hb zrobkzhmo kf zbbk jhmk`nk` pnh eftb bx|btnbkjbo nkztrjftz+ Znkjb hb ebmk zjftbz jhmk`b

qbt~ inib fqbt neb) hb zrobkz pbtb bzzbknmii~ tbnkaftjnk` hb kfnfk hm hb

bqmirmnfkz mtb hbmqni~ dnmzbo fpmtoz |btzfkmin~ qmtnmdibz mko mtb ibzz nkairbkjbo d~ hbnkztrjft„z |btjbnqbo ckfpibo`b) amntkbzz) ft bqbk hb |btjb|nfk fa zrobk ibmtknk`

(Jim~zfk =>>>.+

<+=8'' <+1:'''

\P=< \P=1

<+<2 <+=4

<+2<'''

<+08''' <+41'''

<+=0'' <+4=''

BQP< BQP=< BQP=1

<+4?''' <+0:'''

_f |r hbzb tbimnfkzhn|z nkf |btz|bjnqb) hb omm fa Jim~zfk mko Zhbaab„z (4<<1.

ifk`nronkmi omm mtb |tbzbkbo dbifp mz m jtfzz%im``bo efobi+ _hb ebmzrtbebkz pbtbemob fa hb nkztrjft„z |btzfkmin~ (\n. mko hb bqmirmnfk fa hb nkztrjnfk (BQn. dbaftb

hb jimzz db`mk (\P< mko BQP<.) m enobte (\P=< mko BQP=<.) mko m hb bko fa hb bte

(\P=1 mko BQP=1.+ _hb ebmzrtbz zhfpk mtb mzzfjnmnfkmi jfbaanjnbkz pnh '' ebmknk` | 9 +

1



<= mko ''' ebmknk` hm | 9 +<<=+ _hb efobi mjjfrkz aft 11 |btjbk fa hb fmi qmtnmkjb

fa |btzfkmin~ m hb bko fa hb bte mko 0< |btjbk fa hb fmi qmtnmkjb fa hb ankmi

bqmirmnfk (M@AN 5 <+80.+ _hb |btnkbk mz|bj f hnz onzjrzznfk nz hb jfbaanjnbkz dbpbbk |btzfkmin~ ebmzrtbz mko hb bqmirmnfk+ Kfb hm hb nknnmi bqmirmnfk nz m

zn`knanjmk |tbonjft fa hb ebmzrtb fa arrtb |btzfkmin~ m enobte) dr hm hb nknnmi

ebmzrtb fa |btzfkmin~ nz kf ontbji~ tbimbo f hb arrtb ebmzrtb fa bqmirmnfk menobte+ _hb zmeb |mbtk jmk db afrko dbpbbk enobte ebmzrtbz mko hb ankmi

bqmirmnfkz+ _hnz efobi zr``bzz hm hb bqmirmnfk fa mk nkztrjft nz eftb |tbonjnqb fa

zrdzb}rbk ebmzrtbz fa |btzfkmin~ hmk nz |btzfkmin~ fa hb bqmirmnfkz+ Nk fhbt pftoz)zrobkz m||bmt f emcnk` arrtb groèbkz fa mk nkztrjft„z |btzfkmin~ atfe hbnt jrttbk

ne|tbzznfk fa hb nkztrjft mz m bmjhbt) kf hb fhbt pm~ mtfrko+

N nz mizf nkbtbznk` f kfb nk in`h fa arrtb onzjrzznfkz fa qminon~) hm hnz efobi |tbonjz hm hb nknnmi bqmirmnfkz fa hb nkztrjft emob dbaftb mk~ nkztrjnfk mko bqbk

dbaftb hb z~iimdrz pmz onztndrbo nz zn`knanjmki~ tbimbo f hb ankmi bqmirmnfkz ( Ankmi

Bqmi 5 <+<1 \ P< # <+=1 BQ P<3 %qmirbz aft hb jfbaanjnbkz7 <+<1) 5 =+4<) mko fa <+=>) 5

:+8>) T

4

5 <+<1.+

Emk~ borjmftz zne|i~ emcb) m |nfn) m tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk baabjnqb bmjhnk` mko |btzfkmin~ jhmtmjbtnznjz+ Imkfz (=>>0. bkjfrtm`bz nkztrjftz f rzb hreft) ’ark mko

`mebz)― ibmtknk` zrobkz„ kmebz) mko dbnk` ’`bkrnkb― mz ebhfoz fa efnqmnk` zrobkz+

Mabt tbqnbpnk` hb inbtmrtb mko hbnt fpk zro~) Affb) Hmtefk) mko Em~f jfkjirobo) ’‡ hfzb SnkztrjftzU phf zjftb hn`hi~ fk bqmirmnfkz em~ of zf kf dbjmrzb hb~ bmjh

pbii) dr zne|i~ dbjmrzb hb~ `b mifk` pbii pnh zrobkz― (4<<:) |+ =0.+

Zreem~

=+ _hb nzzrb fa |btzfkmin~ mz m jmrzmi amjft nk hb frjfeb fa hb bqmirmnfkz hmz dbbk fkb

hm hmz onqnobo hb obabkobtz mko hb jtnnjz fa hb |tfjbzz+ Obabkobtz hmqb zr``bzbo hmhb baabjz fa |btzfkmin~ mtb zemii mko hm) nk `bkbtmi) hfzb tmnz hm of nkairbkjb hb

bqmirmnfkz jmk db efonanbo+ Jtnnjz emnkmnk hm hb baabj nz imt`b mko hm jbtmnk tmnz

hm nkairbkjb hb frjfeb fa hb bqmirmnfkz em~ db tbimnqbi~ |btemkbk mko rinembi~kf |btnkbk f phm hb bqmirmnfkz zhfrio db ebmzrtnk`+

4+ Mihfr`h hbtb mtb abpbt zronbz nk hnz mtbm fa hb bqmirmnfkz hmk fhbtz) hb~ hmqb

jfkznzbki~ afrko hn`hi~ zn knanjmk baabjz d~ zrobk |btjb|nfkz+ _f m jbtmnk bxbk) |btzfkmin~ zbbez f db hb ibkz htfr`h phnjh zrobkz iffc m fhbt nkztrjft qmtnmdibz

phbk emcnk` hbnt bqmirmnfkz fa nkztrjnfk+ Nk zronbz fa drznkbzz zrobkz) hb ne|mj fa

|btzfkmin~ hmz dbbk zf ztfk` mko jfkznzbk hm hb ZB_ nkztrebk jfrio db tb|imjbopnh m |btzfkmin~ nkqbkft~ pnh inib ifzz fa |tbonjnqb qminon~+

Tn`f

Ofbz mjmobenj n`f ifpb thb bqmirmtnfkz6

0



Mjjftonk` f Jmzhnk (=>>2.) hbtb nz m jfttbimnfk dbpbbk tn`ft (obankbo mz pftcifmo mko

onaanjri~. mko hb bqmirmnfkz) dr ’jfktmt~ f amjri~ dbinba― hb jfttbimnfk nz |fznnqb (Znxdrt~ ! Jmzhnk =>>2.+ Fhbtz) bz|bjnmii~ pnh drznkbzz zrobkz (Jim~zfk

! Hmib~ =>><3 Jim~zfk 4<<4.) hmqb afrko zn`knanjmk kb`mnqb mzzfjnmnfkz dbpbbk

tn`ft mko hb bqmirmnfkz+ M zrtqb~ fa zrobkz atfe htbb rknqbtznnbz mjtfzz hbRknbo Zmbz afrko hm :<" moenbo f |rt|fzbi~ nkaimnk` bqmirmnfkz dbjmrzb mk

nkztrjft `mqb `ffo `tmobz) mkfhbt :<" nkonjmbo hm hb~ hmo |rt|fzbi~ ifpbtbo

bqmirmnfkz dbjmrzb hb bzz nk hb jfrtzb pbtb ’ff hmto+― Ana~ |btjbk hmo ofkbfkb ft hb fhbt+ Zrobkz ono kf dbinbqb hm m obemko aft tn`ft pmz mk ne|ftmk

jhmtmjbtnznj fa m `ffo bmjhbt (Jim~zfk 4<<=) 4<<2.+

\mt fa hb onaabtbkjbz em~ db orb f ebhfofif`~+ Aft fqbt pbk~ ~bmtz) tbzbmtjh nk hbbqmirmnfk |tfjbzz hmz dbbk jtnnjnwbo aft gre|nk` f zne|ib jfkjirznfkz atfe hb omm

(Hfpmto ! Emxpbii =>8<.) rznk` zne|ib FIZ zfirnfkz (Zbnqbt =>8:.) mko dbnk` zrdgbj

f nkbt|tbmnfk bttftz jtbmbo d~ jfttbimnfkmi zronbz (@mzcn =>80.+ Mkfhbt |mt em~ db

orb f obanknnfkz fa ’tn`ft+― Emtzh mko Tfjhb (4<<<.) obanknk` tn`ft mz in`h f hbmq~pftcifmo) afrko m |fznnqb tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk tn`ft mko hb nkztrjft bqmirmnfk) dr m

kb`mnqb tbimnfkzhn| pnh `tmobz+ @tbbkpmio mko @niieftb (=>>0. mizf afrko m kb`mnqbpftcifmo&`tmob tbimnfkzhn|+ _hb tbzriz mtb jfrkbt%nkrnnqb m pf ibqbiz+ Antz) mz

@tbbkpmio mko @niieftb |fnk fr) pftcifmo zhfrio db tbimbo f hfp erjh) fk mqbtm`b)

zrobkz ibmtk+ Zbjfko) ibmtknk` nz tbimbo f bqmirmnfkz) zf fkb pfrio bx|bj hmpftcifmo hm nz mizf tb|ftbo f db |fznnqbi~ tbimbo f hb bqmirmnfkz pfrio db |fznnqbi~

tbimbo f ibmtknk`+

Jim~zfk mko Hmib~ (=>><. afrko m kfk%zn`knanjmk tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk tn`ft (obankbo |tnemt~ mz jfrtzb mko neb obemkoz fa jimzz. mko hb bqmirmnfk rznk` m tbimnfkmi INZTBI

efobi hm bzzbknmii~ tb|injmbo m erin|ib tb tbzznfk dbpbbk jfkjb|z) dr afrko m

kb`mnqb zn`knanjmk tbimnfkzhn| phbk hb omm pmz jmz nkf m efobi jfkznzbk pnhhbft~) kfefkfif`njmi kbpftcz) mko omm atfe zrobkz+ Tn`ft) bqbk obankbo nk hbzb

hmtzh btez) pmz afrko f db zn`knanjmki~ tbimbo f hb zrobk |btjb|nfk fa ibmtknk`) dr

pmz kb`mnqbi~ inkcbo f amntkbzz) phnjh emob nz fmi baabj fk hb bqmirmnfk kb`mnqb+Emtcz (4<<<. bzzbknmii~ tb|injmbo hnz zro~ mko afrko m zn`knanjmk kb`mnqb tbimnfkzhn|

dbpbbk pftcifmo onaanjri~ mko amntkbzz nk `tmonk`) phnjh pmz nk rtk zn`knanjmki~ tbimbo

f hb fqbtmii bqmirmnfk+ Nk mkfhbt zro~ (Jim~zfk =>>?.) n pmz afrko hm tn`ft hmo m

kb`mnqb FIZ jfttbimnfk pnh hb bqmirmnfkz ( 5 %2+80.+ Phbk hb zmeb omm pmzmkmi~wbo pnh m erin|ib tb`tbzznfk) tn`ft znii hmo kb mnqb mzzfjnmnfk pnh hb

bqmirmnfkz) dr nz jfktndrnfk pmz tbmi~ tborjbo f emt`nkmi zn`knanjmkjb ( 5 %4+<>.+ M

|mh mkmi~znz efobi hm emxnenwbo hb jhn%z}rmtb qmirb fa hb omm mizf tbzribo nk mzn`knanjmk mzzfjnmnfk pnh tn`ft) dr m m erjh ztfk`bt ob`tbb ( 5 %?+28.+

M imbt nkbtbznk` |nbjb fa tbzbmtjh (Dmjfk ! Kfqfk~ 4<<4. hmz nkonjmbo hm tn`ft nkbtmjz pnh m zrobk |btzfkmin~ qmtnmdib+ _hbnt zro~ afrko hm m ibknbk nkztrjft

pfrio nkjtbmzb hnz ft hbt bqmirmnfkz d~ mtmjnk` ifp mjhnbqbebk ztnqnk` zrobkz) dr

ibzz zf pnh hn`h mjhnbqbebk efnqmbo zrobkz+ _hb fqbtmii baabj fa ibknbkj~ mefk`

rkobt`tmormbz) mihfr`h tbimnqbi~ zemii jfednkbo mjtfzz mii tbz|fkobkz) pmz bkfr`h f

8



emcb m bmjhbt m||bmt onznkji~ mdfqb ft dbifp mqbtm`b dbjmrzb fa hb hn`hi~ zcbpbo

kmrtb fa efz bqmirmnfkz+

Zrobkz mtb mtmjbo f jimzzbz hm hmqb m tb|rmnfk aft kf dbnk` tn`ftfrz nk `tmonk`+

Pnihbie (4<<?. jfe|mtbo jfrtzb bqmirmnfkz) jfrtzb pfth) `tmonk` ibknbkj~) mko jfrtzb

pftcifmo mz amjftz fa drznkbzz zrobkz jhffznk` jimzzbz+ M jfkgfnk mkmi~znz zhfpbohm) ’‡ zrobkz mtb =< nebz eftb incbi~ f jhffzb m jfrtzb pnh m ibknbk `tmobt) mii bizb

dbnk` b}rmi― (|+ 4?.+ Gfhkzfk (4<<:.) mabt iffcnk` m hb tbzriz fa m qbt~ imt`b zro~

jfe|ibbo m Orcb Rknqbtzn~ jfkjirobo) ’_hb nkairbkjb fa `tmonk` |finjnbz fk zrobkjfrtzb zbibjnfk objnznfk nz zrdzmknmi3 phbk jhffznk` dbpbbk pf jfrtzbz pnhnk hb

zmeb mjmobenj anbio) zrobkz mtb mdfr pnjb mz incbi~ f zbibj m jfrtzb pnh mk M% ebmk

jfrtzb `tmob mz hb~ mtb f zbibj m jfrtzb pnh m D ebmk jfrtzb `tmob) ft f zbibj m D#

ebmk jfrtzb `tmob fqbt m D% ebmk jfrtzb `tmob― S|+ =>:U+

_f m imt`b bxbk) tn`ft„z tbimnfkzhn| f hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz nz ob|bkobk r|fk hfp n nz

ebmzrtbo mko mkmi~wbo+ M hnk fa phm em~ db hm||bknk` nz afrko nk pf rk|rdinzhbo

zronbz jfkorjbo d~ hb ptnbt+ Phbk tn`ft pmz ebmzrtbo ortnk` hb jfrtzb fa hb bte)hb tbimnfkzhn| pmz ontbji~ kb`mnqb pnh hb bqmirmnfk+ Phbk hb ebmzrtbebk pmz

emob mabt hb amj (zrobkz hmo jfe|ibbo hb jfrtzb.) hb mzzfjnmnfk dbpbbk tn`ft mkohb bqmirmnfkz pbtb |fznnqb+ _hbtb nz mizf m hnk nk hb omm) tbnkaftjbo d~ hb ankonk z fa

Emtzh mko Tfjhb (4<<<.) hm hb tbimnfkzhn| hmz dfh inkbmt mko jrtqninkbmt jfe|fkbkz

hm em~ zr``bz hm onaabtbk zme|ibz jfrio db ebmzrtnk` onaabtnk` baabjz ob|bkobkr|fk hb rkn}rb jhmtmjbtnznjz fa hb zme|ib+

Nttbz|bjnqb fa hb mjrmi baabj fa tn`ft fk ZB_) na amjri~ dbinbqb hm m kb mnqb

mzzfjnmnfk bxnzz) hm dbinba mifkb pnii jhmk`b dbhmqnft+ Jtredib~ mko Ainbokbt (4<<4.zrtqb~bo mjjfrknk` moenknztmftz) miefz ?<" fa hb tbz|fkobkz pbtb mpmtb fa

nkztrjftz phf hmo tborjbo hbnt `tmonk` zmkomtoz mko jfrtzb pftc jfkbk f ne|tfqb

ZB_ zjftbz+ @nqbk hb |tbzzrtb fk moenknztmftz f ebmzrtb jimzztffe |btaftemkjb) hnzan`rtb nz |tfdmdi~ mk rkobtbznemnfk+

_hbtb nz) hfpbqbt) fkb mz|bj fa tn`ft hm hmz jfkznobtmdib tbzbmtjh tb|ft+ Tn`ft jmk mizf db zbbk mz tbaibjbo nk `tmobz+ _hb `tmob%bqmirmnfk tbimnfkzhn| pnii db onzjrzzbo nk hb

kbx zbjnfk+

Zreem~

=+ Tn`ft nz m jfktfqbtznmi qmtnmdib nk hb bqmirmnfk obdmb+ Zfeb hmqb jimnebo hm hbtbnz m |fznnqb tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk hb pf+ Fhbtz jimne hb tbimnfkzhn| nz kb`mnqb+

4+ Bqbk hfr`h hb ob`tbb fa ne|mj em~ ob|bko r|fk hb mjhnbqbebk efnqmnfk fa hbzrobk) tbzbmtjh pnh drznkbzz zrobkz hmz zhfpk m jfkznzbk kb`mnqb tbimnfkzhn|

dbpbbk tn`ft mko bqmirmnfkz+

:+ _hb m||mtbk ne|mj fa tn`ft nz hn`hi~ ob|bkobk fk tbzbmtjh mko mkmi~znz ebhfofif`~+

>



@mobz

Of thb `mobz `nqbk tf ztrobktz jhmk`b thb bqmirmtnfkz6

Emk~ amjri~ dbinbqb hm hbtb nz m tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk hb `tmobz hb~ `nqb mko

bqmirmnfkz zrobkz `nqb f hbe+ M zrtqb~ jfkorjbo m m Pbzbtk rknqbtzn~ afrko hmfqbt 12" fa hb zrtqb~bo amjri~ dbinbqbo hm hn`hbt zmkomtoz aft `tmobz nk jimzzbz pfrio

ifpbt zrobk bqmirmnfkz (Dntkdmre 4<<<.+ Phbk mzcbo na hb zrobk bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz

bkjfrtm`bz amjri~ f ’pmbt ofpk― hb jfkbk fa hbnt jfrtzbz) 04" tbz|fkobo nk hbmaantemnqb+ Miefz ?>" fa hb amjri~ zmno hb~ |tbzbk ibzz embtnmi nk jimzz hmk hb~

rzbo f) mko mdfr fkb hnto zmno hb~ hmqb ifpbtbo zmkomtoz aft zrobkz f `b m |mzznk`

`tmob (fki~ 0" zmno hb~ hmo tmnzbo zmkomtoz.+ _hbzb |btjb|nfkz mtb kfhnk` kbp3 fqbt

:< ~bmtz m`f) :>" fa hb amjri~ m m Enopbzbtk rknqbtzn~ tb|ftbo hm fhbt amjri~ hmo

nkonjmbo f hbe ’|btzfkmii~― hm hb~ hmo jhmk`bo `tmonk` zmkomtoz) phnib =:" hmohbmto tb|ftz fa tmnznk` `tmonk` zmkomtoz) mz m tbz|fkzb f dbnk` bqmirmbo d~ zrobkz

(T~mk) Mkobtzfk ! Dntjhibt =>8<.+ Fqbt bk ~bmtz m`f) 44" fa mjmobenj |z~jhfif`nzzmoenbo f `nqnk` bmz~ jfrtzbz ft bzz f bkzrtb |f|rimtn~ pnh zrobkz (Tboonk` =>>8.+

Zrtqb~z fa zrobkz hmqb tbnkaftjbo hb amjri~„z |btjb|nfkz fa m `tmob&bqmirmnfk

jfkkbjnfk+ Nk fkb zro~) 0<" fa hb zrobkz nkonjmbo hm hb `tmob hb~ hfr`h hb~pfrio tbjbnqb nkairbkjbo hb ibqbi m phnjh hb~ tmbo hbnt nkztrjftz (@fioemk =>82.+ M

zrtqb~ fa ebedbtz fa hb Mjmobe~ fa Emtcbnk` Zjnbkjb afrko hm emk~ amjri~ m||bmt

f dbinbqb hm zrobk bqmirmnfk fa nkztrjnfk hmz bkjfrtm`bo amjri~ f ifpbt mjmobenj

zmkomtoz (Zne|zfk ! Zn`rmp 4<<<.+

Mihfr`h borjmftz moen hbtb nz m `tmob&bqmirmnfk mzzfjnmnfk (Dtmzcme| ! Ft~ =>>?3Emtzh ! Orkcnk =>>4.) emk~ jfknkrb f zmb hm tn`ftfrz mjmobenj zmkomtoz of KF_zn`knanjmki~ jhmk`b zrobk bmjhbt bqmirmnfkz) bz|bjnmii~ na fhbt qmtnmdibz incb tn`ft mko

|tnft zrobk nkbtbz mtb mcbk nkf mjjfrk (Jmzhnk =>>23 Emtzh ! Orkcnk =>>43 Cm|imk)

Emtzh ! Tfjhb 4<<<3 Ebz ! Jffc 4<<<.+ Emtzh mko Tfjhb (=>>>. tbabttbo f hb nobmhm mjmobenj tn`ft pfrio tbzri nk ifpbt zrobk bmjhbt bqmirmnfkz mz m ’|tbzre|nfk―

hm nz kf zr||ftbo d~ hb tbzbmtjh+ _hb~ zmb hm hb `tmob&bqmirmnfk bx|bjmnfk

jfttbimnfk nz zemii (t 5 <+4) m||tfxnembi~ ?" fa hb qmtnmkjb.+ _hb mrhftz zr` bz hmnkztrjftz rzb |tfqbk ebhfoz fa ne|tfqnk` hbnt bqmirmnfk tmnk`z tmhbt hmk) ’‡+ hb

bhnjmii~ ordnfrz) jfrkbt|tforjnqb mjnjz (bmz~ pftcifmoz mko `tmonk` zmkomtoz. hm

m||mtbki~ of kf ne|tfqb bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz fa ZB_z (|+ 2=8.+―

_hb obdmb hmz dbbk jfe|injmbo d~ tbzbmtjh ankonk`z+ Bx|bjbo `tmobz hmqb dbbk afrko

f jtbmb m hn`hi~ zn`knanjmk onaabtbkjb nk hb bqmirmnfkz fa drznkbzz nkztrjftz (@fiodbt`

! Jmiimhmk =>>=.+ _hb ankmi jfrtzb `tmob hmz mizf dbbk zhfpk f hmqb m kb`mnqb ne|mjfk hb bqmirmnfkz (Dhmtmopmg bt mi + =>>:.+ @niieftb mko @tbbkpmio (=>>>. tb|ftbo hm

fr fa znx |rdinzhbo zronbz hm emkn|rimbo `tmonk` ibknbkj~ nk mjrmi jimzztffez) mii

afrko hn`hbt bqmirmnfkz atfe zrobkz nk hb eftb ibknbk jfkonnfkz+ Emtzh) Hmr)Jhrk`) mko Znr (=>>0. tbjf`knwbo m hn`hi~ zn`knanjmk onaabtbkjb dbpbbk hb `tmobz

=<



zrobkz nkonjmbo hb~ tbjbnqbo atfe hfzb nkztrjftz jhfzbk mz ’`ffo― mko ’|fft―

bmjhbtz+ _hb~ nkbt|tbbo hnz ankonk` mz m tbaibjnfk fa jfrtzb emzbt~ mko hbtbaftb mz

eftb bqnobkjb fa hb qminon~ fa hb nkztrebkz+ Phnib hb~ afrko hm jfrtzb `tmobz pbtb |fznnqbi~ jfttbimbo pnh hb zrobkz„ |btjb|nfk fa ibmtknk`) hb~ pbtb kb`mnqbi~

jfttbimbo pnh tn`ft+ Mk bmtinbt zro~ rznk` ebm%mkmi~znz (Jfhbk =>8=. tb|ftbo m

jfttbimnfk fa <+?: dbpbbk mjhnbqbebk (ebmzrtbo d~ `tmobz. mko hb nkztrjft tmnk`z) dr afrko kf jfttbimnfk (t 5 %<+<4. dbpbbk ’onaanjri~― mko mjhnbqbebk+ Jim~zfk mko

Hmib~ (=>><. bzmdinzhbo hm nk emtcbnk` jimzzbz) mjmobenj tn`ft pmz kf zn`knanjmki~

tbimbo ontbji~ f bmjhnk` bqmirmnfkz+ Hfpbqbt) hb~ afrko hm mjmobenj tn`ft pmzzn knanjmki~ |fznnqbi~ tbimbo f ’ibmtknk`―) phnjh pmz |fznnqbi~ tbimbo f hb

bqmirmnfkz+ Tn`ft pmz kb`mnqbi~ tbimbo f ’|btzfkmin~― mko ’amntkbzz―) dfh fa phnjh

pbtb |fznnqbi~ tbimbo f hb ankmi bqmirmnfk frjfeb+ _hb jfednkbo fqbtmii baabj fa

tn`ft fk hb bqmirmnfkz pmz zn`knanjmk mko kb`mnqb+ Nk fhbt pftoz) zrobkz dbinbqbohm hb~ pfrio ibmtk eftb nk m jfrtzb pnh tn`ft) dr hb~ mizf tb|ftbo hm tn`ft pfrio

objtbmzb hbnt bqmirmnfk fa hb nkztrjft„z |btzfkmin~ mko hnz ft hbt amntkbzz+ Nk hnz

zro~) ’|btzfkmin~― mjjfrkbo aft zf erjh fa hb qmtnmnfk fa hb ankmi bqmirmnfk frjfeb

hm hb fqbtmii baabj fa tn`ft pmz kb`mnqb+

_hbfnbz

Mz n zmkoz fom~) hb emgft obdmb mdfr hb `tmob&bqmirmnfk mzzfjnmnfk nz kf phbhbt n

bxnzz) dr phm jmrzbz n+ Anqb hbftnbz hmqb dbbk |tf|fzbo (Jim~zfk) Atfz ! Zhbaab

4<<13 @tbbkpmio ! @niieftb =>>03 Emtzh ! Tfjhb =>>03 Emtzh ! Tfjhb 4<<<3 Zre|a ! Atbboemk =>0>.+

=+ Ibknbkj~7 _hb bzzbkjb fa hnz h~|fhbznz nz hm zrobkz tbpmto |tfabzzftz phf `nqb

`ffo `tmobz+ Nk fhbt pftoz) ibknbk |tfabzzftz pnii `b dbbt bqmirmnfkz hmk eftbtn`ftfrz `tmobtz+ N nz ne|ftmk f hnz h~|fhbznz f tbjf`knwb hm) ’‡ n nz kf hb `tmobz

|bt zb hm nkairbkjb ZB_z) dr hb ibknbkj~ pnh phnjh `tmobz mtb mzzn`kbo― (Emtjh !

Tfjhb 4<<<) |+ 4<?.+ _hb qminon~ fa hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz nz jfe|tfenzbo f hb bxbkhm hnz hbft~ nz trb+

4+ Nktbmjtnfk pnth |nf jhmmjtbnztnjz7 _hb ibknbkj~ baabj bxnzz) dr n nz kf tbmi+ Ntbzriz bnhbt mz m zmnznjmi mtnamj fa fhbt obbtenknk` qmtnmdibz) ft nz imt`bi~ efonanbo f

hb |fnk fa |tmjnjmi nkzn`knanjmkjb d~ fhbt qmtnmdibz (Zbqnbt =>8:.+ Qmtnmdibz pfrio

nkjirob hb tn`ft fa hb nkztrjft„z `tmonk` |finjnbz (\fpbii =>003 Zre|a ! Atbboemk

=>0>.) jimzz pftcifmoz (@tbbkpmio ! @niieftb =>>03 Emtzh ! Tfjhb 4<<<3 Zjhpmd=>01.) mko |tnft zrobk nkbtbz nk hb jimzz (Emtzh ! Tfjhb 4<<<.+

:+ _bmjhnk` baabjtnqbkbzz7 _bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz nkairbkjbz dfh hb bqmirmnfkz mko`tmobz+ @ffo nkztrjftz jtbmb |fznnqb ibmtknk` bkqntfkebkz hm mtb tbaibjbo nk eftb

|fznnqb `tmobz+ Obabkobtz fa hb bqmirmnfk z~zbe bko f zr||ft hnz h~|fhbznz (Jfhbk

=>8=3 Emtzh ! Tfjhb =>>0. pnh zfeb zmnznjmi zr||ft (Zbqnbt =>8:.+

?+ Eftnqmtnfk7 _hb zrobkz„ ibqbi fa efnqmnfk nkairbkjbz dfh bqmirmnfkz mko `tmobz+

Eftb hn`hi~ efnqmbo zrobkz mtb bx|bjbo f of dbbt mjmobenjmii~ mko f eftb

==



m||tbjnmb hb baaftz fa hb nkztrjft+ Jbtmnk nkztrjftz em~ mtmj efnqmbo zrobkz

ft db dbbt m efnqmnk` zrobkz hmk fhbt nkztrjftz (@tbbkpmio ! @niieftb =>>0.+

2+ Mttndrtnfk7 Znkjb ibmtknk` mko mjhnbqbebk mtb onaanjri f bqmirmb) zrobkz em~ nkabt

hb mdnin~ fa hb nkztrjft f bmjh mko hbnt ibqbi fa ibmtknk` atfe hb `tmob hb~ tbjbnqb+

_hnz jmk db iffcbo m nk pf onaabtbk pm~z+ @tbbkpmio mko @niieftb (=>>0. obzjtndbmtndrnfk mz `tmobz |tfqnonk` nkaftemnfk f zrobkz mdfr jfrtzb }rmin~ mko mdnin~+

_hrz m zrobk `bnk` m `ffo `tmob pfrio mtndrb n f `ffo |btaftemkjb mko f `ffo

bmjhnk`+ M |fft `tmob pfrio nkonjmb m imjc fa ibmtknk` mko m |fft nkztrjft+ Emtzh mkoTfjhb (4<<<. iffcbo m mtndrnfk mz m |z~jhfif`njmi qmtnmdib hm |tbonz|fzbz zrobkz f

mtndrb `ffo `tmobz f hbezbiqbz mko |fft `tmobz f mk bxbtkmi zfrtjb) n+b+) hb bmjhbt+

_hrz zrobkz `bnk` m `ffo `tmob pfrio mtndrb n f hbnt fpk `ffo |btaftemkjb phnib

hb bmjhbt„z tfib nz enknenwbo+ Fk hb fhbt hmko) m ifp `tmob pfrio db mtndrbo f hbnkztrjft phf dbjfebz m |fft bmjhbt+

1+ Tbjn|fjnt~7 _hbtb nz mkfhbt f|nfk hm m antz ìmkjb m||bmtz f db m ibknbkj~

bx|imkmnfk) dr phnjh nz onznkji~ onaabtbk+ _hb tbjn|tfjn~ h~|fhbznz zmbz hm zrobkzhmqb m bkobkj~ f `nqb hb nkztrjft phm hb~ tbjbnqb+ Zrobkz tbpmto nkztrjftz hm

tbpmto hbe mko |rknzh hfzb phf m||mtbki~ |rknzh hbe+ _hb `bkbtmi ibqbi fa `tmonkìbknbkj~ fa hb nkztrjft nz kf tbibqmk) fki~ hb nkonqnormi zrobk„z `tmob+ _hnz

onaabtbkjb nz mizf tbaibjbo nk ebhfofif`~+ Mz Emtzh mko Tfjhb (4<<<. |fnk fr) hb

m||tf|tnmb jmzb aft m zro~ fa ibknbkj~ nz m jimzz+ _hb m||tf|tnmb jmzb f zro~ tbjn|tfjn~nz hb zrobk+ _hbzb mtb zmnznjmii~ onznkj jfkjb|z (Jim~zfk 4<<03 Zre|a ! Atbboemk

=>0>.+

@tbbkpmio mko @niieftb (=>>0. mootbzzbo efz fa hbzb h~|fhbzbz+ _hb bmjhnk`baabjnqbkbzz bx|imkmnfk pmz hb bmznbz f obmi pnh+ _hb h~|fhbznz `bkbtmbo d~ hnz

hbft~ pfrio db zr||ftbo d~ m dbpbbk%jimzz |fznnqb jfttbimnfk dbpbbk bqmirmnfkz mko

`tmobz) dr nkqminombo d~ m pnhnk%jimzz |fznnqb jfttbimnfk+ Dfh fa hbzb hmqb dbbkafrko+ Krebtfrz zronbz jfkorjbo dbaftb =>00 pbtb tbqnbpbo d~ Zre|a mko Atbboemk

(=>0>.+ _hb pbn hbo mqbtm`b fa hbzb zronbz pmz t 5 <+:> aft hb `tmob&bqmirmnfk

tbimnfkzhn| phbk hb jfttbimnfk pmz jmijrimbo dbpbbk%jimzzbz mko t 5 <+== phbk hbjfttbimnfk pmz jmijrimbo pnhnk%jimzzbz+ Arthbt) hb hbft~ pfrio db omem`bo d~ m

onaabtbkjb nk jfttbimnfkz dbpbbk tbimnqb qz+ mdzfirb `tmobz) hmif baabjz hm bxnz

pnhnk%jimzz dr kf pnh dbpbbk%jimzz bqmirmnfkz (_mk` ! _mk` =>803 Ftznkn =>88.) mko

kb`mnqb dbpbbk%jimzz jfttbimnfkz dbpbbk `tmobz mko pftcifmoz&onaanjri~) mii fa phnjhhmqb dbbk afrko (@tbbkpmio ! @niieftb =>>0.+ _hb hmif baabjz mko hb kb`mnqb `tmob%

pftcifmo&onaanjri~ jfttbimnfkz jtbmb |tfdibez aft dfh hb efnqmnfk mko mtndrnfk

hbftnbz+ _hb fki~ h~|fhbzbz zr||ftbo d~ mii hb omm mtb atfe hb tbjn|tfjn~ hbftnbz+

Gfhkzfk (4<<:. tb|ftz fk hb tbzriz fa m imt`b zro~ jfkorjbo m Orcb Rknqbtzn~ hm

afrko ztfk` bqnobkjb fa m ibknbkj~ baabj d~ rznk` dbpbbk jimzz omm+ Hb mizf afrkobqnobkjb aft m `tmob&bqmirmnfk baabj pnh dbpbbk zrobk omm zr``bznk` hb |tbzbkjb fa

m tbjn|tfjn~ baabj+

=4



Rkaftrkmbi~) @tbbkpmio mko @niieftb (=>>0. ono kf onaabtbknmb jibmti~ dbpbbk m

ibknbkj~ mko m tbjn|tfjn~ baabj+ Mjjftonk` f Emtzh mko Tfjhb (4<<<.) @tbbkpmio mko

@niieftb„z bz fa hb mtndrnfk baabj pmz kf jfe|ibb+ Arthbt) Emtzh mko Tfjhb onokf anko hb ibknbkj~ baabj nk hbnt fpk zro~+

Jim~zfk (4<<4. jfkorjbo m dbpbbk%zrobk zro~ fa 0<< zrobkz+ _hb jfttbimnfk dbpbbk hb bqmirmnfkz mabt hb jimzz pmz jfe|ibbo mko mjtrmi `tmobz pmz t 5 <+2<<

(Bqmi 5 <+842'@tmob ‚ <+4143 A(=)1>8. 5 4:4+12 | 9 <+<<<.+ Ckfpnk` hb mjrmi nqbk

`tmob mjjfrkbo aft 42" fa hb bqmirmnfk qmtnmkjb+ _hb tbimnfkzhn| pmz ztfk`bt aft nkztrjftz hm pbtb pfebk) hmk aft ebk (t 5 <+1<< aft pfebk) t 5 <+?1< aft ebk3 W 5

4+:2 | 5 <+<=>.+ _hbtb pmz m |btabj tmkc ftobt jfttbimnfk dbpbbk hb mqbtm`b zrobkz„

`tmobz mko hb mqbtm`b amjri~ bqmirmnfk+ _hb tmkc ftobt pmz emnkmnkbo dbpbbk `tmobz

mko bqbk pnhnk `tmobz (n+b+) hb mqbtm`b amjri~ bqmirmnfk fa m zrobk tbjbnqnk` m J# pmzhn`hbt hmk hb mqbtm b bqmirmnfk fa zrobkz tbjbnqnk` m J.+ _hb tbimnfkzhn| pmz

emnkmnkbo mjtfzz hb zbx fa hb nkztrjft) hb mjmobenj mtbm) mko hb mtbm fa hb jfrkt~+

Mkfhbt zro~ afrko hm bqbk mabt bk pbbcz fa nkztrjnfk) zrobkz jfknkrbo f jhmk`bhbnt bqmirmnfkz z~zbemnjmii~ pnh jhmk`bz nk hbnt bx|bjbo `tmobz+ _hb baabj pmz

afrko f db rknqbtzmi mko kf tbimbo f hb nkztrjftz `bkbtmi ibqbi fa ibknbkj~) ft fzrobk obef`tm|hnjz) nkjironk` m`b) `bkobt) ft bqbk @\M+ Nk fhbt pftoz) hb qbt~ dbz

mko hb qbt~ pftz zrobkz (mz ebmzrtbo d~ hbnt fpk obef`tm|hnjz. tbmjbo nk m znenimt

emkkbt+ _hb ebhfofif`~ fa hnz zro~ tribo fr mk~ bx|imkmnfk fa m tbjn|tfjn~ baabj dbnk` mk mtnamj fa rkjfktfiibo qmtnmdibz (Jim~zfk) Atfz ! Zhbaab 4<<1.+

_hbzb zronbz ztfkì~ zr``bz hm hb mzzfjnmnfk nz imt`bi~ orb f m tbjn|tfjn~ baabj+

Imt`b jfttbimnfkz mtb jfkznzbk pnh @tbbkpmio mko @niieftb„z (=>>0. ankonk` fa mkmqbtm b zmkomtonwbo |mh jfbaanjnbk fa <+?2 m hb Rknqbtzn~ fa Pmzhnk fk+ M

jfttbimnfk fa hnz em`knrob nkonjmbz hm na mk nkztrjft pbtb f ifpbt `tmobz d~ fkb

zmkomto obqnmnfk) z&hb jfrio bx|bj m objtbmzb nk hb bqmirmnfk fa miefz hmia m zmkomtoobqnmnfk+ Bqmirmnfkz mtb hn hi~ kb mnqbi~ zcbpbo+ M zemii jhmk`b jmk hmqb otmemnj

baabjz+ Aft bxme|ib) m hb ptnbt„z rknqbtzn~) m hmia zmkomto obqnmnfk otf| nk hb

bqmirmnfkz pfrio mcb m ><h |btjbknib bmjhbt f hb ?<h |btjbknib+

Ebthfofif`njmi Nzzrbz

_hb em`knrob fa hb `tmob%bqmirmnfk tbimnfkzhn| ob|bkoz r|fk hfp n nz ebmzrtbo+ _hbjfttbimnfk aft dbpbbk%jimzz omm tmk`bz atfe <+= f mdfr <+: (Abioemk =>>0.) phnib

pnhnk%jimzz jfttbimnfkz mtb zin hi~ zemiibt) na ebmzrtbo dbaftb hb jimzz nz anknzhbo+ Na

omm nz jfiibjbo mabt hb jimzz nz jfe|ibbo) hb jfttbimnfkz dbpbbk `tmobz mkobqmirmnfk dbjfeb eftb tfdrz+ _hb ptnbt iffcbo m 4)2<< bqmirmnfkz mcbk atfe hb pbd

znb _bmjhbt Tbqnbp (ppp+bmjhbttbqnbp+jfe. mko m jfttbimnfk fa <+?> dbpbbk `tmob

`nqbk f hb zrobk mko hb bqmirmnfk `nqbk d~ hb zrobk pmz afrko+ Mkfhbt zme|ib fa 02< bqmirmnfkz afrko m jfttbimnfk fa <+?0+ Fkb zro~ afrko m jfttbimnfk fa <+?? dbpbbk

`nqbk `tmobz mko bqmirmnfkz hm tbemnkbo hn`hi~ zn`knanjmk mabt fhbt ibmtknk` mko

efnqmnfkmi qmtnmdibz pbtb jfktfiibo (Jim~zfk 4<<?.+

=:

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Phbk iffcnk` m `tmob baabjz fk hb bqmirmnfkz) n nz ne|ftmk f zb| dmjc mko tbqnbp

hb dmznjz+ Jimzzbz of kf anii fr zrobk bmjhnk` bqmirmnfkz) zrobkz of (Jim~zfk 4<<>.+

Phnib Emtzh mko Tfjhb„z (=>>0) 4<<<. nkznzbkjb hm jimzzbz mtb hb m||tf|tnmb jmzbz aft zro~nk` ibknbkj~ nz mjjrtmb) hb tb}rntbebk jfebz pnh nkhbtbk zmnznjmi |tfdibez hm

emcb zrjh zronbz |tfdibemnj+ Nkznznk` fk dbpbbk%jimzz omm mz jmzbz nkjtbmzbz hb

|tfdmdnin~ fa _~|b N bttftz+ Ibknbkj~ jmk m||bmt f bxnz phbk n ofbz kf mko hb ankonk`zmtb zbqbtbi~ jfkafrkobo d~ tbjn|tfjn~ baabjz+ _hb em`knrob fa hb ibknbkj~ baabjz jmk

db zhfpk f db nkairbkjbo d~ hb qmtnmkjb fa hb `tmobz `nqbk mko hb znwb fa hb jimzz+ Mz

`tmob qmtnmkjb mko jimzz znwb nkjtbmzbz) hb jfttbimnfk mizf nkjtbmzbz nk znwb bqbk phbk kfmzzfjnmnfk bxnzz+ @tmob dfrkomt~ baabjz mizf jfeb nkf |im~+ @nqbk `tmobz ~|njmii~ mtb

jmijrimbo fk m wbtf f afrt zjmib) mko emk~ efobtk nkznrnfkz `nqb miefz hmia fa hbnt

`tmobz nk hb M tmk`b+ Jimzzbz hm mpmto efz fa hbnt `tmobz kbmt m dfrkomt~ pnii anko

zemiibt `tmob&bqmirmnfk mzzfjnmnfkz hmk jimzzbz phfzb mqbtm`b `tmobz mtb eftb nk hbenooib fa hb `tmob tmk`b+ Imt`bt nktforjft~ jimzzbz phbtb `tmob nkaimnfk nz jfktfiibo

mko zrobkz zhfp pnob onaabtbkjbz nk mdnin~ pfrio emhbemnjmii~ bx|bj imt`bt m||mtbk

`tmob&bqmirmnfk baabjz hmk zemiibt) eftb hfef`bkfrz jimzzbz pnh zemii qmtnmnfk fa

hn`h `tmobz+ _hnz pfrio db trb bqbk na hb trb ibknbkj~ baabj nk dfh ~|bz fa jimzzbz pmznobknjmi (Jim~zfk 4<<0.+ Nk fhbt pftoz) tbzbmtjhbtz iffcnk` m m imt`b kredbt fa nktf

jimzzbz nk drznkbzz pfrio bx|bj f anko m imt`bt ibknbkj~ baabj hmk m znenimt zro~ fa borjmnfk jimzzbz+ _hb onaabtbkjb jfrio zne|i~ db m zmnznjmi mtnamj) pnh kf bqnobkjb

mdfr phbhbt hb trb jfkonnfk nz eftb incbi~ f db hb drznkbzz ft borjmnfk jimzzbz+

Fki~ mk mkmi~znz fa hb pnhnk%jimzz tbjn|tfjn~ baabj jfrio jimtna~ hb nzzrb+

Zreem~

=+ _hb jfttbimnfk dbpbbk `tmobz mko hb bqmirmnfkz hmz tmonnfkmii~ dbbk mzzrebo f db dbpbbk <+=< f <+:<+ Tbjbk tbzbmtjh hmz afrko mk bqbk hn`hbt qmirb fa dbpbbk <+?2 f

<+2<+

4+ N m||bmtz hm hb jmrzb fa hb tbimnfkzhn| nz jfe|ibx+ _hbtb nz zfeb bqnobkjb hm |mt

fa n nz orb f mtndrnfk+ Nk fhbt pftoz) m zrobk tbjbnqnk` m `tmob ifpbt hmk pmz

bx|bjbo em~ dimeb n fk hb nkztrjft) dr mcb jtbon hbezbiqbz phbk tbjbnqnk` m `ffo`tmob+ Hfpbqbt) hb tbjn|tfjn~ baabj nz hb fki~ h~|fhbznz hm jfkaftez f mii hb omm+

Nk dirk btez) zrobkz hmqb m bkobkj~ f `nqb mk nkztrjft phm hb~ tbjbnqbo atfe hm

nkztrjft+

:+ _hb tbzriz fa zronbz mdfr hb `tmob&bqmirmnfk baabj mtb qmtnmdib mko mtb zrdgbj f

ebhfofif`njmi bttft+ _hb ebtnj fa `tmonk` erz db jmtbarii~ zbibjbo+ Tbjn|tfjn~ baabjz

jfkafrko ibknbkj~ baabjz mko `tmonk` mqbtm`bz mko qmtnmdnin~ mifk` pnh dfrkomt~ baabjzjtbmb zmnznjmi mtnamjz+ Arthbt) ebmzrtbz fa bx|bjtbo `tmobz `nqb onaabtbk tbzriz hmk

of mjtrmi `tmobz) phnjh jmk efona~ tbzriz dmzbo fk ebmzrtbebk dbaftb ft mabt m jimzz nz

jfe|ibbo+

Tbinmdnint~

=?



Mb thb bqmirmtnfkz binmdib6

Nk `bkbtmi) hb bqmirmnfkz mtb jfkznobtbo f db tbemtcmdi~ jfkznzbk+ _hb }rbznfk„zmkzpbt nz) hfpbqbt) ob|bkobk r|fk phm nz ebmk d~ tbinmdnin~+

_hb bqmirmnfk nkztrebkz mtb bxtmftonkmtni~ tbinmdib nk m zmnznjmi zbkzb (Abioemk =>8:)Jmzhnk =>>2) Emtzh ! Tfjhb =>>0.+ Zfeb bqmirmnfk aftez hmqb jtbmbo nkbt%tmbt

tbinmdninnbz dbpbbk <+0< f <+>< (Znxdrt~ ! Jmzhnk =>>2.) ibmonk` zfeb jfkzrimkz f

zr``bz hm aftez jtbmnk` jfbaanjnbkz ibzz hmk <+0< db qnbpbo pnh jmrnfk (Jmzhnk=>>2.+

Tbinmdnin~ jmk mizf db iffcbo m nk btez fa zmdnin~+ M ifk`nronkmi zro~ (Fqbtmii !

Emtzh =>8<. jfe|mtbo tmnk`z m hb bko fa m jfrtzb pnh tmnk`z `nqbk d~ zrobkz m ~bmt imbt mko afrko m jfttbimnfk fa <+8:+ _hnz ankonk` nz tbnkaftjbo d~ hb ankonk`z nk m jmtbari

nkqbzn`mnfk d~ Emtzh mko Hfjbqmt (=>>=.+ _hb~ tbqnbpbo m zro~ d~ Abioemk (=>8:. nk

phnjh zrobk bqmirmnfkz fa bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz pbtb afrko f db zf jfkznzbk hm hb~

pbtb fki~ pbmci~ tbimbo f zbknftn~3 nk fhbt pftoz) hb~ zbbebo kf f jhmk`b pnhbx|btnbkjb+ Emtzh mko Hfjbqmt (=>>=. nkqbzn`mbo hnz zr``bznfk d~ iffcnk` m =>2

bmjhbtz atfe := onaabtbk mjmobenj ob|mtebkz phf mr`h 1<4? jimzzbz fqbt m |btnfo fa =: ~bmtz+ _hb~ afrko nk hbnt ifk`nronkmi zro~ hm aft dfh rkobt`tmormb mko `tmormb

ibqbi jfrtzbz) hbtb pbtb miefz kf jhmk`bz fqbt neb nk hb ebmkz aft mk~ fa knkb

jfkbk%z|bjnanj onebkznfkz) fqbtmii jfrtzb tmnk`) ft nkztrjft tmnk`+ _hb tbzriz dbpbbktmnk`z mko bx|btnbkjb pbtb bzzbknmii~ inkbmt mko kf hb tbzri fa m $R$ ~|b tbimnfkzhn|+

_hb ankonk`z pbtb jfkznzbk aft bmjhbtz phf hmo inib) efobtmb) ft bxbkznqb mefrkz fa

bx|btnbkjb m hb db`nkknk` fa hb zro~+ _hb~ jfkjirobo hm fqbt m =:%~bmt ifk nronkmi

|btnfo) bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz mz |btjbnqbo d~ zrobkz pmz zmdib+

Arthbt tbzbmtjh) hfpbqbt) hmz nkonjmbo hm hb jfkznzbkj~ fa hb bqmirmnfkz nz fqbt

jimzz mqbtm`bz mko kf kbjbzzmtni~ atfe m`tbbebk mefk` nkonqnormi jimzz ebedbtz+ N hmz dbbk afrko) aft bxme|ib) hm hb jfttbimnfk dbpbbk hb zmeb nkztrjft bmjhnk` hb zmeb

jimzz nz dbpbbk <+0< mko <+8<) dr aft hb zmeb nkztrjft bmjhnk` pf onaabtbk jimzzbz)

hb jfttbimnfkz tmk`b atfe <+:: f <+?8 (@niieftb) Cmkb ! Kmjjmtmf =>08.+ _hbzbankonk`z nkonjmb hm ckfpnk` |tbzbk bqmirmnfkz atfe m jimzz jmk mjjfrk aft mdfr 2< f

1<" fa hb qmtnmdnin~ nk hb bqmirmnfkz na hb zmeb jimzz nz mr`h m`mnk d~ hb zmeb

nkztrjft+ _hb ckfpibo`b fa nkztrjftz„ |tbzbk bqmirmnfkz pfrio mjjfrk aft fki~ mdfr

=< f 4<" fa hb qmtnmdnin~ fa bmjhnk` m kbp jimzz+ _hnz nz ztfk` bqnobkjb hm kf mii hbqmtnmnfk mjjfrkbo aft nk hb jfttbimnfk mkmi~znz jmk db mtndrbo f hb nkztrjft+ M hb

qbt~ ibmz) zfeb fa n nz mtndrmdib f m jimzz baabj+ @niieftb bt mi+ (=>08. afrko hm

mdfr ?<" fa hb qmtnmnfk nk hbnt zro~ jfrio db mtndrbo f hb bmjhnk` baabj) znx |btjbk f m jimzz baabj) mko hb tbemnknk` 2?" f rkbx|imnkbo nkbtmjnfkz+ Znkjb hbzb

jfttbimnfkz mtb atfe jimzz mqbtm`bz fa hb zmeb nkztrjft) hb omm ne|inbz hm m

jfkznobtmdib mefrk fa nkbt%jimzz (n+b+ nkonqnormi zrobk tmbt. qmtnmdnin~ bxnzz+ _fenknenwb hbzb baabjz) Emtzh mko Tfjhb (=>>0. zr``bz hm rznk` omm atfe nkonqnormiz

nkzbmo fa jimzz mqbtm`bz nz ’nkm||tf|tnmb+―

=2



^b hnz m||tfmjh jfqbtz r| mk nkbtbznk` |hbkfebkfk+ Afiiemk (=>8?. tb|ftbo hm m

jfkznzbk 4<" fa bmjhbtz mtb tmbo mz hb dbz mko hb pftz nkztrjft d~ ebedbtz fa hb

qbt~ zmeb jimzz+ _hnz ankonk` hmz dbbk tb|ftbo jfkznzbki~ atfe `tmob zjhffi htfr`h`tmormb |tf`tmez+ Nk fhbt pftoz) hb bqmirmnfkz zbbe f hmqb m jbtmnk mefrk fa

dbpbbk%jimzz tbinmdnin~) dr zbbe f zraabt atfe pnhnk%jimzz rktbinmdnin~+ Mizf) n hmz

dbbk afrko hm zrobkz bx|fzbo f nobknjmi znerin mko zmkomtonwbo |tfjbortbz |tforjboomm fa zrjh pnob qmtnmnfk hm zfeb zmnznjmi bjhkn}rbz dbjmeb rkrzmdib (Jim~zfk !

Atfz =>>0.+

Bxtbeb tbinmdnin~ hmz jtbmbo mkfhbt nkbtbznk` |tfdibe+ Imk dbnk (=>>?. rzbo mk

bzmdinzhbo nkztrebk f ebmzrtb zrobk zmnzamjnfk pnh nkztrjnfk+ _hb afte hmo =>

}rbznfkz phnjh aftebo fkb amjft mko tbzribo nk m Jtfkdmjh„z mi|hm fa <+>> phbk

zreebo+ Rznk` znxbbk onaabtbk zrobk) amjri~) mko znrmnfkmi amjftz fki~ mjjfrkbo aft m||tfxnembi~ =4" fa hb fmi qmtnmkjb fa hb bqmirmnfkz+ _hnz ne|inbz hm tmkofe

ebmzrtb bttft nz kf incbi~ f db hb emgft zfrtjb fa hb rkbx|imnkbo qmtnmkjb+ Zrobkz mtb

tbz|fkonk` f zfebhnk` jfkznzbki~) dr n ofbz kf m||bmt f db tbmoni~ m||mtbk phm

hm nz) ft na) phbk afrko) hb jfkznzbkj~ pfrio db jfe|mndib pnh nkztrjnfkmi hbft~+ Nkfhbt pftoz) hb nkztrebkz em~ db zraabtnk` atfe m imjc fa onzjtnenkmb qminon~+

Fkb zro~ iffcbo m zrobkz atfe mjtfzz hb Rknbo Zmbz (Jim~zfk 4<<4.+ Bxmji~ fkb%

hnto fa hb |tfabzzftz hmo bqmirmnfkz pnh m ibmz fkb zrobk mpmtonk` mk M mko m ibmz

fkb zrobk `nqnk` mk A) mko 1<" fa hb nkztrjftz hmo m ibmz fkb nkzmkjb nk phnjh mhtbb ibbt `tmob tmk`b (M f A) M f O) D f A. pmz afrko+ Knkb |btjbk fa hb nkztrjftz

`f hb zmeb bqmirmnfk `tmob atfe mii tbz|fkobkz+ Na X tb|tbzbkz hb |tfdmdnin~ fa

nkztrjftz fdmnknk` m ibmz fkb M f A) mko ^ tb|tbzbkz hb |tfdmdnin~ fa nkztrjftz kf

tbjbnqnk` mk M f A |bt zrobk zf hm (X # ^. 5 =) hbk) atfe hnz omm) X tmk`bz atfe 4 f>") pnh m tb tbzznfkmi mqbtm`b fa 2"+ Bxtm|fimnk` f jimzzbz fa :< zrobkz) n pfrio db

bx|bjbo hm 0>" fa hb nkztrjftz pfrio tbjbnqb M f A tmk`bz atfe hb zmeb jimzz S(= ‚

<+>2:<.U+

Zreem~

=+ _hbtb nz ztfk` jfkzbkzrz hm hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz nz tbemtcmdi~ jfkznzbk aft

nkonqnormi nkztrjftz+

4+ _hb jfkznzbkj~) hfpbqbt) ofbz kf mcb nkf mjjfrk m zrt|tnznk` mefrk fa pnhnk%jimzzonaabtbkjbz dbpbbk tmbtz+

:+ _hb ztfk` ifk` bte jfkznzbkj~ fa nkonqnormi nkztrjftz„ tmnk z em~ db orb femnkmnknk` m tmhbt jfkznzbk |btjbkm`b fa zrobkz phf `nqb `ffo mko&ft dmo

bqmirmnfkz) kf dbjmrzb fa m ztfk` jfkzbkzrz fa tmbtz+

Mb Ztrobktz _rthari

=1



Of ztrobktz tbii thb trth phbk thb~ anii frt thb bqmirmtnfkz6

_hb mkzpbt f hnz }rbznfk nz dfh zne|ib mko jfe|ibx+ @bkbtmii~) zrobkz zbbe pniink`f tb|ft nkaftemnfk fk hb bqmirmnfkz hm hb~ ckfp mtb kf trb (Jim~zfk ! Hmib~

4<==.+ Phbhbt hnz nz eminjnfrz ft bqbk ofkb jfkzjnfrzi~ nz kf mipm~z bqnobk+ N nz

ckfpk hm hbtb nz m qbt~ ztfk` hmif baabj fk hb bqmirmnfkz (_mk` ! _mk` =>803 Ftznkn=>88.+ Mz m obefkztmnfk fa hnz) nk mk mkmi~znz fa 2<1 zb|mtmb bqmirmnfkz atfe m imt`b

fk%inkb ommdmzb) hb ptnbt afrko m jfttbimnfk dbpbbk hb nkztrjftz„ hmkoptnnk`) mko

mob}rmb faanjb hfrtz fa <+1?+ Tbzbmtjhbtz iffcnk` m miefz 0)<<< |tfabzzftz afrko mjfttbimnfk fa <+1? dbpbbk nkztrjftz„ ’ Hftkbzz― mko hb }rmin~ fa hb jimzz (Abifk bt mi+

4<<?.+

_hb hfkbz~ |tfdibe pmz obefkztmbo nk mk bx|btnebk jfkorjbo d~ Zmkabi (=>>2.+_hb bqmirmnfk rzbo d~ hnz rknqbtzn~ jfkmnkbo zbqbtmi }rbznfkz hm jfrio db

jfiimdftmbo7 ’_hb nkztrjtf bx|imnkz jibmi~ tf ztrobktz hfp thb~ mb bqmirmtbo )― mko

’_bztz mko pnttbk mzzn`kebktz mb `mobo mko btrkbo nk m bmzfkmdib |bnfo fa tneb +―

Zmkabi bx|imnkbo hnz bqmirmnfk |tfjbortbz f hb zrobkz mko hbk `mqb hbe m }rnw fbz hbnt ckfpibo`b fa hnz nkztrjnfk+ Fkb hrkotbo |btjbk fa hb zrobkz pbtb mdib f

jfttbji~ frinkb bxmji~ phm hnz bqmirmnfk |tfjbortbz pbtb+ Mii mzzn`kebkz pbtbtbrtkbo m hb antz |fzzndib f||ftrkn~) mko zrobkz zn`kbo ofjrebkz nkonjmnk` hm

hb~ hmo tbjbnqbo hbnt `tmobo pftc+ Nk fhbt pftoz) zrobkz jfrio kf tbjbnqb hbnt `tmobo

embtnmi mk~ bmtinbt) mko bmjh zrobk mjckfpibo`bo hm amj+ Hfp ono hb zrobkz imbt tbz|fko fk hb nkztrjft bqmirmnfkz6 Fki~ :" fa hb zrobkz ’ztfkì~ m`tbbo― hm hb

nkztrjft hmo bx|imnkbo hnz bqmirmnfk |tfjbortb+ Znx~%afrt |btjbk bnhbt onzm`tbbo ft

’ztfkì~― onzm`tbbo+ Fki~ :" ’ztfkì~ m`tbbo― hm mzzn`kebkz pbtb hmkobo dmjc nk m

tbmzfkmdib |btnfo fa neb) fqbt ?1" onzm`tbbo ft ’ztfkì~― onzm`tbbo+ Zmkabi jfkjirobohm hb zrobkz bnhbt aft`f phm hmo dbbk jibmti~ |tbzbkbo f hbe) ono kf rkobtzmko

phm hb bqmirmnfk pmz mzcnk`) ft hm hb~ nkbknfkmii~ emob amizb tbz|fkzbz+ Hb

emnkmnkz hm hb imbt nz hb efz if`njmi bx|imkmnfk) dr hb |tbqnfrz bx|imkmnfkzpfrio mizf jmii nkf }rbznfk hb mjjrtmj~ fa zrobk tbz|fkzbz+

Z|tfrib (4<<<. tbjfrkz hfp 2<" fa hnz zrobkz nk fkb jimzz pfrio kf mjckfpibo`b hmpftc pmz tbrtkbo ’tbmzfkmdi~ |tfe|i~― phbk mii pftc pmz emtcbo mko tbrtkbo hb qbt~

kbx jimzz |btnfo+ _hb bxme|ibz mtb kf mipm~z kb`mnqb aft hb nkztrjft+ Mk mknofmi

mjjfrk nz pmttmkbo hbtb+ _hb ptnbt fkjb mr`h m m zemii binb |tnqmb zjhffi+ Fkb bte

hb mr`h mk bibjnqb jfrtzb f zbknftz+ Kf zrobk kbbobo f mcb hb jimzz mko mii zrobkzpbtb hftfr`hi~ ameninmt pnh hb nkztrjft mabt htbb mko hmia ~bmtz fa nkbtmjnfk+ Kf

zrobk phf onzincbo hb nkztrjft pfrio hmqb mcbk hb jfrtzb+ _hb jimzz pmz hbio

ontbji~ mabt hb irkjh hfrt mjtfzz hb jme|rz atfe hb nkztrjft„z faanjb+ _hm bte) hbnkztrjft pfrio ebb pnh hb jme|rz jhm|imnk) mko m zfjnfif`~ |tfabzzft aft irkjh mko m

qn`ftfrz obdmb pmz jfeefk|imjb+ _hb nkztrjft tbminwbo hm hb pmz zhfpnk` r| f jimzz

imb miefz bqbt~ ebbnk`+ Fk hb jfiib`b„z ZB_ pmz mk rkmednqmibk }rbznfk) ’Ofbz hbnkztrjft zhfp r| f jimzz fk neb6― Mz m bz fa hb mjjrtmj~ fa zrobk tbz|fkzbz) hb

nkztrjft jfknkrbo f jfeb f jimzz m abp enkrbz imb hb tbemnkobt fa hb bte+ Fk hb

bqmirmnfk) =<<" fa hb zrobkz tb|ftbo hm hb nkztrjft zhfpbo r| f jimzz ’fk neb+―

=0



Zfeb bqnobkjb zr``bzz hm m emgftn~ fa zrobkz) na mzcbo) pnii bqmirmb jimzz

|tbzbkmnfkz mko nkztrjftz hm ofk„ bxnz+ Tb~kfioz (=>00. tb|ftbo mk nkjnobk phbk

kbmti~ =<<< zrobkz jfe|ibbo mk bqmirmnfk fa m jfrtzb nk phnjh hbtb pbtb bk nkqnboz|bmcbtz+ Fkb z|bmcbt kbqbt m||bmtbo+ Kbqbthbibzz) 8<" fa hb zrobkz bqmirmbo hb

kfk%bxnznk` ibjrtb) tmkcnk` n pftzb hmk znx) dr dbbt hmk htbb+ Zfeb fa hb zmeb

zrobkz pbtb zhfpk m anie nk jimzz) phnib fhbtz ono kf zbb hb anie+ Mdfr 22" fa hbzrobkz phf ono kf zbb hb anie bqmirmbo n mk~pm~) `nqnk` n m zin`hi~ mdfqb mqbtm`b

bqmirmnfk+ Tb~kfioz kfbz) pnh fk`rb%nk%jhbbc) mk nkbtbznk` ztmb`~ hm jfrio db

mof|bo na hb bqmirmnfkz mtb f db mcbk m amjb qmirb7’‡ arthbt tbaibjnfk tbqbmiz m zrdib ebmkz fa jfz jrnk` pnhfr

jrtmnink` mjmobenj |tf`tmez+ Pnhfr |tnft mkkfrkjbebk) m abp ibjrtbz

ft aniez jmk db }rnbi~ binenkmbo+ @tmormii~) fk m tmkofe dmznz) arthbt

ibjrtbz jmk zne|i~ onzm||bmt) antz nk fkb ob|mtebk mko hbk nk mkfhbt+Phf ckfpz hfp ifk` hnz em~ `f fk dbaftb mk~fkb kfnjbz6 (Tb~kfioz

=>00) |+ 8:.―

Zmkabi (=>>2. emcbz mk nkbtbznk` fdzbtqmnfk jfe|mtnk` efz nkznrnfkz„ |finjnbz

fpmtoz bz mcnk` mko hb bqmirmnfkz+ ’N pfrio db hn`hi~ nkjfkznzbk fa rknqbtzn~faanjnmiz f mj fk hb fkb hmko mz na zrobkz pbtb incbi~ f zbnwb bqbt~ f||ftrkn~ m

onzhfkbz~ mko fk hb fhbt) f mtndrb f hbnt f|nknfkz mdfr jfrtzb mko nkztrjft

}rmin~ mk rkne|bmjhmdib |rtn~― (|+ =4=.+

M tbjbk zro~ afrko hm zrobkz dbinbqb hm :<" fa mii bqmirmnfkz jfkmnk zjftbz mko&ft

ptnbk jfeebkz hm hb tbz|fkonk` zrobk ckfpz nz rktrb+ Arthbteftb) hb emgftn~

fa zrobkz ono kf abbi hm |rt|fzbari enztb|ftnk` fa mk nkztrjft pmz m afte fa jhbmnk`(Jim~zfk ! Hmib~ 4<==.+

Zreem~

=+ _hbtb nz m ztfk` hmif baabj nkonjmnk` hm zrobkz pnii n`kftb hb mjrmi jfkbk fa m

}rbznfk ft zmbebk fk hb bqmirmnfk d~ mkzpbtnk` hbe nk m emkkbt jfkznzbk pnh meftb ìfdmi zrobk jfkjbtk ft nzzrb+

4+ Tbzbmtjh nz zrt|tnznk i~ inenbo fk hnz f|nj) dr hb tbzbmtjh hm ofbz bxnz nz

jfkznzbk nk ankonk` hm zrobkz pnii |rt|fzbi~ amizna~ mkzpbtz+

Qminont~

Mb thb bqmirmtnfkz qmino6

_hnz nz m onaanjri }rbznfk f mkzpbt+ _hbtb mtb m kredbt fa nzzrbz hm hmqb kf dbbk

tbzfiqbo+

=8



Phmt nz thb |r|fzb fa thb bqmirmtnfk6

Mk nkztrebk afrko f db qmino nk fkb m||injmnfk ofbz kf kbjbzzmtni~ nkzrtb qminon~phbk hm nkztrebk nz m||inbo f fhbt rzm bz+ ZB_ nkztrebkz hmqb m kredbt fa

m||injmnfkz+ _hb~ jfrio db rninwbo aft7 =. nkztrjnfkmi ne|tfqbebk) 4. bqmirmnfk fa

|btaftemkjb pnh |btzfkkbi mko emkm`btnmi ne|injmnfkz) mko&ft :. kbjbzzmt~ abbodmjc fjfe|i~ pnh ib`nzimnqb) moenknztmnqb) ft zrobk obemkoz+ Fkb }rbznfk hm kbboz f db

mootbzzbo bmti~ nk mk~ onzjrzznfk fa qminon~ nz hb rzb f phnjh mk nkztrebk em~ db

rninwbo+

Imjc fa Mjtnfkmdib Abbodmjc

Tbzbmtjh nkf hb bqmirmnfkz hmz zhfpk hm hb nkztrebkz `bkbtmii~ amni f ne|tfqbnkztrjnfk+ Mihfr`h n hmz kf dbbk nkqbzn`mbo mz hftfr`hi~ mz zfeb fhbt mz|bjz fa

ZB_) efz tbzbmtjh hmz amnibo f anko ne|tfqbebk fa nkztrjnfk d~ rznk` abbodmjc atfe

hb nkztrebkz (mz ebmzrtbo d~ hb zmeb nkztrebkz. fqbt m |btnfo fa neb) ft nk hb

nkztrjftz mdnin~ f efona~ ft bqbk f rkobtzmko hbnt fpk |btaftemkjb phbk hbnkztrebkz hmqb dbbk rzbo aft abbodmjc+ Jfhbk (=>8<. rzbo m ebm%mkmi~znz f iffc m

amjri~ phf tbjbnqbo abbodmjc atfe bqmirmnfkz m enobte mko hbk m hb bko fa hb bte+Zn`knanjmk ne|tfqbebkz (mz jfe|mtbo f jfktfi `tfr|z nk phnjh nkztrjftz ono kf

tbjbnqb abbodmjc. pbtb afrko pnh fki~ pf fa znx frjfebz+ Nk moonnfk) zrobkz phfzb

nkztrjftz tbjbnqbo enobte tmnk` abbodmjc ono kf ibmtk eftb hmk zrobkz phfzbnkztrjftz ono kf tbjbnqb abbodmjc+ Entfk (=>88. afrko hm hbtb pmz fki~ m efobz

tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk nkztrjftz zbia%tmnk`z fa hbnt jimzzbz mko hb tmnk`z `nqbk d~

zrobkz+ Arthbt) qmtnfrz tmnknk` nk bmjhnk` ono kf ne|tfqb hb nkztrjftz mjjrtmj~)

kft ono ~bmtz fa bmjhnk` bx|btnbkjb+ Nk amj) db`nkknk` bmjhbtz pbtb eftb mjjrtmb nk gro`nk` hbnt fpk nkztrjnfk (mz zbbk d~ zrobkz. hmk pbtb eftb bx|btnbkjbo bmjhbtz+

Mkfhbt zro~ afrko hm kbp bmjhbtz ~|njmii~ `b hn`hbt zjftbz hmk eftb bx|btnbkjbo

nkztrjftz (Jmttbii ! Pbz 4<=<.+ Ankcbizbnk (=>>2. tbqnbpz zfeb inbtmrtb f zr``bzhm hb nkztrebkz pnii kf ibmo f nkztrjnfkmi ne|tfqbebk rkibzz zcniibo jfkzrimkz

hbi| hb amjri~ nkbt|tb hb tmnk`z) m |fnk tbnkaftjbo d~ bqbk mtobk obabkobtz fa hb

ZB_ z~zbe (Emtzh 4<<0.+ _hb inbtmrtb zbbez f db zr``bznk` hm hb nkztrebkz em~ db qmino) dr hm hb bx|btnbkjb hm amjri~ ebedbtz hmqb pnh hbzb nkztrebkz nz

nkqmino) bz|bjnmii~ na hb |tf|fzb fa bqmirmnfk pmz hb ne|tfqbebk fa nkztrjnfk+ _hnz

tmnzbz m if`njmi |tfdibe phnjh ibo Dbjcbt mko Pmz (=>>>. f mzc) ’Hfp jmk zfebhnk`

hm hmz inib ft kf nkaftemnfk qmirb aft hb m`bk hmqb `tbm nkaftemnfk qmirb aft hb |tnkjn|ib― S|+ :?0U6

Jim~zfk mko Hmib~ (4<==. mzcbo zrobkz zbqbtmi nkbtbznk` }rbznfkz+ Phbk mzcbo) ’Of~fr hnkc hm nkztrjftz phf mtb bqmirmbo dbjfeb dbbt bmjhbtz6― _pf%hntoz fa hb

zrobkz zmno ’~bz+― _hb zrobkz pbtb mizf mzcbo na hb~ hfr`h hm hb amjri~ mko

moenknztmftz tbmo hb ptnbk jfeebkz fk hb bqmirmnfkz+ _hbtb pmz kf zmnznjmii~zn knanjmk tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk hb zrobkz„ f|nknfk mdfr hb rzbarikbzz fa hb

bqmirmnfk mko phbhbt ft kf hb~ hfr`h hb~ pbtb mjrmi tbmo+ Nk fhbt pftoz) hb

zrobkz dbinbqbo hm ZB_ ne|tfqbo nkztrjnfk nk zfeb ìfdmi zbkzb) dr ono kf tbimb

hm f mk~hnk` z|bjnanj+ _hnz zbbez f zre r| hb abbink`z fa emk~ amjri~ mko

=>



moenknztmftz phf jfknkrb f zr``bz hm hb ZB_ z~zbe nz kbjbzzmt~ d~ miironk` f

qm`rb mko bhbtbmi |btaftemkjb ne|tfqbebkz phnjh hb~ hmqb kbqbt mjrmii~ ebmzrtbo+

Bqmirmtnfk fa \bafemkjb

Bqbk hfr`h hb bqnobkjb aft bmjhnk` ne|tfqbebk rninwnk` ZB_ nz pbmc) borjmftz jmkznii ntfknjmii~ zmiqm`b hb z~zbe dbjmrzb fa rktbzfiqbo |hnifzf|hnjmi mko obanknnfkmi

nzzrbz+ Borjmftz jmkkf m`tbb phbhbt bmjhnk` zhfrio db ebmzrtbo d~ phm n |tforjbz)

ft na baabjnqb bmjhnk` zhfrio db obefkztmbo d~ hb mjz fa bmjhnk` tmhbt hmk hbjfkzb}rbkjbz fa hfzb mjnfkz (Mdtmen) o„M|fiifknm ! Tfzbkanbio 4<<0.+ Baabjnqb

bmjhnk` jfrio db ebmzrtbo nk btez fa zrobk |btaftemkjb) nk phnjh jmzb hb rkn fa

ebmzrtb zhfrio db zrobk dbhmqnft) ft mz m |tfjbzz) n+b+) zfebhnk` hb nkztrjft ofbz+

_hb imbt nz hb efz jfeefki~ rninwbo |mtmonè nk ZB_ z~zbez) dr hm jhfnjb ofbz kfmipm~z m||bmt f hmqb dbbk zbibjbo dmzbo fk zfrko |bom`f`njmi jfkjbtkz+ _hbtb mtb m

kredbt fa |hnifzf|hnjmi nzzrbz nkqfiqbo nk hnz jhfnjb+ Na) aft bxme|ibz) zrobkz mtb

jrzfebtz) hbk ebmzrtnk` zrobk zmnzamjnfk pfrio db m if`njmi `fmi fa hb bqmirmnfkz+

Na zrobkz mtb |tforjz |tforjbo d~ hb nkznrnfk) hbk hb nkztrebkz zhfrio db jbkbtbofk zrobk |btaftemkjb+ Na zrobkz mtb |mtkbtz) mz zr``bzbo d~ Jim~zfk mko Hmib~

(4<<2.) hbk bqmirmnfkz jbkbtbo fki~ nk m jimzztffe pfrio db nkmob}rmb mko `bkbtmii~nkqmino+ Jfednknk` zjmibz fk hb bqmirmnfkz ofbz kf tbzfiqb hb nzzrb+ Bxtmjnk`

nkaftemnfk mdfr zbqbtmi fdgbjnqbz m fkjb nkjtbmzbz hb |tfdmdnin~ fa fdmnknk` nkqmino

ebmzrtbz dbjmrzb n tmnzbz hb nzzrb fa ’onm`kfznj― qminon~) ft hb mdnin~ fa hbnkztrebkz f jibmti~ nobkna~ mk~ `nqbk onebkznfk fa nkztrjnfk mz onznkj atfe fhbtz)

zfebhnk` ZB_ mt`rmdi~ ofbz kf of pbii (Cbedbt ! Oftnz 4<<8.+ _hnz nz tbimbo f fhbt

jfkjbtkz+ N hmz dbbk zhfpk hm phbk hb nkztrjnfkmi |tfjbzz nz hb fdgbj fa ebmzrtb)

zrobkz mtb incbi~ f nkqfcb bmjhbt mtndrbz tmhbt hmk nkztrjnfkmi mjnfkz (Efftb !Crfi 4<<0.) mko ZB_ nz fabk rninwbo mz na hb zjmibz |tforjbo mk baabjnqb tb|tbzbkmnfk

fa ’jfe|mtmnqb |tfabzzft qmirb― bqbk hfr`h hb ZB_ jfkmnkz ebmzrtbz emob mdfr mtbmz

db~fko hb nkztrjft„z jfktfi (Emzfk) Zbm`mii ! Amdtnnrz =>>2.+

Rkobt`ntonk` hbzb jfkjbtkz nz m arkomebkmi |tfdibe+ Kf fkb hmz `nqbk m pnobi~

mjjb|bo obanknnfk fa phm ’`ffo― bmjhnk` nz (@btemnk ! Zjmkortm 4<<23 Emtzh !Tfjhb =>>0.+ Jfkzb}rbki~) nkztrebkz obzn`kbo f ebmzrtb hb jfkztrj mtb hme|btbo

d~ obanknnfkmi mko ebhfofif njmi tbztmnkz+ Arthbt) abp zronbz jmk db afrko phnjh

nkqfiqb zrobk nk|r mz |mt fa hb mkmi~znz (Cbedbt ! Ibrk` 4<<8.+ ]rminmnqb omm nz

`bkbtmii~ mdzbk+ Zrt|tnznk i~) zrobkz mtb `bkbtmii~ kf mzcbo hfp hb~ nkbt|tb}rbznfkz ft phm hb~ mtb hnkcnk` phbk hb~ anii fr hb bqmirmnfk nkztrebkz+ Nk hb

bxbkznqb obdmb mdfr hb kmrtb fa hb `tmob&bqmirmnfk tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk Emtzh mko

Tfjhb (=>>0) =>>>) 4<<<. mko @tbbkpmio mko @niieftb (=>>0. hm z|tbmo fqbt zbqbtmi gfrtkmiz aft zbqbtmi ~bmtz) hbtb nz kf bqnobkjb hm mk~fkb zne|i~ mzcbo hb zrobkz phm

hb~ of ft hnkc phbk hb~ tbz|fko f hb nkztrebkz+

_hb hmif baabj nz mkfhbt bxme|ib fa hb |tfdibe+ Zrobkz hmqb m bkobkj~ f n`kftb

nkonqnormi nbez fk hb bqmirmnfk nkztrebkz f mkzpbt mii nbez rkobt m znkìb trdtnj+

_hb hmif baabj zbbez f db tbimbo f zfeb qmtnmdib hm hb zrobkz dbinbqb fqbttnob

4<



fhbtz+ Aft bxme|ib) n hmz dbbk afrko pnh emtcbnk` zrobkz hm hb mefrk fa hmif nk

hb bqmirmnfkz nz hn`hi~ tbimbo (| 9 <+<<=. f hb bx|bjbo `tmob (Jim~zfk =>8>.+

Ibmknk`

Fkb mbe| f bzmdinzh qminon~ hmz dbbk hb `bkbtmi mzzre|nfk hm zrobkz pnii ibmtkeftb atfe m $`ffo$ nkztrjft+ Mz Jfhbk (=>8=. maantez) ’Bqbk hfr`h hbtb nz m imjc fa

rkmknen~ fk m obanknnfk fa `ffo bmjhnk`) efz tbzbmtjhbtz nk hnz mtbm m`tbb hm zrobk

ibmtknk` nz hb efz ne|ftmk jtnbtnfk fa bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz― S|+ 48:U+

Zfeb tbzbmtjhbtz hmqb tb|ftbo ankonk` m |fznnqb tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk ibmtknk` mko

zrobk tmnk`z fa nkztrjftz (Dmnto =>803 Irkozbk =>813 Emtink ! Knzz =>8<.+ Ofpbii

mko Kbmi (=>84. ono m jmtbari tbqnbp fa hb inbtmrtb mko jfkjirobo hm hb jfttbimnfk dbpbbk ibmtknk` mko hb bqmirmnfkz pmz mdfr <+4< f <+41) mjjfrknk` aft mdfr afrt f

znx |btjbk fa hb qmtnmkjb+ Kbqbthbibzz) |tnft f hb eno%0<z) mdfr hmia fa |tbqnfrz

zronbz hmo afrko kf jfttbimnfk) ft m kb`mnqb jfttbimnfk dbpbbk zfeb ebmzrtb fa

ibmtknk` mko hb bqmirmnfkz (Zriinqmk ! Zcmkbz =>0?.+ Fhbt omm) hfpbqbt) nz eftbonzrtdnk`+ _hb efz pnobi~ jnbo mko obdmbo bxme|ib pmz tb|ftbo d~ Tfonk mko Tfonk

(=>04. nk Zjnbkjb) phf mjrmii~ afrko m kb`mnqb jfttbimnfk fa %<+02+ M zro~ atfe hbRC) rninwnk` hb bqmirmnfkz fa fqbt :<)<<< zrobkz) afrko m jfttbimnfk kf onaabtbk atfe

wbtf dbpbbk hb bqmirmnfkz mko zrobk ibmtknk` nk bjfkfenjz (Mn~bh ! Irezobk

=>04.+ M tbjbk ebm%mkmi~znz (Jim~zfk 4<<>. afrko kf |rdinzhbo ankonk`z mabt =>>< hmjfkmnkbo m zmnznjmii~ zn`knanjmk |fznnqb mzzfjnmnfk dbpbbk ibmtknk` mko hb

bqmirmnfkz+ Zrobk ibmtknk` hmz dbbk afrko f db kb`mnqbi~ mzzfjnmbo pnh ebmk

|tbtb}rnznb jfrtzb `tmobz mko jfkzb}rbk ZB_ (Gfhkzfk 4<<:.+ Nk m zro~ fa mjjfrknk`

zrobkz) n pmz afrko hm m zmnznjmii~ zn`knanjmk kb`mnqb tbimnfkzhn| bxnzbo dbpbbkzrobk bqmirmnfkz fa hbnt nkztrjftz nk nktf jimzzbz mko hfp pbii hb~ |btaftebo nk m

zrdzb}rbk jimzz bqbk phbk jfktfiink` aft zrobk @\M mko MJ_ zjftbz (^rkcbt !

^rkcbt 4<<:.+ Nk mk nkbtbznk` zro~ atfe hb anbio fa |h~znjz) phm zrobkz ckbp mdfrjbtmnk |tnkjn|ibz nk |h~znjz pmz jfe|mtbo dbaftb mko mabt m jimzz pmz jfe|ibbo+ _hb

tbzbmtjhbtz (Hmiifrk ! Hbzbkbz =>82. afrko hm hb jfeefk zbkzb dbinbaz hbio d~ hb

zrobkz m hb db`nkknk` fa hb bte pbtb zn`knanjmk |tbonjftz fa hbnt |btaftemkjb nkjimzz) dr hm jimzz nkztrjnfk nkorjbo fki~ m zemii jhmk`b fpmto jfttbjnk` bttftz+ _hb

zrobkz„ amnirtb f ne|tfqb pmz kf tbimbo f hbnt nkztrjftz„ jimzz bqmirmnfkz+ _hb

tbzbmtjhbtz jfkjirobo) ’hb dmznj ckfpibo`b `mnk rkob jfkqbktnfkmi nkztrjtnfk nzbzzbktnmii~ nkob|bkobkt fa thb |fabzzf Snminjz hbntzU+― _hbzb ankonk`z pbtb tb%jfkantebonk m imt`b zro~ fa fqbt 1)2<< zrobkz (Gmcb =>>8.+

Nk Jim~zfk„z (4<<>. ebm%mkmi~znz) n pmz afrko hm hb mzzfjnmnfk dbpbbk ZB_ mkozrobk ibmtknk` objtbmzbo mz ebmzrtbebkz fa ibmtknk` dbjmeb eftb fdgbjnqb) mko mz

tbzbmtjh ebhfoz fa jfktfiink` aft zbjfkomt~ qmtnmdibz dbjmeb eftb zf|hnznjmbo+ _hb

tbzbmtjh jfkjirobo hm phnib hbtb pmz m tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk ZB_ mko |bjbnqbo ibmtknk`) hbtb pmz kfkb dbpbbk fdgbjnqb ebmzrtbz fa ibmtknk` mko ZB_+

Na ibmtknk` nz zbbk mz mk ne|tfqbebk nk zrdzb}rbk |btaftemkjb) hbk tbjbk ankonk`z

zr``bz hm ibmtknk` em~ mjrmii~ db kb`mnqbi~ tbimbo f ZB_+ Nk m zro~ fa mjjfrknk`

4=



zrobkz) n pmz afrko hm m zn`knanjmk kb`mnqb tbimnfkzhn| bxnzbo dbpbbk zrobk

bqmirmnfkz fa hbnt nkztrjftz nk nktforjft~ jimzzbz mko hfp pbii hb~ |btaftebo nk m

zrdzb}rbk jimzz (^rkcbt ! ^rkcbt 4<<:.+ Gfhkzfk (4<<:.) rninwnk` m rknqbtzn~%pnobommdmzb) tb|ftbo hm ’‡ ztnk`bk `tmonk` nz mzzfjnmbo pnh hn hbt ibqbiz fa

mjhnbqbebk nk afiifp%r| jfrtzbz― (|+ =1=.) dr hm ztnk`bk `tmonk` pmz ztfkì~

mzzfjnmbo pnh ifpbt bqmirmnfkz+ M hb Rknbo Zmbz Mnt Aftjb Mjmobe~) zrobkz nkjmijrirz jimzzbz nk phnjh ibmtknk` jmk db fdgbjnqbi~ ebmzrtbo) `mqb hn`hbt bqmirmnfkz f

nkztrjftz fa jimzzbz nk phnjh hb~ pbtb `bnk` hn`hbt `tmobz) dr ifpbt bqmirmnfkz f

nkztrjftz phf |tforjbo zrobkz phf ono pbii nk zrdzb}rbk jmijrirz jimzzbz+ _hb mrhftzjfkjirobo) ’‡hb jfttbimnfk dbpbbk nktforjft~ jmijrirz |tfabzzft qmirb moobo nk hb

nktforjft~ mko afiifp%fk jfrtzbz nz kb`mnqb+ Zrobkz m||bmt f tbpmto

jfkbe|ftmkbfrz jfrtzb qmirb moobo ‡ dr |rknzh obb| ibmtknk`‡― (Jmttbii ! Pbz

4<=<) |+ ?4>.+ Jfkznzbk pnh hnz) hb~ afrko hm nkbx|btnbkjbo nkztrjftz `f dbbt bqmirmnfkz nk nktforjft~ jimzzbz hmk ono eftb zbmzfkbo nkztrjftz) phf |tforjbo

zrobkz phf ono dbbt nk zrdzb}rbk jimzzbz+ _hbtb em~ db mk bxjb|nfk+ Phbk zrobkz

bktfii nk m jimzz obzn`kbo f |tb|mtb hbe f |mzz mk bxbtkmi nkztrebk fa ne|ftmkjb)

zrobkz em~ m||tbjnmb bmjhbtz phf |tb|mtb hbe pbii+ Aft bxme|ib) mjjfrknk` zrobkzmcb jbtmnk jimzzbz f |tb|mtb hbe f mcb hb J\M bxme+ Fkb zro~ afrko m zemii dr

zmnznjmii~ zn`knanjmk mzzfjnmnfk dbpbbk hb jfrtzb bqmirmnfk mko zrobk `tmobz fk mkbxbtkmi |fzbz hm hmo zbtnfrz jfkzb}rbkjbz aft hb zrobkz (Dbijhb) Amttnz ! Emtcz

4<=<.+

Mttndrtnfk Jfkjbkz

_hbtb nz mizf m |tfdibe fa mtndrnfk+ _mk` mko _mk` (=>80. afrko hm zrobkz pfriotmkzabt hbnt fpk dbhmqnft f hb nkztrjft+ Aft bxme|ib) zrobkz hm tb|ftbo tbmonk`

hb bxdffc dbaftb jfenk` f jimzz tmbo hb nkztrjftz„ ckfpibo`b hn`hbt+ Nk fhbt

pftoz) zrobkz mzzfjnmbo hbnt fpk ibqbi fa |mtnjn|mnfk mko nkqfiqbebk nk hbjimzztffe pnh amjri~ |btaftemkjb+ _hb~ jfkjirobo hm hb bqmirmnfkz en`h `nqb m

dbbt nkonjmnfk fa hb zrobk„z zbia%jfkjb| hmk hb nkztrjft„z mjrmi |btaftemkjb+

Jfkznzbk pnh hnz) hbtb nz bqnobkjb hm zrobkz n`kftb hbnt fpk jfktndrnfk f m jimzz

phbk emcnk` mk bqmirmnfk fa hb jfrtzb+ @tbeibt mko EjJfiifr`h (4<<4. tb|ftbo hmhb zrobkz„ tmnk` fa hbnt mob}rmj~ mz m zrobk) mifk` pnh hbnt zmnzamjnfk pnh hbnt

fpk baaft mko |mtnjn|mnfk nk jimzz) pbtb fki~ pbmci~ tbimbo f jfrtzb bqmirmnfkz rznk`

ztrjrtmi efobink`+ @tnebz) Eniibm) mko Pffotnaa (4<<?. tb|ftbo hm zrobkz pnh mkbxbtkmi ifjrz fa jfktfi `mqb hbnt nkztrjftz ifpbt bqmirmnfkz hmk zrobkz pnh mk

nkbtkmi ftnbkmnfk+ Dbkw mko Dim (=>>1. afrko nk mk mkmi~znz fa zrobk jfeebkz hm

zrobkz ’zmnzanbo― pnh hbnt `tmobz obzjtndbo hbnt bx|btnbkjbz pnh ’N+― Aft bxme|ib) ’N`b `ffo `tmobz aft ofnk` `ffo pftc+― Zrobk ’onzzmnzanbo― pnh hbnt `tmobz bkobo f

rzb ’hb― ft ’zhb+― Aft bxme|ib) ’Hb kbqbt `nqbz `ffo `tmobz+―

_~|bz fa Qminont~

44



ZB_ nkztrebkz mtb ~|njmii~ rninwbo f ebmzrtb m h~|fhbnjmi jfkztrj7 n+b+) ’`ffo―

mko&ft ’baabjnqb― bmjhnk`+ Grz mz m |btzfk jmk db zmno f hmqb m jbtmnk |btzfkmin~ztrjrtb dmzbo fk hb tbzriz fa |m|bt mko |bkjni bzz) nkztrjftz mtb zmno f db m ’`ffo―

ft ’dmo― bmjhbt dmzbo fk hb bqmirmnfkz+ Rkibzz rzbtz fa ZB_ pmk f amii nkf hb

mrfif`njmi tm| fa zr``bznk` hm ’`ffo― bmjhnk` nz phmbqbt hb nkztrebk zm~z n nz)hb bqmirmnfkz erz db zhfpk f bxhndn m qmino tbimnfkzhn| pnh hb jfkztrj n mbe|z

f ebmzrtb+ Dr znkjb h~|fhbnjmi jfkztrjz hmqb kf afte ft onebkznfk hm jmk db

fdgbjnqbi~ ebmzrtbo) m kredbt fa onaabtbk mzzfjnmnfkz erz db bzmdinzhbo+ _hnz tmnzbzhb |fzzndnin~ hm mk nkztrebk em~ db qmino nk jbtmnk pm~z mko znerimkbfrzi~ nkqmino

nk fhbtz+ _hnz hmz dbbk hb `bkbtmi ankonk`z pnh ZB_+

Amjb Qminont~

Amjb qminon~ bxnzz phbk mk nkztrebk m||bmtz f db ebmzrtnk` phm hb tbz|fkobk

hnkcz n zhfrio db ebmzrtnk + N nz tbimbo f hb tbz|fkobk„z bx|btnbkjb pnh hb

nkztrebk+ Znkjb ZB_ nkztrebkz mtb jtbmbo mko zmkjnfkbo d~ hb nkznrnfk) mzc }rbznfkz `bkbtmii~ mzzfjnmbo pnh nkztrjnfk) mko mtb moenknztmbo nk afteminwbo

emkkbtz) n pfrio db mzzrebo hm ZB_ hmz amjb qminon~+

Jfktbkt Qminont~

Jfkbk qminon~ nz zmno f bxnz na hb }rbznfkz fk mk nkztrebk jmk db if`njmii~ zmno f

jfqbt hb ofemnk fa hb jfkztrj hm hb nkztrebk nz nkbkobo f ebmzrtb+ Znkjb efz

nkznrnfkz of kf hmqb m jibmti~ obankbo kfnfk fa phm hb~ mtb mbe|nk` f ebmzrtb

(Fkprb`drwnb bt mi + 4<<>3 Ft~ ! T~mk 4<<=.) hb jfkbk qminon~ fa ZB_ nz zrz|bj+ Nhmz dbbk |fnkbo fr hm nk emk~ nkznrnfkz hbtb nz m ’jibmt `m|― dbpbbk phm

obqbif|btz fa ZB_ jfkznobt f db jhmtmjbtnznjz fa baabjnqb nkztrjftz mko phm zrobk

dbinbqb (Fk`prb`drwnb bt mi+ 4<<>.+ Jhfkcf (4<<?.) aft bxme|ib) inzbo znx jhmtmjbtnznjzhm zrobkz bx|bj atfe m `ffo nkztrjft) dr zrobkz ono kf |r hb zmeb ne|ftmkjb

fk hbzb mz|bjz fa nkztrjnfk mz ono |tfabzzftz+ Aft bxme|ib) hb |tf|ftnfk fa zrobkz

phf hfr`h hm bkhrznmze pmz mk ne|ftmk jhmtmjbtnznj pmz eftb hmk pnjb hm fa nkztrjftz (:8" fa zrobkz qz+ =8" fa nkztrjftz.+ _hb zmeb onzjtb|mkj~ pmz afrko nk

fhbt tbzbmtjh aft jfeerknjmnfk zcniiz (:?" qz+ 4<".) mko jmtnk`&be|mh~ (4?" qz+

=?". (Cbiib~) Jfkmk ! Zemt =>>=.+ Phbk Jim~zfk mko Hmib~ (4<==. mzcbo zrobkz)

’Of ~fr hnkc hm hb }rbznfkz fk hb bqmirmnfk miifp ~fr f bx|tbzz phm ~fr tbmii~pmk f zm~ fk hb bqmirmnfkz6― ?2" fa hb zrobkz zmno ’kf+― Fkb zfrtjb db mk hbnt

fpk nkqbzn`mnfk d~ zmnk ) ’Tbzbmtjhbtz of kf ckfp na phm hb~ mtb mzcnk` zrobkz f

bqmirmb hmz mk~ tbimnqb ne|ftmkjb f hbe phbk mzzbzznk` hbnt jfrtzb ft nkztrjft―(Hniiz) Kmbìb ! Dmtcrz 4<<>) |+ 4>0.+

Bqbk phbk ’ibmtknk`― nz obankbo mz hb bko tbzri fa ’baabjnqb― bmjhnk`) obanknnfkz fa ’ibmtknk`― erz db jmtbarii~ jfkznobtbo (Jim~zfk 4<<>.+ _hnz |tfdibe nz zf jfeefk mko

zf onaanjri f tbzfiqb hm zfeb jtnnjz hmqb jimnebo hm hb imjc fa z|bjnanj obanknnfkz nz

|rt|fzbari+ Efftb mko Ainkk (4<<>. zmb) ’‡ emk~ |bf|ib of kf pmk m obanknnqb

4:



ebmzrtbebk fa zrobk ibmtknk`) mko hb~ pnii an`h ifk` mko hmto f |tbqbk fkb atfe

jfenk` nkf dbnk`― S|+ =<4U+―

Jfkjrbkt mko \bonjtnqb Qminont~

ZB_ tbzriz mtb tbimbo f fhbt ebmzrtbz fa bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz mko zbbe f db |tbonjnqb fa ebmzrtbz emob d~ aftebt zrobkz) zbia tb|ftz) mko bqbk fa tmnkbo fdzbtqbtz

(Abioemk =>8>3 Hfpmto) Jfkpm~ ! Emxpbii =>823 Emtzh ! Orkjmk =>>43 Fkprb`drwnb

bt mi+ 4<<>.+

Jfkztrjt Qminont~7 Jfkqb`bkt) Onzjnenkmkt) mko Onqb`bkt

Mz jfrio db nkonjmbo d~ hb ankonk` fa jfkjrttbk qminon~) ZB_ m||bmtz f hmqbjfkqbt`bk qminon~ nk hm hb tbzriz mtb tbimbo f fhbt ebmzrtbz hm jfrio if`njmii~ db

mzzrebo f db mzzfjnmbo pnh hb ofemnk fa ’baabjnqb bmjhnk`+― Jfkqbt`bk qminon~ nz

kf zraanjnbk) hfpbqbt) f bzmdinzh jfkztrj qminon~+ Mz mk bxtbeb bxme|ib) m ebmzrtb

hm pmz jfttbimbo pnh bqbt~hnk` pfrio) d~ obamri) db tbimbo f hb jhmtmjbtnznjz fa mk~ tmkofei~ zbibjbo jfkztrj+ Jfkzb}rbki~) m obefkztmnfk fa jfkztrj qminon~ erz

mizf zhfp hm hb nkztrebk nz kf mzzfjnmbo pnh mz|bjz fa rktbimbo jfkztrjz(onqbt`bk qminon~.) mko hm n zhfpz onaabtbkjbz dbpbbk hb jfkztrj fa nkbtbz mko

fhbt jfkztrjz hm mtb onznkj dr znenimt (onzjtnenkmk qminon~.+ Mabt tbqnbpnk` hb

tbzriz fa m zro~ fa fqbt 4)<<< drznkbzz zrobkz rznk` |mh mkmi~znz) Emtcz (4<<<.jfkjirobo hm+ ’‡ zrobk bqmirmnfkz imjc onzjtnenkmk qminon~+ Kf embt hfp tbinmdib

hb ebmzrtbz) zrobk bqmirmnfkz mtb kf eftb hmk |btjb|nfkz mko ne|tbzznfkz S|+ ==0U+―

@tbbkpmio mko @niieftb (=>>0. bmtinbt |fnkbo fr hm phnib bqmirmnfkz fa nkztrjftz

hmqb jfkqbt`bk qminon~) hb~ mtb imjcnk` nk onzjtnenkmk qminon~+ Eftb tbjbk jtnnjzzr``bz hm hb bqmirmnfkz mizf imjc onqbt`bk mko frjfeb qminon~ (Fkprb`drwnb bt mi+

4<<>3 Z|tfrib 4<<4.+ Nk fhbt pftoz) ZB_ nz jfttbimbo pnh mtndrbz hm m jfkjb| fa

’`ffo― bmjhnk` pfrio db bx|bjbo f db tbimbo pnh) dr hb~ mtb mizf jfttbimbo pnhkrebtfrz mtndrbz pnh phnjh hb~ zhfriok„ db tbimbo+ _hnz nz |mtnmii~ m jmrzb fa) mko nz

jfe|injmbo d~ hb hmif baabj (Ftznkn =>88.+ Arthbt) bmjhnk` nz m jfe|ibx mjnqn~ mko

hb jfkztrj fa ’`ffo― bmjhnk` nz erinonebkznfkmi (Abioemk =>00) =>8>3 Emtzh !Tfjhb =>>:S6U.+

Jfkqbt`bk qminon~ mko onzjtnenkmk mko onqbt`bk nkqminon~ pfrio db bx|bjbo na hb

bqmirmnfkz pbtb baabjnqbi~ ebmzrtnk` fkb) ft m abp) fa hbzb onebkznfkz) dr kf mii+Zfeb tbzbmtjhbtz hmqb zr``bzbo hm phm hb bqmirmnfk efz baabjnqbi~ |tforjbz nz m

’incbmdnin~― zjmib (Jim~zfk ! Hmib~ =>><3 Emtcz 4<<<3 _mk` ! _mk` =>80.+ Z|tfrib

(4<<4. nkznzz hm hb |tfdibez pnh jfkztrj qminon~ jmkkf db tbebonbo nk m ZB_ z~zbe dbjmrzb hb efobi rninwbo nz ’rkobtobbtenkbo― nk m ibmz pf pm~z+ ZB_ ofbz kf

|tfqnob m rkn}rb ft mk rkb}rnqfjmi bx|imkmnfk fa m dfo~ fa omm) mko pf ft eftb efobiz

fa ZB_ jmk tbzri nk b}rmii~ |imrzndib bx|imkmnfkz fa hb zmeb omm+

_hb imjc fa onzjtnenkmk mko onqbt`b qminon~ jmk tbzri nk znrmnfkz hm mtb miefz

amtjnjmi+ Mz nkonjmbo |tbqnfrzi~) zjmibz fk ZB_ nkztrebkz jtbmb m ztfk` mzzfjnmnfk

dbpbbk bmjhnk` mko ’hfkbzz)― mko imt`b jfttbimnfkz dbpbbk hmkoptnnk` jimtn~ mko

4?



faanjb hfrtz+ Nk mkfhbt jmzb) zrobkz nk htbb jimzzbz mr`h d~ hb zmeb nkztrjft pbtb

tb}rntbo f mbko onzjrzznfk zbjnfkz mr`h d~ m bmjhnk` mzznzmk+ _hb amjri~ nkztrjft

pmz bqmirmbo d~ hb zrobkz nk hb onzjrzznfk jimzztffe tmhbt hmk nk jimzz+ Hmia fa hbzrobkz tbjbnqbo jhfjfimbz |tnft f aniink` fr hb bqmirmnfk mko hmia ono kf+ _hb ZB_

moenknztmft be|hmznwbo hm hb pmz hb zfrtjb fa hb jhfjfimb) kf hb nkztrjft+ Bn`h

fa knkb zjmibz mdfr hb nkztrjft pbtb bqmirmbo hn`hbt d~ hb jhfjfimb `tfr| hmk hbjfktfi `tfr|+ _hb jhfjfimb `tfr| zmbo hm hb jimzz pmz eftb nkbiibjrmii~

jhmiibk`nk`) zrobkz pbtb bkjfrtm`bo f |mtnjn|mb eftb nk jimzz) hb jimzz pmz dbbt

jfe|mtbo f fhbt jimzzbz) mko hb nkztrjft pmz atnbkoinbt fpmto zrobkz hmk hb tmnk`zemob d~ hb jfktfi `tfr| (^fremkz ! Gbb 4<=<.+ Nk znii mkfhbt bxme|ib) pf jimzzbz

pbtb jfednkbo nkf fkb+ Fkb jimzz pmz jfe|fzbo fa hfkft zrobkz mko hb fhbt pmz

zbjfko zbebzbt emgftz+ Dfh `tfr|z pbtb nk hb zmeb jimzztffe mko tbjbnqbo hb zmeb

ibjrtbz atfe hb zmeb nkztrjft+ Aft moenknztmnfk |rt|fzbz) hb bqmirmnfkz pbtbzb|mtmbo mz na hbtb hmo dbbk pf jimzzbz mr`h+ _hb hfkftz zrobkz tmbo hb nkztrjft

mko jimzz hn`hbt hmk hb emgftz fk => fa 44 ebmzrtbz) phnjh em~ emcb zbkzb) dr hb

hfkftz zrobkz mizf zmbo hm hb bxmez pbtb eftb tb|tbzbkmnqb fa hb embtnmi

jfqbtbo) mko hm hb nkztrjft obefkztmbo eftb bkhrznmze) dfh ebmzrtbz hm zhfriokf db nkairbkjbo d~ mk~hnk` bxjb| dbnk` hb nk hb jimzz (Finqbt%Hf~f 4<<8.+

Kfefif`njmi Qminont~

Kfefif`njmi qminon~ nz hb ob`tbb f phnjh m jfkztrj dbhmqbz mz n zhfrio pnhnk mz~zbe (kbpftc. fa tbimbo jfkztrjz+ _hnz kbpftc pfrio nkjirob hb hbftbnjmi

atmebpftc aft phm fkb nz t~nk` f ebmzrtb) mk be|ntnjmi atmebpftc aft hfp n nz f db

ebmzrtbo) mko z|bjnanjmnfk fa hb inkcm`bz mefk` mko dbpbbk hbzb pf atmebpftcz

(Jtfkdmjh ! Ebbhi =>22.+ M kredbt fa mbe|z hmqb dbbk emob nk drznkbzz borjmnfk fnkqbzn`mb zrjh m kbpftc (Jim~zfk ! Hmib~ =>><3 Emtcz 4<<<3 \mzpmk ! ^frk` 4<<4.+

Jim~zfk mko Hmib~„z (=>><. zro~ nz mk bmti~ mbe|+ Zrobkz pbtb mzcbo f obzjtndb hbnt

’dbz nkztrjft+― _hnz omm pmz hbk rninwbo f nobkna~ rkobtinknk` amjftz hm pbtb hbkinkcbo f mk mjrmi ZB_ nkztrebk rninwnk` ztrjrtmi efobink` bjhkn}rbz+ N pmz afrko

hm m amjft hm efz jifzbi~ tb|tbzbkbo amjri~ |btzfkmin~ hmo miefz ofrdib hb

nkairbkjb fk hb nkztrebk fa mk~ fhbt amjft+ _hb~ jfkjirobo hm hb bqmirmnfkzjtbmbo phm jfrio efz mjjrtmbi~ db obzjtndbo mz m ’incbmdnin~― zjmib+ Mz zhfpk nk hnz

bxme|ib) hbzb mbe|z f bzmdinzh qminon~ hmqb bkjfrkbtbo pf onaanjrinbz+ Antz) hb~

mbe| f bzmdinzh m kbpftc atfe zrobkz„ |btjb|nfkz fa bmjhnk` bnhbt d~ `mhbtnk`

|tnemt~ omm mko&ft d~ iffcnk` m ZB_ nkztrebkz hm mitbmo~ bxnz+ N jfrio db mt`rbohm nkzbmo fa ankonk` hm M nz tbimbo f D) hb |tfjbortbz zne|i~ obefkztmb hm M nz

tbimbo f M+ M hb qbt~ dbz) hbzb ankonk` jmk obefkztmb hm hb ZB_ nkztrebk nz

jfe|mndib pnh zrobk |btjb|nfkz+ _hnz fjjrtz dbjmrzb fa |tfdibe pf+ M`mnk) hb}rbznfk mtnzbz) phm nz ’`ffo― ft ’baabjnqb― bmjhnk`6 \tbonjmdi~) nkzbmo fa ankonk` m

if`njmi kfefif`njmi kbpftc) hb tbzbmtjh tbmaantez hm ZB_ imjcz qminon~ na m zmkomto fa

bmjhnk` bxjbiibkjb nz kf |tbzbk nk zrobk jf`knnqb ztrjrtbz mko |btjb|nfkz+

Rtnintmnmk Qminont~

Mk nkztrebk jfrio) h~|fhbnjmii~) db rzbari mz m ffi f mjhnbqb mk bko nttbz|bjnqb fa

mk~ qminon~ f tbimbo hbftbnjmi jfkztrjz+ Aft bxme|ib) m |finnjnmk em~ `b bibjbo d~

42



emcnk` jimnez mdfr hnezbia phnjh jmkkf db qminombo) dr phnjh) kbqbthbibzz) miifp

hne f mjhnbqb faanjb+ Na ZB_ nz `fnk` f db rninwbo mz mk bqmirmnfk ffi bqbk pnh qminon~

nzzrbz) hbk pb pfrio db grznanbo nk mzcnk` na hb ebmzrtbz mtb fa qmirb nk mjhnbqnk` zfeb`fmi) mko na hm `fmi nz qmino f borjmnfk (Jim~zfk 4<<8.+

Incb fhbt zmkomtoz fa qminon~) hnz jfrio mizf tbzri nk jfktmonjft~ ankonk`z+ _hbtb mtbtbmi mko jfe|biink` tbmzfkz ph~ ZB_ nz rknqbtzmii~ rninwbo+ =. N |tfqnobz m ebhfo fa

|tfqnonk` abbodmjc mdfr hb }rmin~ fa nkztrjnfk) phnjh nz dbnk` nkjtbmznk i~ obemkobo

d~ mjjtbonmnfk mko arkonk` dfonbz+ 4. N zne|inanbz moenknztmnqb objnznfk emcnk`+ :. Nnkqfiqbz hb zrobk nk m jrzfebt%incb tbimnfkzhn| pnh hb nkznrnfk mko pnh nz

nkztrjftz+ ?. N nz dbinbqbo d~ emk~ moenknztmftz hm hb nkztrebkz mtb rzbari nk

nobkna~nk` hb qbt~ dbz mko hb qbt~ pftzb nkztrjftz+ Fkb jfrio mt`rb hm ZB_ hmz

`ffo rninmtnmk qminon~ nk mk moenknztmnqb jfkbx+

Hfpbqbt) hb dmimkjb fa bqnobkjb zbbez f zr``bz hm fk m eftb ìfdmi ibqbi) rninmtnmk

qminon~ fa ZB_ em~ db }rbznfkmdib+ Nk fhbt pfto) hb fmi kb`mnqb baabjz jtbmbo d~

ZB_ nk hb nkznrnfkmi mko borjmnfkmi |tfjbzz em~ frpbn`h hb fmi |fznnqb `ffo hmjfrio db mjhnbqbo+

_hnz jfkjirznfk nz zr``bzbo d~ nkz|bjnk` hb afiifpnk` nzzrbz7

=+ \tfabzzftz mtb `bkbtmii~ jfkznobtbo f db bx|btz nk hbnt anbioz fa zro~+ _hb ZB_ |tfjbzz ne|inbz) m ibmz nk |mt) hm m zrobk nz nk m |fznnfk fa bqmirmnk` hb jfkbk fa

hm bx|bt+ _hnz ne|injmnfkz nz kf fki~ niif`njmi) n ifpbtz hb |btjb|nfk fa hb zmrz fa

hb nkztrjft+ _hb mrhft tbjbki~ ffc mk moqmkjbo zmnznjmi jfrtzb atfe pf

nkbtkmnfkmii~%ckfpk bx|btz+ Kf fkb bx|bjbo hm pb) mz zrobkz) pfrio bqmirmb hbnt jimzz) mko kf bqmirmnfk pmz faabtbo f rz+

4+ _hbtb mtb kb`mnqb jfkzb}rbkjbz fa hb |tfjbortb rninwbo aft ZB_+ @tm~ mko Dbtemkk(4<<:. tbqnbpbo hfp hb bqmirmnfkz mtb moenknzbtbo mko kfbo hm hb amjri~ nz

bx|injni~ aftdnoobk f frjh hb bqmirmnfk zhbbz mabt hb~ mtb jfe|ibbo+ ’_hnz

|tfjbortb)― hb~ jimne) ’biiz hb zrobkz hm hb bmjhbt nz eftb hmk incbi~ f db m jhbmmko m zkbmc) phf pnii jffc hb dffcz na `nqbk m jhmkjb+ Dfh hb zrobkz mko bmjhbt

|tbbko kf f kfnjb hb zhmenk` nkqfiqbo) dr n nz |mi|mdib nk zrjh m znrmnfk― (|+ 21.+

Mihfr`h hb bqmirmnfkz mtb rninwbo f emcb ne|ftmk moenknztmnqb objnznfkz hm jmk

hmqb imznk` baabjz fk jmtbbtz) ibzz jmtb nz ~|njmii~ jmiibo aft nk hb |tfjbzz hmk pfrio dbtb}rntbo f rzb hremk zrdgbjz aft zronbz m hb zmeb nkznrnfk (Z|tfrib 4<<<.+

:+ Ntfknjmii~) phnib hb ZB_ |tfjbzz mzzrebz hm hb amjri~ em~ db onzhfkbz) n mzjtndbzf hb zrobkz ne|bjjmdib trzpfthnkbzz+ Mz zhfpk |tbqnfrzi~) hnz mzzre|nfk nz kf

grznanbo d~ hb bqnobkjb+

?+ Mz |tbqnfrzi~ onzjrzzbo) hbtb nz m bkobkj~ aft ZB_ f jtbmb m jfiim|zbo zjmib+ Phnib n

nz trb hm jmtbarii~ zbibjbo }rbznfkz mko imt`b aftez pnii jtbmb erinonebkznfkmi zjmibz)

n nz mizf trb hm pnhfr qbt~ jmtbari emkn|rimnfk) hb bqmirmnfkz hmqb m bkobkj~ f

afte fkb ft pf onebkznfkz) nttbz|bjnqb fa phm nz mzcbo (@tbbkpmio ! @niieftb =>>0d3

41



Imk`dbnk =>>?.+ Nk mk mjmobenj zbnk`) pb zfebnebz hmqb f tbenko frt zrobkz hm

pftoz hmqb ebmknk`+ Fjjmznfkmii~) pb kbbo f tbenko frtzbiqbz hm zmnznjz mizf hmqb

ebmknk`+ \hnifzf|hnjmii~) na ZB_ nz m qmino ebhfo fa mzzbzznk` nkztrjnfk) hbk jfiim|znk`zjmibz zr``bzz hm hbtb nz fki~ fkb jfttbj pm~ f bmjh+ N jfrio db mt`rbo hm hb

|tbzbk bqmirmnfk z~zbe tbnkaftjbz bmjhnk` ofkb nk fkb |mtnjrimt pm~ mko |rknzhbz

fhbt m||tfmjhbz+ Kf fki~ ofbz hnz hmqb kb`mnqb |fbknmi aft ibmtknk`) n mizf jtbmbz mz~zbe nk phnjh bmjhnk` nz obankbo d~ hb nkztrebk tmhbt hmk hb nkztrebk dbnk`

obankbo d~ ’`ffo― bmjhnk`+ N hmz m bkobkj~ f jtbmb m z~zbe nk phnjh hb zrobkz

tmhbt hmk hb |tfabzznfkmiz obankb hb |tfjbzz) phnjh jmk jhmk`b m mk~ neb) kf d~ kbpnkzn`hz nkf ibmtknk` mko |bom`f`~) dr d~ hb phne fa hb zrobkz+

2+ _hbtb nz m |fbknmi jnqni tn`hz mko onqbtzn~ nzzrb hm hmz `fkb imt`bi~ rkmootbzzbo

(Jim~zfk ! Hmib~ 4<<23 Hmzcbii =>>0.+ Mz zmbo d~ Boerkozfk (=>>0.) ’M jfktfqbtznmibmjhbt jmk zbko zrobkz hrtt~nk` f hb obmkz mko jfrkzbiftz) jimnenk` f hmqb dbbk

faabkobo― (|+ ?2.+ Tbzbmtjh hmz zhfpk hm |finnjmi zjnbkjb zrobkz phf |btjbnqb hbnt

|tfabzzftz f db |finnjmii~ znenimt f hbezbiqbz tmb jfrtzbz eftb amqftmdi~+ Mz hb

|btjbnqbo |finnjmi onaabtbkjb `bz imt`bt) hb bqmirmnfkz `b |tf`tbzznqbi~ ifpbt (Cbiib~%Pfbzzkbt ! Pfbzzkbt 4<<1.+ M ptnbt atfe m imp zjhffi bjhfbo hbzb jfkjbtkz) tbimnk`

hbe f tmjb mko `bkobt) ’Abp zronbz bk`m b hb bif}rbk jtnn}rbz hm nkonqnormienkftn~ |tfabzzftz hmqb tmnzbo) mko zjhffiz of kf zbbe f hmqb bxmenkbo hbnt |tmjnjbz

nk tbz|fkzb f hbzb jfkjbtkz― (Ebttn 4<<0) |+ 2.+ Tbzbmtjh m m zfrhbtk rknqbtzn~ nk hb

Rknbo Zmbz afrko hm zrobkz tmbo dfh hb bmjhbt mko hb jfrtzb hn`hbt aft phnbnkztrjftz hmk aft dimjc nkztrjftz (Zenh 4<<0.+ Znkjimnt mko Crkotm (4<<<. tbqnbpbo

inbtmrtb hm zhfpz hm |bf|ib pnii gro`b m ebedbt fa m znèmnwbo `tfr| phf bqmirmbz

hbe kb`mnqbi~ f db ibzz jfe|bbk hmk hb~ pfrio gro`b m |btzfk atfe m `tfr| hm pmz

kf jfkznobtbo zn emnwbo+ _hb~ h~|fhbznwbo hm zrobkz pfrio bqmirmb m abemibnkztrjft eftb kb mnqbi~ phf `mqb m ifp `tmob) hmk hb~ pfrio bqmirmb m emib

nkztrjft phf `mqb m ifp `tmob+ Nk m zro~ fa miefz 4<< zrobkz) hbnt h~|fhbzbz pbtb

zmnznjmii~ maantebo+ N nz kf zrt|tnznk` hm nkbtkmnfkmi mko jrirtmi onaabtbkjbz hmqbmizf dbbk afrko tbimnk` f bkobt nzzrbz nk ZB_ (Mi%Nzzm ! Zrinbemk 4<<0.+ Mz nkonjmbo

bmtinbt) hbtb mtb m qbt~ jfkznzbk 4< |btjbk fa nkztrjftz phf mtb tmbo d~ zrobkz nk hb

zmeb jimzz mz hb dbz ft hb pftz bmjhbtz hm m zrobk hmz bqb hmo (Afiiemk =>8?.+_hnz bxtbeb tbmjnfk em~ db orb f m kredbt fa amjftz+ _hb nkztrjftz phf jfkznzbki~

amii nkf hnz 4< |btjbk mtb hn`hi~ incbi~ f db onaabtbk nk zfeb pm~3 |mtnjrimti~ nk

|btzfkmin~ mko nk bmjhnk` z~ibz) dr nk zfeb nkzmkjbz) |bthm|z bqbk nk `bf`tm|hnjmi ft

tmjnmi dmjc tfrkoz+ ^b onqbtzn~ nz fkb fa hb zmbo `fmiz fa miefz mii fa hn hbt borjmnfk+ Phm hm||bkz f nkztrjftz phf |tbzbk jfktfqbtznmi nobmz) ft phf bz|frzb

f|nknfkz ft nobfif`nbz phnjh zrobkz em~ zbb mz nkjfttbj ft htbmbknk` m mk~ |mtnjrimt

efebk nk neb6 Phm na zrobkz objnob hm fki~ phnb emibz) ft Matnjmk%Mebtnjmkabemibz mtb `ffo nkztrjftz) mko na hb bqmirmnfkz mtb rzbo rkjtnnjmii~) phf nz grznanbo)

mko fk phm dmznz) nk biink` hb zrobkz hb~ mtb ptfk`6 _f zr``bz hm zrobkz pnii

zb|mtmb mko tbefqb hbnt dnmzbz rktbimbo f nkztrjnfk fk zfeb mkfk~efrz mkozrdgbjnqb ebmzrtb fa nkztrjnfkmi |tfanjnbkj~ nz bxtmftonkmtni~ kmæqb+

Ofbz nt emttb6

40



Bqbk pnh hbzb |tfdibez) hb bqmirmnfkz mtb kfp ztfkì~ bktbkjhbo pnhnk hb

borjmnfkmi bzmdinzhebk+ Erjh fa hb hnkcnk` fa hb obabkobtz fa hb ZB_ z~zbe) zrjh

mz hb KBM) tbinbz fk fiobt ankonk`z+ Ankcbizbnk (=>>2.) ptnnk` nk _hb KBM =>>2 Miemkmjfa Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) phnjh zreemtnwbz hnz inbtmrtb dmzb) zmbz hm hb bqmirmnfk

nkztrebkz mtb $hn`hi~ qmino$ nk m ibmz htbb mz|bjz+ _hb~ ebmzrtb phm hb~ |rt|ft f

ebmzrtb+ _hb~ mtb |fznnqbi~ tbimbo f zrobk ibmtknk` mko mjmobenj mjhnbqbebk) mkohb~ mtb hn`hi~ jfttbimbo pnh jfiibm`rb tmnk`z+ Nkobbo) Ankcbizbnk jnbz zbqbtmi zfrtjbz

f zm~ hm na dnmz bxnzz) hb baabjz mtb tbimnqbi~ zemii) pnh |mbtkz hm mtb

pbii%tbjf`knwbo mko jfktfiimdib+

Zfeb jfeebkmftz) zrjh mz Emjhnkm (=>80.) onzenzz mk~ mt`rebk fa phm nz dbnk`

ebmzrtbo mko zbbenkì~ mcb m |rtb jfkzrebt ftnbkmnfk+ Hb zmbz hm ’phbk zrobkz

rkobttmb m amjri~ ebedbt) hm ebmkz hbtb nz m dtbmcofpk nk hb bmjhnk` |tfjbzzzfebphbtb mko n ofbz kf ebmk hm hb bqmirmnfk nz mk nkmjjrtmb ebmzrtb fa hb hnk` n

nz tbmii~ `bmtbo f ebmzrtb― S|+44U+ Ntfknjmii~) mz |fnkbo fr bmtinbt) m jfeefk hbeb nk

hb inbtmrtb pmz hb imjc fa zrobk nk|r nk hb obzn`k fa hb nkztrebkz) ft mk~ zrobk

nk|r nk hbnt nkbt|tbmnfk (Jim~zfk =>>:.+

Zreem~

=+ _hb qminon~ fa hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz hmz dbbk hmto f mzjbtmnk mko arkomebkmii~

jfe|injmbo d~ imjc fa zmkomtonwbo obanknnfkz+

4+ Moqfjmbz) zrjh mz Hbtdbt Emtzh) obabko hb bqmirmnfkz mko hbnt rzbarikbzz) mko`bkbtmii~ nkbt|tb ankonk`z mz dbnk` |fznnqb fk nzzrbz fa qminon~+

:+ Na hb |rt|fzb fa hb bqmirmnfkz nz f nobkna~ bmjhbtz atfe phfe zrobkz ibmtk) hbktbjbk tbzbmtjh nkonjmbz hm hb nkztrebkz mtb nkqmino+ _hb~ of kf onzjtnenkmb dbpbbk

nkztrjftz phfzb zrobkz mtb ibmtknk` atfe hfzb phf ofk„+

?+ _hb bqmirmnfkz mtb zbbk `bkbtmii~ mz hmqnk` amjb mko jfkqbt`bk qminon~+ _hb~ hmqb

dbbk jfkznzbki~ jtnnjnwbo aft imjcnk` jfkbk) onzjtnenkmk) mko onqbt`bk qminon~+

Tbzbmtjh fk |tbonjnqb qminon~ hmz zhfpk enxbo tbzriz) ob|bkonk` f m imt`b bxbk fk

phm hb nkztrebk nz rninwbo f |tbonj+

2+ Kfefif`njmii~) phm hb bqmirmnfkz zbbe efz jfkznzbki~ f ebmzrtb nz

’incbmdnin~+―

1+ Ph~ ZB_ z~zbez hmqb emkm`btnmi moqmkm`bz) hbtb mtb jfkjbtkz hm hb z~zbe em~

obtnebkmi f fhbt borjmnfkmi dbkbanz+

Zreem~

48



Ofbz rznk` mk bxtbkznqb z~ztbe fa bqmirmtnfk ne|fqb nkztrjtnfk6

M obabkobt (Jtmkfk 4<<=. fa hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz zmbo) ’_hb amj hm zrobk tmnk`zmtb `bkbtmii~ tbinmdib mko qmino nz mk frjfeb fa m ibmz htbb amjftz7 (=. _hb |bf|ib phf

jtbmb aftez m`tbb) eftb ft ibzz) fk phm zhfrio db nkjirobo3 (4. Zrobkz m`tbb) eftb ft

ibzz) fk phm `ffo bmjhnk` nz pnhnk m z|bjnanj jfkbx3 (:. Nkonqnormi onaabtbkjbz mefk`zrobkz mtb rzrmii~ zmnznjmii~ tbefqbo― S|+ =2U+ Bqbk hfr`h hbzb zmbebkz mtb

jmtbarii~ pftobo) hbnt mzzre|nfkz hmqb kf |tfqbk f db mjjrtmb+ Mihfr`h borjmftz

hmqb obdmbo aft jbkrtnbz phm `ffo bmjhnk` nz) hbtb zbbez f db kf jfkjtbb obanknnfkmdfr phm jfkznrbz ’`ffo― nkztrjnfk+ Zrobkz of) f m jbtmnk bxbk) m`tbb fk phm

hb~ |btjbnqb f db `ffo bmjhnk`) dr hm fabk dtbmcz ofpk nkf m }rbznfkmdib

|btjb|nfk fa ibmtknk` (Jim~zfk 4<<2) 4<<>3 Cbkkbo~) Impfk) ! \ireibb 4<<4.) mko&ft m

|btjb|nfk fa hb nkztrjft„z |btzfkmin~+ M hb zmeb neb) jmiiz f zmnznjmii~ jfktfi aft nkonqnormi onaabtbkjbz tmhbt hmk `tfr| mqbtm`bz hmqb rkni tbjbki~ `fkb imt`bi~ rkhbbobo

(Jim~zfk 4<<?) @tbbkpmio ! @nieftb =>>0.+

Zmcb (4<<<.) m imp |tfabzzft m Nkonmkm Rknqbtzn~ bx|tbzzbo m ztfk` kb`mnqb f|nknfk+’Miefz mk~hnk` hm jmk db ofkb f rkobtenkb hb moenknztmnqb |tmjnjb fa

`bnk` zrobkz f bqmirmb bmjhnk` fr`h f db ofkb+ Fkb fa e~ emgft jfkjbtkz nzhm hb |tfjbzz fa mzcnk` zrobkz hbnt f|nknfkz rkobtenkbz hb trz mko amnh hb~

kbbo f |imjb nk hb bmjhbt+ Nkzbmo fa zm~nk`) ‘Hbtb nz m `tbm zjhfimt mko bmjhbt3

ibmtk atfe hbt phm ~fr jmk)„ hb moenknztmnfk fa bqmirmnfk aftez zm~z fzrobkz) ‘Pb hntbo hbzb bmjhbtz) dr pb mtb kf zrtb hb~ jmk bmjh ft hmqb

mr`h ~fr bkfr`h+ \ibmzb bii rz phbhbt pb `rbzzbo tn`h+„ Mz e~ amhbt incbz f

zm~ ‘_hb fqbtbxmenkbo inab nz kf pfth inqnk` bnhbt+„ Nk hnz jmzb) mzcnk` zrobkz

aft hbnt f|nknfkz afjrzbz hb mbknfk fa zrobkz fk hb mjnk` mko z|bjnmi baabjz)tmhbt hmk hb ebzzm`b+ N hnkc zrobkz kbbo f hmqb trz nk bmjhbtz f ibmtk

erjh atfe hbe+ _hb bqmirmnfk aftez rkobtenkb hm trz+

N mizf dbinbqb hm zrobk bqmirmnfkz jmk ztfkì~ nkairbkjb hb dbhmqnft fa bmjhbtz) mko aft hb pftzb+ N jhmk`bo e~ bmjhnk` otmemnjmii~ dbjmrzb N pmz fio

d~ e~ Obmk m hb neb hm N hmo f cbb| hb jrzfebtz zmnzanbo na N pmkbo f `b

bkrtb+ (Mko N hmqb kf jhmk`bo dmjc znkjb `bnk` bkrtb+. N pfrio kf jfkbkohm hb jhmk`bz N emob ne|tfqbo e~ bmjhnk`+―

_hb |tfjbortb aft `mhbtnk` hb bqmirmnfk nkaftemnfk hmz mizf dbbk jtnnjnwbo aft jtbmnk`

onztrz dbpbbk hb zrobkz mko amjri~ (@tm~ ! Dbtemkk 4<<:.+

Mteztfk` (=>>8. fa hb Phmtfk Zjhffi inzbo afrt jfkjbtkz hb hmz pnh hb bqmirmnfk

z~zbe+ =. _hb jrttbk z~zbe nz mnebo m jhmk`nk` hb dbhmqnft fa nkztrjftz kf zrobkz+_hnz jfrio db zbbk mz m zbjfko%ftobt tbimnfkzhn| nk phnjh m jhmk`b nk hb nkztrjft„z

dbhmqnft pnii tbzri nk m jhmk`b nk ibmtknk` fa hb zrobkz) hfpbqbt) pb hmqb inib

bqnobkjb hm hnz mjrmii~ mcbz |imjb+ 4. Znkjb hb bqmirmnfkz mtb hn`hi~ zcbpbo)nkztrjftz en`h db`nk f mnift hbnt jimzzbz f hb ibmz jfeefk obkfenkmft) bzzbknmii~

oree~nk` ofpk hbnt jimzzbz+ _hbtb nz bqnobkjb hm hnz hmz mcbk |imjb+ :. _hb

bqmirmnfkz em~ tborjb bx|btnebkmnfk d~ bmjhbtz+ _hnz ptnbt fkjb z|bk miefz m

objmob jtbmnk` mko tbanknk` mk nkkfqmnqb mko kfktmonnfkmi zbknft jm|zfkb jfrtzb)

4>



phnjh tbjbnqbo tmqb tbqnbpz atfe fhbt amjri~) tbjbk `tmormbz) mko fiobt mirekn+ M

zemii `tfr| fa zrobkz nk bmjh jimzz jfkznobtbo hb jfrtzb f db rkameninmt mko

htbmbknk`+ Dbjmrzb fa hb hn`hi~ zcbpbo kmrtb fa hb bqmirmnfkz) hnz zemii kb`mnqb`tfr| pmz mdib f ifpbt hb nkztrjft„z |btjbknib tmkcnk`z f hb |fnk m phnjh ebtn |m~

pmz htbmbkbo+ Pnhfr moenknztmnqb zr||ft mko |tfbjnfk) hb nkztrjft ankmii~

otf||bo hb jfrtzb+ ?. _hb bqmirmnfkz z~zbe zn`kmiz f hb zrobkz hm hb tbz|fkzndnin~aft ibmtknk` inbz pnh hb nkztrjftz mko moenknztmftz) kf pnh hbe+ Mteztfk` (=>>8.

jfkjirobz) ’‡ N bx|bj hm bmjhbt tmnk z pnii tborjb bmjhbtz„ nkbtbz nk hbi|nk` |bf|ib

ibmtk) phnib tborjnk` zrobk tbz|fkzndnin~― S|+ =44?U+

Eftb tbjbki~) mkfhbt jtnnj (Efftb 4<<>. frinkbo znx |tfdibez aft ZB_+ =. _hb~ mtb

bmz~ f emkn|rimb+ 4. _hb~ hmqb ordnfrz qminon~ mz m ebmzrtb fa zrobk ibmtknk`+ :.

_hb~ jmk db ’mdrzbo― d~ moenknztmftz+ ?. _hb~ jmk jtbmb ’|btqbtzb― nkjbknqbz+ Amjri~jmk ifpbt zmkomtoz) ft bqbk dtnk` jhfjfimb mko fhbt zkmjcz f jimzz+ 2. _hb~ `nqb

rk}rminanbo zrobkz ff erjh |fpbt fqbt amjri~) mko 1. hb~ jtbmb ztbzz aft amjri~

dbnk` bqmirmbo+

_hb ’orh― amjtf

Fkb fa hb atrztmnfkz fa zro~nk` mk mtbm zrjh mz ZB_ nz hb kbjbzzn~ fa tbzbmtjhnk` hbfdqnfrz+ Phbk Qmibk Gfhkzfk„z (4<<:. dffc pmz tbqnbpbo nk hb Pmii Ztbb Gfrtkmi) hb

ptnbt) r|fk tbmonk` hm zrobkz `nqb hn`hbt bqmirmnfkz f bmjhbtz hm `nqb hbe hn`hbt

`tmobz) tbz|fkobo pnh mk bonftnmi ’orh+― _hb zmeb tbz|fkzb pmz emob d~ mk nkbtbzbo

zrobk) ’Hnz SGfhkzfk„zU bxhmrznqb }rmknmnqb zro~) phnjh N hn`hi~ tbjfeebko fzmnznjz emgftz mko jhtfknj nkzfeknmjz incb e~zbia) `nqbz dmibz fa be|ntnjmi zr||ft f m

kredbt fa $orh$ fdzbtqmnfkz‡― (@niire 4<<?.+ Emk~ tbmobtz) aft bxme|ib) m||bmtbo f

db zrt|tnzbo phbk n pmz onzjfqbtbo hm zrobkz pfrio `nqb |rt|fzbari enznkaftemnfk fkhb bqmirmnfkz (Jim~zfk ! Hmib~ 4<==.+ _hb zmeb nkznrnfkz hm tb}rntb nkztrjftz f db

|tbzbk ortnk` mk bxmenkmnfk dbjmrzb fa hb abmt fa zrobkz jhbmnk`) pbtb mko mtb

mjjb|nk` ZB_ nkaftemnfk m amjb qmirb+ N zbbez niif`njmi hm znenimt jtnbtnm rninwbo aft bznk` ft aft |bbt tbqnbp fa tbzbmtjh nz kf m||inbo f nkztrebkz phnjh emk~ nebz mtb

rninwbo f bzmdinzh ebtn |m~ mko bkrtb+

_hb ZB_ z~zbe mizf jtbmbz mk nkbtbznk` im|zb nk if`nj hm bqbk hb |bbt%tbqnbp |tfjbzzfa emgft |rdinjmnfkz ofbz kf binenkmb+ Hbtdbt Emtzh) aft bxme|ib) hmz jmtbarii~ mko

hfr`harii~ |tforjbo ZB_ tbzbmtjh hm hmz hmo m ztfk` ne|mj fk hb anbio+ ^b) bqbk hb

hmz amiibk nkf m mrfif`njmi bttft phbk tb|ftnk` ZB_ ankonk`z+ Nk fkb zro~ |rdinzhbo nkhb ibmonk` gfrtkmi fa hnz anbio) hb afrko hm hb bqmirmnfkz mtb qbt~ jfkznzbk fqbt iffc

neb |btnfoz mko jfkjirobo hm) ’‡ hb tbzriz |tfqnob m zbtnfrz jhmiibk`b aft bxnznk`

|tf tmez hm mzzreb hm ZB_ abbodmjc mifkb nz zraanjnbk f ne|tfqb bmjhnk`baabjnqbkbzz― (Emtzh 4<<0) |+ 002.+ Phm hb mjrmii~ afrko pmz hm hb zjmibz |tforjbo

d~ hb ZB_ nkztrebkz ono kf jhmk`b m||tbjnmdi~ fqbt neb+ _hb bkntb obdmb nz mdfr

phbhbt hfzb zjmibz hmqb mk~hnk` f of pnh bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz+ Na m tbzbmtjhbt fa

Emtzh„z zmrtb nz emcnk` hbzb bttftz) fkb jmk fki~ nem`nkb hfzb emob d~ jmzrmi rzbtz fa

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hb z~zbe+ _hnz ptnbt fkjb hmo m jfkqbtzmnfk pnh mk moenknztmft phf zmbo hm m

jbtmnk amjri~ ebedbt pmz kf bmjhnk` pbii+ _hb bqnobkjb pmz m ifp mqbtm`b fk m ZB_

nkztrebk+ Phbk mzcbo phm hb ZB_ pmz ebmzrtnk`) hb moenknztmft tb|inbo) ’N ofk„hmqb m jirb+― _hnz binjnbo hb kbx if`njmi }rbznfk) ’Zf pb ofk„ ckfp hfp \tfabzzft X nz

bmjhnk`6― Kf) hb moenknztmft tb|inbo) hb pmzk„ bmjhnk` pbii dbjmrzb hnz ZB_ pmz

ifp+ Bqmirmnfkz mtb zf mrfemnjmii~ mko ebjhmknjmii~ m||inbo hm hnz qbt~ dtn h |btzfk tbemnkbo rkmpmtb fa hb jfktmonjnfk mko mrfif`njmi bttft hm pmz dbnk` emob+

Mkfhbt if`njmi mko |tfjbortmi im|zb nk hb rzm`b fa ZB_ jfebz phbk hb bqmirmnfkz mtbjhmiibk`bo nk jmzbz nkqfiqnk` bkrtb mko |tfefnfk+ Nkzbmo fa hb nkznrnfk

obefkztmnk` hb qminon~ fa hbnt nkztrebkz) emk~ nebz hb amjri~ ebedbt erz zhfp

bqnobkjb hm hb nkztrebkz mtb nkqmino+ Nk miefz mii fhbt mtbmz fa HT nkbtmjnfk) n nz

hb tbz|fkzndnin~ fa hb nkznrnfk rninwnk` m ebmzrtnk` nkztrebk f obefkztmb hm nhmz qminon~+ Bqbk hnz bqnobkjb pfrio kf db zraanjnbk na hb nkztrebk jfkmnkbo nbez

hm pbtb kf moenzzndib nk m onz|rb+ Zr||fzb) aft bxme|ib) hm m jfe|mk~ afrko hm m

bz pmz =<< |btjbk mjjrtmb nk |tbonjnk` m pftcbtz arrtb zrjjbzz d~ mzcnk` m |fbknmi

be|if~bb na hbnt `tmkoefhbt zefcbo mko na hb m||injmk incbo hme zmkopnjhbz+ _hbtbzriz fa hm nkztrebk pfrio kf db moenzzndib bqbk na n faabtbo miefz |btabj

|tbonjmdnin~+ _hnz mkmif`~ nz kf bxtbeb+ Cbb| nk enko phm n ebmkz f anko hm ZB_nkztrebkz imjc onzjtnenkmk mko onqbt`bk qminon~+

_hb obabkobtz fa hb |tbzbk z~zbe hmqb kf dbbk obbttbo+ _hb~ nkznz hm hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz nz qmino mko rzbari+ Zfeb) incb _hbmii mko Atmkcink (4<<=. hmqb bqbk afrko n

kbjbzzmt~ f |fzrimbo ph~ fhbtz zrddftki~ tbarzb f bedtmjb hb |tfjbortb+ _hb~ hmqb

zr``bzbo hm |bthm|z7 =. hb omm `bkbtmbo d~ hb bqmirmnfkz hmqb dbbk enzrzbo fk m

tb`rimt dmznz3 4. hm kb`mnqb f|nknfkz mdfr hb bqmirmnfkz nz tbimbo f n`kftmkjb3 mko :.hm ’hb kfnfk fa zfebfkb bizb obbtenknk` hb }rmin~ fa fkb„z pftc nz htbmbknk`+―

Ankmii~ hb mrhftz zr``bz hm na nkztrjftz tbjbnqb kb`mnqb bqmirmnfkz hb~ em~

obqbif| kb`mnqb mnrobz fpmto hb zrobk tmnk`z+ M znrmnfk) hb~ jfkbko) hm jmkibmo f |mhfif njmi dbhmqnft mko zbtnfrz |z~jhfif`njmi |tfdibez+ _hb~ of kf

mjckfpibo`b hm m kb`mnqb ftnbkmnfk fpmto hb bqmirmnfk |tfjbzz em~ db dmzbo fk

be|ntnjmi bqnobkjb) if`nj) mko&ft ~bmtz fa |tmjnjmi bx|btnbkjb+

@nqbk hb |tbzn`b fa jbtmnk tbzbmtjhbtz mko hb jmtbari mkmi~zbz fa hb ZB_ |tfjbzz hm

jtbmbo hbzb tb|rmnfkz) n fkjb pmz tbmzfkmdib f obabko hb bqmirmnfkz) dr `nqbk hb

bqnobkjb atfe hb |mz 4< ~bmtz) hm kf ifk`bt m||bmtz f db grznanbo+ Nk amj) ph~ ZB_ nzznii zf qn`ftfrzi~ obabkobo hmz dbjfeb hb }rbznfk hm tbemnkz f db nkqbzn mbo+ Fkb

bx|imkmnfk nz hb jfkznobtmdib nkqbzbo nkbtbz nk hb bqmirmnfkz+ Zfeb tbzbmtjhbtz

jfkzri nk hnz mtbm mko hmqb bqbk jtbmbo bqmirmnfkz aft `bkbtmi rzb+ _hb~ em~ abbi mqbzbo nkbtbz nk hbnt jfknkrbo rninwmnfk+ Nk m tbimbo amzhnfk) emk~ moenknztmftz

dbkban atfe hb pm~ hb ZB_ |tfjbzz nz jrttbki~ ztrjrtbo) mz of m imt`b |btjbk fa

amjri~+ N zhfrio kf hmqb f db zmno) dr 2< |btjbk fa mii amjri~ amii nkf hb f| hmia fa ZB_ zjftbz mko m arii 4< |btjbk mtb nk hb f| 4< |btjbk+ _hbzb |bf|ib dbkban atfe hb

jrttbk z~zbe mko anko tbmzfkz f |bt|brmb hbnt rzm`b+ _hbtb mtb mizf |hnifzf|hnjmi

nzzrbz nkhbtbk nk hb |btjbnqbo kbbo aft amjri~ bqmirmnfk) mko bqbk aft hb kbbo f hmqb m

emgft nk|r atfe zrobkz hm jmkkf db bmzni~ onzenzzbo+

:=



Kbqbthbibzz) mabt fqbt 4< ~bmtz fa tbzbmtjh) hb ptnbt ckfpz fa kf |btzrmznqb |rdinzhbo

ankonk`z zhfpnk` hm hb mof|nfk fa hb bqmirmnfk z~zbe hmz ne|tfqbo nkztrjnfk)zrobkz mtb ibmtknk` eftb) be|if~btz anko dbbt |tb|mtbo pftcbtz) zfjnb~ hmz ne|tfqbo)

ft hm amjri~ ft zrobkz mtb hm||nbt dbjmrzb fa hb zrobk bqmirmnfk fa nkztrjnfk+ _hnz

em~ db zbbk mz mk rkamnt zmkomto f m||i~ f hb |tfjbzz) dr phbk bqmirmnfkz mtb rzbo d~miefz mii zjhffiz) jfkzreb jfkznobtmdib tbzfrtjbz) mko jfkznrb m emgft (mko nk zfeb

jmzbz) hb fki~. ebmzrtb fa amjri~ nkztrjnfkmi jfe|bbkj~) eftb hmk grz hbft~ mko

`ffo amnh nz pmttmkbo+

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

Nk hb M||bkonx) hb tbmobt jmk anko m jfe|nimnfk fa zfrtjbz faabtnk` moqnjb fk hb rzm`b

fa ZB_+

Mifk` pnh hb tbabtbkjbz afrko dbifp) mk nkbtbzbo tbmobt em~ pnzh f qnbp mk bxjbiibkzreemt~ fa tbabtbkjbz jfe|inbo nk mk Nkonmkm Rknqbtzn~%\rtorb Rknqbtzn~ ofjrebk7

htt|7&&jti+nr|rn+bor&jfeefk&r|ifmoz&indm~&J_I&J_I48>4<1+|oa

:4



Tbabbkjbz

Mdtmen) \+) o„M|fiifknm) Z+) ! Tfzbkanbio) Z+ (4<<0. ’_hb Onebkznfkmin~ fa Zrobk Tmnk z fa

Nkztrjnfk7 Phm Pb Ckfp mko Phm Pb Of Kf+― _hb Zjhfimzhn| fa _bmjhnk` mko Ibmknk` nk Hn`hb

Borjmtnfk7 Mk Bqnobkjb%Dmzbo \bz|bjtnqb) (T+\+ \btt~ ! G+J+ Zemt) Boz+.) Zbjnfk NN) :82%?21+

Mi%Nzzm) M+) ! Zrinbemk) H+ (4<<0. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk`7 \btjb|nfkz mko Dnmznk` Amjftz+

]rmint~ Mzzrmkjb nk Borjmtnfk) =2(:.) :<4%:=0+

Medmo~) K+) ! Tfzbkhmi) T+ (=>>:. ’Hmia m Enkrb7 \tbonjnk` _bmjhbt Bqmirmnfkz atfe _hnk Zinjbz fa

Kfkqbtdmi Dbhmqnft mko \h~znjmi Mtmjnqbkbzz+― Gfrkmi fa \bzfkmint~ mko Zfjnmi \z~jhfif`~) 1?) ?:=%

??=+

Mteztfk`) G+ Z+ (=>>8. ’Mtb Zrobk Tmnk`z fa Nkztrjnfk Rzbari6― Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt) 2:) =44:%

=44?+

Mn~bh) T+) ! Irezobk) C+@+ (=>04. ’―Zfeb Efobtk E~hz nk _bmjhnk Bjfkfenjz7 _hb R+ C+

Bx|btnbkjb+― Mebnjmk Bjfkfenj Tbqnbp) 14) ?4>%?::+

Dmjfk) O+ T+) ! Kfqfk~) G+ (4<<4. ’Bx|iftnk` Mjhnbqbebk Ztnqnk` mz m Efobtmft fa hb @tmonk`

Ibknbkj~ Baabj+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 4?(4.) ?%=?+

Dmnto) G+Z+ (=>80. $\btjbnqbo Ibmtknk nk Tbimnfk f Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa Rknqbtzn~ Nkztrjnfk+$

Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 0>(=.) ><%=+

Dmzfp) Z+M+) ! Z|nbidbt`) K+_+ (=>80. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa Jfiib`b \tfabzzftz7 Mtb Abemib mko Emib

\tfabzzftz Tmbo Onaabtbki~6― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 0>(:.) :<8%:=?+

Dmzfp) Z+M+ (=>>8. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz7 _hb Tfib fa @bkobt Dnmz mko _bmjhnk` Tfibz+― Nk I+H+ Jfiinkz)

G+J+ Jhtnzibt) mko C+ ]rnkm (Boz+.) Jmbb Ztmtb`nbz af Pfebk nk Mjmobeb7 Menk` Mthbkm) (\\+ =:2%

=21.+ _hfrzmko Fmcz) JM7 Zm`b+

Dmzfp) Z+M+ (4<<<. ’Dbz mko Pftz \tfabzzftz7 @bkobt \mbtkz nk Zrobkz„ Jhfnjbz+― Zbx Tfibz7 M

Gfrkmi fa Tbzbmjh) (Zb|+. Sifjmbo m AnkoMtnjibz+jfeU+

Dbjcbt) P+B+) ! Pmz) E+ (=>>>.+ Hfp ob|mtebkz fa bjfkfenjz bqmirmb bmjhnk`+ Mebnjmk

Bjfkfenj Tbqnbp) 8>) :??‚:?>+

Dbibjhb) _+) Amnttnz) O+) ! Emtcz) E+ (4<=<. ’Of Jfrtzb Bqmirmnfkz _tri~ Tbaibj Zrobk Ibmtknk`6

Bqnobkjb atfe mk Fdgbjnqbi~ @tmobo \fz%bz+― Rk|rdinzhbo |m|bt |tbzbkbo m hb Mii%Jminaftknm Imdft

Bjfkfenjz Jfkabtbkjb) RJZD) Zb|+ Tbtnbqbo Objbedbt 4<=< atfe

ppp+bjfk+rjzd+bor&jfkabtbkjbz&mjibj=<&ofjz&emtcz+ofj

Dbkkb) Z+C+ (=>84. ’Zrobk \btjb|nfk fa mko Bx|bjmnfk aft Emib mko Abemib Nkztrjftz7 BqnobkjbTmnk` f hb ]rbznfk fa @bkobt Dnmz nk _bmjhnk` Bqmirmnfkz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~)

0?(4.) =0<%=0<+

Dbkw) Z+) ! Dim) Z+G+ (=>>1. ’Ebmknk` Rkobti~nk` Zrobk Tmnk`z fa Amjri~+― _hb Tbqnbp fa Hn`hb

Borjmtnfk) =>(?.) ?==%?::+

Dbtkmto) E+B+) Cbbamrqbt) I+P+) Bizpfth) @+) ! Km~ift) A+O+ (=>8=. ’Zbx%tfib Dbhmqnft mko @bkobt nk_bmjhbt%zrobk Bqmirmnfkz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 0:(2.) 18=%1>1+

::



Dntkdmre) E+H+ (4<<<. ’M Zrtqb~ fa Amjri~ F|nknfkz Jfkjbtknk` Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk`+―

h|7&&|z~jh+ariibtfk+bor&edntkdmre&amjri~:+he

Dhmtmopmg) Z+) Artbii) J+E+) ! Cmkmc) O+E+ (=>>:. ’Rznk` Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz f Ne|tfqb Ibmtknk`+― Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp+ :(Zreebt.) =1%4=+

Dfnjb) T+ (=>>4. ’Jfrkbtnk` Jfeefk Enzdbinbaz mdfr Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk`+― MOB Driibtnk

=<=) Z|tnk`) 4%8+

Dtmzcme|) I+M+) ! Ft~) G+J+ (=>>?. Mzzbzznk` Amjrit~ Pfc7 Bkhmkjnk` Nkonqnormi mko Nkztntrtnfkmi

\bafemkjbz+ Zmk Atmkjnzjf7 Gfzzb~%Dmzz+

Jmttbii) Z+ B+) ! Pbz) G+B+ (4<=<.+ ’Ofbz \tfabzzft ]rmin~ Embt6 Bqnobkjb atfe Tmkofe

Mzzn`kebk fa Zrobkz f \tfabzzftz+― Gfrkmi fa \fintnjmi Bjfkfe~) ==8(:.) ?<>%?:4+

Jmzhnk) P+B+ (=>>2. ’Zrobk Tmnk`z fa _bmjhnk`7 _hb Tbzbmtjh Tbqnznbo+― Nobm \m|b Kf+ :4+

\rdinjmnfk fa hb Jbkbt aft Amjri~ Bqmirmnfk ! Obqbif|ebk) Onqnznfk fa jfknkrnk` Borjmnfk) Cmkzmz

Zmb Rknqbtzn~+

Jbktm) G+M+ (=>>:. Tbaibjtnqb Amjrit~ Bqmirmtnfkz7 Bkhmkjnk` _bmjhnk` mko Obtbenknk` Amjrit~ Baabjtnqbkbzz+ Zmk Atmkjnzjf7 Gfzzb~%Dmzz+

Jhfkcf) I+ D+ (4<<?.+ ’Na n pmicz incb m orjc‡7 Jfkjbtkz mdfr }rmjcbt~ nk emtcbnk borjmnfk+―

Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 41) ?%=1+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (=>8>. ’Hmif baabjz nk zrobk bqmirmnfkz fa amjri~7 M }rbznfk fa qminon~+― Emcbtnk`7

\fzntnfknk` af thb =>><z+ \tfjbbonk`z fa hb Mkkrmi Ebbnk` fa hb Zfrhbtk Emtcbnk` Mzzfjnmnfk) 40=%

402+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (=>>4. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa Amjri~ d~ Amjri~ Jfe|bbkjnbz d~ @bkobt+― Emcbtnk`7 \bz|bjtnqbz af thb =>><z+ \tfjbbonk`z fa hb Mkkrmi Ebbnk` fa hb Zfrhbtk Emtcbnk` Mzzfjnmnfk)

=1<%=1:+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (=>>:. ’Zrobk bmjhnk` bqmirmnfkz nk emtcbnk`7 M tbqnbp mko jtnn}rb fa hb Gfrtkmi fa

Emtcbnk` Borjmnfk+― Emcbtnk` mko Borjmtnfk7 \mtkbz nk \f`bzz+ \tfjbbonk`z fa hb Mimknj

Emtcbnk` Mzzfjnmnfk) =?4%=?0+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (=>>?. ’Jfktmznk` Tbzriz fa _htbb Ebhfofif`njmi M||tfmjhbz fk hb Nkbt|tbmnfk fa mZrobk Bqmirmnfk fa Nkztrjnfk+― Enopbzt Emcbtnk` Mzzfjnmtnfk =>>? \fjbbonk`z) \tfjbbonk` fa hb

Enopbz Emtcbnk` Mzzfjnmnfk) 4<>%4=?+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (=>>>. ’Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz7 Zfeb Ne|injmnfk fa Zmdnin~+―

Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 4=(=.) 1>%02+

Jim~zfk O+B+ (4<<=. ’Mjmobenj Tn`ft mko hb Zrobk _bmjhbt Bqmirmnfk \tfjbzz7 Zrobk \btjb|nfkz+―

Tnonk` thb Pmqb fa Nkkfqmtnfk nk Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk+ Emtcbnk Borjmftz„ Mzzfjnmnfk Jfkabtbkjb\tfjbbonk`z) (Zrmt Qmk Mrcbk mko Tb`nkm \+ Zjhibb) boz+.) Emonzfk) Pnzj7 Fekn|tbzz \tbzz) =>%44+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (4<<=. ’_hb \tfdibe fa Pnhnk%jimzz Tbinmdnin~ nk Zrobk _bmjhbt Bqmirmnfkz7 \tbqmibkjb

mko \tfdibez+― Pftcnk` \m|bt+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (4<<4. ’Tbjn|tfjn~ nk Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa Amjri~7 Of _hb~ @nqb ^fr Phm ^fr @nqb

_hbe+― Pftcnk` \m|bt+

:?



Jim~zfk) O+ B+ (4<<?. ’M _bz fa hb Tbjn|tfjn~ Baabj nk hb Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa Nkztrjftz nk

Emtcbnk` Jimzzbz+― Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp) =?(4.) ==%4=+

Jim~zfk) O+ B+ (4<<2. ’\btaftemkjb Fqbtjfkanobkjb7 Ebmjf`knnqb Baabjz Ft Enz|imjbo Zrobk

Bx|btnbkjb +― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 40(4.) ==%4=+

Jim~zfk) O+ B+ (4<<2. ’Pnhnk%Jimzz Qmtnmdnin~ nk Zrobk%_bmjhbt Bqmirmnfkz7 Bxme|ib mko \tfdibez+― Objnznfk Zjnbkjbz Gfrkmi fa Nkkfqmtnqb Borjmtnfk) :(=.) =<>%=4?+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (4<<0. ’Jfkjb|rmi mko Zmnznjmi \tfdibez fa Rznk` Dbpbbk%Jimzz Omm nk Borjmnfkmi

Tbzbmtjh+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk)4>(=.) :?%:8+

Jim~zfk) O+ B+ (4<<8. ’M Kbp Jfkjb| fa Qminon~7 Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk`) mko hb \tforjnfk fa

Ifnkjifhz+― Tbmjhnk` Kbp Hbn`htz nk Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk7 Emcbtnk` Borjmtfz„ Mzzfjnmtnfk 4<<8

Jfkabbkjb \fjbbonk`z) (Tfdbt M+ Ir|fk ! Dmtdmtm I+ @tfzz) Boz+.) Zmi Imcb Jn~) 0%8+ (\rdinzhbo

d~ Fekn|tbzz7 Emonzfk) Pnzj+.+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (4<<>. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk`7 Mtb _hb~ Tbimbo f Phm Zrobkz Ibmtk6 M

Ebm%Mkmi~znz mko Tbqnbp fa hb Inbtmrtb+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) :=(=.) =1%:<+

Jim~zfk) O+B+) ! Atfz) _+A+ (=>>0. ’Mk Be|ntnjmi Zro~ fa hb Nkairbkjb fa \btaftemkjb mko @tmobz fk

Zrobkz Bqmirmnfk fa Nkztrjnfk+― \z~jhfif`njmi Tb|ftz) 8=) 2<0%2=4+

Jim~zfk) O+ B+) ! @i~kk) C+M+ (=>>:. ’Zrobk \btjb|nfkz fa Emtcbnk` Amjri~7 _hb Baabjz fa @bkobt)

Mtmjnqbkbzz) mko M`b+― Ne|fqnk` thb ]rmint~ fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk7 Dbmcnk` Fio \mmonèz+\tfjbbonk`z fa hb Pbzbtk Emtcbnk` Borjmftz„ Mzzfjnmnfk) :>%?4+

Jim~zfk) O+ B+) ! Hmib~) O+M+ (=>><. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz nk Emtcbnk 7 Phm nz Mjrmii~ Dbnk`

Ebmzrtbo6― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) =4(Amii.) >%=0+

Jim~zfk+ O+ B+) ! Hmib~) O+M+ (4<<2. ’Emtcbnk Efobiz nk Borjmnfk7 Zrobkz mz Jrzfebtz)

\tforjz) ft \mtkbtz+― Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp) =2(=.) =%=<+

Jim~zfk) O+ B+) ! Hmib~) O+M+ (4<==.+ ’Mtb Zrobkz _biink` rz hb _trh6 M Jtnnjmi Iffc m hb

Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk`+― Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp)4=(4.) =<:%==?+

Jim~zfk) O+B+) ! Zhbaab+ E+G+ (4<<1.+ ’\btzfkmin~ mko hb Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk`+― Gfrkmi fa

Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 48(4.) =?>%=1<+

Jim~zfk) O+ B+) ! Atfz) _+A+) ! Zhbaab) E+G+ (4<<1. ’@tmobz mko hb Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa Nkztrjnfk7 M

_bz fa hb Tbjn|tfjn~ baabj+ Mjmobe~ fa Emkm`bebkt Ibmknk` ! Borjmtnfk) 2(=.) 24%12+

Jfhbk) \+M+ (=>8<. ’Baabjnqbkbzz fa Zrobk%Tmnk` Abbodmjc aft Ne|tfqnk` Jfiib`b Nkztrjnfk7 M

Ebm%mkmi~znz+― Tbzbmjh nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) =:(?.) :4=%:?=+

Jfhbk) \+M+ (=>8=. ’Zrobk Tmnk`z fa Nkztrjnfk mko Zrobk Mjhnbqbebk7 M Ebm%mkmi~znz fa Erin%zbjnfk Qminon~ Zronbz+― Tbqnbp fa Borjmtnfkmi Tbzbmjh) 2=) 48=%:<>+

Jfee) J+ I+) ! Emkhmnzbi) O+A+X+ (=>>8. ’Bqmirmnk` _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz nk Mebtnjm„z Drznkbzz

Zjhffiz7 Ne|injmnfkz aft Zbtqnjb Emtcbbtz+― Gfrkmi fa \fabzznfkmi Zbqnjb Emcbtnk` ) =1(4.) =1:%0<+

Jtmkfk) \+ (4<<=. ’Nkbt|tbnqb mko Jtnnjmi Bqmirmnfk+― Kbp Onbjtnfk af _bmjhnk` mko Ibmknk`7 Abzh

M||fmjhbz tf thb Bqmirmtnfk fa _bmjhnk` (Jhtnzf|hbt Ckm||bt mko \mtnjnm Jtmkfk) Boz+.) 88(Pnkbt.)

==%=8+

:2



Jtfkdmjh) I+) ! Ebbhi) \+ (=>22.+ Jfkztrj qminon~ nk |z~jhfif njmi bzz) \z~jhfif`njmi Driibtnk) 24(?.)

48=%:<4+

Jtredib~) O+I+ (=>>2. ’Fk hb O~zarkjnfkmi Mefz|hbtb fa Hn`hbt Borjmnfk7 @mebz \tfabzzftz \im~+―

Mjjfrktnk` \bz|bjtnqbz) =(Z|tnk`.) 10%00+

Jtredib~) O+ I+) ! Ainbokbt) B+ (4<<4. ’Mjjfrknk` Moenknztmftz„ \btjb|nfk fa Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk` (ZB_. Nkaftemnfk+― ]rmint~ Mzzrmkjb nk Borjmtnfk) =<(?.) 4=:%444+

Ofpbii) O+D+) ! Kbmi) G+M+ (=>84. $M Zbibjnqb Tbqnbp fa hb Qminon~ fa Zrobk Tmnk`z fa _bmjhnk +$

Gfrkmi fa Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) 2:(=.) 2=%14+

Boerkozfk) E+ (=>>0. ’Fk hb rzbz fa m indbtmi borjmnfk7 Bzzm~ N+ Mz inb bkbtmnkebk aft dftbo jfiib`b

zrobkz+― Hm|b„z Em`mwnkb) (Zb|bedbt. ) :>%?>+

Bieftb) \+ D+) ! Im\fnkb) C+M+ (=>02. ’Baabj fa _bmjhbtz Zbx) Zrobk Zbx) mko _bmjhbt Pmteh fk hb

Bqmirmnfk fa Jfiib`b Nkztrjftz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 10(:.) :18%:0?+

Btoib) Z+) Erttm~)H+@+) ! Trzfk) G+\+ (=>82. ’\btzfkmin~) Jimzztffe Dbhmqnft mko Zrobk Tmnk`z fa

Jfiib`b _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz7 M |mh mkmi~znz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 00(?.) :>?%?<0+

Abioemk) C+M+ (=>8:. ’_hb Zbknftn~ mko Nkztrjnfkmi Bx|btnbkjb fa Jfiib`b _bmjhbtz mz Tbimbo f hb

Bqmirmnfkz _hb~ Tbjbnqb atfe _hbnt Zrobkz+― Tbzbmjh nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) 2) 4?:%488+

Abioemk) C+M+ (=>81. ’_hb \btjbnqbo Nkztrjnfkmi Baabjnqbkbzz fa Jfiib`b _bmjhbtz mz Tbimbo f _hbnt \btzfkmin~ mko Mnronkmi Jhmtmjbtnznjz+― Tbzbmjh nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk)

48) 4>=%:??+

Abioemk) C+M+ (=>80. ’Tbzbmtjh \tforjnqn~ mko Zjhfimti~ Mjjfe|inzhebk fa Jfiib`b _bmjhbtz mz

Tbimbo f _hbnt Nkztrjnfkmi Baabjnqbkbzz7 M Tbqnbp mko Bx|iftmnfk+― Tbzbmjh nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk)

41) 440%4>8+

Abioemk) C+M+ (=>8>. $Nkztrjnfkmi Baabjnqbkbzz fa Jfiib`b _bmjhbtz mz Gro`bo d~ _bmjhbtz _hbezbiqbz)Jrttbk mko Aftebt zrobkz) Jfiibm`rbz) Moenknztmftz) mko Bxbtkmi Fdzbtqbtz+$ Tbzbmjh nk Hn`hb

Borjmtnfk) :<) =:0%>?+

Abioemk) C+M+ (=>8>. ’_hb Mzzfjnmnfk dbpbbk Zrobk Tmnk`z fa Z|bjnanj Nkztrjnfkmi Onebkznfkz mko

Zrobk Mjhnbqbebk7 Tbanknk` mko Bxbkonk` hb Z~khbznz fa Omm atfe Erinzbjnfk Qminon~ Zronbz+―

Tbzbmtjh nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk+ :<) 28:%1?2+

Abioemk) C+M+ (=>>:. ’Jfiib`b Zrobkz„ Qnbpz fa Emib mko Abemib Jfiib`b _bmjhbtz7 \mt NN Bqnobkjb

atfe Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfkz fa _hbnt Jimzztffe _bmjhbtz+― Tbzbmjh nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) :?) =2=%4==+

Abioemk) C+M+ (=>>0. ’Nobkna~nk` Bxbe|imt~ _bmjhbtz mko _bmjhnk`7 Bqnobkjb atfe Zrobk Tmnk`z+― Nk

T+ \+ \btt~ ! G+ J+ Zemt (Boz+.) Baabjtnqb _bmjhnk` nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk7 Tbzbmjh mko \mjtnjb (||+ :18%

:>2.+ Kbp ^ftc7 M`mhfk+

Abifk) G+) Cf|bt) \+_+) Enjhbii) G+) ! Znkzfk) E+ (4<<?. ’Pbd%dmzbo Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa \tfabzzftz7

_hb Tbimnfkz dbpbbk \btjbnqbo ]rmin~) Bmznkbzz mko Zbxnkbzz)― Mzzbzzebkt ! Bqmirmtnfk nk Hn`hb

Borjmtnfk) 4>(=.) >=%=<8+

Ankcbizbnk) E+G+ (=>>2. ’Jfiib`b Amjri~ mz _bmjhbtz+― Nk _hb KBM =>>2 Miemkmj fa Hn`hb Borjmtnfk+

Pmzhnk`fk) OJ7 Kmnfkmi Borjmnfk Mzzfjnmnfk) ::%?0+

:1



Afiiemk) G+ (=>8?. ’\bom`f`rb‡ \mtm`fk mko \mtnmh‡ 4<" fa hb _neb7 Ne|injmnfkz aft _bmjhbt Ebtn

\m~+― Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt ) Zb|bedbt) =<1>%=<0<+

Affb) O+ M+) Hmtefk)Z+C+) ! Em~f) O+_+ (4<<:. ’_hb Ne|mjz fa Nkztrjnfkmi Z~ib mko @bkobt Tfib

Mnrob fk Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfk fa Amjri~+― Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp) =:(4.) >%=>

@btemnk) E+) ! Zjmkortm) _+ M+ (4<<2. ’@tmob Nkaimnfk mko Zrobk Nkonqnormi Onaabtbkjbz mz Z~zbemnj

Dnmz nk Amjri~ Bqmirmnfkz+― Gfrkmi fa Nkztrjtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) :4(=.) 28%10+

@niire) E+ (4<<?.+ ’@tmob nkaimnfk nk hremknnbz m omk`btfrz tbko+― _hb Jhfknjib (Orcb Rknqbznt~.)

F|nknfk) Emtjh 44+ Tbtnbqbo Gmkrmt~ 4>) 4<=< atfe h|7&&orcbjhtfknjib+jfe&mtnjib& `tmob%nkaimnfk%

hremknnbz%omk`btfrz%tbko

@tm~) E+) ! Dbtemkk) D+T+ (4<<:. ’Zrobk _bmjhnk` Bqmirmnfkz7 Nkmjjrtmb) Obebmknk`) Enzrzbo+― Mjmobeb) (Zb|+%Fj+.) ??%?1+

@mzcn) G+A+ (=>80. ’Fk ‘Jfkztrj Qminon~ fa Ebmzrtbz fa Jfiib`b _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz„+― Gfrkmi fa

Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 0>) :41%::<+

@niieftb) @+ E+) ! @tbbkpmio) M+@+ (=>>>. ’Rznk` Zmnznjmi Mogrzebk f Tborjb Dnmzbz nk ZrobkTmnk`z+― Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt ) 2?(0.) 2=8%=>+ (Ftn`nkmi omm |rdinzhbo7 @tbbkpmio) Mkhfk~ @+ =>>=+

Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt ) 24) ==84%81+.

@niieftb) @+E) Cmkb) E+_+ ! Kmjjmtmf) T+P+ (=>08. ’_hb @bkbtminwmnfk fa Zrobk Tmnk z fa

Nkztrjnfk7 Bznemnfk fa hb _bmjhbt mko Jfrtzb Jfe|fkbkz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi Ebmzrbebkt)

=2(=.) =% =:+

@fiodbt`) @+) ! Jmiimhmk) G+ (=>>=. ’Fdgbjnqn~ fa Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa Nkztrjftz+― Gfrkmi fa

Borjmtnfk af Drznkbzz (Gri~&Mr`rz.) :00%08+

@fioemk) I+ (=>82. ’_hb Dbtm~mi fa hb @mbcbb|btz7 @tmob Nkaimnfk+― Gfrkmi fa @bkbmi Borjmtnfk) :0)

>0%=4=+

@tbbkpmio) M+@+) ! @niieftb+ @+E+ (=>>0. ’@tmonk` Ibknbkj~ nz m Tbefqmdib Jfkmenkmk fa Zrobk

Tmnk`z+― Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt) 24(==.) =4<>%4=0+

@tbeibt) O+O) ! EjJfiifr`h) E+M+ (4<<4. ’Zrobk Zmnzamjnfk @rmtmkbbz7 Mk Be|ntnjmi Bxmenkmnfk

fa Mnrobz) Mkbjbobkz) mko Jfkzb}rbkjbz+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 4?(4. =2<%=1<+

@tnebz) \+P+) Eniibm) E+) ! Pffotnaa) _+P+ (4<<?. ’Phf„z f Dimeb6 Ifjrz fa Jfktfi mko Zrobk

Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk`+) Gfrkmi fa Bjfkfenj Borjmtnfk) :2(4.) =4>%=?0+

Hmcb) T+ T+ (=>>8. ’Nkbtmjnqb%bk`m`bebk qbtzrz tmonnfkmi ebhfoz7 M znx%hfrzmko%zrobk zrtqb~ fa

ebjhmknjz bz omm aft nktforjft~ |h~znjz jfrtzbz+― Mebnjmk Gfrkmi fa \h~znj) 11(=.) 1?%0?+

Hmiifrk) N+ M)) ! Hbzbkbz) O+ (=>82. ’_hb nknnmi ckfpibo`b zmb fa jfiib`b |h~znjz zrobkz+― Mebnjmk Gfrkmi fa \h~znjz+ 2:(==.) =<2:%=<22+

Hmebtebzh) O+ Z+) ! \mtcbt) M+E+ (4<<?. ’Dbmr~ nk hb Jimzztffe7 \tfabzzftz„ \rijhtnrob mko \rmnqb

\bom`f`njmi \tforjnqn~+― Afrko m ppp+bjf+rbxmz+bor&amjri~&hmebtebzh&

Hmzcbii) T+ B+ (=>>0. ’Mjmobenj atbbofe) bkrtb) mko zrobk bqmirmnfk fa amjri~7 @miif|nk` |fiiz nk hb

4=z jbkrt~+― Borjmtnfk \finj~ Mkmi~znz Mjhnqbz 2(1.+ Tbtnbqbo Gmk+ =<) 4<<0) atfe

h|7&&b|mm+mzr+bor&b|mm&q2k1+hei+

:0



Hmnb) G+) ! Emtzh+ H+P+ (=>>1. ’_hb Tbimnfkzhn| Dbpbbk Tbzbmtjh mko _bmjhnk 7 M Ebm%Mkmi~znz+―

Tbqnbp fa Borjmtnfkmi Tbzbmjh) 11(?.) 2<0%2?4+

Hbpb) I+) Jhmzmnk) @+) ! _hrtdbt) Z+ (=>88. ’Jfrtzb Bqmirmnfkz7 Mtb Zrobkz„ Tmnk`z Onjmbo d~Antz Ne|tbzznfkz6― \m|bt |tbzbkbo m hb Tfjc~ Efrkmnk \z~jhfif`njmi Mzzfjnmnfk) Zkfpdnto) Rmh+

Hniiz) Z+ D+) Kmbìb) K+) ! Dmtcrz) C+ T+ (4<<>. ’Hfp Ne|ftmk mtb Nbez fk m Zrobk Bqmirmfk6 M

Zro~ fa Nbe Zminbkjb+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfk af Drznkbzz)(Em~&Grkb.) 4>0%:<:+

Hfpmto) @+Z+) ! Emxpbii) Z+B+ (=>8<. ’Jfttbimnfk Dbpbbk Zrobk Zmnzamjnfk mko @tmobz7 M Jmzb fa

Enzmcbk Jmrzmnfk6― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 04) 8=<%84<+

Hfpmto) @+Z) Jfkpm~) J+@+) ! Emxpbii) Z+B+ (=>82.+ ’Jfkztrj Qminon~ fa Ebmzrtbz fa Jfiib`b

_bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 00 ) =80%=>1+

Gmjczfk) J+ (=>>?. ’Hfp \btzfkmin~ \tfanink jmk Jhmk`b frt Inab+― \h~znjz Pfio) 0(?.) =<=%=<:+

Gfhkzfk) Q+ B+ (4<<:.+ @mob Nkaimtnfk7 M Jnznz nk Jfiib`b Borjmtnfk+ Kbp ^ftc7 Z|tnk`bt+

Cm|imk) E+) Ebz) I+M+) ! Jffc) J+B+ (4<<<. ’]rbznfkz Atb}rbki~ Mzcbo mdfr Zrobk Tmnk`z Aftez7Zreemt~ fa Tbzbmtjh Ankonk`z+― h|7&&ppp+jtn+renjh+bor&jtn+am}+hei

Cbiib~) J+M+) Jfkmk) G+ Z+) ! Zemt) O+_+ (=>>=.+ Emzbt bmjhnk` tbqnznbo7 \rtzrnk` bxjbiibkjb atfe hb

zrobkz„ |btz|bjnqb+ Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) =:) =%=<+

Cbiib~%Pfbzzkbt) M+) ! Pfbzzkbt) E+J+ (4<<1. ’E~ |tfabzzft nz m |mtnzmk hmjc7 Hfp |btjb|nfkz fa m

|tfabzzft„z |finnjmi qnbpz maabj zrobk jfrtzb bqmirmnfkz+― \Z7 \fintnjmi Zjnbkjb ! \fintnj) Gri~) ?>2 ‚

2<=+

Cbedbt) O+) ! Ibrk`) O+ +\+ (4<<8. ’Bzmdinzhnk hb Qminon~ mko Tbinmdnin~ fa Jfrtzb Bqmirmnfk]rbznfkkmntbz+― Mzzbzzebkt ! Bqmirmtnfk nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) ::(?.) :?=%:2:+

Cbkkbo~) B+G+) Impfk) I+) ! \ireibb) B+I+ (4<<4. ’Dinzz N`kftmkjb7 _hb \tfdibe fa Rktbjf`knwboNkjfe|bbkjb mko Mjmobenj \btaftemkjb+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 4?(:.) 4?:%424+

Cnbtzbmo) O+) O„M`fznkf) \+)! Onii) H+ (=>88. ’Zbx Tfib Zbtbf~|nk` fa Jfiib`b \tfabzzftz7 Dnmz nk

Zrobkz„ Tmnk` fa Nkztrjftz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 8<(:.) :?4%:??+

Imk`dbnk) I+N+ (=>>?. ’_hb Qminon~ fa Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk`+― \Z7 \fintnjmi Zjnbkjb nk

Nkztntrtnfkmi \fintnjz) Zb|+) 2?2%224+

Imkfz) @+ \+ (=>>0. ’Efnqmnk` Zrobkz7 _hb Mnrob fa hb \tfabzzft+― Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp)

0(4.) 40%:8+

Irkozbk) K)I+ (=>81. $Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz nk m Drznkbzz Moenknztmnfk Jrttnjrire7 M Emtcbnk`

Qnbp|fnk+$ MEM Obqbif|ebktz nk Emcbtnk` Zjnbkjb) >) =1>%0:+

Emjhnkm) C+ (=>80. ’Bqmirmnk` Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz+― Mjmobeb) Em~%Grkb) =>%44+

Em`kbt) O+ C+ (=>>0. ’Tb|ft zm~z Zmkomtoz rzbo f Bqmirmb Tbzbmtjh zhfrio mizf db rzbo aft _bmjhnk`

mko Zbtqnjb+― _hb Jhfknjib fa Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) ??(4.) M=8%M=>+

Emtcz) T+ D+ (4<<<. ’Obbtenkmkz fa Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa @ifdmi Ebmzrtbz fa Nkztrjft mko Jfrtzb

Qmirb+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 44(4.) =<8%==>+

:8



Emtink) G+P+) ! Knzz) G+A+ (=>8<. $Bko%fa%Jfrtzb Bqmirmnfkz mz Nkonjmftz fa Zrobk Ibmtknk mko

Nkztrjft Baabjnqbkbzz+$ _hb Gfrkmi fa Bjfkfenj Borjmtnfk) Z|tnk`) =1%40+

Emtzh) P+ H+ (4<<0. ’Of Rknqbtzn~ _bmjhbtz Dbjfeb Eftb Baabjnqb Pnh Bx|btnbkjb6 M Erinibqbi

@tfph Efobi fa Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk` Fqbt =: ^bmtz+ Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~)>>(?.) 002%0><+

Emtzh) H+P+) ! Orkcnk) E+ (=>>4. ’Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfkz fa Rknqbtzn~ _bmjhnk`7 M Erinonebkznfkmi

\btz|bjnqb+― Nk G+J+ Zemt (Bo+. Hn`hb Borjmtnfk7 Hmkodffc fa _hbf~ mko Tbzbmjh) (Qfi+ 8) ||+ =?:%

4::.+ Kbp ^ftc7 M`mhfk+

Emtzh) H+P+) Hmr) C+) Jhrk`) J+) ! Znr) _+I+ (=>>0. ’Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfkz fa Rknqbtzn~ _bmjhnk`7

Jhnkbzb Qbtznfk fa hb Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfkz fa Borjmnfkmi ]rmin~ Nkztrebk+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 8>(:.) 218%04+

Emtzh) H+P+) ! Hmnb) G+ (4<<4.+ ’_hb Tbimnfk Dbpbbk Tbzbmtjh \tforjnqn~ mko _bmjhnk`

Baabjnqbkbzz+― _hb Gfrkmi fa hn`hb Borjmtnfk) 0:(2.) 1<:%1?=+

Emtzh) H+P+) ! Hfjbqmt) O+ (=>>=. ’Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz7 _hb Zmdnin~ fa

Ebmk Tmnk` fa hb Zmeb _bmjhbtz fqbt m =:%~bmt \btnfo+― _bmjhnk` ! _bmjhnk` Borjmtnfk) 0(?.) :<:%

:=?+

Emtzh) H+P+) ! Tfjhb) I+M+ (=>>0. ’Emcnk` Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz Baabjnqb+― Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt) 24(==.) ==80%>0+

Emtzh) H+ P+) ! Tfjhb) I+M+ (=>>>. ’Tb|i~ r|fk ZB_ Tbzbmtjh+― Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt ) 2?(0.) 2=0%

2=8+

Emtzh) H+ P+) ! Tfjhb) I+M+ (4<<<. ’Baabjz fa @tmonk` Ibknbkj~ mko Ifp Pftcifmo fk Zrobkz„

Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk`7 \f|rimt E~h) Dnmz) Qminon~) ft Nkkfjbk D~zmkobtz6― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi

\z~jhfif`~) >4(=.) 4<4%448+

Emzfk+ \+) Zbm`mii) G+) ! Amdtnnrz E+ (=>>2. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa Amjri~7 M Kbp \tfjbortb aft Rznk`

M``tb`mb Ebmzrtbz+― Bjfkfenjz fa Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp) =4) ?<:%?=1+

Ebttn) O+G+ (4<<0. ’Dnmz) hb dtmnk) mko zrobk bqmirmnfkz fa bmjhnk`+― Bx|bzzF \b|nkt Zbnbz) \m|bt

=>:>+ _hb Dbtcbib~ Bibjtfknj \tbzz+ Tbtnbqbo Emtjh :) 4<<0 atfe

h|7&&imp+db|tbzz+jfe&bx|tbzzf&b|z&=>:>+

Entfk) O+@+ (=>01. ’Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfk fa Nkztrjftz„ Zbia%bqmirmnfk fa Rknqbtzn~ Nkztrjnfk+―

Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) =0) =02%=8=+

Efftb) \+ (4<<>.+ ’Ph~ Pb Zhfrio Ebmzrtb Zrobk Ibmtknk`7 M @ifzzmt~ fa Jfiib`nmb Jfttr|nfk+― Nk

Ainkk) T+B+ ! Jtredi~) O+I (Boz+. Ebmzrb Ibmknk` Tmthb thmk Zmtnzamjtnfk nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk +Zmtmzfm) Aiftnom7 Mebtnjmk Mjjfrknk` Mzzfjnmnfk+

Efftb) \+) ! Ainkk) T+B+ (4<<>.+ _hb inenmnfkz fa ebmzrtnk` zrobk ibmtknk`+ Nk Ainkk) T+B+ ! Jtredi~)O+I (Boz+. Ebmzrb Ibmknk` Tmthb thmk Zmtnzamjtnfk nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk+ Zmtmzfm) Aiftnom7 Mebtnjmk

Mjjfrknk` Mzzfjnmnfk+

Efftb) Z+) ! Crfi) K+ (4<<0.+ ’Tbtfz|bjnqb Nkzn`hz fk _bmjhnk`7 Bx|iftnk _bmjhnk` Bxjbiibkjb

_htfr`h hb B~bz fa hb Mirekn+― Gfrkmi fa Arthb mko Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) :=(4.) =::%=1:+

Erttm~) H+@+) Trzhfk) G+\) ! \mrkfkbk) Z+Q+ (=>><. ’_bmjhbt \btzfkmin~ _tmnz mko Zrobk Nkztrjnfkmi

Tmnk`z nk Znx _~|bz fa Rknqbtzn~ Jfrtzbz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 84(4.) 42<%41=+

:>



Kmarink) O+H+) Pmtb) G+B+) ! Ofkkbii~) A+M+ (=>0:. ’_hb Ofjft Afx Ibjrtb7 M \mtmonè fa Borjmnfkmi

Zborjnfk+― Gfrkmi fa Ebonjmi Borjmtnfk) ?8) 1:<%:2+

Finqbt%Hf~f) E+ (4<<8. ’_pf @tfr|z nk hb Zmeb Jimzz7 Onaabtbk @tmobz+― Gfrkmi fa Jfiib`b Zjnbkjb_bmjhnk`) :8(=.) :0%:>+

Fkprb`drwnb) M+ G+) Omknbi) I+@+) ! Jfiinkz) C+E+_+ (4<<>. ’M Ebm%Qminomnfk Efobi aft Mzzbzznk` hb

Zjftb%Qminon~ fa Zrobk _bmjhnk` Bqmirmnfkz+― ]rmi ]rmkt) ?:) =>0%4<>+

Ftznkn) G+ I+ (=>88. ’Hmif Baabjz nk Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa Amjri~7 M Jmzb M||injmnfk+― Gfrkmi fa

Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) =<(Zreebt.) :8%?2+

Ftnkmr) O+G+) ! Drzh) T+\+ (=>80. ’_hb \tf|bkzn~ fa Jfiib`b Zrobkz f Efona~ Jfrtzb Bx|bjmnfkz

mko Nz Ne|mj fk Jfrtzb \btaftemkjb Nkaftemnfk+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) >(Z|tnk`.) ?4%24+

Ft~) G+J+) ! T~mk) C+ (4<<=. ’Hfp of zrobk tmnk`z ebmzrtb r| f m kbp qminon~ atmebpftc6― Kbp

Onbjtnfkz Nk Nkztntrtnfkmi Tbzbmjh) =<>) 40%??+

Fqbtmii) G+R+) ! Emtzh) H+P+ (=>8<. ’Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfkz fa Nkztrjnfk7 M Ifk`nronkmi Zro~ fa _hbnt

Zmdnin~+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 04) :4=%:42+

\mzpmk) M+C+) ! ^frk ) G+M+ (4<<4. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa Nkztrjftz7 M Kfefif`njmi Nkqbzn mnfkRznk` Ztrjrtmi Efobink`+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 4?) =>:%4<4+

\fpbii) T+P+ (=>00. ’@tmobz) Ibmtknk ) mko Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa Nkztrjftz+― Tbzbmjh nk Hn`hb

Borjmtnfk) 0) =>:%4<2+

Tboonk`) T+B+ (=>>8. ’Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk` Arbi @tmob Nkaimnfk+― Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt)

2:(==.) =440%448+

Tb~kfioz) O+ Q+ (=>00. ’Amjri~ Aftre)― _bmjhnk` fa \z~jhfif`~) ?(4.) 84%8:+

Tfonk) E+) ! Tfonk) D+ (=>04. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhbtz+― Zjnbkjb) =00(Zb|+ 4>.) ==1?%=11+

T~mk) G+G+) Mkobtzfk) G+M+)! Dntjhibt) M+D+ (=>8<. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfk7 _hb Amjri~ Tbz|fkoz+― Tbzbmjh

nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) =4(?.) :=0%::+

Zmrdbt) E+H+) ! Iroifp) T+T+ (=>88. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfk Zmdnin~ nk Emtcbnk`7 _hb Ne|ftmkjb fa Bmti~Jimzz Ebbnk`z+― _hb Gfrkmi fa Enopbzt Emcbtnk`) :) ?=%?>+

Zbnqbt) O+M+ (=>8:. ’Bqmirmnfkz mko @tmobz7 M Znerimkbfrz Atmebpftc+― _hb Gfrkmi fa Bjfkfenj

Borjmtnfk) Zreebt) 44<%44:+

Zbionk) \+ (=>>:. ’_hb Rzb mko Mdrzb fa Zrobk Tmnk`z fa \tfabzzftz+― Jhfknjibz fa Hn`hb Borjmtnfk)

4=(Gri~.) M?<+

Zbionk) \+ (=>>>. Jhmk`nk` \mjtnjbz nk Bqmirmtnfk _bmjhnk`7 M \mjtnjmi @rnob tf Ne|fqnk` Amjrit~

\bafemkjb mko \feftnfk&_bkrb Objnznfkz+ Dfifk) EM+7 Mkcbt \rdinzhnk` Jf+) Nkj+

Zjhpmd) O+ \+ (=>01.+ Emkrmi af thb Jfrzb Bqmirmtnfk Nkztrebkt+ Emonzfk7 Rknqbtzn~ fa Pnzjfkznk)

Zjhffi fa Drznkbzz+

Zhbtemk) D+T+) ! Dimjcdrtk) T+_+ (=>02. ’\btzfkmi Jhmtmjbtnznjz mko _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz fa Jfiib`b

Amjri~+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 10(=.) =4?%=:=+

?<



Zne|zfk) \+ E+) ! Zn`rmp) G+M+ (4<<<. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk`7 Mk Bx|iftmft~ Zro~ fa hb

Amjri~ Tbz|fkzb+― Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 44(:.) =>>%4=:+

Znkjimnt) I+) ! Crkom) W+ (4<<<. ’Efnqmbo zbtbf~|nk` fa pfebk7 Zhb ankb na zhb |tmnzbo eb dr

nkjfe|bbk na zhb jtnnjnwbo eb+― \bzfkmint~ mko Zfjnmi \z~jhfif`~ Driibtnk) 41(==.) =:4>%=:?4+

Znxdrt~) @+T+) ! Jmzhnk) P+B+ (=>>2. NOBM _bjhknjmi Tb|ft Kf+ >7 Obzjn|tnfkz fa omtmdmzb af thb NOBM Onm`kfztnj Afe+ \rdinjmnfk fa hb Jbkbt aft Amjri~ Bqmirmnfk ! Obqbif|ebk) Onqnznfk fa

Jfknkrnk` Borjmnfk) Cmkzmz Zmb Rknqbtzn~+

Zenh) D+ \+ (4<<0. ’Zrobk Tmnk`z fa _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz7 Mk Mkmi~znz fa Bko%fa%Jfrtzb Amjri~

Bqmirmnfkz+― Jfiib`b Ztrobkt Gfrkmi) ?=?.) 088%8<<+

Z|tfrib) T) (4<<<. ’Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk 7 M Ebhfofif njmi Jtnn}rb fa Jfkqbknfkmi\tmjnjbz+― Borjmtnfkmi \finj~ Mkmi~znz Mjhnqbz) 8(2<.) &&b|mm+mzr+bor&b|mm&q8k2<+hei+

Z|tfrib) T+ (4<<4. ’_hb Rkobt%Obbtenkmnfk fa Nkztrjft \btaftemkjb d~ Omm atfe hb Zrobk

Bqmirmnfk fa _bmjhnk`+ Bjfkfenjz fa Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp) 4=(:.) 480%4>2+

Zmcb) G+ B+ (=>>0. ’Tbz|fkzb f Hmzcbii7 ‘Mjmobenj Atbbofe+ _bkrtb) mko Zrobk Bqmirmnfk fa Amjri~+―

Borjmtnfk \finj~ Mjhnqbz) 2(8.+ Afrko m ppp&&b|mm+mzr+bor&b|mm&q2k8+hei

Zmkabi) I B+ (=>>2. ’Ebmzrtnk` hb Mjjrtmj~ fa Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk +― Gfrkmi fa

Nkztrjtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 44(4.) ==0%=42+

Zre|a) Z+M+) ! Atbboemk) T+O+ (=>0>. ’Bx|bjbo @tmob Jfqmtnmnfk pnh Zrobk Tmnk`z fa Nkztrjnfk7

Nkonqnormi qbtzrz Jimzz Baabjz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 0=(:.) 4>:%:<4+

Zriinqmk) M+E+) ! Zcmkbz) @+T+ (=>0?. ’Qminon~ fa Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk` mko hb

Jhmtmjbtnznjz fa Zrjjbzzari Nkztrjftz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 11(?.) 28?%2><+

_mk`) _+I+) ! _mk`) _+I+ (=>80. ’M Jfttbimnfk Zro~ fa Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfkz fa Amjri~ \btaftemkjbmko _hbnt Zbia%Tmnk`z nk mk Nkztrjnfkmi Zbnk`+― Jfiib`b Ztrobkt Gfrkmi) 4=(Z|tnk`.) ><%>0+

_hbmii) E+ ! Atmkcink) G+ (4<<=. ’Iffcnk aft Dnmz nk Mii hb Ptfk` \imjbz7 M Zbmtjh aft _trh ft m PnjhHrk nk Zrobk Tmnk`z fa Nkztrjnfk6― Kbp Onbjtnfkz af Nkztntrtnfkmi Tbzbmjh) 40(2.) ?2%21+

Pnoeb~bt) P+K+) ! If~) G+E+ (=>88. ’Phbk ^fr„tb Hf) ^fr„tb Hf- Pmte%jfio Baabjz nk Antz

Ne|tbzznfkz fa \btzfkz mko _bmjhnk` Baabjnqbkbzz+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 8<) ==8%4=+

Pnizfk) T+ (=>>8. ’Kbp Tbzbmtjh Jmzz Ofrd fk Qmirb fa Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa \tfabzzftz+― _hb

Jhfknjib fa Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) ??(=>.) M=4%M=?+

Pnihbie) P+ D+ 4<<?+ _hb tbimnqb nkairbkjb fa |rdinzhbo bmjhnk` bqmirmnfkz mko fhbt nkztrjft

mtndrbz fk jfrtzb jhfnjb+ Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 41) =0%:<+

^fremkz) T+ G+ ! Gbb) D+O+ (4<=<. ’Aro nk` hb Kredbtz7 Onztndrnk` Jhfjfimb Nkairbkjbz Zrobk

Bqmirmnfkz fa mk Rkobt`tmormb Jfrtzb+― _bmjhnk` nk \z~jhfif`~) :?(?.) 4?2%4?0+

^rkcbt) \+ G+) ! ^rkcbt) G+ (4<<:. ’Mtb Zrobk Bqmirmnfkz fa _bmjhnk Qmino6 Bqnobkjb Atfe mk

Mkmi~njmi Drznkbzz Jftb Jfrtzb+― Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfk af Drznkbzz) 08(1.) :=:%:=0+

?=



M||bkonx

Tbzbmjhbz„ Moqnjb fk thb Rtninwmtnfk fa Ztrobkt Bqmirmtnfkz fa _bmjhnk`

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

Jmrtnfk afe Zr||ftbz fa ZB_

_hb afiifpnk` bzbmjhbz mb mii |rdinj obabkobz fa thb ZB_ z~ztbe+

’‡ thbb nz inttib bqnobkjb thmt tbmjhbz dbjfeb bnthb efb f ibzz baabjtnqb Smz ebmzrbo

d~ ZB_U pnth moobo bx|bnbkjb― (Emtzh 4<<0) |+ 081.+ _hb mrhft hmz emnkmnkbo hmbmjhbtz kbbo bx|bt moqnjb f dbjfeb dbbt bmjhbtz (Emtzh ! Tfjhb =>>0.+

’ Emzh m`rbz thmt thb ibmzt m||f|nmtb rzb fa ztrobkt mtnk z nz mz m zreemtnqb groèbkt af |r|fzbz thmt en`ht nkjr |bjrknm~ f |bzfkmi |bkmit~― (Gfhkzfk 4<<<) |+

?41.+

Jbktm (=>>?.) phf dbinbqbz hm ZB_ mjrmii~ tbaibjz ibmtknk`) ofbz kf dbinbqb hm hb~zhfrio db rzbo mifkb f bqmirmb bmjhnk`+

’ Obz|ntb thb `bkbmii~ zr||ftnqb bzbmjh ankonk`z) ztrobkt mtnk`z zhfrio db rzbo jmrtnfrzi~) mko thbb zhfrio db fthb afez fa z~ztbemtnj nk|rt mdfrt tbmjhnk`

baabjtnqbkbzz) |mtnjrimi~ phbk thb~ mb rzbo af tbkrb&|feftnfk objnznfkz― (Emtzh

=>8?) |+ 0?>.+

M qbt~ bmti~ zfrtjb nk emtcbnk`) phf moqfjmbz hb rzb fa ZB_ f ne|tfqb hb

baabjnqbkbzz fa hb nkznrnfk znii emnkmnkbo hm) ’‡ thbb mb nkhbbkt omk`bz nk

rznk` thnz nkafemtnfk af moenknztmtnqb |r|fzbz― (Inii =>0>) |+ 424.+

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

Zfrjbz Tbjfeebkonk` Binenkmtnk` ZB_

M kredb fa zfrjbz pmk mdfrt thb rtninwmtnfk fa ZB_+

’Znkjb emk~ R+Z+ jfiib`bz mko rknqbzntnbz rzb ztrobkt bqmirmtnfkz mz m ebmzrb fa

tbmjhnk` }rmint~ af mjmobenj |feftnfk mko tbkrb objnznfkz) thnz ankonk`z ompz nktf}rbztnfk thb qmirb mko mjjrmj~ fa thnz |mjtnjb― (Jmttbii ! Pbz 4<=<) |+ ?:<.+

’_ff emk~ |fpbari |bf|ib of kft pmkt m |bjnzb nkztrebkt (f zbt fa nkztrebktz. af

ebmzrnk` ztrobkt ibmknk` mko bqmirmtnfk tbmjhnk` dbjmrzb zrjh mk nkztrebkt (f nkztrebktz. pfrio emcb tff emk~ |bf|ib zbjfko%mtbz) thno%mtbz) f pfzb― (Efftb !

Ainkk 4<<>) |+==<.+

_hm mbe|z f jtbmb qmino ZB_ mtb) ’‡ pfk %hbmobo nkztntrtnfkminwmtnfk fa

|zbrofzjnbkjb) drt mizf thb zrjjbzzari drt pfk`%hbmobo tmkzafemtnfk fa thb

?4



|bom`f njmi bkqnfkebkt nktf fkb thmt nz efb jfkzreb% mko hbkjb ibzz ibmknk`%

fnbktmtbo ― (Z|tfrim ! Qmizmk 4<<>) |+ =?:.+

’Phbk tmkzafebo nktf kredbz) ztrobkt mtnk`z dbjfeb enzjfkztrbo mz }rmktnanbo

ebmzrbz fa tbmjhnk` bxjbiibkjb thmt nkztntrtnfkmii~ zbqb tf |fqnob mk niirznfk fa

fdgbjtnqnt~ mko |bkminwb amjrit~ phf mohbb tf mk mitbkmtnqb jntnjmi efobi fa |bom`f`~+_hfr`h thb rzb fa mtnk` afez) mjmobenj jfktfi mko |fabzznfkmi mrthfnt~ mb

tmkzabbo afe amjrit~ tf ztrobktz) phf) mz onzjnenkmtnk` jfkzrebz) mb `mktbo thb

|fpb tf arthb thbn fpk nktbbztz mko) jfkzb}rbkti~) zhm|b thb kmtrb mko afe fa hn`hb borjmtnfk thmt zbqbz thbe― (_nrz 4<<8) |+ :>0.+

’_f hbi| borjb thb obemko |bzzrbz af hn`hb `mobz) ztrobkt bqmirmtnfkz zhfrio dbdmkkbo afe jfiib`b jme|rzbz― (\tbzzemk 4<<0) |+ >>.+

’Fr ankonk`z jfktnkrb tf jmii nktf }rbztnfk thb rzb) amnkbzz) mko qminont~ fa bqmirmtnk`

nkztrjtnfk nk jfiib`b mko rknqbznt~ jimzzbz pnth ebmzrbz fa ztrobktz„ f|nknfk mdfrt

tbmjhnk` ― SEfhmk~ b mi+ 4<<2) |+ =?0.+

’ Nk qnbp fa thb |bzbkt mzzbzzebkt) nt pfrio zbbe m||f|nmtb mko bmzfkmdib af mii jfkztntrbkjnbz fa thb rknqbznt~ jfeerknt~ tf jfeb jibmk d~ mjckfpibo`nk` |rdinji~ mko

rkb}rnqfjmii~ thmt thb ZB_ omtm mb jfktmenkmtbo pnth kfk%tnqnmi) mko nkjmijrimdib)

z~ztbenj bfz) mko thmt thb |bzbkjb fa thbzb bfz bkob thb ABJ objnznfk rib nkqmino)rkbinmdib) mko fthbpnzb hf|bibzzi~ aimpbo ― (Z|tfrib 4<<4) |+ 4>4.+

’ Nkztbmo fa mzcnk` nkztrjtfz tf ne|fqb tbmjhnk` bqmirmtnfkz) zjhffiz zhfrio db mzcnk`

thbezbiqbz phbthb thb~ zhfrio db mzcnk` nkztrjtfz tf emcb thb jfrzbz efb f ibzzobemkonk`) nktbmjtnqb) f ztrjtrbo mko f`mknwbo ― (\mzpmk ! ^frk` 4<<4) |+ 4<<.+

Znkjb ZB_ nz pnobi~ hfr`h kf f faabt ne|tfqbebk fa bmjhnk`) Dbjcbt mko Pmz mzc)’ Hfp jmk zfebthnk` thmt hmz inttib f kf nkafemtnfk qmirb af thb m`bkt hmqb `bmt

nkafemtnfk qmirb af thb |nkjn|ib6― (Dbjcbt ! Pmz =>>>) |+ :?0.+

Zrtqb~z nk hb =>><„z zhfpbo hm 02 |bt jbk fa mjmobenjz gro`bo ZB_ mz rktbinmdib mko

ne|tbjnzb ebmzrtbz fa |btaftemkjb) ~b miefz =<< |bt jbk fa zjhffiz rzb hb nkztrebkz(Tbjcbtz =>>2.+

’N jmkkft thnkc thmt thb hmdnt fa bqmirmtnk` fkb„z tbmjhb jmk bkjfrm`bm ~frk` |bzfk tf ifk` af thb trth) tf mz|nb tf mjhnbqbebkt) tfberimtb hbfbz) tf dbjfeb grzt) f tf of `ffo+ _f hmqb fkb„z f|nknfkztrztbo rttbi~) tf obinqb thbe mkfk~efrzi~) tf hmqb kf jhbjc fk thbn trth) mko kf bz|fkzndnint~ af thbn baabjt fk thb inqbz fa fthbz mb kft `ffo af m ~frk` |bzfk„z efmi jhmmjtb+ _f hmqb fkb„z f|nknfkztmcbk mz ckfpibo`b) mjjb|tbo pnthfrt }rbztnfk) nk}rn~) f jfkqbzmtnfknz kft mk bx|bnbkjb thmt bkjfrm`bz zbia%ckfpibo`b― (\imtt =>>:) ::‚:?.+

?:



VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

ZB_ Zhfrio Kbqb db Rtninwbo mz m Zfib Ebmzrb fa _bmjhnk`

’Bqbk phbk ztrobkt bqmirmtnfkz mb rzbo) thb ztmtnztnjmi omtm fdtmnkbo mb fatbk enzrzbo ―(Emor ! Grbn =>>:) |+ :4>.+

’_hb bzritz b|ftbo hbb zhfrio jmrzb mjmobenj moenknztmtfz tf }rbztnfk thb fib fa ztrobkt tbmjhb bqmirmtnfk fa |fabzzfz) bz|bjnmii~ na thb `fmi nz tf jfe|mb |fabzzfz fk

nkonqnormi tbmjhnk` ntbez― (Emoobk) Oniifk ! Ibmc 4<=<) |+ 404.+

’‡ nt pfrio kft db |robkt tf bi~ zfibi~ fk jfrzb bqmirmtnfkz mz m ebmkz fa `mr`nk`

ztrobkt ibmknk` ― (Emtcz) Amnttnz ! Dbijhb 4<=<) |+=>.+

’_hnz Simjc fa tbimnfkzhn| dbpbbk ZB_ mko ibmtknkÙ pfrio ne|i~ thmt fk dmimkjb)

rknqbzmi mko `fr|%pbn`htbo ZB_ bzritz zhfrio kft db rtninwbo) f thb~ zhfrio dbnktb|btbo pnth `bmt jmb― Jim~zfk 4<<>) |+ 40.+

’‡ pb zr``bzt thmt rkibzz efb |fzntnqb bqnobkjb b`monk` thb |z~jhfebtnj |f|btnbz fa Z_Bz nz |fqnobo) mk~ objnznfkz ztbeenkàfe Z_Bz zhfrio db emob qb~ tbktmtnqbi~ mko mifk`znob fthb nkonjbzfa nkztrjtnfkmi baabjtnqbkbzz zrjh mz ztmtbebktz fa thb nkztrjtf„ztbmjhnk` |hnifzf|hnbz) ortnbz) mko zhft% mko ifk`%tbe `fmiz mkofdgbjtnqbz3 zbia%bqmirmtnfkz rkobtmcbk d~ thb nkztrjtf3 bqmirmtnfkz d~ |bbz mko moenknztmtfz3 rkzfinjntbo pnttbk jfeebktz emob d~ ztrobktz3 zme|ibz fa ztrobktz„ pfc3 mko bjfoz fa ztrobkt

mjhnbqbebkt matb ibmqnk` thb jfrzb mko&f Nkztntrtnfk― (Fkprb`drwnbbt mi+ 4<<>) |+ 4<0.+

’_hb amebpfc |bzbktbo hbb zr``bztz thmt nk thb jmzb fa thb ZB_ |fjbzz nk ntz

jfkqbktnfkmi afe) ntz qmirb nz }rbztnfkmdib mz thb zfib ebmzrb fa jimzzffe |bafemkjb

znkjb thb }rmint~) njhkbzz mko onqbznt~ fa phmt hm||bkz nk thb t~|njmi jimzzffe jmkkft db jm|trbo d~ thb ZB_ |fjbzz mifkb+― (\frkobt 4<<0) |+ =8>.+

’Ztrobkt bqmirmtnfkz jmk db hbi|ari phbk jfiibjtbo mko emnktmnkbo d~ nkonqnormi |fabzzfz af thbn fpk nkafemtnfk+ Drt thb~ zhfrio kft db rzbo af |bzfkkbi |r|fzbz―

(Anzjhbt 4<<1) |+1 fa ==.+

’Ztrobkt bqmirmtnfkz fa nkztrjtnfk m||bm tf afiifp m zbnfrzi~ aimpbo |mmonè+ Mz thb

qb~ ibmzt) thb~ zhfrio db jifzbi~ efkntfbo dfth d~ amjrit~ mko d~ moenknztmtfz phbk

thb~ mb rzbo mz nkonjmtfz fa tbmjhnk` }rmint~― (Jim~zfk ! Zhbaab 4<<1) |+ =2>.+

Mabt tbenkonk` rz hm ZB_ nz hbtb f zm~) hb mrhftz zmb) ’Jfeenttbbz tff fatbk bi~

hbmqni~ fk ztrobktz„ bqmirmtnfkz tf emcb nkabbkjbz mdfrt thb tbmjhb„z nkztrjtnfkmi

baabjtnqbkbzz― (Mi`fwwnkb b mi+ 4<<?) |+ =:8.+

??



’Ztrobkt bqmirmtnfkz fa tbmjhnk` mb bzzbktnmi drt kft zraanjnbkt ― (Imqbtnb 4<<4) |+ =<1.+

Mabt zhfpnk` hm `tmob nkaimnfk fjjrttbo mabt hb mof|nfk fa m ZB_) Bnzwibt (4<<4.

pmtkz) ’_mcbk tf`bthb thbzb amjtfz obzjndb m |mttbk fa fqb binmkjb fk mko fqb

nktb|btmtnfk fa ztrobkt mtnk`z fa nkztrjtnfk― (Bnzwibt 4<<4) |+ ?>>.+

Incb hb bqmirmnfkz) dr amjri~ kbbo frznob jfkzrimkz) |rdinzhbo tb|ftz mtb nk omk`bt

fa enztb|tbzbknk` hb ankonk`z) mko moenknztmftz erz db qbt~ jmtbari f rzb hbe aft ’ |rkntnqb |r|fzbz― (Mibmefkn =>>>.+

Tbabbkjbz af M||bkonx

Mibmefkn) I+E+ (=>>>.+ Zrobk tmnk` e~hz qbtzrz tbzbmtjh amjz atfe =>4? f =>>8+ Gfrkmi fa

\bzfkkbi Bqmirmtnfk nk Borjmtnfk) =:) =2:%=11+

Mi`fwwnkb) D+) @tbbz) G+) Aifpbtz J+) Hfpib~) I+ Dbmnb) G+) Z|ffkbt) A+) Efhmk~) @+) ! Dtm~) E+(4<<?.+ Zrobk bqmirmnfk fa jfiib`b bmjhnk`7 M |tmjnjb nk zbmtjh fa |tnkjn|ibz+ Jfiib b _bmjhnk`) 24)

=:?%=?=+

Dbjcbt) P+B+) ! Pmz) E+ (=>>>.+ Hfp ob|mtebkz fa bjfkfenjz bqmirmb bmjhnk`+ Mebnjmk

Bjfkfenj Tbqnbp) 8>) :??‚:?>+

Jmttbii) Z+B+) ! Pbz) G+B+ (4<=<.+ Ofbz |tfabzzft }rmin~ embt6 Bqnobkjb atfe tmkofe mzzn`kebk fa

zrobkz f |tfabzzftz+ Gfrkmi fa \fintnjmi Bjfkfe~) ==8) ?<>%?:4+

Jbktm) G+M+ (=>>?.+ _hb rzb fa hb bmjhnk` |ftafinf mko zrobk bqmirmnfkz aft zreemnqb bqmirmnfk+

Gfrkmi fa Hn`hb Borjmtnfk) 12) 222%20<+

Jim~zfk) O+B+ (4<<>.+ Zrobk bqmirmnfkz fa bmjhnk`7 Mtb hb~ tbimbo f phm zrobkz„ ibmtk6 Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) :=) =1%:<+

Jim~zfk) O+B+) ! Zhbaab E+G (4<<1.+ \btzfkmin~ mko hb zrobk bqmirmnfk fa bmjhnk`+ Gfrkmi fa

Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 48) =?>%=1<+

Bnzwibt) J+ A+ (4<<4.+ Jfiib`b zrobkz„ bqmirmnfkz fa bmjhnk` mko `tmob nkaimnfk+ Tbzbmjh nk Hn`hb

Borjmtnfk) ?:) ?8:%2<=+

Anzjhbt) G+O+ (4<<1.+ Ne|injmnfkz fa tbjbk tbzbmtjh fk zrobk bqmirmnfkz fa bmjhnk`+ _hb Efktmkm

\fabzzf) =0 ) Tbtnbqbo Objbedbt 44) 4<<> atfe h|7&&e|tfa+ezrk+bor

Gfhkzfk) T+ (4<<<.+ _hb mrhftn~ fa hb zrobk bqmirmnfk }rbznfkkmntb+ _bmjhnk` nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk)

2) ?=>%?:?+

Imqbtnb) O+M+ (4<<4.+ Ne|tfqnk` bmjhnk` htfr`h ne|tfqnk` bqmirmnfk7 M `rnob f jfrtzb |ftafinfz+

Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 42) =<?%==:+

Inii) O+ G+ (=>0>.+ _hb obqbif|ebk fa m zmkomtonwbo zrobk bqmirmnfk afte+ Gfrkmi fa thb Mjmobe~ fa

Emcbtnk` Zjnbkjb) 0 ) 4?4%42?+

Emoobk) _+G+) Oniifk) P+T+) ! Ibmc) T+ I+ (4<=<.+ Zrobkz„ Bqmirmnfk fa bmjhnk`7 Jfkjbtkz fa Nbe

Onm`kfznjn~+ Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) :4) 41?%40?+

?2



Emor) J+ K+) ! Crbn) J+ (=>>:.+ Onebkznfkz fa }rmin~ bmjhnk nk hn`hbt borjmnfk+ _ftmi ]rmint~

Emkm`bebkt) ?) :42%::8+

Emtcz) E+) Amnttnz) O+) ! Dbibjhb) _+ (4<=<.+ Of jfrtzb bqmirmnfkz tbaibj zrobk ibmtknk`6 Bqnobkjbatfe m |tb%bz&|fz%bz zbnk`+ Tbtnbqbo Objbedbt =0) 4<=< atfe

h|7&&amjri~+rjt+bor&{eemtcz&\m|btz&emtcz4<=<jfrtzb+|oa

Emtzh) H+ P+ (=>8?.+ Zrobkz„ bqmirmnfk fa rknqbtzn~ bmjhnk`7 Onebkznfkmin~) tbinmdnin~) qminon~)

|fbknmi dnmzbz) mko rnin~+ Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) 01 ) 0<0%02?+

Emtzh) H+P+ (4<<0.+ Of rknqbtzn~ bmjhbtz dbjfeb eftb baabjnqb pnh bx|btnbkjb6 M

erinibqbi `tfph efobi fa zrobkz„ bqmirmnfkz fa bmjhnk` fqbt =: ~bmtz+ Gfrkmi fa Borjmtnfkmi \z~jhfif`~) >>) 002%0><+

Emtzh) H+P+) ! Tfjhb) I+M+ (=>>0.+ Emcnk` zrobkz„ bqmirmnfkz fa bmjhnk` baabjnqbkbzz baabjnqb+

Mebnjmk \z~jhfif`nzt) 24) ==80%==>0+

Efhmk~) @+) @tbbz) G+) Aifpbtz) J+) Mi`fwwnkb) D+) ! Z|ffkbt) A+ (4<<2.+ Erin%ebhfo

bqmirmnfk fa nkztrjnfk nk bk`nkbbtnk` jimzzbz+ Gfrkmi fa \bzfkkbi Bqmirmtnfk nk Borjmtnfk) =8) =:>%

=2=+

Efftb) \+) ! Ainkk) T+B+ (4<<>.+ _hb inenmnfkz fa ebmzrtnk` zrobk ibmtknk`+ Nk Ainkk) T+B+ ! Jtredi~)O+I (Boz+. Ebmzrb Ibmknk` Tmthb thmk Zmtnzamjtnfk nk Hn`hb Borjmtnfk+ Zmtmzfm) Aiftnom7 Mebtnjmk

Mjjfrknk` Mzzfjnmnfk+

Fkprb`drwnb) M+ G+) Omknbi) M+G+) Imtt~ @+) ! Jfiinkz) C+E+_+ (4<<>.+ M ebm%qminomnfk efobi aft

mzzbzznk` hb zjftb%qminon~ fa zrobk bmjhnk` bqmirmnfkz+ ]rmint~ mko ]rmktnt~) ?:) =>0%4<>+

\mzpmk) M+ C+) ! ^frk`) G+ M+ (4<<4.+ Zrobk bqmirmnfk fa nkztrjft7 M kfefif`njmi

nkqbzn`mnfk rznk` ztrjrtmi b}rmnfk efobink + Gfrkmi fa Emcbtnk` Borjmtnfk) 4?)=>:%4<4+

\imtt) E+ (=>>:.+ Phmt ztrobkt bqmirmtnfkz tbmjh+ \bz|bjtnqbz fk \fintnjmi Zjnbkjb 44)4>‚?<+

\frkobt) G+Z+ (4<<0.+ Nz zrobk bqmirmnfk fa bmjhnk` pfthphnib6 Mk mkmi~njmi atmebpftc aft mkzpbtnk`hb }rbznfk+ ]rmint~ Mzzrmkjb nk Borjmtnfk) =2) =08 ‚ =>=+

\tbzzemk) Z+ (4<<0.+ _hb bjfkfenjz fa tmob nkaimnfk+ Jhmiibk`b) 2<) >:%=<4+

Tbjcbtz) \+ E+ G+ (=>>2.+ Ckfp h~ jrzfebt+ Jhmk`b nk Mjjfrktnk` Borjmtnfk7 M Tbzbmjh Dirb|nkt (J+\+

Dmtni) Bo+. Abobtmnfk fa Zjhffiz fa Mjjfrkmkj~7 Z Ifrnz+

Z|tfrim) T+) ! Qmizmk) J+ (4<<>.+ _hb zrobk bqmirmnfk fa bmjhnk`7 Nz amnirtb mz m tbzbmtjh |tf`tme) mko

mz mk moenknztmnqb rnob+ Bjfkfenj Nkabbkjbz) ==) =42%=2<+

Z|tfrib) T+ (4<<4.+ _hb rkobtobbtenkmnfk fa nkztrjft |btaftemkjb d~ omm atfe hb zrobk bqmirmnfk

fa bmjhnk`+ Bjfkfenjz fa Borjmtnfk Tbqnbp) 4=) 480%4>2+

_nrz) G+ G+ (4<<8.+ Zrobk tmnk`z nk m jfkzrebtnz mjmobe~7 Ibqbtm nk` |bom f`njmi mk mrhftn~+

Zfjnfif`njmi \bz|bjtnqbz) 2=) :>0%?44+

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