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PERCEPTION
COMPILED BY:-
DEVENDRA (97)
RAJIV (98)
DIPANKAR (99)
GURU (100)
ASTHA (101)
SARWAGYA (102)
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Perception
Factors that influence perception
Attribution theory
Specific applications of shortcuts in organizations Frequently used shortcuts in judging others
Decision making in organization
Common bias and error in decision making
Improving creativity in decision making
Reducing biases and errors
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A process by which individuals organize and interprettheir sensory impressions in order to give meaning totheir environment.
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Factors Influencing PerceptionFactors in the perceiver Attitudes
Motives Interests Experience Expectations
Perception
Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity
Similarity
Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting
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What do you see?
Now what do you see?
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Attribution theory:
Attribution theory aids in perceptualinterpretation by focusing on how peopleattempt to:
Understand the causes of a certain event.
Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the
event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people
involved in the event.
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Causes of Behavior
Internal factorsPersonal
characteristics thatcause behavior
(e.g., ability, effort)External factors
Environmentalcharacteristics that
cause behavior(e.g., taskdifficulty, good/badluck)
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Elements of Attribution
Theory
8
Observation Interpretation Attribution of cause
Consistency
Consensus
Distinctiveness
Individual behavior
Internal
External
Internal
External
Internal
ExternalH
L
H
L
H
L
H high L- Low
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ExternalAttributi
on
DistictivenessDoes this person
behave in
this mannerin other situation
YesHigh
ConsistencyNo
LowConsistency
No
LowConsensus
YesHigh
Consensus
YESLowDistinctiveness
NOHigh
Distinctiveness
ConsensusDo other person
Behave in the
Same manner?
ConsistencyDoes this person
behavein this same
manner at othertimes ?
InternalAttributio
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Specific Shortcut Applications in
Organizations
Employment Interview:
Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy ofinterviewers judgments of applicants
Formed in a single glance 1/10 of a second! Performance Expectations:
Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The loweror higher performance of employees reflectspreconceived leader expectations about employeecapabilities
Performance Evaluations:
Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental)perceptions of appraisers of another employees jobperformance
Critical impact on employees
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Frequently used shortcuts in judging
otherSelective Perception
Halo Effect
Contrast Effect
Stereotyping
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STEPS IN THE RATIONAL DECISION-
MAKING MODEL
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
IDENTYFY THE DECISION CRITERIA
WEIGHTS THE CRITERIA
GENERATE THE ALTERNATIVES
EVALUATE THE ALTERNATIVES
SELECT THE BEST ALTERNATIVE
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THE LINK BETWEEN PERCEPTION
AND INDIVISUAL DECISION-MAKING
PROBLEM
A discrepancy between some
current state of affairs anddesired state.
DECISION
Choices made from amongalternative development fromdata perceived as relevant.
Perception
Of TheDecision-Maker
The Link Between Perception And IndividualDecision-making
Out Comes
