Perception Class [Compatibility Mode]

7/30/2019 Perception Class [Compatibility Mode]

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What do ou see?


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,

.


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Perception isPerception is YOURYOURinterpretation ofinterpretation of realityrealityafter information/stimuli isafter information/stimuli is

SSelectedelectedOOrganizedrganized

e nee ne

.using.using YOURYOUR existingexistingKKnowledgenowledge

NNeedseeds

VValuesaluesAAssumptionsssumptions

u esu es


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DEFIN ING P ERCEP TION

The process by which an individual selects,organizes, and interprets stimuli into amean ng u an co erent p cture o t e wor .

,,

would be a lot simplerwould be a lot simpler


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yy Physio logyPhysio logy: Differences in sensory abilities: Differences in sensory abilities

yy AgeAge : Changes attitudes on time; more experience the older we: Changes attitudes on time; more experience the older wegetget

yy Socia l RolesSocia l Roles : Different roles we take on durin our lives: Different roles we take on durin our lives(sister, brother, wife, husband, student, instructor, etc.)(sister, brother, wife, husband, student, instructor, etc.)

yy Co gn it ive Ab ili t iesCo gn it ive Ab ili t ies : Think multi dimensionally about: Think multi dimensionally about

different situationsdifferent situations


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FACTORS INFLUE NCING PER CEP TIONFACTORS INFLUE NCING PER CEP TION

AttitudesAttitudes MotivesMotives InterestsInterests ExperienceExperience

ExpectationsExpectations

P e r c e p t i o nP e r c e p t i o nF a c to r s i n t h e s it u a t io nF a c to r s i n t h e s it u a t io n

TimeTime Work SettingWork Setting

F a c to r s in t h e T a r ge tF a c to r s in t h e T a r ge t

NoveltyNovelty

Social SettingSocial Setting

o ono on SoundsSounds SizeSize BackgroundBackground ProximityProximity

SimilaritySimilarity


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FACTOR S INF LUENCIN G P ER CEP TIONFACTOR S INF LUENCIN G P ER CEP TION

Ch a r a c t e r is t ics o f t h e p e r ce ive r :

y The erce tual rocess is influenced b the erceivers:

y Past experiences.

y Needs or motives.

y Personality.

y Values and attitudes.


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Ch a r ac te r is t ics o f th e se t t in g:

y The perceptual process is influenced by the settings:

y

Physical context.y Social context.

y Organizational context.


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Ch a r a c t e r is t ics o f t h e p e r ce ive d :

The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics of

the perceived person, object, or event, such as:y Contrast-External stim uli w hich stand out against

background w ill receive m ore attention

y

Size-Larger size m ore atten tiony o on- ov ng o ect rece ves more atten t on

y Repetition-Repeated external stim ulus is m ore atten tion

drawin

y Novelty-Any thing novel attracts atten tion fast.

y Figure-ground separation.


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1.1. SensationSensation 3.3. Or anizationOr anization

yy

An individuals abilityAn individuals abilityto detect stimuli in theto detect stimuli in theyy

The process of placingThe process of placingselected perceptualselected perceptual

environment.environment.

2.2. SelectionSelection

framework forframework for

storage.storage.yy e process a persone process a person

uses to eliminate someuses to eliminate someof the stimuli that haveof the stimuli that have

..

yy The stage of theThe stage of theperceptual process atperceptual process at

een sense an toeen sense an toretain others for furtherretain others for furtherprocessing.processing.

w c st mu arew c st mu areinterpreted and giveninterpreted and givenmeaning.meaning.


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yy

Se lec t in g S t im u l iSe lec t in g S t im u l i

P ER CEP TUAL P R OCESSP ER CEP TUAL P R OCESS

Rece iving S t im u liRece iving S t im u li

(External & Internal)(External & Internal)

x erna ac ors : a ure,x erna ac ors : a ure,Location, Size, contrast,Location, Size, contrast,

Movement, repetition, similarityMovement, repetition, similarityInternal factors : Learning,Internal factors : Learning,

needs, age, Interest,needs, age, Interest,

Org a n i z i n gOrg a n i z i n g

Figure Background ,Figure Background ,

Perceptual GroupingPerceptual Grouping

I n t e r p r e t i n gI n t e r p r e t i n g

Attribution ,Stereotyping,Attribution ,Stereotyping,Halo Effect, ProjectionHalo Effect, Projection

, ,, ,closure, continuity)closure, continuity)

R e s p o n s eR e s p o n s e

Covert: Attitudes ,Covert: Attitudes ,Motivation,Motivation,

FeelingFeelingOvert: BehaviorOvert: Behavior


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PerceptualorganizationPerceptualorganization

yw w

recognizableand

identifiable

patterns

and

whole

objects.

y

Certainfactors

are

considered

to

be

important

,categorizinginformationinthehumanbrain.Theseare

Figureground

ercep ua group ng


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yFieldgrounddifferentiation

y

The

tendency

to

distinguish

andfocusonastimulusthat

opposedtobackground.

y Itstates

that

the

relationship

ofatargettoitsbackground

influencesperception.

y Perceivedobjects

stand

outasseparablefromtheir

genera ac goun


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PERCEPTUALGROUPINGPERCEPTUALGROUPING

y Ourtendencytogroupseveralindividualstimuliintoameanin fulandreco nizable attern.

y Itisverybasicinnatureandlargelyitseemstobeinborn.

y

Some

factors

underlying

grouping

arey on nu y operce veo ec sascon nu ngpa erns.y Closure Apersonhasatendencytoperceiveawholewhennone

exists

y Proximity

Thetendencytoperceivethestimuliwhichareclosetoeachother.


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STAGES OF TH E P ER CEP TUAL P ROCESSSTAGES OF TH E P ER CEP TUAL P ROCESS

I n fo r m a t io n a t t en t io n a n d s e le ct io n :I n fo r m a t io n a t t en t io n a n d s e le ct io n :

yy Selective screening.Selective screening.

yy Lets in only a tiny proportion all the information thatLets in only a tiny proportion all the information that

bombards a person.bombards a person.

yy Two types of selective screening.Two types of selective screening.

yy

ontro e process ng.ontro e process ng.yy Screening without perceivers conscious awareness.Screening without perceivers conscious awareness.


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Or ga n iza t io n o f I n fo r m a t io nOr ga n iza t io n o f I n fo r m a t io n

yy Schemas:Schemas:

yy Cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledgeCognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledgea ou a g ven concep or s mu us eve ope rouga ou a g ven concep or s mu us eve ope roug

experience.experience.OrOr

Structuresthatorganizeourknowledgeandassumptionsaboutsomethingandareusedforinterpretingandprocessinginformation.

yy Types of schemas:Types of schemas:

yy Self schemasSelf schemas-- schemaforoneselfyy Person schemasPerson schemas-- Schemataforotherpeopleyy -- yy PersonPerson--inin--situation schemassituation schemas-- Schemataforrolesoroccupations


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I n fo r m a t io n I n t e r p r e ta t io nI n fo r m a t io n I n t e r p r e ta t io n

yy Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli are grouped.Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli are grouped.

yy

People may interpret the same information differently orPeople may interpret the same information differently ormake different attributions about information.make different attributions about information.

I n fo r m a t io n R e t r ie va lI n fo r m a t io n R e t r ie va l

yyAttention and selection, organization, and interpretation areAttention and selection, organization, and interpretation are

art of memor .art of memor .

yy Information stored in memory must be retrieved in order toInformation stored in memory must be retrieved in order to

be used.be used.


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yy Thoughts.Thoughts.

yy

Feelings.Feelings.

..


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COMM ON P ER CEP TUAL DISTORTIONS/COMM ON P ER CEP TUAL DISTORTIONS/SH O R TSH ORT CUTSCUTS

St e r e o t yp e s o r p r o t o t yp e s

y Combines information based on the category or class

to which a erson situation or ob ect belon s.

y Strong impact at the organization stage.

.


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H a lo e ffec t s :

y Occur when one attribute of a person or situation isused to develop an overall impression of the individual

or situation.

y Likely to occur in the organization stage.

y Individual differences are obscured.

y Important in the performance appraisal process.


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Se lec t ive p e r cep t ion :

y

The tendency to single out those aspects of a situation,person, or object that are consistent with ones needs,

va ues, or a u es.

y Strongest impact is at the attention stage.

y counter the adverse impact of selective perception.


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P ro je c t i o n :

individuals.y Es eciall likel to occur in inter retation sta e.

y Projection can be controlled through a high degree of

self-awareness and empathy.


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Con t r a s t e f fec t s :Con t r a s t e f fec t s :

yy Occur when an individual is compared to other peopleOccur when an individual is compared to other people

on the same characteristics on which the others rankon the same characteristics on which the others rank

higher or lower.higher or lower.


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ATTRIBUTION TH EOR YATTRIBUTION TH EOR Y

yy FritzFritz HeiderHeider & H.H. Kelly are the contributors.& H.H. Kelly are the contributors.

yy Attribution theory is an attempt to determine whether anAttribution theory is an attempt to determine whether anindividuals behavior is internally or externally caused.individuals behavior is internally or externally caused.

yy Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation byAttribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by

focusing on how people attempt to:focusing on how people attempt to:

Understand the causes of a certain event.Understand the causes of a certain event.

ssess respons y or e ou comes o e even .ssess respons y or e ou comes o e even .

Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in theEvaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the..


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beunderthepersonalcontroloftheindividual.

y x erna ycause e av or sw awe mag ne esituation

forced

the

individual

to

do.

y Distinctiveness:Thedegreetowhichaperson

behaves

differently

in

different

situations.y Consistency:Thedegreetowhichapersonengagesin

sameatdifferenttimes.

y Consensus:Thedegreetowhichotherpeopleareen a in inthesamebehavior.


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ATTRIBUTION TH EOR YATTRIBUTION TH EOR YWhen individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it isWhen individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is

internally or externally caused.internally or externally caused.

observationobservation InterpretationInterpretation Attribution of causeAttribution of cause

ExternalExternalHH

InternalInternalLL

HH

ConsensusConsensusIndividual behaviorIndividual behavior

InternalInternalLL

InternalInternalHH

ExternalExternalLL

HH high Lhigh L-- LowLow


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Dis t inc t ivenessDis t inc t ivenessC o n s e n s u sC o n s e n s u s

Cons i s t encyCons i s t ency

Does this personDoes this personbehave inbehave inthis mannerthis manner

in other situationin other situation

Do other personDo other personBehave in theBehave in theSame manner?Same manner?

behavebehavein this samein this same

manner at othermanner at othertimes ?times ?

esesNoNo

HighHighConsistencyConsistencyNoNo

LowLow

LowLowConsensusConsensus

YesYesHi hHi h

LowLowDistinctivenessDistinctiveness

NONOHighHigh

AttributionAttribution

ExternalExternal

ConsensusConsensusDistinctivenessDistinctiveness AttributionAttribution


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SP ECIFI C AP P LICATION S IN OR GANI ZATION S:SP ECIFI C AP P LICATION S IN OR GANI ZATION S:

1.) Employment Interview1.) Employment Interview

2.) Performance Expectations2.) Performance Expectations

. er ormance va ua on. er ormance va ua on

4.) Employee Effort4.) Employee Effort


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1616..0101..20102010/ Reshmi Pillai/ OB/ Reshmi Pillai/ OB


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Organizational Behavior /Organizational Behavior /PerceptionPerception

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Organizational Behavior /Organizational Behavior /PerceptionPerception4141

Perception Class [Compatibility Mode]

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