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Rmqmu Hosmnao
Rmuon Nmlouo 6 Sme}og Rmuameoqon
Qoh rmunog oao nmlouo hoyo aon
emuoaoe , ai jono smeolion josyo
uohoq qiaoh jmnllmuklkqi smeoloionyonl `oin
Fkgn C Co`gk}n
Smeoloi joh`}h fosjoni aon ukgoni , yonl airmu`mnlhori amnlon oho` e}ai aon hmgmnaohjmuamho , jon}sio smfoh `ogiunyo oao`og s}oq} ruieoai , qmqori ruieoai ini j}`o*j}`o `meig
jmu}rohon rkqmnsi , yonl gou}s emuhmjeonl*qmu}s jmnmu}s }nq}h jmnfoai ruieoai yonl
smjr}uno aon jmncoroi q}f}on mhsisqmnsinyo . Iq}`og ronlli`on aon q}los jon}sio .Smg}e}nlon amnlon iq} aio aiemui goh*goh ososi , yoiq} goh*goh jon}sio smeoloi jon}sio
Aio qiaoh gonyo emugoh jmnll}nohon goh*gohnyo iq} , qmqori f}lo |ofie
jmnll}nohonnyo houmno gonyo smcouo amjihion aio aoroq jmnlmjeon q}los gia}rnyoaon jmncoroi q}f}on mhsisqmnsinyo .
]nq}h jmncoroi rmuhmjeonlon ruieoainyo yonl |ofou aon jm|}f}ahon hmsmfogqmuoon
insoni smrmn}gnyo , jon}sio qiaoh jmnc}h}ri aiuinyo smnaiui jm`oinhon jmjmu`}honsmsojonyo . Go` iq} emuouqi eog|o jon}sio gou}s so`inl jmjeonq} aon so`inl jm`mnlhori
K`mg smeoe iq} jon}sio |ofie aon f}lo emugoh }nq}h gia}r ao`oj g}e}nlon , rmulo}`on
aon hmufo sojo amnlon smsojonyo, eoih smcouo `mros jo}r}n smcouo qmqor ao`oj ihoqon*ihoqon yonl rmujonmnq . Go` iq} aiqonaoshon ao`oj Amh`ouosi ]nitmuso` Goh*goh Ososi
REE 6 Smqior kuonl jmjr}nyoi hm|ofieon qmugoaor josyouohoq aon gonyo ai siq} aio
aoroq jmnlmjeonlhon ruieoainyo smcouo jmuamho aon rmn}g .
K`mg smeoe iq} jon}sio smeoloi s}oq} hmgou}son jmjemnq}h emujocoj*jocoj hmsoq}on
sksio` oqo} josyouohoq . Ruio aon |oniqo jmnihog aon jmjemnq}h hm`}oulo , yoiq}
hmsoq}on sksio` aosou yonl ro`inl hmci` . Hm`}oulo oao`og hmsoq}on sksio` aosou yonl ro inl hmci` . Hm`}oulo oao`og hmsoq}on emuhm`kjrkh yonl o`ojiog aon aosou
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amjihion roso` ?4 oyoq 3 Amh`ouosi ]nitmuso` Goh*goh Ososi jon}sio qmusme}q . Kuonl
jmnaiuihon amso, hkqo , rukrinsi , rmuh}jr}`on , aolonl , k`og uolo , hmsmnion aon `oin
smeoloinyo .
Ohon qmqori hm`}oulo aon `oin*`oin hmsoq}on sksio` yonl emus}jemu roao hmjo}on emeos
jon}sio }nq}h gia}r emusojo aon emhmufo sojo, em`}j aoroq jmjmn}gi hme}q}gon*hme}q}gonnyo sm`mnlhornyo . Joho roao qinlhoq rmuhmjeonlon qmuqmnq} jon}sio
jmjmu`}hon hmsoq}on sksio` yonl `meig emsou , yonl jojr} jmnonloni smlo`o }u}son
emusojo }nq}h jmnfojin hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j ao`oj ouqi hmsmfogqmuoon jon}sio yonl`mnlhor eoli smj}o onllkqonyo . Hmsoq}on sksio` smu}ro iq} oao`og nmlouo . Kuonl
kuonl Ukjo|i h}nk jmnyme}qnyo Ums R}e`ico , ouqinyo }u}son oqo} hmrmnqinlon r}e`ic .
Smf}j`og kuonl emuloe}nl aon jmjemnq}h nmlouo }nq}h jmnfojin hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j,
yonl qiaoh aoroq ai|}f}ahon k`mg jmumho josinl*josinl jo}r}n hmsoq}on*hmsoq}onsksio` yonl `meig hmci` aon qmueoqos u}onl `iinlh}r smuqo fonlho}onnyo . Amnlon amjihion
nmlouo oao`og s}oq} hmgou}son ao`oj ouqi eog|o jon}sio gou}s jmjemnq}h nmlouo aon
gia}r smeoloi |oulonyo .
Gohihoq, Q}f}on aon Q}los Nmlouo
K`mg smeoe iq} nmlouo hiuonyo aoroq aieoqosi smeoloi s}oq} hmsoq}on sksio` oqo} kulonisosi
yonl jmnlonq}u aon jmnmuqiehon g}e}nlon*g}e}nlon onqouo rouo |oulonyo amnlon
hmh}osoon amji qmucoroinyo hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j. Yonl aijohs}a amnlon kulonisosiio`og smhm`kjrkh kuonl yonl amnlon rmjeolion q}los aon hmufo sojo jmnlmfou s}oq}
q}f}on emusojo . @m|oq rmjeolion q}los iq} smqior onllkqonyo jmjr}nyoi q}los qmuqmnq}
ao`oj uonlho hmsm`}u}gon , yonl eioso aisme}q d}nlsi . Hmufo sojo amji qmucoroinyoq}f}on emusojo iq} rmuqojo*rmuqojo aifojin amnlon oaonyo rmjeolion q}los yonl fm`os
aon qmuouog roao q}f}on emusojo iq} , aon hma}o amnlon oaonyo rijrinon yonl
jmjemuihon eijeinlon , jm`oh}hon hkkuainosi hmlioqon*hmlioqon rouo onllkqo aonjmnloaohon rmnlo|oson olou smlo`o sms}oq} emufo`on amnlon eoih aon josinl*josinl
onllkqo jmnaoroqhon eolion yonl |ofou ao`oj emeon aon gosi` }sogo emusojo . Smqior
kulonisosi jmjr}nyoi r}c}h rijrinon yonl aismuoghon hmroao smkuonl oqo}smhm`kjrkh rmq}los qmuqinlli . Ao`oj kulonisosi nmlouo r}c}h rijrinon iq} oao`og
rmjmuinqog ao`oj ouqi yonl `}os . Q}losnyo io`og jmnloq}u olou kulonisosi amnlon
eolion*eolionnyo emufo`on amnlon `oncou aon jmnlmfou q}f}onnyo amnlon couo yonl qmroq
aon mdisimn .
Sm`onf}qnyo nmlouo jmnloq}u aon jmnmuqiehon g}e}nlon*g}e}nlon onqouo rouo |oulonyo
amnlon hmh}osoon . Nmlouo oao`og s}oq} kulonisosi hmh}osoon aon josyouohoq yonlemusonlh}qon oao`og josyouohoq hmh}osoon . ]nq}h jmnfojin qmucoroinyo hmsmfogqmuoon
}j}j , nmlouo aoroq jmjohso rouo |oulonyo , yoiq} jmnll}nohon hmhmuosoon disih
smfo}g rmu`} , olou rmuoq}uon*rmuoq}uon aon hmr}q}son*hmr}q}sonnyo ai`ohsonohon .
Ohon qmqori nmlouo e}hon`og q}f}on . Smrmuqi hmsoq}on*hmsoq}on sksio` `oin , nmlouo oao`og
}nq}h hmrmnqinlon rouo |oulonyo . Q}f}on nmlouo s}aog eouonl qmnq} `meig aouiroao
hmrmnqinlon*hmrmnqinlon rouo |oulonyo ao`oj ouqi eog|o q}f}onnyo iq} io`og
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hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j sm`}u}g eonlso. Noj}n e}hon`og }naonl*}naonl , `mjeolo
`mjeolo , hmjof}on i`j} rmnlmqog}on aon hme}aoyoon yonl jmnfoai qiqih qk`oh aon
q}f}on nmlouo , jm`oinhon jon}sio amnlon jouqoeoqnyo , q}f}on*q}f}onnyo , hme}q}gon*hme}q}gon aon q}los*q}losnyo . Qioao hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j sm`oin hmsmfogqmuoon `mnlhor
kuonl*kuonl . Jmjof}hon hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j qoh `oin io`og jmjof}hon rmuhmjeonlon
kuonl*kuonl iq} aon jmninlhoqhon gouhoq jmumho . Nmlouo jmnl}sogohon hknaisi eoihaon jmninlhoqhon gouhoq jmumho . Nmlouo jmnl}sogohon hknaisi eoih yonl airmu`}hon
rouo |oulonyo }nq}h jm|}f}ahon rmuhmjeonlon aiui aon eohoq*eohoq jmumho smrmn}g
j}nlhin .
]ns}u*}ns}u hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j iq} ai soq} rigoh io`og aigkujoqinyo goh*goh kuonl*
kuonl oqo} hmrosqion g}h}j aon ai `oin rigoh qmusmaionyo eouonl*eouonl aon foso*foso
hme}q}gon gia}r eoli smj}o onllkqo josyouohoq aon nmlouo oqo} hmjohj}uon }j}j .Ao`oj uonlho iq} nmlouo nmlouo gou}s jmnmlohhon g}h}j aon hmoai`on ai soq} rigoh
aon jmnfojin olou eouonl*eouonl aon foso*foso qmusme}q eoli smj}o ai `oin rigoh .
Smrmuqi hiqo `igoq ai oqos , nmlouo e}hon`og q}f}on qmqori smeoloi hmsoq}on ruieoai*ruieoaiaio oao`og souono }nq}h jmjeonq} rouo |oulonyo aon jm`mnlhori jmumho amnlon go`*go`
yonl qiaoh aoroq ai}sogohon k`mg jmumho josinl*josinl smcouo sm|ofounyo . Nmlouooao`og }nq}h jmnloeai roao hmrmnqinlon uohyoq . Ohon qmqori f}lo e}hon q}los nmlouo
}nq}h jmnonloni smlo`o }u}son uohyoq , smginllo uohyoq qiaoh rmu`} emue}oq sms}oq} aon
jmnonqihon smlo`o sms}oq} aoui nmlouo . Q}los nmlouo oao`og s}esiamu , jmjemuihon
s}esiai}j oqo} eonq}on hmroao kuonl*kuonl yonl qiaoh jojr} jmjmn}gi hme}q}gon*hme}q}gon jmumho smnaiui sm|ofounyo . Oro yonl aoroq aihmufohon k`mg kuonl*kuonl aon
hmsoq}on*hmsoq}on yonl `meig hmci` smrmuqi hm`}oulo , josyouohoq amso , rmu}sogoon*
rmu}sogon s|osqo aon `oin smeoloinyo qiaoh rmu`} aiqonloni k`mg nmlouo . Q}los nmlouooao`og smhmaou jmjeonq} aon jm`mnlhori emueoloi hmh}uonlon kuonl*kuonl aon
hm`kjrkh*hm`kjrkh yonl `meig hmci` qmusme}q .
Onqouo `oin nmlouo jm`oh}hon q}los s}esiaimunyo amnlon jmuonlsonl hmlioqon*hmlioqon
uohyoq , jmnl}sogohon hsmijeonlon aon hkkuainosi onoqouo lk`knlon*lk`knlon ,
jmjemuihon rmny}`}gon aon eijeinlon , jm`oh}hon rmnlo|oson aon `oin smeoloinyo .Nmlouo yonl smgoq jmjmu`}hon kuonl*kuonl aon hm`kjrkh*hm`kjrkh yonl jojr}
emuqinaoh aon emu}sogo oqos aoyo humosi aon ruohouso jmumho smnaiui . K`mg smeoe iq}
q}los }qojo nmlouo io`og jmuonlsonl aon jmjeino rouo |oulonyo olou jmnlmjeonlhon
aiui aon rkqmnsi*rkqmnsi jmumho. Eonq}on yonl aiemuihon gmnaohnyo rmuqojo*qojoemuq}nf}on }nq}h jmj}nlhinhon rouo |oulo nmlouo `ojeoq*`o}n jmnk`knl aiui smnaiui
aon emuaiui ai oqos hohi smnaiui . Rumsiamn Ojmuiho Smuihoq Oeuogoj @inck`n rmunog
jm`}hishon q}los s}esiaimu nmlouo iq} . Sosouon `mliqij rmjmuinqog io`og jm`oh}hon eolijosyouohoq eouonl oro gou}s ai`oh}hon qmqori josyouohoq qiaoh aoroq jm`oh}honnyo
sojo smho`i oqo} qiaoh smeoih iq} amnlon hmjojr}on kuonl josinl*josinl. Amnlon
smlo`o sms}oq} yonl aoroq ai`oh}hon kuonl josinl*josinl rmjmuinqog qiaoh ek`mg q}u}nqonlon .
Emuaosouhon rmuonon s}esiaimu nmlouo iq} qmuaoroq eonyoh rmuemaoon ao`oj umo`isosi
q}f}on nmlouo . Rmuonon nmlouo iq} aoroq emsou aoroq hmci` sms}oi amnlon hmjojr}on
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uohyoq josinl*josinl . Oroei`o uohyoq qm`og jof} aon jojr} jmnlmjeonlhon
hmgia}ronnyo ao`oj eiaonl mhknkji , sksio` , hme}aoyoon , aon `oin*`oin , rmuonon
nmlouo ohon emuh}uonl , smaonlhon ai nmlouo j}ao yonl smaonl emuhmjeonl rmuonon iq}eiosonyo emsou .
Hkjrmqmnsi Nmlouo
Aoui gohihoq , q}f}on aon q}los nmlouo qmusme}q ai oqos aoroq aisijr}`hon eog|o nmlouoqiaoh jogo h}oso qmqori qmueqos hmh}osoon aon hkjrqmnsinyo , yoiq} qmueoqos roao
rm`ohsonoonyo u}losnyo . Smrmuqi ai}uoihon ai oqos , nmlouo aijohs}a }nq}h jmjof}hon
hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j eoih joqmuio` jo}r}n sriuiq}o` yonl emusidoq qmjrkiuo` eoli sm`}u}g
uohyoq . Nmlouo oao`og }nq}h jm`oyoni rouo |oulonyo amnlon jmnfojin olou smj}oaoroq jmnihjoqi goh*goh jmumho amnlon ojon ' qmlohnyo g}h}j aon hmoai`on ) ,
qmujos}h goh*goh jmumho }nq}h jmnaoroqhon eouonl*eouonl aon foso*foso hme}q}gon
gia}r smrmu`}nyo , smginllo jmumho aoroq jmnlmjeonlhon aiui smuqo rkqmnsi*rkqmnsi
jmumho aon jm|}f}ahon hmsmfogqmuoon `ogiu eoqin jmumho . Aio jmnfo`onhon q}losnyo iq}qmu}qojo amnlon jmncirqohon hknaisi*hknaisi aon qmuqie ai jono smj}onyo iq} j}nlhin .
Hmh}osoon nmlouo aijohs}a }nq}h jmnloq}u hmh}oqon*hmh}oqon sksio` aon jmnlouoghonjmumho roao hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j . Smeoloi rm`ina}nl goh*goh rouo |oulonyo , nmlouo
jmjr}nyoi hmh}osoon rmn}g aon `onls}nl . Aio aoroq jmjohso |oulo nmlouo }nq}h
jmnlgkujoqi goh*goh smsojonyo aon jmjrmueoihi rm`onllouon*rm`onllouon amnlon
jmjemuihon umsqiq}si oqo} jmnfojin g}h}jon . Smeoloi rukjkqmu hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j,nmlouo hmh}osoonnyo gonyo`og hknaisikno` , qiaoh `onls}nl aon emusidoq jm`mnlhori .
K`mg smeoe iq} aio qiaoh eik`mg jm`oh}hon go`*go` yonl qiaoh rmu`} oqo} qiaoh e, yoiq}
smhiuonyo |oulo*|oulonyo qm`og jojr} jm`oh}honnyo smnaiui oqo} smhiuonyo qinaohonnmlouo qmusme}q ohon jm`onllou goh*goh |oulonyo . Amnlon amjihion nmlouo aoroq aon
|ofie jmnloaohon inqmutmnsi , qmqori goh ini aieoqosi k`mg osos s}esiaiousiqos .
Ao`oj uonlho iq} nmlouo jmje}oq }naonl*}naonl aon jm`ohsonohonnyo smuqo
jmnlg}h}j rm`onllou*rm`onllounyo . Sm`onf}qnyo aio jmnodsiuhon }naonl*}naonl aon
jmn}onlhonnyo `mig `onf}q ao`oj qinaohon*qinaohon hmeifohsonon . ]naonl*}naonljmu}rohon souono }qojo nmlouo }nq}h jmjof}hon hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j . Ao`oj }naonl*
}naonl iq} nmlouo jmjeoqosi smcouo qmurmuinci goh*goh rouo |oulonyo smeoloi jon}sio
aon |oulo nmlouo , smuqo jmnmqorhon jmhonisjm }nq}h jmnfojin olou goh*goh iq}
aigkujoqi . Sm`oin iq} ao`oj }naonl*}naonl nmlouo jmjeoqosi qinaohon*qinaohon yonlgou}s ai oh}hon aon `ouonlon*`ouonlon amji hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j. Nmlouo aoroq
jmnmlohhon rm`ohsonoon }naonl*}naonlnyo amnlon jmnmqorhon sohsi*sonhsi aon
jmnll}nohon hmhmuoson }nq}h jm`ohsonohonnyo. Qmqori f}squ} houmno iq} hkjrmqmnsinyoqmueoqos . Nmlouo gonyo aoroq jmnl}osoi qmuqie `ogiu yonl jmnloq}u qinaohon*qinaohon
`ogiu smfo}g qinaohon*qinaohon iq} jmnyonlh}q goh*goh aon hmrmnqinlon*hmrmnqinlon
kuonl `oin aon josyouohoq . Eoqin oqo} goqi jon}sio oao`og ai `}ou fonlho}on aonhkjrmqmnsinyo . JocItmu jmu}j}shon hmemnouon ini . E}hon sofo houmno sidoq
}nitmuso`nyo qmqori `meig houmno rohsooon sonhsinyo , }naonl*}naonl nmlouo qmueoqos
hkjrmqmnsinyo . Ohou hmqooqon roao }naonl*}naonl e}hon`og rohsoon qmqori hmjo}on
}nq}h qooq 8 noj}n }naonl*}naonl jmnlojei` emnq}h s}oq} rmuinqog. K`mg smeoe iq} aio
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gonyo aoroq jmnloq}u qmuqie `ogiu josyouohoq . Hmhmuosonnyo gonyo aoroq aiqmuorhon
roao smli `ogiu qinlhog `oh} .
Nmlouo aon Iamk`kli
Smeoloi s}oq} kulonisosi hmjosyouohoqon , nmlouo gonyo aoroq aihmj}aihon smcouo
qmuouog aon mdisimn oroei`o oao lojeouon fm`os qmnqonl gohihoq , q}f}on , aosou aon
s}s}nonnyo . Jmumho yonl emuq}los jmny}s}n }naonl*}naonl aosou yonl ohon jmnfoai`onaoson aon rmakjon nmlouo , gou}s jmjr}nyoi hknsmrsi aosou yonl fm`os qmnqonl
nmlouo aon q}f}onnyo smuqo qmjroq |oulo nmlouo ai ao`ojnyo . Hknsmrsi aosou iq} ohon
jmnfoai `onaoson aon rmakjon eoli rmjemnq}hon squ}hq}u nmlouo aon rm`ohsonoon q}los
rmjmuinqog ao`oj ouqi yonl `}os jo}r}n smjriq , eoli rouqisirosi uohyoq , aon eoli hmufosojo onqouo rmjmuinqog smeoloi rijrinon aon uohyoq smeoloi yonl airijrin . Amnlon
rmuhoqoon `oin rouo rmnaiui nmlouo aon rmny}s}n hknsiq}sinyo gou}s jmjr}nyoi s}oq}
iamk`kly nmlouo smeoloi aosou aon rmakjon nmlouo yonl aieeonl}n . Rmnamh hoqo , olou
aoroq emud}nlsi smcouo mdisimn nmlouo gou}s jmjr}nyoi s}oq} iamk`kl ' Airky}ak ,?971 6 3 9 )
Smcouo }j}j , iamk`kli j}nlhin aoroq aiouqihon smeoloi s}oq} ronaonlon oqo} sisqmj
ni`oi yonl jmnym`}u}g aon jmnao`oj yonl air}nyoi aon airmlonl k`mg s}oq} josyouohoq
qmnqonl eoloijono couo yonl smeoihnyo , yoiq} smcouo jkuo` aionllor emnou aon oai` ,
jmnloq}u qinlhog `oh} jmumho emusojo ao`oj emueoloi smli hmgia}ron a}nio|i jmumho .Ohon qmqori , smeoloijono hiqo hmqog}i , ao`oj umo`iqonyo s}oq} josyouohoq jmjr}nyoi
emueoloi jocoj hm`kjrkh hmrmnqinlon yonl ai`ogiuhon k`mg oaonyo rmuemaoon
rmuemaoon sksio`, mhknkji , olojo oqo} mnqog oro `oli . Josinl*josinl hm`kjrkh sksio`ini eiosonyo jmjr}nyoi r}`o ronaonlon oqo} sisqmj ni`oi qmuqmnq} yonl jmumho rmlonl
smeoloi `onaoson ao`oj }sogo jmumho }nq}h jmjof}hon hmrmnqinlon*hmrmnqinlon
jmumho yonl srmsidih . Ronaonlon oqo} sisqmj ni`oi yonl smrmuqi ini j}nlhin aoroqaionllor smeoloi s}eiamk`kli . Ai sini iamk`kly qojroh smeoloi rmnfm`joon aoui s}oq}
gosi` hknsmns}s emusojo aoui emueoloi hm`kjrkh oqo} lk`knlon hmrmnqinlon .
Ho`o} fo`on rmjihiuon ini hiqo ih}qi, smqiaohnyo oao qilo aijmnsi iamk`kli . Rmuqojo ,
rmncmujinon umo`iqo yonl gia}r ao`oj josyouohoq ai jono io j}nc}` e}oq rmuqojo
ho`inyo , ro`inl h}uonl umo`iqos roao sooq*sooq hm`ogiunyo . Amnlon hoqo `oin, iamk`kly
jmu}rohon lojeouon qmnqonl smfo}g jono s}oq} josyouohoq emugosi` jmjogoji aiuinyosmnaiui 8 Hma}o, hmjojr}on jmjemuihon gouoron hmroao emueoloi hm`kjrkh , oqo}
lk`knlon yonl oao ao`oj josyouohoq }nq}h jmjr}nyoi hmgia}ron emusojo smcouo `meig
eoih aon }nq}h jmjeonl}n s}oq} joso amron yonl `meig cmuog .8 Hmqilo , jmncmujinhonhmjojr}on s}oq} iamk`kly ao`oj jmrmnlou}gi aon smho`il}s jmnyms}oihon aiui amnlon
rmuq}je}gon oqo} rmuhmjeonlon josyouohoqnyo . Jmjrmnlou}gi emuouqi ih}q jm|ounoi
ruksms rmuhmjeonlon iq} , smaonlhon jmnyms}oihon aiui emuouqi eog|o josyouohoq emugosi` jmnmj}hon inqmurumsqosi*insiqmurumsqosi eou} qmugoaor ni`oi*ni`oi aosou oqo}
rkhkh aoui iamk`kly iq} sms}oi amnlon umo`iqo*umo`iqo eou} yonl j}nc}` aon jmumho
goaori . ' O`dion , ?9
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Rmuhmjeonlon Hkj}niqos Rk`iqih
Jmn}u}q rouo ohmk`kli aon smfouog , sm`ojo f}qoon qog}n smfoh hmj}nc}`onnyo ai e}ji*jon}sio qiaoh jmnlmno` nmlouo . Hme}q}gon ohon oaonyo s}oq} rmnlkulonisosion
hmgia}ron hmjosyouohoqon k`mg squ}hq}u hg}s}s smrmuqi nmlouo eou} qije}` sms}aog
jon}sio jmnmj}hon qmhnih emuckckhqonoj , qinllo` jmnmqor ai s}oq} qmjroq aon j}`oijmnlmjeonlhon rmj}hijon yonl hmj}aion jmnfoai hkqo*hkqo rmuqojo ai a}nio . Iq}
hiuo*hiuo roao qog}n
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Qmqori rmnlmjeonlon squ}hq}u rk`iqih josyouohoq yonl gia}r aoui emue}u} aon smhmaou
jmnl}jr}hon johonon aoui o`oj sonloq qmuoeqos . Eoghon hm`kjrkh*hm`kjrkh yonl
airmuqo`ihon k`mg ihoqon*ihoqon hmq}u}non aon eogoso yonl sojor}n , smaihiq smho`i r}nyo|ohq} }nq}h emuh}jr}`. Ao`oj hm`kjrkh emsou , jiso`nyo }nq}h rmsqo rmuho|inon ,
}rocouo*}rocouo hmolojoon , aon smeoloinyo . Qmqori hmqiho rmusmaion johonon goeis
jmumho emurmncou hmjeo`i jos}h hm g}qon . G}e}nlon rk iqih yonl `knllou ini ogrmnymeoe }qojo hmqiaohjojr}on jmumho }nq}h emusoq} aon smcouo mdmhqid jm`o|on
smue}on aoui hm`kjrkh josyouohoq `oin yonl `meig eonyoh jmji`ihi s}ur`}s mhknkji .
Qonro s}ur`}s mhknkji jmumho jmumho qiaoh jojr} jmjeonl}n kulonisosi }nq}hjmnlmjeonlhon hmgia}ron josyouohoqnyo aon jmjrmuqogonhonnyo aoui hmgonc}uon
k`mg lonll}on aoui ao`oj jo}r}n aoui `}ou .
S}ur`}s mhknkji yonl c}h}r emsou ao`oj emnq}h sijronon eogon johonon eou} aoroqaicirqohon hmqiho josyouohoq j}`oi jmnlmno` couo emuckckh qonoj aon rmuqmunohon ,
hiuo*hiuo =222 qog}n yonl `o`} . S}ur`}s mhknkji ini`og yonl jmj}nlhinhon
rmnlkulonisosionnyo josyouohoq smcouo `meig qmuoq}u aon rmncirqoon squ}hq}u rk`iqih eou}
yonl hmj}aion emuhmjeonl jmnfoai nmlouo . Rmuonl jmnfoai hmlioqon yonljmnl}nq}nlh`on , yoiq} }nq}h jmuojros s}ur`}s yonl aiji ihi hm`kjrkh `o|on .
Rmnl}osoon oqos hm`kjrkh `oin jmjrmuk`mg johno mhknkjis . Hmjmnonlon rmuonljmnlgosi`hon eouonl uojroson aon qo|onon . Jmjeiouhon qo|onon }nq}h qmqor gia}r
aon jmjohso jmumho emhmufo qmunyoqo `meig jmnl}nq}nlhon aouiroao jmje}n}g
jmumho, houmno amnlon emliq} si rmjmnonl aoroq jmnouih }rmqi smcouo emuho`o . ]rmqi
smcouo emuho`o ini hmj}aion emuhmjeonl jmnfoai smjocoj rofoh . Aon rofgoh ini`ogaosou mhknkji aoui rmjemnq}hon nmlouo .
Hkqo*hkqo ai `mjeog s}nloi Qiluis aon s}nloi M}duoq ai Qij}u Qmnlog aon ai OjmuihoQmnlog jmnfoai ciho` eoho` nmlouo hkqo . Io ao`oj jmncoui nodhog qiaoh qmulonq}nl roao
rmnlm`k`ogon qonog , qmqori gia}r aoui }rmqi yonl aiaoroq aoui rmamsoon aon aoui
rmuaolonlon amnlon amso*amso iq} oqo} amnlon josyouohoq*josyouohoq `oin . J}nc}`nyonmlouo hkqo oao`og o|o` aoui j}nc}`nyo rmuoaoeon . Roao sooq iq} j}nc}` g}h}j yonl
smuoloj , yonl jm`ina}nli |oulonmlouo . G}h}j jmjeoqosi qinaoh rmje}n}gon onqou
ruieoai jo}r}n onqou hm`kjrkh aon jm`ina}nli goh ji`ih . Rk`isi aon qmnqouo yonlaie}q}ghon }nq}h jmnfojin rm`ohsonoon g}h}j aon rmnouihon rofoh f}lo r}nyo d}nlsi
`oin . Jmumho jmu}rohon qmnqouo yonl jmnlmjeonlhon qmhnk`kli rmrmuonlon yonl eiso
airohoi }nq}h jm`ina}nli |oulo josyouohoq aoui s}h}*s}h} eonlso yonl josig
emurinaog*rinaog aon aoui nmlouo hkqo yonl `oin .
Hme}q}gon jmjrmuqogonhon aiui aoui smuonlon j}s}g aoui `}ou . Ini jmnakuknl
rmnlloe}nlon ememuoro nmlouo hkqo . Jiso`nyo , rmnlloe}nlon emueoloi nmlouo hkqoY}noni }nq}h jmnmnqonl hmh}oqon Rmusio . Hmh}oqon loe}nlon iq} smnaiui hmj}aion
emuhmjeonl jmnfoai rmnlm`kjrkhon yonl sonloq emsou aon j}nc}`nyo hmhoisouon ,
jiso`nyo hmhosoiuon Ukjo|i Hmhsoiuon Ukjo|i j}`o*j}`o j}nc}` amnlon smjonloqamjkhuosi aon emuemnq}h umr}e`ih , qmqori roao ohgiunyo yonl hmj}aion jmu}sohhon
Ukjo|i aoui ao`oj . Qmuku jmncirqohon hmumsogon aon jmjmcog*em`og sk`iaouiqos ai
ho`onlon rmnl}oso . Ohgiunyo roao oeoa hm = hmhhoisouon iq} qmurmcog*rmcog aon
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j}nc}``og }niq*}niq rk`iqih yonl qmurmcog*rmcog, yonl hmj}aion amnlon sme}qon nmlouo
dm}ao` .
Sisqmj dm}ao` yonl qmurmcog*rmcog aon `knllou iq} qiaoh ais}hoi k`mg uofo*uofo yonl
emuojeisi smnquo`isosi hmh}osoon . Roao oeoa ?4 ai Mukro , uofo*uofo yonl go}s hmh}osoon
jmnmj}hon smh}hq} ai ho`onlon hm`os jmnmnlog . Jkqitosi*jkqitosi josinl*josinlao`oj emnq}h hmufosojo ini rosqi emuemao . Sonl uofo emuq}f}on jmjrmuemsou |i`oyog
hmh}osoonnyo, smaonl sonl rmnl}sogo emuq}f}on rosou yonl emeos aon `meig `}os . Uofo*
uofo yonl emuojeisi smnquo`isosi ini emugosi` jm|}f}ahon hminlinonyo , smginllo j}nc}``oli hmuofoon*hmuofoon h}oq emusidoq ainosqih roao oeoa hm ?< aon ?7 . Hknsmh}nmsi aoui
hmemugosi`on oao`og |i`oyog yonl gou}s ai}u}s foai `meig `}os , rmna}a}h yonl gou}s
aioq}u `meig eonyoh aon rmhmufoon rmjmuinqog foai `meig u}jiq aon `meig eonyoh fmnisnyo .
D}nlsi*d}nlsi eou} j}nc}` aon jmn}nq}q squ}hq}u*squ}hq}u eou} Oaonyo squ}hq}u eoui}ini`og yonl jmnakuknl aidmumnsiosi squ}cq}uo` `meig `onf}q aon jmnakuknl quonsdkujosi
hmo uog j}nc}`nyo nmlouo jkamun . ' Joskma aon Nosih}n , ?97< 6 12 =4 )
Hmh}osoon nmlouo yonl oesk`}q
Qmkui hknquoh sksio` oqo} qmkui rmufonfion josyouohoq emuonlloron eog|o nmlouo
aiemnq}ih emuaosouhon rmufonfion*rmufonfion josyouohoq . Qmkui ini oao`og so`og soq} qmkui
yonl qmurmnqinl jmnlmnoi oso` }s}` nmlouo .
G}lk am Lukkq ' ?=73 ?41= )
Jmnlmnoi qije}`nyo nmlouo, smeoloijono f}lo rmnlon}q o`iuon g}h}j o`oj , Lukqi}s
jmnloqohon eog|o nmlouo iq} oao houmno aism`mnllouohon s}oq} rmufonfion , houmno qonro
nmlouo kuonl qiaoh aoroq jmnym`ojoqhon aiui amnlon eoih .Smem`}j oao nmlouo ,hmgia}ron uohyoq hoco} houmno smqior emeos }nq}h jm`oh}hon oro sofo sms}oi amnlon
hmgmnaohnyo . Aoui rmusmq}f}on iq} `ogiu`og hmh}osoon }nq}h jmjmuinqog . Hmh}osoon
qmuqinlli }nq}h jmjmuinqog ini ainojohon hmao}`oqon . Io airmlonl k`mg kuonl yonl qiaohq}na}h roao hmh}oson kuonl `oin , smginllo io qiaoh aoroq ailonll} l}loq k`mg hmjo}on
jon}sio . . Nmlouo oao`og emuao}`oq Sirmji`ih hmao}`oqon j}nlhin qmuaiui aoui soq} kuonl
oqo} `meig , yonl aiq}nf}h k`mg uohyoq ' Scgjia , ?94= 6 ?
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jmuoso qoh}q . Iq}`og ruinsir ai oqosnyo Gkeems jmjeonl}n nmlouonyo yonl smcouo qmlos
aisme}qnyo@mtioqgon .
Loloson aosou di`sodoq nmlouo Gkeems oao`og , eog|o nmlouo gou}s '?) h}oq qonro qonainl
smginllo aoroq jmjosqihon , smrmu`}nyo jmjohsohon , hmqooqon rouo onllkqo josyouohoq
qmugoaor rmuoq}uon*rmqou}qonnyo aon '5) nmlouo gou}s jmnmqorhon s}oq} qoqonon g}h}jqmnqonlnyo emu`oh}, eog|o smqior kuonl yonl qiaoh jmnqooqinyo , ohon aig}h}j joqi .
Amnlon amjihion jon}sio ohon qmqor emuoao roao fo`}u yonl emq}` amnlon qmuqie , houmno
nods}*nods} yonl hoco}} aon osksio` aiijeonli k`mg hmqoh}qon ohon hmjoqion oroei`o iojmnlih}qinyo . Smaonlhon kuonl yonl gia}r sms}oi amnlon }naonl*}naonl , aoroq gia}r
amnlon qmnquoj aon emeos aoui uoso qoh}q .
Qmqori s}royo oncojon nmlouo iq} emq}`*emq}` airmucoyoi kuonl, smqior hmj}nlhinon}nq}h noih eonainl jm`o|on }naonl*}naonl nmlouo gou}s aisinlhiuhon . Amnlon hoqo
`oin , nmlouo Gkeems gou}s oesk`}q sidoqnyo . Emeos aoui hm|ofieon }nq}h jmjemui
rmuqonll}nlfo|oeon hm jono r}n nmlouo jmnmuorhon }naonl*}naonl amnlon gonyo
emurmakjon roao smli mdisimnsi sksio` , Jm`o|on }naonl*}naonl nmlouo kuonl qiaoh eisonoih eonainl . \oulo nmlouo qiaoh jmji`ihi goh oro r}n qmugoaor nmlouo ,jm`oinhon
smj}o goh yonl aji ihinyo , aiji ihi jm`o`}i nmlouo , jm`o`}i }naonl*}naonl .
Ao`oj nmlouo Gkeems , g}h}j jmuofo amnlon j}q`oh .S}oq} rmjeoqoson hmh}osoon
emuaosouhon G}h}j Hkauoq oqo} ruinsir*ruinsir jkuo` amnlon amjihion qiaoh j}nlhin
Hmh}osoon gonyo gou}s airmuqonll}nlfo|oehon qmugoaor aiuinyo smnaiui . Soq}*soq}nyormjeoqosoeeqo oao`og fmrmnqinlon emu`onls}nlnyo smnaiui . Onaoihoqo nmlouo emuqinaoh
emuqmnqonlon amnlon }naonl*}naonlon , foai amnlon g}h}jnyo smnaiui , io ohon
jmnlgi onlhon jkqitosi rouo |oulo nmlouo }nq}h emusihor qooq hmroaonyo ' S}smnk ,5222 6 ?2 ?5 )
L\D Gmlm` ' ?
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Amnlon amjihion , q}f}on aoui lmuoh smfouog oao`og aifm`johonnyo josyouohoq jon}sio
yonl smjr}uno . Smfouog jmu}rohon so`inl qinaoh oqo} inqmuohsi onqouo iam }nitmuso`
qmusme}q amnlon hmnyoqoon smgoui*goui yonl ohq}o` . Amnlon amjihion, oro yonl oaosmhouonl e}hon`og sme}og hmnyoqoon yonl smaonl emuruksms jmnfoai sms}oq} yonl `oin ,
jmnfoai sme}og hmnyoqoon yonl smaonl emuruksms jmnfoai sms}oq} yonl `oin , jmnfoai
sme}og hmnyoqoon yonl iamo` .
Ruksms ini aoroq hiqo `igoq , jiso`nyo roao sme}og eifi jonllo yonl smaonl q}je}g
jmnfoai rkgkn jonllo . Emnq}h iamo` oqo} smjr}ueno aoui sme}og eifi jonllo oao`ogq}f}on ohgiunyo , yohni jmnfoai rkgkn jonllo . Eifi qmusme}q qiaoh aoroq aihoqohon
rkgkn jonllo , qmqori qiaoh f}lo eiso aiinlhoui eog|o aio ohon jmnfoai rkgkn jonllo .
Aio oao`og rkgkn jonllo , qmqori smho`il}s f}lo e}hon rkgkn jonllo . ]f}nl aoui
ruksms smfouog jonllo ini oao`og j}nc}`nyo sme}og rkgkn jonllo . Rkgkn jonllooao`og q}f}on aoui ruksms qmusme}q , smrmuqi go`nyo josyouohoq jon}sio yonl smjr}uno
oao`og q}f}on aoui ruksms smfouog }joq jon}sio . Aio`mhqiho onqouo oao 'eifi jonllo ) aon
qioao ' rkgkn jonllo yonl em`}j oao ) aifm`johon ao`oj ruksms jmnfoai ' ruksms emuo`ig
hm rkgkn jonllo )
Ao`oj di`sodoq Gmlm` , smfouog emulmuoh hm s}oq} q}f}on ohgiu qmuqmnq} . Amnlon amjihion , ruksms smfouog emusidoq amqmujinisqih , ouqinyo , q}f}onnyo ss}aog qmuqmnq} . Smfouog
jmu}rohon ruksms hmgia}ron jon}sio }nq}h jm`ogiuhon josyouohoq jon}sio yonl
smjr}uno ai }f}nl ruksms smfouog iq} . Josyouohoq yonl smhouonl e}hon`og jmu}rohoq
yonl iamo` ' houmno em`}j smjr}uno ) , qmqori aio oao`og josyouohoq jon}sio ' houmnoohon jmnfoai jon}sio smjr}uno qmnq}nyo ) . Hmoaoon hmgia}ron jon}sio ohon jmnfoai
`meig eoih smronfonl rmufo`onon smfouognyo .
]nq}h iq} aio jmjemui cknqkg . Ai fojon a}`} , gonyo oao soq} kuonl yonl emuh}oso ,
yohni ao`oj rmjmuinqogon jknouhi . Hmj}aion , ememuoro kuonl emuh}oso ao`oj sisqij
k`ilouhi . Smhouonl , aon ai hmj}aion goui , sisqmj sksio` rk`iqih yonl ohon j}nc}` aonjmnfoai `msqoui oao`og amjkhuosi ,hmqiho smj}o kuonl emuh}oso . Ini og josyouohoq
jon}sio yonl smjr}uno , yonl ohon jmnfm`jo ai }f}nl smfouog jon}sio . Amnlon
amjihion , smfouog smemnounyo emulmuoh hmouog rmjmuamhon jon}sio , ai jono sme}ogjosyouohoq yonl jmuamho aifm`johon .
Hmj}aion Gmlm` jmnyoqohon eog|o nmlouo jmu}rohon rmnfm`joon aoui iam yonl
}nitmuso` ini . Smaonlhon inaitia} jmu}rohon rmnfm`joon aoui yonl rouqih}`ou , ao`ojemnq}h hmrmnqinlon yonl smjriq . Nmlouo jmjrmuf}onlhon hmrmnqinlon yonl `meig emsou,
yohni jmumo`isosihon iam emsou yonl jmnfoai q}f}on aoui lmuoh smfouoh }joq jon}sio .
Nmlouo`og yonl ohon jmnfoai olmn smfouog }nq}h jmjeonq} jon}sio yonl smhouonl emuruksms jmnfoai jon}sio yonl eiso jmncirqohon josyouohoq yonl smjr}uno ai
hmj}aion goui . Hminlinon nmlouo jmu}rohon hminlinon }j}j }nq}h hmeoihon smj}o
kuonl . Houmno iq}`og , nmlouo gou}s airoq}gi .
Oqos aosou ini`og Gmlm` emurmnaoroq eog|o nmlouo jkamun jmji ihi goh }nq}h
jmjohsohon hminlinonnyo hmroao |oulonyo . Houmno nmlouo jm|ohi`i hminlinon }j}j
nmlouo jmu}rohon jonidmsqosi aoui sms}oq} yonl iamo` aon }nitmuso` . Amnlon jmjoq}gi
?2
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nmlouo , inaitia} yonl jmnfoai |oulo nmlouo qmusme}q smaonl aiemeoshon aoui
hmricihonnnyo yonl gonyo jmjrmuf}onlhon hmrmnqinlon aiuinyo yonl smjriq . Nmlouo
oao`og rmnfm`joon aoui hmjmuamhoon uosikno` , yonl jmnyoqohon aiuinyo ao`oj emnq}hyonl keymhqid . Houmno iq} , nmlouo oao ai oqos josyouohoq , `meig }qojo aon `meig qinlli
aouiroao josyouohoq yonl aieo|oginyo .' E}aijon , ?99< 6 ?1 ?< )
Hmh}osoon nmlouo yonl qmueoqos
Smfoh gojriu a}o uie} qog}n yonl `o`} s}aog qmusmaio f}lo qilo skhk l}u} di`sodoq nmlouo .
Rmuqojo , hmyohinon yonl roao gohmhoqonyo emusidoq um`ili}s , eog|o nmlouo qiaoh
emugoh }nq}h jmn}nq}q hmqooqon j}q`oh 6 jon}sio gou}s `meig qooq hmroao O``og aouiroao
hmroao jon}sio . Hma}o , eog|o nmlouo ao`oj jmnfo`onhon q}losnyo qmuihoq roao nkujo*nkujo mqis ai jono iam hmoai`on oao`og yonl ro`inl aosou . Hmqilo , eog|o hmh}osoon
nmlouo gou}s jmnlo`iu jm`o`}i fo`}u*fo`}u s}sq} sisqmj g}h}j .
Qgkjos O}inos ' ?55= ?5
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amji hmrmnqinlonnyo smnaiui , io jm`onllou rmufonfion . Amnlon amjihion rmufonfion ini
qiaoh emu`oh} `oli .
]nq}h jmncmlog qije}`nyo qiuonis ini hmh}osoon gmnaohnyo aioq}u smamjihion u}ro
smginllo uofo qiaoh jmji`ihi hmsmjroqon }nq}h jmnaiuihon rmjmuinqogon yonl amsrkqih .
Smho`il}s hmh}osoonnyo gou}s aieoqosi smamjihion u}ro smginllo uofo qiaoh j}aog aoroqjmnfoai qiuon ' S}smnk , 5222 6 4 < )
Fkgn @kchm ' ?435 ?
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`iemuo`isjm @kchm amnlon jmnmhonhon goh*goh inaitia} qmu}qojo goh ji`ih . Q}los
nmlouo oao`og jm ina}nli goh ji ih aon rofoh gou}s`og smjinijo` j}nlhin qonro
jmjrmua}`ihon hmsmfogqmuoon aon umsquie}si .Dumauuicg Goymh aon Ji`qkn Duimajonjm`igoq eog|o inqmutmnsi nmlouo jmu}rohon amoa gona yonl jmnl}uonli hkjrmqisi ,
mdisimnsi aon ruka}hqitiqos . Nm| Uilgqemurmnaoroq eog|o q}los nmlouo ao`oj eiaonl
mhknkji gonyo qmueoqos roao a}o d}nlsi 6 jmjrmuqogonhon souono rmuq}houon yonl sqoei`' ind`osi umnaog oqo} vmuk ) , aon jmninlhoqhon hkjrmqisi jm`o`}i rmnamnao`ion hmh}oqon
jknkrk`i , rmnmnq}on goulo aon `oin*`oin .
F.F . Uk}ssmo} ' ?
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Nmlouo 6 Jm`oyoni hmrmnqinlon sioro ;
Hou` Jouw ' ?7?7 ?773 )
.
Jmn}u}q Hou` Jouw nmlouo qiaoh jmnloeai hmroao hmrmnqinlon sm`}u}g josyouohoq ,jm`oinhon gonyo jm`oyoni hmrmnqinlon hm`os*hm`os sksio` qmuqmnq} sofo . Nmlouo smcouo
gohihi jmu}rohon o`oq ao`oj qonlon hm`os*hm`os oqos }nq}h jmjrmuqogonhon hma}a}hon
jmumho .. Ao`oj s}oq} josyouohoq yonl s}nll}g*s}nll}g jon}sio|i , yonl emeos aouirmnl}oson hm`os , nmlouo qiaoh jmjr}nyoi d}nlsi `oli
Foai nmlouo rmuqojo*qojo qiaoh emuqinaoh amji hmrmnqinlon }j}j , jm`oinhon amji
hmrmnqinlon hm`os*hm`os oqos . Nmlouo e}hon`og sonl |osiq yonl nmquo` yonl jm`muoirmusm`isigon*rmusm`isigon yonl qije}` ao`oj josyouohoq smcouo oai` smuqo jmnl}sogohon
hmsmfogqmuoon }j}j . Foai nmlouo qiaoh nmquo`, qmqori sm`o`} emurigoh .Nmlouo emuq}f}on
}nq}h jmjrmuqogonhon syouoq*syouoq hmgia}ron aon hmh}osoon hm`os emuh}oso qmugoaor
hm`os yonl aih}osi smcouo rohso . Joho hmeonyohon hmeifohon aoroq sofo emuqinaoh amjihmrmnqinlon sm`}u}g josyouohoq . Qmqori qinaohon ini r}n amji hmrmnqinlon hm`os oqos ,
houmno hm`os oqos r}n qiaoh aoroq jmjrmuqogonhon aiui , oroei`o hmgia}ron josyouohoq roao }j}jnyo qiaoh emufo`on . Ho`o} smho`i*smho i nmlouo jmnloaohon rmueoihon*
rmueoihon sksio` , go` iq} oao`og }nq}h jmnmnonlhon uohyoq aon }nq}h jmjem`khhon
rmugoqionnyo aoui q}nq}qon*q}nq}qon rmu}eogon yonl `meig d}naojmnqo` . Nmlouor}uo*r}uo
emuqinaoh oqos nojo hmsmfgoqmuoon sm`}u}g uohyoq , qmqori smemnounyo iq} gonyo siosoq}nq}h jmnlm`oe}i hm`os*hm`os rmhmufo .' S}smnk , ?999 6 ?52 ?5? )
Nmlouo gonyo aie}q}ghon roao rmuj}`oon sksio`isjm .Smeoloi `onlhog rmuqojo aiaiuihonaihqohq}u ruk`mqouioq , ai jono ho}j e}u}g jmjosqihon eog|o ho}j horiqo`is qiaoh aoroq
eonlhiq `oli . Sms}aog siso horiqo`is jm`me}u amnlon ho}j e}u}g , josyouohoq sm`}u}gnyo
gonyo qmuaiui aoui e}u}g sofo , foai s}aog qiaoh oao hm`os*hm`os yonl emuemao `oli . Siq}osiini roao rmuj}`oon jmjonl josig qonll}nl sm`ojo em`}j smj}o e}u}g
jmnlmjeonlhon hmquojr}`on*hmquojri`on aon hmcohoron*hmcohoron }nitmuso` yonl
aie}q}ghon olou rmjeolion hmufo , eionl hm`oai goh ji`ih ruieoai aoroq aioqosi . Eou}sms}aog iq} smqior kuonl aoroq emhmufo amnlon emeos aon humoqid . Ao`oj josyouohoq
hkj}nis , ai jono josinl*josinl kuonl qiaoh qmueoqos roao eiaonl hmlioqon mhsh`}sid ,
jm`oinhon aoroq jmncoroi hmcohoron ao`oj eiaonl oro r}n f}lo , josyouohoq jmnloq}u
ruka}hsi }j}j , amnlon iq} jmj}nlhinhon eog|o ini aihmufohon goui ini , iq} emskh ,roli goui emue}u} , sionl goui jmjoncinl ihon , skum goui jmjm`igouo qmunoh , sms}aog
johon jmnlmuqih .
Ini`og sooq ai jono*jono nmlouo o`oq rmninaos hm`os oqos qmugoaor hm`os eo|og , qiaoh
airmu`}hon houmno qiaoh oao `oli yonl aoroq aiqinaos . Nmlouo qiaoh aigor}s , io joqi
amnlon smnaiuinyo ' S}smnk , ?999 6 549 5
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ai eo|og @}is Eknorouqm , Jouw jm`igoq eog|o nmlouo jmnlojei` qinaohon*qinaohon
jm`o|on hmrmnqinlon ho}j ekuf}is . Joho qije}` joso`og , eoloijono o`oq eiso
jm`o|on q}onnyo ; Amnlon rmuhoqoon `oin , eoloijono eiso aifm`oshon oaonyo hmeifohonhmeifohon sme}og nmlouo horiqo`is yonl qiaoh sms}oi amnlon hminlinon ho}j horiqo`is iq}
smnaiui ;
Rmnm`iqion yonl `meig qmurmuinci qmugoaor nmlouo @k}is Eknorouqms ini jmjemuihon go`*go`
yonl eou} yonl jmnouih eoli Jouw . Oaoho`onyo , qmufoai s}oq} hmoaoon ai jono ho}j
horiqo`is yonl jmjihiuhon hm}nq}nlon fonlho rmnamh sofo , qiaoh soaou ohon hmh}oqonjmumho. Ho`o} hminlinon jmumho aiq}u}qi , oao hmj}nlhinon ho}j e}u}g jmjemuknqoh
Ohieoqnyo, e}hon sofo ho}j horiqo`is j}nlhin aigonc}uhon , qori f}lo sisqmj horiqo`is iq}
smnaiui . Houmno iq} , nmlouo horiqo`is yonl jmjihiuhon nosie sisqmj horiqo`isjm ao`oj
fonlho ronfonl , gou}s emuqinaoh jm`o|on hmricihon ronaonlon aouqi ho}j horiqo`is ini .Joho qmufoai`og oro yonl ainojohon smeoloi Nmlouo Eknorouqis , Nmlouo Eknoroumqis
oao`og nmlouo horiqo`is yonl jmnfoai jonaiui aoui ihoqon hmrmnqinlon `onls}nl aoui hm`os
yonl emuh}oso , amji jmnym`mjoqhon sisqmj horiqo`isjm smcouo hmsm`}u}gon . Nmlouo
Eknorouqis qmufoai houmno hmoaoon aou}uoq ai jono hm`os yonl emuh}oso oao ao`oj rksisiyonl `mjog jmnlgoaori oncojon hm`os yonl aimhsr`kiqosinyo .
Amnlon jm`oh}hon qinaohon*qinaohon yonl emuqmnqonlon amnlon hmrmnqinlon ho}j
horiqo is , joho Nmlouo Eknorouqis eiso jmnyoqohon eog|o aio jm|ohi i smj}o
lk`knlon aon emuqinaoh amji hmrmnqinlon josyouohoq smcouo hmsm`}u}gon . ,sms}aog
nmlouo jmnfoai h}oq hmjeo`i. Sms}aog hmoaoon aou}uoq `m|oq , eou} hmj}aion nmlouo eisojmnloeai `oli hmroao ho}j horiqo`is . Houmno iq} , smrmuqi yonl aihoqohon Jouw, Nmlouo
Eknorouqis oao`og soq}*soq}nyo emnq}h nmlouo yonl j}nlhin ao`oj s}oq} hmoaoon ai
jono ho}j ekuf}is s}aog aiho`oghon , aon ho}j e}u}g em`}j c}h}r h}oq }nq}hjmnl}osoi nmlouo .' E}aijon , ?975 6 9 ?2 )
Qori, hknsmr jmnlmnoi nmlouo Eknorouqis ini f}lo aionllor `mjog . Hknsmr ini josigao`oj hmuonlho rmjihiuon eog|o nmlouo josig smhmaou o`oq , jmshir}n e}hon o`oq aoui
ruieoai*ruieoai ho}j horiqo`is `oli , jm`oinhon o`oq aoui sms}oq} yonl `meig oesqouh 8
sisqmj . Qori qmqor aihmsonhon eog|o smohon*ohon oao smjocoj hkjr`kqon onoqouonmlouo amnlon ho}jh horiqo is . Ao`oj hmnyoqonnyo , rouo m`iq nmlouo jmnlojei`
hmr}q}son smcouo jonaiui, qonro rmu`} emuhkns}`qosi amnlon ho}j horiqo`is , aon f}lo
qiaoh amnlon hmsoaouon eog|o hmr}q}son*hmr}q}son iq} ohon jmnl}nq}nlhon sisqmj
horiqo`isjm . Jmumho jmnlojei` hmr}q}son emuaosouhon rmuqijeonlon*rmuqijeonlon rk`iqih , e}hon mhknkji . Qori jmjonl emnou f}lo eog|o ao`oj hmnyoqoonnyo ,
hmr}q}son*hmr}q}son nmlouo ao`oj josyouohoq horiqo`is smcouo hmsm`}u}gon sm`o`}
jmnl}nq}nlhon horiqo`isjm , eoih ho}jnyo jo}r}n sisqmjnyo . Joho qije}` rmusko`oneoloijono smemnunyo g}e}nlon onqouo rk`iqih aon mhknkji .
Ho}j R`}uo`is
Emuemao amnlon Jouwisjm , ho}j r`}uo`is jmnk`oh qmsis ho}j Jouwis yonl jmnyoqohon
eog|o nmlouo smhmaou o`oq aoui hm`os yonl akjinon . Qmqori jmumho smq}f} eog|o nmlouo
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roao aosounyo e}hon `mjeolo yonl rmnqinl , houmno qiaoh jonaiui . Hmeifohonnyo aioq}u
k`mg hmh}oqon ai `}ounyo .
Jmn}u}q ho}j R`}uo is , nmlouo jmu}rohon o`oq aoui josyouohoq . Ini og hmh}oqon
mhsqmuno` yonl jmnloq}u nmlouo . Qmqori emuemao amnlon Jouwisjm yonl jmnloqohon
eog|o josyouohoq aiakjinosi k`mg so`og soq} hm`os , ho}j R`}uo`is emurmnaoroq eog|o aijosyouohoq oao eonyoh hm`kjrkh yonl emuemao hmrmnqinlonnyo. Qiaoh oao hm`kjrkh
yonl qmu`o`} akjinon . ]nq}h jmnfoai joykuiqos , hmrmnqinlon yonl emuoloj ini
jm`oh}hon hkjrukji Jiso`nyo, rmnl}osogo jmnlinlinhon rofoh yonl uinlon . Smaonlho}j rmhmufo jmnlinlinhon rofoh yonl qinlli eoli kuonl hoyo , s}royo nmlouo eiso
jmjeioyoi rukymh*rukymh sksio`nyo. Hmj}aion , oao `oli hm`kjrkh ijiluon yonl
jmnlinlinhon s}royo rukymh sksio` eiso jmjeonq} jmumho f}lo . Smj}o hmrmnqinlon ini
gou}s aihkjrukjihon . Rk`iqih}s yonl eiso jmje}oq sme}og dkuj}`o ai jonohmrmnqinlon smeolion emsou josyouohoq qmurmn}gi , aio`og yonl ohon jmnaoroqhon
hmrmucoyoon }nq}h jmjijrin nmlouo . Aio`og yonl jmnfoai akjinon , houmno eiso
jmnlhkjrukjihon emueoloi hmrmnqinlon hm`kjrkh yonl oao ai josyouohoq .
Aoui }uoion ai oqos qojroh eog|o jmshir}n hmsijr}`on yonl aicoroi k`mg rmnlon}q qmkui
nmlouo r`}uo`is emuenmao amnlon hmsijr}`on rouo rmjihiu Jouwis , yohni eog|o nmlouo e}hon ji ih soq} lk`knlon qmqori 'um`oqid ) smj}o lk`knlon yonl oao ai ao`oj
josyouohoq , qmqori ao`oj soq} go` hma}onyo sojo 6 nmlouo gonyo jmu}rohon o`oq aoui
hm`kjrkh*hm`kjrkh yonl oao ai josyouohoq . Nmlouo jmu}rohon `mjeolo yonl qiaoh
jonaiui . Aio c}jo smhmaou o`oq .
Gonyo sofo , eoli ho}j R`}uo`is , nmlouo jm`oyoni hmrmnqinlon emueoloi hm`kjrkh yonl
oao . Gojriu qiaoh j}nlhin soq} hm`kjrkh sofo yonl smcouo mhsh`}sid jmnl}osoi nmlouo ,smrmuqi yonl ainyoqohon k`mg ho}j Jouwis . Smj}o hmh}oqon yonl oao ai josyouohoq ,
smaihiq eonyoh jmji`ihi onai` ao`oj jmniqirhon hmrmnqinlnyo roao nmlouo . Jmjonl oao
hm`kjrkh oqo} hm`kjrkh*hm`kjrkh `oinnyo , smginllo hmrmnqinlonnyo `meig eonyohyonl emugosi` aiqiqirhon . Qmqori }nq}h qmqor jmjrmuqogonhon akjinosinyo , aio gou}s
f}lo jmjrmugoqihon hmrmnqinlon*hmrmnqinlon hm`kjrkh `oin . Aon ho`o} ini qmufoai , jo}
qiaoh jo} , nmlouo jmnaosouhon hmeifohonnyo roao r`}uo`isjm hmrmnqinlon yonl oao aijosyouohoq .
L\D Gmlm`
Ronaonlon Gmlm` oloh emuemao amnlon hma}o ronaonlon ai oqos . Smrmuqi s}aog ai
}uoihon smem`}jnyo , Gmlm` emurmnaoroq eog|o nmlouo e}hon jmu}rohon o`oq aouijosyouohoqnyo. Aio jmu}rohon o`oq aoui aiuinyo smnaiui . Nmlouo jmjr}nyoi jisinyo
smnaiui , yohni jisi smfouog }nq}h jmncirqohon josyouohoq yonl `meig eoih aouiroao
yonlg oao smhouonl . Houmno iq}`og , nmlouo gou}s airoq}gi k`mg |oulonyo , e}honsmeo`ihnyo . Smeoloi `mjeolo ai oqos josyouohoq , nmlouo`og yonl qog} oro yonl eoih
eoli josyouohoq smcouo hmsm`}u}gon .
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Eoli Gmlm` , hmh}osoon nmlouo aioeaihon eoli hmeoihon josyouohoq , amnlon
jmjeijeinl josyouohoq yonl smhouonl jmn}f} hm josyouohoq yonl smjr}uno ai joso
aoqinl . Amnlon amjihion , nmlouo eiso sofo emuqmnqonlon amnlon josyouohoq smhouonl .Ei o ini qmufoai , Gmlm` cmnamu}nl jmnyoqohon eog|o nmlouo`og yonl gou}s
aijmjonlhon, houmno nmlouo jmnaosouhon hmeifohonnyo . Eoli hmrmnqinlon r}e`ih ,
smaonlhon josyouohoq siri` qmurmcog em`og aon gonyo jmjrmuf}onlhon hmrmnqinlon ruieoai oqo} lk`knlonnyo sofo. Nmlouo eiso jm`igoq fo}g hm amron , smaonlhon
josyouohoq gonyo jm igoq hmrmnqinlonnyo smnaiui smnaiui yonl emusidoq smsooq aon
emufonlho rmnamh .
Hknsmr Gmlm` qmnqonl nmlouo smeoloi `mjeolo yonl jmnloqosi josyouohoq aon
jmjeo|o hmeoihon eoli josyouuohoq qmnq} sofo qiaoh k`mg huiqih aouqi Jouw . Aio qmqor
emuhmjeonl ai ho`onlon qmuqmnq} , qmu}qojo ai ho`onlon rmjihiu*rmjihiu rk`iqih Hoqk`ih .Jiso`nyo ao`oj rmunyoqoon Ro}s Ri}s WII yonl ainojohon S}jji Rknqidicoq}s roao
qog}n ?939 ' emuf}a}` D}nlsi aoui nmlouo ai a}nio jkamun ), ainyoqohon eog|o
oao`og goh aon hm|ofieon yonl ol}nl aoui nmlouo emugoh }nq}h jmnlmnao ihon ,
jmjeonq} , aon jmnlouoghon hmlioqon*hmlioqon ruieoai aon hmlioqon*hmlioqonrmukuonlon ao`oj s}oq} hmgia}ron nosikno` smginllo jmumho eiso emhmufo sojo smcouo
goujknis jmn}f} hmroao s}oq} hmrmnqinlon emusojo . Qojroh fm`os ai sini hknsmrnmlouo yonl jmnloqosi josyouohoq , aon d}nlsinyo }nq}h jmjeo|o hmeoihon emusojo .
Hknsmr ini hmj}aion jmnfoai aosou eoli qmkui Nmlouo Kulonis . Ai sini , nmlouo aionllor
nmquo` , houmno jmjem`o hmrmnqinlon }j}j .
Ronaonlon Gmlm` aon qmkui*qmkui yonl jmnlih}qi aon jmnlmjeonlhon ronaonlon ini
jmjonl jmu}rohon aosou eoli qmuemnq}hnyo nmlouo*nmlouo hiqo yonl smuinlho`i emusidoq
kqkuiqmu , eoghon qkqo`iqmu .
Nmlouo kulonis oao`og nmlouo yonl r}nyo hmjo}on aon hmrmnqinlon smnaiui aon
jm`oh}hon inqmutmnsi hm ao`oj hmgia}ron josyouohoq . Jmn}u}q hknsmrnyo hmjoj}onaon hmrmnqinlon smnaiui aoui nmlouo oao`og hmsmfogqmuoon aon hmjof}on josyouohoq
qmusme}q . Hknsmr aoui hmeoihon }j}j , amnlon hmgou}son jkuo` yonl aiemeonhon
hmroao nmlouo }nq}h jmnym`mnllouohon hmsmfogqmuoon josyouohoq , jmje}hohmsmjroqon eoli nmlouo }nq}h jmu}j}shon aon amnlon insioqid smnaiui , jmjohso
rmu}eogon*rmu}eogon emsou hmroao sme}og josyouohoq eou} yonl s}aog joron s}royo
aoroq aicirqohon sme}og josyyouohoq yonl `meig eoih .
Roao qiqih ini, rmu`} aicoqoq eog|o ho}j Jouwis nmlouo sm`o`} jmu}rohon o`oq aoui hm`os
yonl emuh}oso . Houmno iq} , jmumho emu}sogo jmncirqohon nmlouo yonl aih}osoi ho}j
e}u}g }nq}h jmjemnq}h josyouohoq hkj}nis . Hknsmr aihqohqku ruk`mqouioq aiaosouhonroao ronaonlon ini , yohni sme}og nmlouo qkqo`iqmu yonl gou}s airoq}gi k`mg |oulonyo ,
}nq}h jmumo isosihon jisinyo jmncirqohon nmlouo hkj}nis . Ai sini , rmjihiuon
Jouwisjm jmnfoai sojo amnlon Gmlm`ionisjm . Hma}onyo jmnloqohon eog|o nmlouojmu}rohon `mjeolo yonl ohon jmnl}eog josyouohoq yonl oao jmnfoai sme}og
josyouohoq yonl iamo` . Gonyo , ho`o} eoli Gmlm` josyouohoq iamo` oao`og josyouohoq ai
jono smj}o |oulonyo emeos, eoli Jouw josyouohoq qmusme}q oao`og josyouohoq hkj}nis
ai jono mhsr`kiqos fm`os qiaoh `oli qmufoai ' E}aijon , ?99< 6 =< 4? )
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Jmnloro nmlouo aih}osi hm`kjrkh qmuqmnq} ;
Qkmui Jouwis h`osih jmnfo|oenyo amnlon loje`onl . Nmlouo oao`og roniqio yonljmnl}u}si hmrmnqinlon ho}j ekuf}is . Nmlouo gonyo`og o`oq aoui ho}j ekuff}is . Nmlouo
oao`og o`oq aoui hm`os yonl emuh}oso . Qmqori , houmno rmjigohon smrmuqi ini eiso jmje}oq
nmlouo hmgi`onlon hmoesogonnyo smeoloi rmnl}oso sme}og josyouohoq , nmlouo jmje}oqsme}og iamk`kli . Jm`o`}i iamk`kli iq} nmlouo emu}sogo jmnymje}nyihon rmue}oqonnyo
yonl emurigoh roao hm`os yonl akjinon , s}royo hmh}osoonnyo jmnaoroqhon `mliqijosi
aoui sm`}u}g uohyoqnyo .
Qmqori, emnouhog nmlouo gonyo smhmaou jmu}rohon o`oq aoui hm`os yonl akjinon ;
Emnouhog nmlouo qiaoh jmji`ihi hmh}osoon smnaiui yonl eiso airohoi }nq}h qiaoh jmnfoai
smhoaou rms}u}g aoui hm`os yonl akjinonq iq} .
Uo`rg Ji`ieona
Ememuoro qmkui emurmnaoroq eog|o oao`og qmu`o`} smamugono }nq}h jmnyoqohon eog|o
nmlouo c}jo smhoaou o`oq joqi aoui hm`os yonl akjinon . Ini, jiso`nyo, ainyoqohon k`mgUo`rg Ji`ieona . Smkuonl Jouwis Inlluis iq} jmnckeo jmnfm`oshon eog|o m`iq nmlouo
sojo smho`i qiaoh emuhkjr`kq amnlon ho}j horiqo`is . Jmumho jmje}oq aon jmnfo`onhon
hmeifohnon*hmeifohon smocouo jonaiui , j}uni oqos rmuqijeonlon*rmuqijeonlon rk`iqih .
Qori ao`oj sme}og nmlouo horiqo`is , ho}j horiqo`is jmjr}nyoi g}e}nlon*g}e}nlonyonl `meig amhoq smcouo ruieoai amnlon m`iq nmlouo aieonainlhon amnlon ho}j e}u}g
oqo} rmqoni . Jmumho smuinl emuqmj} ao`oj rmsqo rmsqo emsou , ao`oj k`ogoulo smrmuqi
join lk`d , ao`oj hknrmumnsi*hknrmumnsi inqmunosikno` , aon smeoloinyo . G}e}nlonsmjocoj ini ini ruohqis qmuq}q}r eoli ho}j e}u}g aon rmqoni . Houmno iq} , jmn}u}q
Ji ieona , hmso`ogon qmkui ho}j R`}uo is oao`og e}hon`og roao }sogonyo }nq}h
jmje}hqihon eog|o ao`oj hmnyoqonnyo jmjonl qmufoai rmusoinlon emeos ' }nq}hjmjrmnlou}gi hmeiofohon hmeifohon nmlouo ), qori roao rmunyoqoonnyo 'smuinlho`i
jmu}rohon os}ji 'ijr`isiqnyo ) eog|o hm`kjrkh*hm`kjrkh hmrmnqinlon yonl }qojo
ai ao`oj josyouohoq , hg}s}snyo ho}j horiqo`is aon ho}j e}u}g , emusoinl smcouo sojoh}oq , aon houmno iq} jmumho eiso emugosi` }nq}h jmjrmuk`mg hm}nq}nlon*hm}nq}nlon
yonl rmnqinl aon rmujonmn eoli rigohnyo josinl*josinl ao`oj sme}og ruksms
rmusoinlon .
Hmamhoqon sksio` onqouo ho}j horiqo`is aon m`iq ai nmlouo ai sme}og nmlouo horiqo`is ini`og
yonl jmje}oq ho}j horiqo`is j}aog jmjrmnlou}gi hmr}q}son*hmr}q}son m`iq nmlouo .
Houmno iq} , hmeifohoon nmlouo eiosonyo sm`o`} jmnl}nq}nlhon ho}j horiqo`is .
Qmkui Ji ieona ini , jmjemuihon rmuon emsou roao hmsonll}ron ho}j horiqo is }nq}h
jmje}f}h m`iq nmlouo eog|o hmrmnqinlonnyo oao`og sojo amnlon hmrmnqinlon sm`}u}g|oulo . Dohqku hmamhoqon rsihk`klis onoqou hma}o rmuon yonl rmnqinl .
Qmkui Ji`ieona ini , hmj}aion jmnaoroq huiqih aoui qmkui squ}hq}uo` qmnqonl nmlouo .
Jmn}u}q Nicks Rk}`onqvos , yonl jm|ohi`i o`iuon Jouwis yonl squ}hq}uo`is , nmlouo
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emud}nlsi }nq}h jmnfolo sqoei`iqos sksio`*rk`iqih ao`oj sme}og josyouohoq horiqo`is sm`o`}
ohon jmnl}nq}nlhon ho}j ekuf}is Houmno , }nq}h eiso jmncirqohon sqoei`iqos , nmlouo
gou}s jmjem`o ho}j ekuf}is }nq}h jmnlmjeonlhon aiuinyo . Go` ini aismeoehon houmnonmlouo jm`o`}i sisqmj rmurofohon jmjrmuk`mg rmnaoroqnyo 'qmu}qojo ) aoui hmemugosi`on
ho}j ekuf}is }nq}h jmnlmjeonlhon jkao`nyo . Ei o ho}j ekuf}is lolo`
jmnlmjeonlhon aiuinyo , nmlouo ohon jmnlgoaori rmujoso`ogon .
Amnlon amjihion , ei`o nmlouo jmnk`knl rmuhmjeonlon ho}j ekuf}is ao`oj sme}og
sisqmj horiqo`is , ei`o nmlouo jmjemuihon eonyoh dosi`iqos hmroao ho}j ini , go` iniai`oh}hon e}hon houmno nmlouo jmnfoai o`oq ' smrmuqi yonl aihoqohon k`mg qmkui Jouwis
h`osih ), oqo} nmlouo jmjr}nyoi hmamhoqon sksio` aon rsihk`klis amnlon ho}j ekuf}is
' smrmuqi yonl aihoqohon k`mg Ji`ieona ) . Qmqori , smj}o ini qmurohso ai`oh}hon houmno
hme}q}gon squ}cq}uo` nmlouo iq} smnaiui .
So`og smkuonl aoui og`i i`j} sksio` j}ao , Duma E`kch , jmjemuihon hkjrknmn yonl
`meig sq}hq}uo` , ao`oj jmnfm`oshon hmeifohon*hmeifohon nmlouo yonl jmnl}nq}nlhon
ho}j horiqo`is , roaogo` nmlouo jmji`ihi hmjonaiuion yonl emsou . Jmn}u}q E`kch ,sisqmj horiqo`isjm eiso emufo`on ho`o} '?) rmnlmjeonlon coriqo` ' coriqo` occ}j}`oqikn )
aij}nlhinhon, aon '5) sisqmj horiqo`isjm eiso jmumruka}hsihon aiuinyo smcouo qmu}sjmnmu}s . Nmlouo ao`oj sisqmj horiqo`isjm aij}nlhinhon gia}r ho`o} oao rmjos}hon
yonl c}h}r aoui rofoh qmugoaor jkao` . Houmno iq}, mhsisqmnsi nmlouo sonloq emuhoiqon
amnlon rmnlmjeonlon jkao` qiaoh qmulonll} ho`o} sisqmj horiqo`isjm eiso `msqoui .
Amnlon amjihion , d}nlsi aoui nmlouo oao`og 6 '?) jmncirqohon hknaisi smginllormnlmjeonlon jkao` eiso emufo`on amnlon eoih ' E`kch jmnojohon ini smeoloi q}los
nmlouo }nq}h jmncirqohon e}sinmss ckndiamncm eoli ho}j horiqo`is , akjmsqih jo}r}n
osinl ) 8 '5) jmuoqohon hmhoyoon smc}h}rnyo s}royo ho}j e}u}g eiso jmjruka}hsiaiuinyo aon f}lo qiaoh jmje}oq g}u}*gouo yonl ohon jmu}soh e}sinmsss ckndiamncm 8 '3)
emurmuon smeoloi rk`isi }nq}h jmncmlog lonll}on*lonll}on qmugoaor sisqmj yonl oao ,
smuqo f}lo jmnlmjeonlhon sme}og iamk`kli yonl jmje}oq ho}j e}u}g jmuosoairmu`oh}hon oai` ao`oj sisqmj yonl smemnounyo jmnl}nq}nlhon ho}j horiqo`is .
Amnlon jkam`nyo ini , joho E`kch emugosi` jmjos}hon hkjrknmn squ}hq}uo` ao`ojono`isonyo . Hmr}q}son nmlouo yonl jmnl}nq}nlhon ho}j aon sisqmj horiqo`is qiaoh `oli
ai igoq smeoloi ohieoq hmamhoqon sksio` onqouo ho}j horiqo`is aon m`iq nmlouo , qori
jmu}rohon hmqmueoqoson squ}hq}uo` aoui nmlouo . Ho}j horiqo`is eiso qoh }sog
emug}e}nlon amnlon m`iq nmlouo , qori s}aog gojriu airosqihon nmlouo yonl oao ao`ojsme}og josyouohoq horiqo`is ohon jmnlm`}ouhon hmeifohon*hmeifohon yonl
jmnl}nq}nlhon ho}j ini . Houmno roao aosounyo , mhsisqmnsi nmlouo smcouo squhcq}uo`
emuhoiqon amnlon sisqmj horiqo`is iq} smnaiui
Am|nlon qmkuinyo ini, Rk}`onqvos aon E`kch emugosi` jmje}oq ohqku*ohqku nmlouo
jmnfoai ohqku ohqku yonl g}e}nlon rmuskno` amnlon ho}j ekuf}is . Ho`o}r}n jmumhojmnfo`onhon hmeifohon yonl jmnl}nq}nlhon ho}j ekuf}is , go` ini qmufoai houmno
hme}q}gon sisqmj oqo} squ}hq}unyo . ' E}aijon, ?99< 6 41
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.
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5
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59
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3?
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35
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31
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3=
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34
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3
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37
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39
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12
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1?
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15
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11
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1=
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14
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1
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17
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19
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=2
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=1
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==
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=
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42
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45
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44
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4
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72
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74
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7
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79
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92
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95
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94
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9
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?2?
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WII
Rmn}q}r
Hknsmr citi` skcimqy jmu}rohon iamo`isosi qmnqonl s}oq} josyouohoq yonl jonaiui smcouo
mhknkji , sksio` aon rk`iqih , yonl um`oqid emeos aoui cojr}u qonlon nmlouo . Ai sojrinl
iq} , hmjonaiuion josyouohoq oqo} nmlouo jmu}rohon so`og soq} ruosyouoq qmurmnqinl eoliqmuemnq}hnyo sisqij rk iqih yonl amjkhuoqis . Houmno iq} rmjeicouoon qmnqonl citi`
skcimqy smemnounyo qiaoh eiso airisoghon smrmn}gnyo aoui rmuameoqon jmnlmnoi
amjkhuosi . Gonyo sofo dkh}s qmkui*qmkui qmnqonl amjkhuosi sm`ojo ini `meig roaormjemnq}hon insiq}si aon squ}hq}u rk`iqih amjkhuosi smrmuqi qmucmujin aoui hknsmr*
hknsmr insqiq}sikno`isosi rk iqih . sgoum kd rk|mu , aidmumnsiosi aon srmsio`isosi ,
rmjmuinqogon rmu|ohi`on , squhq}u hmrouqoion , rou`mjmn aon rmji`} . Smjmnqouo iq} .
hknsmr citi` skcimqy jmndkh}shon aiui roao ruosyouoq emuhmjeonlnyo amjkhuosi ai
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qinlhoq josyouohoq . Ruosyouoq iq} qiaoh `oin oao`og hmjonaiuion josyouohoq ai soq} rigoh
aon qmuemeosnyo josyouohoq aoui cojr}u qonlon nmlouo aon rmnlou}g jmhonisjm rosou
ai rigoh `oin . Sinlhoqnyo , citi` skcimqy oao`og s}oq} `inlh}nlon inqmuohsi sksio` yonlemuoao ai `}ou rmnlou}g nmlouo aon jkao` yonl qmus}s}n aoui `inlh}nlon hmgia}ron
josyouohoq ro`inl ohuoe smrmuqi hm`}oulo , oksiosi*osksiosi s}houm`o , lmuohon
hmjosyouohoqon aon emueoloi emnq}h hkj}nihosi onqou josyouohoq . Ai ao`oj `inlh}nlonsmrmuqi ini josyouohoq jmncirqohon humoqitiqos , jmnloq}u aon jmjkei`isosi aiui jmumho
smnaiui qonro hmqmu`ieoqon nmlouo . Yonl f}lo rmnqinl ai ao`oj ciqo*ciqo citi` skcimqy ini
oao`og eog|o eonl}non josyouohoq qiaoh aiaosouhon roao inqmuohsi yonl emusidoq hm`ossmrmuqi hmcmnamu}nlon rouo rmnlon}q qmkui Jouwis jo}r}n nmk Jouwis . Foai `inlh}nlon
citi` skcimqy e}hon sofo jmjemaohon oqo} jmnouih aiui aoui nmlouo jm`oinhon f}lo aoui
rmnlou}g rmusrmhqid }nq}nl u}li squ}hq}u mhknkji rosou horiqo`isjm . Ao`oj eogoso yonl
emuemao , Scgjiqqmu jmnlinamnqidihosi eog|o citi` skcimqy gonyo eiso emuhmjeonloroei`o josyouohoq qiaoh jmns}ekuainosihon aiui hmroao nmulouo . Amnlon emliq}
josyouohoq tiso jmjrmuk`mg aon jmjrmuqogonhon goh*goh aon smcouo emusojo*sojo
r}`o jmjrmuf}onlhon hmrmnqinlon*hmrmnqinlon jmumho yonl sog smginllo qiaoh
aijonir}`osi k`mg nmlouo . Ai nmlouo*nmlouo jof} ai jono horiqo isjm qm`og emliq}joqonl aon am|oso , rmnouihon aiui nmlouo aoui hmgia}ron josyouohoq eouonlho`i qiaoh
emliq} jmnfoai joso`og , smginllo amjkhuosi yonl aiaosouhon roao citi` skcimqy eisoemuq}je}g .
Ohon qmqori rmusko`onnyo , oao`og eog|o ai nmlouo*nmlouo horiqo is j}ao ai A}nio
Hmqilo , nmlouo f}squ} qmnlog emufoyo aon emuhieou . Nmlouo , smrmuqi f}lo aio`ojiInaknmsio ai eo|og kuam eou} , jmnihjoqi kqknkjinyo yonl sonloq `}os ai ao`oj
jmnloq}u hmgia}ron mhknkji aon rk iqih josyouohoq . Ao`oj uonlho rmuq}je}gon
mhknkji aon rmucmroqon ins}squio`isosi , hg}s}snyo rmuo`igon aoui qogor ina}squi s}esiq}siijrku hm ina}squi yonl emukuimnqosi mhsrku , nmlouo e}hon sofo jmnl}naonl itmsqosi aon
eonq}on osinl , jm`oinhon f}lo jmncirqohon sqoei iqos rk`iqih akjmsqih yonl airmu`}hon
}nq}h jmna}h}nlnyo . Oqos nojo rmuq}je}gon mhknkji, nmlouo jmjrmuh}oq aiuinyoamnlon jmnyinlhiuhon rouo nosikno`is mhknkj aon rk`iqih . Amnlon amjihion , nmlouo
jmji`ig aon jmnym`mhsi jiquo rk`iqih aon eisnis yonl jmnl}nq}nlhon aiuinyo jm`o`}i
fouinlon hkurkuoqisjm nmlouo . Sm`oin iq} f}lo cmnamu}nl jmjohso hmgmnaohnyo . jm`o`}i rmnamhoqon yonl sonloq qmhnkhuoqis eiukhuoqis . Nmlouo*nmlouo horiqo`isj}ao amnlon
hmcmnamu}nlon smrmuqi ini`og yonl aiinamqidihosi qmkuiqisi smrmuqi L}``mujk KAknnm``
jm`o`}i hknsmr nmlouo kqkuiqmu*eiukhuoqis ' e}umo}cuoqic*o}qgkuiqouqion sqoqm ). Ai jono
josyouohoq qiaoh `oli jmji ihi ohsms ai ao`oj ruksms mhknkji*rk`iqih houmnohmsmj}onyo qm`og aiojei` o`ig aon aiakjinosi nmlouo yonl emhmufo sojo amnlon ho}j
musoqv coriqo isj yonl gia}r*joqinyo qmulonq}nl dosi iqos , s}esisai , `ismnsi aon
rukqmhsi nmlouo .
A}o qkrih emuih}q , yohni rmjemuaoyoon rk`iqih josyouohoq aon squoqmli rmjeonl}non
aoui eo|og , qojrohnyo hion jmnfoai hmrma}`ion aoui smeolion c}h}r emsou ho`onlonohoamjisi, rouo rmnlojei` hmr}q}son , aon hm`kjrkh inqm`mhq}o` ai nmlouo hiqo . Ai
ho`onlon i`j}|on aon ruohqisi rk iqih , |ocono qmnqonl rmjemuaoyoon josyouohoq
qmusme}q f}lo johin rkr}`ou jonoho`o q}nq}qon qmugoaor rmu`}oson hmqmu ieoqon
josyouohoq ao`oj rmnlojei`on hmr}q}son cmnamu}nl jmnlo`oji rmninlhoqon .
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Emusojoon amnlon iq} , rmulmsmuon rouoailjo 'rouolisj ) ai ao`oj |ocono
rmjeonl}non aoui oro yonl aihmno` smeoloi rouoailjo aoui oqos 'qkr*ak|n ) jmn}f}rouoailjo yonl emukuimnqosi aoui eo|og ' e}qqkn*}r ) smjohin jmjrmuk`mg a}h}nlon .
Rmncouion yonl smfoqinyo qm`og aij}`oi smjmnfoh rmuqmnlogon q}f}g r}`}gon ini ,
jmncoroi jkjmnq}jnyo smhiqou ohgiu aoso|ouso am`oron r}`}gon yonl aie}hqihonamnlon jouohnyo emueoloi }royo jm`mroshon aiui aoui h}nlh}nlon rouoailjo `ojo .
Roao hmnyoqonnyo hm|oulonmlouoon jo}r}n citi` skcimqy hmj}aion emuhmjeonlemusojo*sojo aon jmnlgosi`hon emueoloi touiosi rmnamhoqon qmkuiqis jo}r}n ruoljoqis .
Qoh gmuon oroei`o emnonl jmuog yonl jmnyoje}nl hma}onyo , yoiq} hmrma}`ion smuqo
hkjiqjmn qmugoaor hmjeo`inyo josyouohoq oqo}r}n |oulo nmlouo smeoloi r}soq aon
ohqku }qojo eoih ao`oj |ocono jo}r}n ruohsis rk`iqih aon rmjeonl}non . Eoih rogojciti` skcimqy jo}r}n hm|oulonmlouoon jmnmhonhon qmurmn}ginyo fojinon*fojinon
qmugoaor goh*goh aosou smeoloi ruosyouoq smqior |oulo nmlouo jojr} }nq}h jm`oh}hon
q}losnyo ao`oj hmgia}ron r}e`ih.
Amnlon jmnll}nohon rouoailjo eou} ini , joho aij}nlhinhon huiqih qmugoaor sisqmj
rk`iqih yonl jmnmhonhon kuimnqosi rmnl}oqon nmlouo noj}n jmnodihon rmnlmjeonlonsmuqo rmjemuaoyoon citi` skcimqy . Smcouo sij}`qon , rouoailijo ini f}lo jmu}rohon huiqih
oqos jkam` rmnamhoqon rmjeonl}non yonl emukuimnqosi qkr*ak|n , houmno io jm`o`oihon
rouqisirosi aon osriuosi |oulo nmlouo ao`oj rmnlojei`on hmr}q}son . Smeo`ihnyo , io
sonloq jmna}h}nl qmugoaor jkam` rmjeonl}non emukuinmqosi ekqqkj*}r yonl jmjemui rm`}onl eoih eoli rmjogojon aiui 'sm`d*}namusqonainl ) jo}r}n inisioqid josyouohoq
}nq}h emuhmjeonl .
Rouoailjo yonl eou} smqiaohnyo gou}s jmncoh}r qilo aijmnsi }qojo '?) aijmnsi
hmqmu`ieoqon ohqid ao`oj hkj}niqos , '5) aijmnsi rmjmn}gon goh*goh aosou yoiq} goh
rk`iqih , mhknkji , aon goh sksio`*h}`q}uo` , smuqo '3) aijmnsi aio`kl aon hmemuoaoon u}onlr}e`ic yonl emeos . Aoui hmqilo aijmnsi iq} aihmjeonlhon hmufo*hmufo rmjmemuaoyoon
smuqo amjkhuoqisosi sms}oi hknqmhs squ}hq}uo` aon gisqkuims josyouohoq .
Amnlon jmnll}nohon `onaoson rouoailjo citi` skcimqy aon hm|oulonmlouoon ini,
hmrmhoon hiqo qmugoaor hmeginmhoon f}lo smjohin aiqinlhoqhon . Soyo yohin eog|o
q}nq}qon }nq}h smjohin airmu`}osnyo hmjonaiuion aon hmsoaouon ohon hmeginmhoon
ao`oj josyouohoq Inaknmsio jkamun ohon smjohin qinlli . Aon ini emuouqi eog|o}nidkujiqos jmnfoai smjohin hmgi`onlon um`mtonsinyo ao`oj jmnlm`k`o irk`mhske}a ai
nmlouo hiqo .
?53
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Aodqou R}sqoho
Onamuskn , Emnmaicq. 5225 .Ijolinma Ckjj}niqims. Hkj}niqos*Hkj}niqos Qmueoyonl.
Fohouqo 6 Insiq Rumss .
.
Oyoqukgomai . ?974 .Hmruieoaion E}aoyo Eonlso '@kco` Lmni}s ) ,Fohouqo 6 R}sqoho Foyo
E}aiouafk , Jiuioj . ?77< .Aosou*Aosou I`j} Rk`iqih. Fohouqo 6 RQ Luojmaio .
Gouis, Syojs}aain , Rmjeinoon Rk`iqih , Amjkhuoqisosi aon Rmjemnq}hon Citi`
Skcimqy 6 Rukem`joqih Hmrouroqoion Inaknmsio ai eo|og Kuam Eou} ,F}uno` I`j}Rk`iqih, ?
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?999 .Rk`iqih Hm|oulonmlouoon . @onaoson Umamjkhuoqisosi aiInaknmsio . Fohouqo 6 Mu`onllo.
Isjonqk, Ilnosi}s . Josyouohoq \oulo aon Quonsisi Amjkhuosi, ao`oj Inauo F Ri`ionl .
Jmuj}shon Hmjeo`i Hmeonlsoon Inaknmsio . Fohouqo 6 CSIS , 5225 , g`j. 5=1 *544
Jonsy}u , Gojaon G . 522= .Rmnaiaihon Hm|oulonmlouoon . Fohouqo .RQ Luojmaio R}s
qoho ]qojo
Jkmafonqk, L. ?979Roncosi`o . Fohouqo 6 RQ Luojmaio .
Uosyia , J Uyoos Rmuhmjeonlon Rmjihiuon qmnqonl Josyouohoq Hm|ouloon F}uno`
I`j} Rk`iqih, ?
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?5
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?32
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?3?
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