Peptide-based stimuli-responsive biomaterials Robert J. Mart, a Rachel D. Osborne, b Molly M. Stevens* b and Rein V. Ulijn* a Received 31st May 2006, Accepted 31st July 2006 First published as an Advance Article on the web 25th August 2006 DOI: 10.1039/b607706d This article explores recent advances in the design and engineering of materials wholly or principally constructed from peptides. We focus on materials that are able to respond to changes in their environment (pH, ionic strength, temperature, light, oxidation/reduction state, presence of small molecules or the catalytic activity of enzymes) by altering their macromolecular structure. Such peptide-based responsive biomaterials have exciting prospects for a variety of biomedical and bionanotechnology applications in drug delivery, bio-sensing and regenerative medicine. 1. Introduction Materials that change properties in response to local environ- mental stimuli are increasingly being studied in the context of biomedical applications. For example, physical or chemical hydrogels loaded with drug molecules may release their payload, only when and where required, in response to changes in the local environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, presence of small molecules or enzymes, and oxidising/reducing environment, among others. 1 Another key application is injectable gels for minimal invasive surgery. These materials may be applied through a syringe, and undergo a solution-to-gel transition when triggered by temperature, pH, ionic strength, oxidative species or enzymes at the site of injury to act as a scaffold for tissue regrowth. A third area is in bio-sensing, where small chemical or physical a School of Materials and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB), Grosvenor Street, Manchester, UK M1 7HS. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +44 161 3068877; Tel: +44 161 3065986 b Department of Materials and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London, UK SW7 2AZ. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +44 20 7594 6757; Tel: +44 20 7594 6804 Robert Mart Robert Mart received a Masters degree from UMIST, before completing a PhD on asymmetric organic catalysis of the Morita-Baylis–Hillman reaction with Dr D. J. Berrisford. He then spent a year as a postdoctoral research associate with Dr S. J. Webb in the newly created University of Manchester studying vesicle– vesicle interactions before join- ing the Ulijn group where he synthesises enzyme responsive biomaterials. Rachel Osborne Rachel Osborne read for a Masters in Materials, Economics and Management at Oxford University before spending a year as a Marketing Co-ordinator for L’Occitane in New York. Despite all the free lunches she wanted to pursue science and under the direction of Dr M. M. Stevens she is currently undertaking a PhD looking at the bio-functionalization of gold nanoparticles at Imperial College, London. Molly Stevens Molly Stevens received her PhD from The University of Nottingham and spent 2.5 years as a postdoctoral researcher at MIT. She is currently a reader at Imperial College London. She has recently been recog- nised by Technology Review’s TR100 Young Innovators Award (2004) and the Philip Leverhulme Prize for Engineering (2005) for her research in regenerative medi- cine and nanotechnology. Rein Ulijn Rein Ulijn received his Masters from Wageningen University, PhD from The University of Strathclyde and spent 2 years as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Edinburgh. He is currently an advanced research fellow and senior lecturer in biomedical materials at the University of Manchester. His research is interdisciplinary and focuses on the design, characterisation and application of responsive molecular biomaterials. REVIEW www.rsc.org/softmatter | Soft Matter 822 | Soft Matter, 2006, 2, 822–835 This journal is ß The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006 Published on 25 August 2006. Downloaded by University of California - Santa Barbara on 03/02/2016 22:03:39. View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue
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Peptide-based stimuli-responsive biomaterials
Robert J. Mart,a Rachel D. Osborne,b Molly M. Stevens*b and Rein V. Ulijn*a
Received 31st May 2006, Accepted 31st July 2006
First published as an Advance Article on the web 25th August 2006
DOI: 10.1039/b607706d
This article explores recent advances in the design and engineering of materials wholly or
principally constructed from peptides. We focus on materials that are able to respond to changes
in their environment (pH, ionic strength, temperature, light, oxidation/reduction state, presence of
small molecules or the catalytic activity of enzymes) by altering their macromolecular structure.
Such peptide-based responsive biomaterials have exciting prospects for a variety of biomedical
and bionanotechnology applications in drug delivery, bio-sensing and regenerative medicine.
1. Introduction
Materials that change properties in response to local environ-
mental stimuli are increasingly being studied in the context of
biomedical applications. For example, physical or chemical
hydrogels loaded with drug molecules may release their
payload, only when and where required, in response to
changes in the local environmental conditions, such as pH,
temperature, presence of small molecules or enzymes, and
oxidising/reducing environment, among others.1 Another key
application is injectable gels for minimal invasive surgery.
These materials may be applied through a syringe, and
undergo a solution-to-gel transition when triggered by
temperature, pH, ionic strength, oxidative species or enzymes
at the site of injury to act as a scaffold for tissue regrowth. A
third area is in bio-sensing, where small chemical or physical
aSchool of Materials and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre(MIB), Grosvenor Street, Manchester, UK M1 7HS.E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +44 161 3068877;Tel: +44 161 3065986bDepartment of Materials and Institute for Biomedical Engineering,Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Prince ConsortRoad, London, UK SW7 2AZ. E-mail: [email protected];Fax: +44 20 7594 6757; Tel: +44 20 7594 6804
Robert Mart
Robert Mart received aMasters degree from UMIST,before completing a PhD onasymmetric organic catalysis ofthe Morita-Baylis–Hillmanreaction with Dr D. J.Berrisford. He then spent ayear as a postdoctoral researchassociate with Dr S. J. Webb inthe newly created University ofManchester studying vesicle–vesicle interactions before join-ing the Ulijn group where hesynthesises enzyme responsivebiomaterials. Rachel Osborne
Rachel Osborne read for aMasters in Materials,Economics and Managementat Oxford University beforespending a year as aMarketing Co-ordinator forL’Occitane in New York.Despite all the free lunchesshe wanted to pursue scienceand under the direction of DrM. M. Stevens she is currentlyundertaking a PhD looking atthe bio-functionalization ofgold nanoparticles at ImperialCollege, London.
Molly Stevens
Molly Stevens received herPhD from The University ofNottingham and spent 2.5 yearsas a postdoctoral researcher atMIT. She is currently a readerat Imperial College London.She has recently been recog-nised by Technology Review’sTR100 Young InnovatorsAward (2004) and the PhilipLeverhulme Prize forEngineering (2005) for herresearch in regenerative medi-cine and nanotechnology.
Rein Ulijn
Rein Ulijn received his Mastersfrom Wageningen University,PhD from The University ofStrathclyde and spent 2 yearsas a postdoctoral researcher atthe University of Edinburgh.He is currently an advancedresearch fellow and seniorlecturer in biomedicalmaterials at the University ofManchester. His research isinterdisciplinary and focuseson the design, characterisationand application of responsivemolecular biomaterials.
REVIEW www.rsc.org/softmatter | Soft Matter
822 | Soft Matter, 2006, 2, 822–835 This journal is � The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006
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View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue
and general nano-engineering.13,23,45,55,60 Further noteworthy
applications of responsive peptide sequences include their use
in hybrid materials where peptides play key roles whilst fused
to non-peptide backbones, particularly polyethyleneglycol and
N-isopropylacrylamideacrylamides.61
Limitations of current peptide biomaterials technology
include the high cost of custom chemically synthesised or
fermented peptides. Relatively few topographies are currently
available to peptide based biomaterials; future work will
include the development of motifs for the creation of larger
and more complex architectures. Future materials will also
become more subtle through the incorporation of multiple
responsive elements or glycoprotein-like saccharide. It is surely
a matter of time before synthetic, responsive peptide-based
biomaterials are a clinical reality.
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