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EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-20911. October 30, 1967.]

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,plaintiff-appellee, vs.

SULPICIO DE LA CERNA, ET AL., defendants. SULPICIO DE LA

CERNA, SERAPIO MAQUILING, TEODORO LIBUMFACIL,

GODOFREDO ROTOR, SEVERINO MATCHOCA, and ANTONIO

BAUTISTA, defendants-appellants.

Godofredo Galindez for defendnt!.

The Solicitor General for "#$nt$ff.

SYLLABUS

1.CR%&%NAL LA'( E)%*ENCE( &O+%)E( A BE+'EEN RO+AGON%+ %N A

RE)%O CON/L%C+, REEN+&EN+ RE+ '%+ LO%NG AR+. #"$c$o

4! 5ore re!on to re!ent nd $## Rfe# t4n t4e #tter o#d 48e ! to 4$5. +4e !orce

of t4e "o!!$b#e 5ot$8e $! t4e !5e #nd trob#e beteen Rfe# Cb$:re! nd #"$c$o;!

ft4er, nd t4e e t4e

for5er. Con!$der$n= t4t Rfe# ! t4e "re8$#$n= "rt> $n t4e #nd d$!"te before t4e

NARRA, $t $! ?$te 4rd to be#$e8e t4t 4e o#d be t4e one entert$n$n= =rd=e =$n!tt4o!e o8er 4o5 4e 4d "re8$#ed. Rt4er, $t ! t4e cc!ed, 4o ere defeted nd

4o ere no fc$n= n e

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O+. +4e $##$n= of Rfe# Cb$:re! ! ttended b> trec4er>. A""e##nt #"$c$o

contend! t4t t4e f$r!t !4ot, f$red b> 4$5, ! not ttended $t4 trec4er> !$nce t4ere $!

e8$dence t4t Rfe# ! rned b> 4$! !on G5erc$ndo

er"$o &?$#$n=, ! def$n$te#> trec4ero!#> f$red !$nce Rfe# ! t4en $n t4e t4$rd

roo5 of *e5etr$o;! 4o!e, onded nd defen!e#e!!. +4e trec4er> 4ere 4! to be$nde"endent#> con!$dered de to t4e !ff$c$ent #"!e of t$5e fro5 t4e f$r!t !4ot, $n 4$c4

t4e fo##o$n= $nter8ened 1 t4e br$n=$n= of Rfe# to *e5etr$o;! 4o!e 100 5eter! >

fter be$n= 4$t( 2 t4e !4$n= of 4$! ond! nd 4$! be$n= bro=4t to t4e t4$rd roo5 to

re!t!, 3 t4e rr$8# of t4e cc!ed nd t4e$r order$n= t4e to o5en to =et ot. %t !

on#> fter t4e o5en #eft t4t er"$o c#$5bed " t4e $tc4en nd f$red t4e !econd !4ot t

Rfe#.

.%*.( %*.( E)%*EN+ RE&E*%+A+%ON. +4ere $! e8$dent "re5ed$tt$on 4ere ! $nt4$! c!e t4e "#n to $## Rfe# Cb$:re! ! rr$8ed t $n 5eet$n= 4e#d t4e d> "r$or to

t4e ct# $##$n=. 6. %*.( %*.( E)%*ENCE( RE+RAC+%ON B A '%+NE O/ %RE)%O +E+%&ON( RLE +EREON. &ere retrct$on b> "ro!ect$on

$tne!! doe! not nece!!r$#> 8$t$te t4e or$=$n# te!t$5on> ot4er$!e cred$b#e. +4e "ro"er

t4$n=! for t4e cort to do $! to e$=4 nd co5"re bot4 te!t$5on$e!. ere, t4e #oer

cort, fter 48$n= done !o, cce"ted t4e $tne!!; or$=$n# te!t$5on>, for t4e "ro!ect$on.+4e record !""ort! t4e cort;! ct$on.

7.%*.( %*.( %N*%)%*AL REON%B%L%+ /OR +E D%LL%NG O/ ANO+ER

ERON %N A**%+%ON +O +E %N+EN*E* )%C+%&. - A""e##nt #"$c$o cnnot be

4e#d #$b#e for t4e $##$n= of C!$no Cb$:re!, not$t4!tnd$n= con!"$rc> ! to $##

Rfe# on#> nd no one e#!e. Not4$n= ! !$d or =reed "on bot t4e 5e5ber! ofRfe#;! f5$#>. %n fct, $n eect$n= t4e$r "#n ""e##nt! #et t4e to o5en $n!$de

*e5etr$o;! 4o!e #e8e n4rt nd t4e> d$d no 4r5 to t4e re5$n$n= co5"n$on! of

Rfe# $n t4e 4o!e. +4e r#e 4! #>! been t4t co-con!"$rtor! re #$b#e on#> for ct!

done "r!nt to t4e con!"$rc>. /or ot4er ct! done ot!$de t4e conte5"#t$on of t4e co-

con!"$rtor! or 4$c4 re not t4e nece!!r> nd #o=$c# con!e?ence of t4e $ntendedcr$5e, on#> t4e ct# "er"etrtor! re #$b#e. ere, on#> er"$o $##ed C!$no

Cb$:re!. +4e #tter ! not e8en =o$n= to t4e $d of 4$! ft4er Rfe# bt ! f#ee$n=

> 4en !4ot.

F.%*.( R%NC%AL B %N*%REC+ CON%RAC( CAE O/ AELLAN+ RO+OR.

A""e##nt Rotor;! "re!ence $n t4e !$t! of t4e !4oot$n=! on /ebrr> 2, 19F ! not5ere#> "!!$8e. $! ct$8e "rt$c$"t$on - !4oot$n= t Rfe# nd crr>$n= "$!to#

4$c4 4! d$rect connect$on $t4 t4e cr$5$n# de!$=n =$n!t Rfe# Cb$:re! 5e!

4$5 "r$nc$"# b> $nd$rect con!"$rc>, not n cco5"#$ce on#>. &ot$8e $! not nt$n=.

Rotor d5$tted t4t 4$! $fe $! t4e !$!ter of #"$c$o;! $fe nd t4e e8$dence !4o! t4t

4$! ft4er 4d #nd d$!"te $t4 Rfe# Cb$:re! nd ! re!"ondent $n t4e c!e

before t4e A=rr$n Cort.

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9.%*.( CO-CON%RA+OR ARE CO-R%NC%AL( CAE O/ AELLAN+

BA+%+A AN* &A+COCA. +4e "re!ence nd ct$8e "rt$c$"t$on of ""e##nt!

Bt$!t nd &tc4oc $n Ab"o;! 4o!e 4ere t4e "#n to $## Rfe# ! rr$8ed t,

5e t4e5 ct# con!"$rtor! $n t4e $##$n= of Rfe#. +4e> ere #!o "re!ent nd

:e#o!#> "rt$c$"t$n= $n t4e eect$on of t4e$r cr$5$n# de!$=n, =$8$n= crb$ne

5=:$ne nd $n!trct$on! to ""e##nt Rotor, t4reten$n= Rfe# nd =$8$n=encor=e5ent to #"$c$o to !4oot t t4e #tter. +4e> ere 5on= t4o!e 4o #$d !$e=e

to *e5etr$o;! 4o!e nd #eft to=et4er $t4 ot4er! fter f$n##> cco5"#$!4$n= t4e$r

cr$5$n# deed! ! =reed "on. A""e##nt! Bt$!t nd &tc4oc re t4erefore #!o

#$b#e ! co- "r$nc$"#! $n Rfe#;! 5rder. Re=rd$n= 5ot$8e, $t ! "ro8ed t4t bot4

ere 5on= t4o!e $n8o#8ed $n t4e #nd conf#$ct $t4 Rfe# Cb$:re! nd ere 5on=

t4e re!"ondent! $n t4e c!e before t4e A=rr$n Cort.

10.%*.( AC+%)E AR+%C%A+%ON %N +E &R*ER( CAE O/ AELLAN+L%B&/AC%L. A#t4o=4 ""e##nt L$b5fc$# ! not "re!ent $n Ab"o;! 4o!e on

/ebrr> 2, 19F, 4e ! "re!ent t #"$c$o;! 4o!e nd $n t4e "re5$!e! of *e5etr$o;!4o!e $t4 t4e ot4er cc!ed nd ""e##nt!. e ! r5ed, 4d f$red t Rfe# #!o, nd

too "rt $n t4e !ton$n= of *e5etr$o;! 4o!e 4ere Rfe# ! bro=4t. $! ctt$on!

5n$fe!t t4t 4e ! re of t4e cr$5$n# de!$=n of t4e or$=$n# con!"$rtor;!, t4t 4e

""ro8ed of $t nd crr$ed $t ot, t4! !4o$n= t4t 4$! "re!ence t t4e !cene of t4e cr$5e! not 5ere#> "!!$8e. Con!e?ent#>, 4e $! co-"r$nc$"# $n Rfe#;! 5rder. &ot$8e $!

not nt$n=. %t ! e!tb#$!4ed t4t 4$! 5ot4er 4d #nd conf#$ct $t4 Rfe# nd t4t

4$! !te"-ft4er *$o!ddo E!"ern: ! one of t4e re!"ondent! $n t4e c!e before t4e

A=rr$n Cort.

D E C I S I O N

BENGZON, J.P.,J p:

$teen "er!on!, 5on= t4e5 4ere$n ""e##nt!, ere $nd$cted b> t4e "ro8$nc$# f$!c# $n

t4e Cort of /$r!t %n!tnce of Cotbto for dob#e 5rder for t4e ft# !4oot$n= of Rfe#

nd C!$no Cb$:re!, 1ft4er nd !on, $n Brr$o Cebno, 5n$c$"#$t> of +"$,

"ro8$nce of Cotbto, on /ebrr> 3, 19F. A## "#eded not =$#t>.

%n t4e cor!e of t4e tr$#, fter t4e "ro!ect$on 4d re!ted t4e eo"#e;! c!e, t4e cc!ed

f$#ed 5ot$on to d$!5$!! on t4e =rond, inter alia, t4t t4e f$!c#, fter condct$n= 4$!on "re#$5$nr> $n8e!t$=t$on, $nc#ded $n t4e c4r=e t4e ot4er cc!ed 4o ere #red>

dro""ed t4erefro5 b> t4e &n$c$"# Cort. +4e tr$# cort den$ed !$d 5ot$on bt

c?$tted cc!ed G!"r Bt$!t, A="$to A8e##n, Ce!r Ab"o nd Er$berto

&tc4oc for $n!ff$c$enc> of e8$dence =$n!t t4e5.

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+4e defen!e t4en "re!ented $t! e8$dence. '4$#e t t4$! !t=e, cc!ed e=ndo de #

Cern d$ed nd t4e c4r=e =$n!t 4$5 ! dro""ed.

After tr$#, t4e #oer cort, on nr> 3, 1962 "ro5#=ted $t! dec$!$on. Ac?$tted ere

G$##er5o E!"ern:, Concord$o rd$##o, *eo=rc$! rd$##o, Andre! Ab"o nd

o?$n L$b5fc$#.

Con8$cted for t4e 5rder of Rfe# Cb$:re! ere #"$c$o de # Cern nd er"$o

&?$#$n=, !principals, nd Godofredo Rotor, Anton$o Bt$!t, e8er$no &tc4oc

nd +eodoro L$b5fc$#, ! accomplices.

/or t4e 5rder of C!$no Cb$:re!, t4e cort con8$cted #"$c$o de # Cern nd

er"$o &?$#$n= !principals, nd R5on A#?$:r ! accessory.

A 5ot$on to recon!$der b> t4e con8$cted cc!ed f$#ed to 5o8e t4e #oer cort. o t4e

!$d cc!ed fo##oed " $t4 t4e$r not$ce of ""e#. +o d>! #ter cc!ed R5onA#?$:r ! ##oed to $t4dr 4$! $ntended ""e#. And dr$n= t4e "endenc> of t4e

""e# $n t4$! Cort, cc!ed er"$o &?$#$n= 5o8ed to $t4dr 4$! ""e# #!o, nd

t4$! ! =rnted on A=!t F, 1967.

+4e "re!ent ""e#, t4erefore, $n8o#8e! on#> #"$c$o de # Cern !principalfor t4e

$##$n= of bot4 Rfe# nd C!$no Cb$:re!( nd +eodoro L$b5fc$#, Godofredo Rotor,

e8er$no &tc4oc nd Anton$o Bt$!t ! accomplicesfor t4e $##$n= of Rfe#

Cb$:re!.

+4e f$r!t ?e!t$on $! "rocedr#. %t ""er! t4t 4en t4e 5n$c$"# cort f$n$!4ed $t4

t4e "re#$5$nr> $n8e!t$=t$on, $t o"$ned t4t on#> ""e##nt #"$c$o de # Cern !=$#t> 4$#e t4e re!t of t4e cc!ed ere not. +4e f$!c#, 4oe8er, $t4ot !ee$n=

re8$e of t4e f$nd$n=! of t4e cort, condcted 4$! on $n8e!t$=t$on nd, fterrd!,

$nd$cted ## t4e cc!ed. %t $! contended t4t t4$! ! !er$o! error. +4e ob fter t4e "ro!ect$on 4d #red> re!ted $t! c!e. ence,4te8er "rocedr# defect t4ere !, 4d been $8ed b> t4e ""e##nt! b> t4e$r f$#re

to r$!e $t before enter$n= t4e$r "#e!. 2

A""e##nt! net !!$# t4e #oer cort for re#>$n= on t4e "ro!ect$on $tne!!e! 4o =8e,

$n !b!tnce, t4e fo##o$n= nrrt$on of fct! nd c$rc5!tnce!

Er#> $n t4e 5orn$n= of /ebrr> 3, 19F, Rfe# Cb$:re!, cco5"n$ed b> 4$! $fe,

o!"$c$, 4$! brot4er! &r=r$to nd Ro5#do, nd 4$! !on! G5erc$ndo, &rce#o,

C!$no, n nd L5berto, #eft Brr$o Cebno 4eded for t4e "ob#c$on of +"$,

Cotbto, br$n=$n= f$8e !c! of corn #oded on b## crt to be 5$##ed $n +"$. n,

&rce#o nd L5berto, 4o ere ## 5$nor!, ere t4en =o$n= to !c4oo#. "on

""roc4$n= 4$##> "rt, t4e> 4d to !to" !$nce t4e crbo co#d not "## t4e b## crt

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"4$##. Rfe# t4en re?e!ted 4$! to brot4er! nd 4$! !on G5erc$ndo to cco5"n> 4$5

" t4e 4$## nd crr> on t4e$r bc! t4e !c! of corn. '$t4 Rfe# #ed$n=, t4e for

"roceeded "4$##.

A! t4e for ""roc4ed #"$c$o de # Cern;! 4o!e on to" of t4e 4$## nd ere bot to

"t don t4e !c! of corn, ""e##nt #"$c$o, 4o ! $n t4e 4o!e, f$red t nd 4$t

Rfe#, 4o fe## don. #"$c$o t4en ordered 4$! co5"n$on! to brn 4$! 4o!e !o t4t

t4e> o#d 48e n ec!e. &en4$#e, C!$no, G5erc$ndo, &rce#o nd Ro5#do

bro=4t t4e onded Rfe# Cb$:re! to t4e 4o!e of t4e #tter;! ft4er, *e5etr$o, 100

5eter! >. /e#$! B!t$!5o, Rfe#;! 5ot4er, r!# Cb$:re! nd e=nd$no

Cb$:re! ere t4ere t t4e t$5e.

After t4e =ro" rec4ed t4e 4o!e, Rfe#;! ond! ere !4ed $t4 4ot ter nd t4en

4e ! bro=4t $n!$de t4e t4$rd roo5 of t4e 4o!e. b!e?ent#>, ""e##nt #"$c$o ndt4e ot4er cc!ed rr$8ed t t4e "re5$!e!, r5ed $t4 f$rer5!, bo#o! nd cne!. +4e>

!toned t4e 4o!e nd t4r!t t4e$r bo#o! t4r t4e b5boo ##! nd f#oor$n=. /$nd$n= t4t

t4ere ere o5en $n!$de t4e 4o!e, t4e cc!ed ordered t4e5 to =et ot or e#!e t4e>

o#d be $##ed #!o. A! /e#$! B!t$!5o nd r!# Cb$:re! #$=4ted fro5 t4e be!$e=ed4o!e, &rce#o Cb$:re! fo##oed t4e5, nd #t4o=4 4e#d b> cc!ed Conrdo rd$##o

nd boed b> er"$o &?$#$n=, 4e ! b#e to e!c"e to t4e nerb> fore!t.

er"$o &?$#$n= t4en c#$5bed " t4e $ndo of t4e $tc4en, nd $t4 t4e crb$ne

4$c4 4e =ot fro5 ""e##nt #"$c$o de # Cern, !4ot t Rfe# Cb$:re! 4o !!$tt$n= $n t4e t4$rd roo5. At t4$! 5o5ent, C!$no Cb$:re! fro5 *e5etr$o;! 4o!e. A""e##nt

#"$c$o de # Cern t4en =ot bc t4e crb$ne, c#$5bed " t4e 4o!e nd f$red once 5ore

t Rfe#, 4o ! no #>$n= don on t4e f#oor, $##$n= 4$5 f$n##>. +4erefter, t4e

cd8er of C!$no Cb$:re! ! t$ed to b5boo "o#e, crr$ed b> cc!ed R5onA#?$:r nd one '$#fredo $! t #r=e nd "#ced ner t4e brned 4o!e of #"$c$o

de # Cern, ! !o5e of t4e cc!ed fo##oed 4$#e t4e re!t "roceeded to Rfe#;! 4o!e.

+4e "o!t 5orte5 e5$nt$on 3condcted t4t 8er> !5e d> !4oed t4t C!$no

Cb$:re! d$ed fro5 =n-!4ot ond, t4e b##et enter$n= t4e bc nd "!!$n= ot $n

front, 4$#e Rfe# Cb$:re! !!t$ned t4ree =n!4ot ond! of entrnce, one =n!4ote$t ond, nd one !tb ond. *r. B$en8en$do Grc$, t4e &n$c$"# e#t4 Off$cer,

e"#$ned t4t t4e b##et 4$c4 c!ed t4e f$r!t ond #octed $n front, t t4e #eft #oer

bdo5en, d$d not =o t4r t t4e bc bt !"#$t $nto to "rt! fter enter$n= t4e bod>.

oe8er, t4e!e to "rt! ere #red> "#"b#e on t4e #eft bttoc of t4e decedent fro5

4$c4 t4e> ere etrcted. +4e b##et 4$c4 c!ed t4e !econd ond #octed d$rect#> t

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t4e bc #od=ed $n t4e 11t4 t4orc$c 8ertebr. +4e t4$rd b##et entered ner t4e #eft bre!t

nd ent ot t t4e r$=4t #5br re=$on.

+4e "ro!ect$on #!o "re!ented "roof t4t "r$or to t4e $nc$dent, #nd d$!"te ro!e

beteen Rfe# nd !o5e of t4e cc!ed, @nd t4t 4e 4d f$#ed co5"#$nt! $t4 t4e

A=rr$n Cort =$n!t t4e #tter, t4e tr$# of 4$c4 c!e! ! !c4ed#ed on /ebrr> 10,19F.

A""e##nt! o#d 48e t4$! Cort be#$e8e t4t t4e> re $nnocent. +4e for ""e##nt!

con8$cted ! cco5"#$ce! $n!$!t t4e> ere ne8er t t4e 8$c$n$t> of t4e $##$n=. On t4e ot4er

4nd, ""e##nt #"$c$o de # Cern c#$5! t4t bot4 Rfe# nd C!$no ere $##ed $n

!e#f- defen!e.

#"$c$o;! 8er!$on of 4t trn!"$red $! t4$!

%n t4e 5orn$n= of /ebrr> 3, 19F, G$##er5o E!"ern: nd #"$c$o de # Cern 4d, G$##er5o E!"ern: =8e t4e !5e 8er!$on !

bo8e-nrrted.

$d ""e##nt;! 8er!$on cnnot be cce"ted. +4e to"!> re"ort! contrd$ct #"$c$o;!

c#$5 t4t 4e !4ot t4e decedent!frontally4$#e 4e ! " $n 4$! 4o!e. /or bot4 dece!ed

ec4 !!t$ned =n!4ot ond directly at the back. &oreo8er C!$no;! ond of entr>

#octed #on= t4e 12t4 r$b $! #oer t4n t4e ond of e$t - #octed #on= t4e 6t4 r$b

6 !4o$n= t4t t4e b##et f#$=4t "t4 ! "rd!, not donrd!. A =n f$red fro5

t4e e#e8ted f#oor$n= 7of 4o!e #$e #"$c$o;!, nd $5ed donrd!, co#d not 48e

c!ed !c4 ond!. L!t#>, Rfe#;! cd8er bore !tb ond on t4e #eft !$de.

A""e##nt;! 8er!$on co#d not ccont for t4$!.

'4$#e on t4e one 4nd not4$n= ! fond rond t4e brned 4o!e of ""e##nt #"$c$o

de # Cern, !c4 ! t4e ##e=ed cne t4ron b> Rfe#, nor n> ot4er e"on or !tone!

4$c4 5> $nd$cte ==re!!$on or 8$o#ence, on t4e ot4er, b#ood!t$n! ere fond $n!$de

*e5etr$o Cb$:re!; 4o!e Fnd #!o on t4e =rond t t4e !"ot 4ere, ccord$n= to t4e

"ro!ect$on, 9C!$no fe## 4en !4ot b> er"$o &?$#$n=. An e5"t> crb$ne !4e##

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E4. % ! #!o fond b> *r. Grc$ $n t4e $tc4en. %n t4$! re=rd, 4$! te!t$5on> $! not

4er!>, ! ""e##nt contend!, for #t4o=4 *r. Grc$ d$d not "er!on##> "$c $t ", 4e

! t4e e5"t> !4e## ten fro5 t4e f#oor nd 4nded o8er to 4$! co5"n$on! before

f$n##> rec4$n= 4$5. 10'4$#e C!$no;! bod> ! fond ner #"$c$o;! brned 4o!e,

e8en ""e##nt;! on $tne!! 11d5$tted 48$n= fond Rfe#;! bod> $n!$de *e5etr$o;!

4o!e r$=4t fter t4e $nc$dent! occrred. A""e##nt;! !""o!$t$on t4t Rfe#;! co5"n$on!5!t 48e retrned nd crr$ed > 4$! bod> cn 4rd#> be cce"ted !$nce t4ere $! no

re!on 4> t4e> o#d not #!o br$n= bc C!$no;! bod>.

&oreo8er, e f$nd $t 4rd to be#$e8e t4t #"$c$o, fter fe##$n= t4e decedent! nd

d$!"er!$n= t4e #tter;! co5"n$on!, o#d !t$## #e8e 4$! 4o!e 4en $t ! not >et tot##>

brned, ! 4e 4$5!e#f d5$tted. +4e ntr# t4$n= for 4$5 to 48e done ere $t tre

t4t $t ! decedent! 4o !et f$re to $t - ! to "t don t4e f$re nd !8e 4$! 4o!e.

An>> 4$! #$fe ! no #on=er $n dn=er.

L!t#>, #"$c$o 4! 5ore re!on to re!ent nd $## Rfe# t4n t4e #tter o#d 48e ! to4$5. +4e !orce of t4e "o!!$b#e 5ot$8e $! t4e !5e #nd trob#e beteen Rfe#

Cb$:re! nd #"$c$o;! ft4er, nd t4e e t4e for5er. Con!$der$n= t4t Rfe# ! t4e "re8$#$n= "rt> $nt4e #nd d$!"te before t4e NARRA, $t $! ?$te 4rd to be#$e8e t4t 4e o#d be t4e one

entert$n$n= =rd=e =$n!t t4o!e o8er 4o5 4e 4d "re8$#ed. Rt4er, $t ! t4e

cc!ed, 4o ere defeted nd 4o ere no fc$n= n e $5"$r t4e$r cred$b$#$t>.

12A""e##nt! 4oe8er $n8$te or ttent$on to $ncon!$!tenc$e! nd $5"robb$#$t$e!

##e=ed#> bond$n= $n t4e$r te!t$5on$e!. 'e !4## con!$der ec4 $tne!! nd t4e

te!t$5on$e! !e"rte#>.

1.Romualdo Cabizares e ! $t4 4$! brot4er Rfe# 4en t4e #tter ! !4ot ner

#"$c$o;! 4o!e nd ! 5on= t4o!e 4o bro=4t Rfe# to t4e$r ft4er;! *e5etr$o

4o!e 100 5eter! >!. e d$d not =o " t4e 4o!e !$nce 4e 4d to =o bc nd

e8cte 4$! f5$#> to fore!t @00 5eter! >. 8$n= done !o, 4e ent bc nd !

t4e $nc$dent! rond *e5etr$o;! 4o!e fro5 "#ce co8ered $t4 corn "#nt! .

A""e##nt! "o$nt ot t4t 4$! !tte5ent! on t4e 4erebot! of Conrdo rd$##o ere

$ncon!$!tent, #ed$n= t4e #oer cort to d$!be#$e8e 4$5 nd c?$t rd$##o. 'e f$nd no

$ncon!$!tenc> !$nce rd$##o;! =o$n= to Rfe#;! 4o!e $t4 t4e ot4er cc!ed ! fter t4e

e8ent! $n *e5etr$o;! "re5$!e! 4d ten "#ce. 13+4e #oer cort c?$tted rd$##o not

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""e##nt! cnnot !er$o!#> contend t4t one 4! to !ee !tone! =o$n= t4r t4e 4o!e to

no t4t $t $! be$n= !toned. An>>, $t $! not $5"o!!$b#e for #r=e !tone 4r#ed =$n!t

b5boo !4tter to c!e 4o#e t4ere$n 5e!r$n= 1@H I 1-1J2H. And !!5$n= t4t !c4

4o#e ""er! 5ore to 48e been ct b> bo#o nd forced o"en, /e#$! te!t$f$ed t4t t4e

cc!ed #!o t4r!t t4e$r bo#o! t4r t4e ##!. 2F

%t $! not $5"o!!$b#e for /e#$! to 48e !een C!$no;! !4oot$n= for !4e #> f#t on t4e

=rond after48$n= $tne!!ed $t #red>. 294e #!o e"#$ned 4> !4e ! #one $n t4ecorn f$e#d #t4o=4 !4e #eft t4e 4o!e to=et4er $t4 r!#. Be$n= 76 >er! o#d, !4e !

!#oer t4n r!#, nd !4e !t5b#ed 4$#e f#ee$n= !o !4e ! b#e to rec4 " to t4e

corn f$e#d! on#>. 30A! to n;! rr$8#, t4e te!t$5on$e! of t4e ot4er $tne!!e! re

n$for5 t4t t4e =ro" crr>$n= Rfe# rr$8ed $n *e5etr$o;! 4o!e f$r!t nd n, 4o

fo##oed be4$nd, rr$8ed fterrd!. 31n corroborte! /e#$! t4t 4e 4e#"ed crr>

Rfe# to t4e t4$rd roo5. 32&rce#o "robb#> not$ced n on#> fter Rfe# 4d beenbro=4t to t4e t4$rd roo5, #ed$n= 4$5 to !> t4t n rr$8ed fter Rfe# ! bro=4t

t4ere. 33

7."rsula and Segundino Cabizares Bot4 ere $n *e5etr$o;! 4o!e $t4 /e#$!

B!t$!5o. +4e> ! t4e rr$8# of t4e cc!ed nd t4e !ton$n= nd t4r!t$n= of bo#o! t4rt4e ##$n=!. One of t4e bo#o! onded e=nd$no Cb$:re! on t4e #eft t4$=4 r!#

Cb$:re! 4$d $n "#> cont$ner bt 4en t4e> ere ordered to =et ot, !4e nd /e#$!

B!t$!5o #eft nd retrned #ter $n t4e fternoon.

'4$#e r!# ! e8$dent#> 5$!ten 4en !4e !$d t4t &r=r$to ! #!o $n t4e 4o!e,

t4e error $! $55ter$#. Contrr> to ""e##nt!; content$on, !4e ! er"$o &?$#$n= on

4er > don fro5 t4e 4o!e. 3@A! to 4et4er t4e ot4er cc!ed be!$de! ""e##ntAnton$o Bt$!t ere r5ed $t4 bo#o!, !4e !tted t4t !4e d$d not no !$nce !4e on#>

! t4e bo#o t$"! "enetrt$n= t4r t4e ##$n=!. 3er "o!$t$8e !tte5ent t4t !4e !

""e##nt Godofredo Rotor 36"re8$#!, of cor!e, o8er t4e ne=t$8e te!t$5on> of &$5o

CK.

A""e##nt! r=e t4t !$nce e=nd$no Cb$:re! ! ferf#, 4e co#d not 48e been

5o8$n= $n!$de t4e be!$e=ed 4o!e of *e5etr$o, "ee"$n= e8er> no nd t4en t4r t4e

o"en$n=! $n t4e ##! nd ob!er8$n= t4e cc!ed. +4e> !ee5 to for=et 4oe8er t4t

d$fferent "eo"#e rect d$fferent#> e8en 4en ""re4en!$8e. +4!, e=nd$no;! re!t#e!!ne!!

$n!$de t4e 4o!e $! ne$t4er nntr# or r$d$c#o! to be#$e8e.

F.onifacio arro e ! $t4 /$!c# *"ro: nd =t. #d$n $n!$de *e5etr$o;!

4o!e fe d>! fter /ebrr> 3, 19F nd "on order! of t4e /$!c#, 4e too ot "rt of

t4e f#oor$n= E4. D, t4e b5boo !#tc4 E4. L nd L-1 nd t4e !tone! E4!. &, &-1

nd &-2.

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$! !tte5ent t4t E4!. &, &-1 nd &-2 eresomeof t4e !tone! /$!c# *"ro: fond

on t4e roof of *e5etr$o;! 4o!e corroborte! t4e ot4er "ro!ect$on $tne!!e! 4o

te!t$f$ed t4t t4e cc!ed !toned t4e 4o!e. e #!o !tted t4t t4ere ere other stones

$n!$de t4e 4o!e, corrobort$n= Ro5#do Cb$:re!. 37

9.#r$ ien%enido Garcia A! &n$c$"# 4e#t4 off$cer, 4e "erfor5ed t4e to"!> onRfe# nd C!$no Cb$:re! on /ebrr> 3, 19F. e fond C!$no;! bod> ner t4e

brned 4o!e of #"$c$o de # Cern, nd Rfe#;!, $n!$de *e5etr$o;! 4o!e. %n t4e #tter4o!e, 4e #!o ! b##et 4o#e on t4e f#oor E4. -1 nd crb$ne !4e## E4. %.

A""e##nt! o#d c8$# on *r. Grc$;! !tte5ent t4t 4e ! E4. "rt of t4e f#oor$n=

on#> $n cort. '4t 4e !$d 4oe8er ! t4t 4e ! $t as cut already from the flooron#>

$n cort. 3F$! !tte5ent! ! to t4e roo5 d$5en!$on! 3-@5 I @-5 nd t4e d$!tnce of

Rfe#;! bod> to t4e "rt$t$on 1 5 or 2 ft. re appro&imationson#> nd not ect

5e!re5ent!. 39A d$fference of fe $n!$=n$f$cnt 5eter! $! to be e"ected. L!t#>, 4$!

!tte5ent t4t t4e b##et 4o#e E4. -1 ! on t4e f#oor co$nc$de! $t4 Brro;! te!t$5on>t4t E4. ! ct fro5 t4e f#oor$n=. @0

/ro5 ## t4e fore=o$n=, $t $! ""rent t4t t4e !o-c4r=ed $ncon!$!tenc$e! nd

$5"robb$#$t$e! $n t4e te!t$5on$e! re $t4ot !b!tnt$# nd !$=n$f$cnt b!$!. ence, t4e#oer cort;! f$nd$n=! !4o#d !tnd, e!"ec$##> !$nce t4e> $n8o#8ed n ""rec$t$on of t4e

e8$dence nd cred$b$#$t> of t4e $tne!!e!.

'e no "roceed to t4e cr$5$n# #$b$#$t> of t4e ""e##nt!.

+4e $##$n= of Rfe# Cb$:re! ! ttended b> trec4er>. A""e##nt #"$c$o contend!t4t t4e f$r!t !4ot, f$red b> 4$5, ! not ttended $t4 trec4er> !$nce t4ere $! e8$dence

t4t Rfe# ! rned b> 4$! !on G5erc$ndo

er"$o &?$#$n=, ! def$n$te#> trec4ero!#> f$red !$nce Rfe# ! t4en $n t4e t4$rd

roo5 of *e5etr$o;! 4o!e, onded nd defen!e#e!!. +4e trec4er> 4ere 4! to be

$nde"endent#> con!$dered de to t4e !ff$c$ent #"!e of t$5e @2fro5 t4e f$r!t !4ot, $n

4$c4 t4e fo##o$n= e8ent! $nter8ened 1 t4e br$n=$n= of Rfe# to *e5etr$o;! 4o!e

100 5eter! > fter be$n= 4$t( 2 t4e !4$n= of 4$! ond! nd 4$! be$n= bro=4t to

t4e t4$rd roo5 to re!t( 3 t4e rr$8# of t4e cc!ed nd t4e$r order$n= t4e to o5en to

=et ot. %t ! on#> fter t4e o5en #eft t4t er"$o c#$5bed " t4e $tc4en nd f$red t4e

!econd !4ot t Rfe#.

A""e##nt #"$c$o $! c4r=eb#e for t4e trec4ero! !4oot$n= of Rfe# b> er"$o

&?$#$n= !$nce bot4 ere ct$n= ! co-con!"$rtor! "r!nt to t4e$r nder!tnd$n= $n

t4e 5eet$n= 4e#d t4e d> before $n Andre! Ab"o;! 4o!e, ! $## be !4on "re!ent#>.

An>>, t4e t4$rd !4ot, f$red b> #"$c$o, ! trec4ero!#> done. Rfe# ! t4en f#t on

t4e f#oor nd #t4o=4 !t$## #$8e, ! co5"#ete#> defen!e#e!!, 48$n= been !4ot t$ce

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#red> +4e "ort$on of *r. Grc$;! te!t$5on> @3c$ted b> ""e##nt! !4o! t4t Rfe#

d$ed aftert4e t4$rd !4ot 4$t 4$5

H.After ond No. 1 ! $nf#$cted, $! $t "o!!$b#e t4t Rfe# Cb$:re!! !t$## #$8eM

A.Rfe# Cb$:re! ! !t$## #$8e.

.After $nf#$ct$n= ond No. 2, $! $t "o!!$b#e t4t Rfe# Cb$:re! !

!t$## #$8eM

A.e ! !t$## #$8e.

.'4en ond No. 3 ! $nf#$cted, ! 4e !t$## #$8e b> >or conc#!$onM

A.e ! ded.

.'4t 5e! >o conc#de t4t 4e ! #red> ded 4en ond No. 3

! $nf#$ctedM

A.Bec!e ond No. 3 $! 5ort#H

t4! corrobort$n= n Cb$:re!; te!t$5on> t4t 4$! ft4er ! !t$## #$8e fter t4e

!econd !4ot onded 4$5.

E8$dent "re5ed$tt$on ! #!o "re!ent $n t4$! c!e. +4e "re8$o! "#n to $## Rfe#Cb$:re! ! te!t$f$ed to b> $tne!! &$5o CK 4o ! "re!ent $n t4e 5eet$n= of

/ebrr> 2, 19F, $n t4e 4o!e of Andre! Ab"o. Of t4e 5n> "er!on! "re!ent, 4e

reco=n$:ed on#> ""e##nt! #"$c$o de # Cern, Anton$o Bt$!t, e8er$no &tc4oc

nd er"$o &?$#$n=. Bt$!t to#d t4e =ro" t4t t4e "r"o!e of t4e 5eet$n= ! to

"#n t4e $##$n= of Rfe# Cb$:re!. +4en bot4 4e nd er"$o &?$#$n= !$=n$f$ed t4e$r$##$n=ne!! to eecte $t. A""e##nt #"$c$o #!o offered to do $t "ro8$ded 4$! f5$#>

o#d be ten cre of. +o t4$! offer, Bt$!t nd &?$#$n= re"#$ed t4t t4e> o#d te

cre of #"$c$o;! f5$#>. CK te!t$f$ed frt4er t4t none of t4o!e ttend$n= 8o$ced ot

n> ob 5orn$n= of

/ebrr> 3, 19F, 4en &tc4oc, cco5"n$ed b> Bt$!t, =8e t4e 5=:$ne ofb##et! to Godofredo Rotor. e ! #$e$!e $t4 t4e cc!ed 4en Rfe# ! !4ot tt4e 4$## to", nd 4en 4e Rfe# nd C!$no ere $##ed $n *e5etr$o;! "#ce.

oe8er, one year and ten months after4e 4d te!t$f$ed for t4e "ro!ect$on, $tne!!

CK ! "re!ented ! defen!e $tne!!. A! !c4, 4e co5"#ete#> retrcted on 4$!

"re8$o! te!t$5on>, e"#$n$n= t4t ## 4t 4e 4d !tted ! f#!e !$nce 4e ! not $n

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+"$ on /ebrr> 2 nd 3, 19F. Gdenc$o E!"ern:, "re!ented to corroborte 4$5,

te!t$f$ed t4t $n A=!t, 19F, o!"$c$ Cb$:re!, $do of Rfe#, ent to t4e for5er;!

4o!e 4ere CK ! !t>$n=, nd =8e t4e #tter 0.00 to te!t$f> f#!e#> for t4e

"ro!ect$on. On rebtt#, o!"$c$ Cb$:re! den$ed t4$!. @@

'e 48e t4! to !et! of te!t$5on$e! b> CK, co5"#ete#> t 8r$nce $t4 ec4 ot4er.No t4e r#e $! t4t 5ere retrct$on b> "ro!ect$on $tne!! doe! not nece!!r$#> 8$t$te

t4e or$=$n# te!t$5on> ot4er$!e cred$b#e. @+4e "ro"er t4$n= for t4e tr$# cort to do $!to e$=4 nd co5"re bot4 te!t$5on$e!. ere, t4e #oer cort, fter 48$n= done !o,

cce"ted CK;! te!t$5on> for t4e "ro!ect$on. %n t4$!, $t d$d not err.

/$r!t#>, t4e or$=$n# te!t$5on> $!positi%end re"#ete $t4 det$#!, nd CK $t4!tood

#on= nd t4oro=4 cro!!-e5$nt$on 4$c4 co#d not 48e been !o, $f t4e !tor> ere

5ere#> fbr$cted. econd#>, CK;! nrrt$on of t4e !4oot$n= $nc$dent ! f##>

corroborted b> t4e ot4er "ro!ect$on $tne!!e!. L!t#>, t4e c4r=ed $ncon!$!tenc$e! nd

$5"robb$#$t$e! t4ere$n re too $n!$=n$f$cnt to ffect t4e !b!tnce t4ereof.

On t4e ot4er 4nd, $n 4$! !b!e?ent te!t$5on>, @6CK ! e8!$8e nd 5o!t of 4$!

n!er! ere H% don;t re5e5berH or H% don;t noH. $! !tte5ent t4t 4e ! $n &rbe#

on /ebrr> 2 nd 3, 19F $! not on#> ncorroborted bt e8en contrd$cted b> to"ro!ect$on $tne!!e! 4o ! 4$5 $t4 cc!ed on /ebrr> 3, 19F. @7CK ! #!o

$n!$ncere, c#$5$n= t4t 4$! con!c$ence bot4ered 4$5 =ret#> bt 4e d5$tted t4t 4e co#d

not !#ee" on#> $n t4e 5orn$n=! @Fnd not$t4!tnd$n= t4e !er$o! "red$c5ent 4e ! $n

- bec!e of t4e $ncon!$!tent !tte5ent! 5de $n o"en cort - 4e ! e8en !5$#$n=. @9

&oreo8er, ccord$n= to Gdenc$o E!"ern:, 4o $! t4e ft4er-$n-# of er"$o

&?$#$n=, CK ! on#> con!tr$ned to te!t$f> f#!e#> 4en 4e ! br$bed b> Rfe#;!$do, o!"$c$ Cb$:re!, !o5et$5e $n A=!t, 19F. +4$! "reten!e cn not be be#$e8ed

!$nce 5ont4 "r$or to t4t, or on #> 2F, 19F, CK 4d #red> eected n ff$d8$t

E4. ) $ncr$5$nt$n= t4e ""e##nt!. %t #!o ""er! 4$=4#> $5"robb#e for Rfe#;!

$do to =o to t4e 4o!e of re#t$8e of t4e cc!ed nd $n 4$! "re!ence o"en#> br$be

CK, re!$dent t4ere$n. L!t#>, $t $! 4rd to be#$e8e t4t #t4o=4 Gdenc$o E!"ern:

ne of t4$! $nc$dent, 4e to#d t4e defen!e con!e# bot $t on#> fter CK 4d #red>

te!t$f$ed for t4e defen!e nd 4d been $ncrcerted to fce c4r=e of "er. 0+4e

$5"#!e of 5n !$5$#r#> !$tted o#d 48e been to re#te !c4 5tter t once to 4$!

cc!ed re#t$8e!. Gdenc$o;! f$#re to do !o 5e! of 4$! !tor> ort4#e!! fbr$ct$on.

+4ere be$n= "re8$o! d$rect con!"$rc> one d> before t4e $##$n=, e8$dent"re5ed$tt$on $! d#> e!tb#$!4ed. 1+4$! ?#$f>$n= c$rc5!tnce $! frt4er bttre!!ed

b> t4e fo##o$n= ctt$on! of ""e##nt on /ebrr> 3, 19F 1 "on !ee$n= Rfe#

ner 4$! 4o!e, #"$c$o to#d 4$! co5"n$on! toget ready!$nce t4e one t4e> ere

a!aiting! t4ere #red>. And t4en 4e !4ot t Rfe#. 2 A! Rfe# ! be$n= bro=4t

to *e5etr$o;! 4o!e, #"$c$o ordered 4$! co5"n$on! to brn 4$! 4o!e !o t4e> o#d

48e n ec!e #red>. 3 '$t4 t4e ot4er ""e##nt!, 4e "r!ed t4e onded Rfe# to

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*e5etr$o;! 4o!e 4ere fter t4e> 4d !toned t4e !5e nd t4r!t t4e$r bo#o! t4r $t!

##$n=!, t4e> ordered t4e o5en fo# to #e8e #e!t t4e> be $##ed #!o( nd @ fter

er"$o 4d #red> !4ot t Rfe#, #"$c$o !t$## f$red t4$rd !4ot, f$n##> $##$n= Rfe#.

A## t4e!e o8ert#> !4o ""e##nt;! deter5$nt$on to end Rfe#;! #$fe. +4e $##$n=,

t4erefore, ! "ro"er#> ?#$f$ed ! 5rder.

oe8er, ""e##nt #"$c$o cnnot be 4e#d #$b#e for t4e $##$n= of C!$no Cb$:re!,

not$t4!tnd$n= con!"$rc> beteen 4$5 nd er"$o &?$#$n=. +4e con!"$rc> ! to$## Rfe# on#> nd no one e#!e. Not4$n= ! !$d or =reed "on bot t4e 5e5ber! of

Rfe#;! f5$#>. %n fct, $n eect$n= t4e$r "#n ""e##nt! #et t4e to o5en $n!$de

*e5etr$o;! 4o!e #e8e n4rt nd t4e> d$d no 4r5 to t4e re5$n$n= co5"n$on! of

Rfe# $n t4e 4o!e. +4e$r tr=et ! !o#e#> Rfe# Cb$:re!. And t4e r#e 4! #>!

been t4t co-con!"$rtor! re #$b#e on#> for ct! donepursuant to the conspiracy. /or

ot4er ct! done ot!$de t4e conte5"#t$on of t4e co-con!"$rtor! or 4$c4 re not t4enece!!r> nd #o=$c# con!e?ence of t4e $ntended cr$5e, on#> t4e ct# "er"etrtor! re

#$b#e. 2ere, on#> er"$o $##ed C!$no Cb$:re!. +4e #tter ! not e8en =o$n= tot4e $d of 4$! ft4er Rfe# bt ! f#ee$n= > 4en !4ot.

A#t4o=4 er"$o =ot t4e crb$ne fro5 #"$c$o, t4e #tter cnnot be con!$dered "r$nc$"# b> $nd$!"en!b#e coo"ert$on or n cco5"#$ce. +4ere $! no e8$dence t ## t4t

#"$c$o re er"$o o#d !e t4e r$f#e to $## C!$no. re!5b#>, 4e =8e t4e

crb$ne to er"$o for 4$5 to !4oot Rfe# on#> ! "er t4e$r =ree5ent. Ne$t4er $! t4ere

concrete "roof t4t #"$c$o betted t4e !4oot$n= of C!$no. #"$c$o 5$=4t 48e been

#$b#e $f fter t4e !4oot$n= of Rfe#, er"$o retrned t4e crb$ne to 4$5 bt "on !ee$n=

C!$no f#ee$n=, $55ed$te#> !ed =$n for t4e crb$ne nd #"$c$o 8o#ntr$#> =8e $t

to 4$5. er"$o;! cr$5$n# $ntent$on t4en o#d be re!onb#> ""rent to #"$c$o ndt4e #tter;! =$8$n= bc of t4e r$f#e o#d con!t$tte 4$! !!ent t4ereto. Bt !c4 ! not

t4e c!e. #"$c$o, t4erefore, 5!t be c?$tted for t4e $##$n= of C!$no Cb$:re!.

A""e##nt! Godofredo Rotor, Anton$o Bt$!t, e8er$no &tc4oc nd +eodoro

L$b5fc$# ## "t " alibi! t4e$r defen!e. +4$! t4e tr$# cort re 3, 19F, 4e ent aloneto t4e !"r$n= $n

Brr$o Cebno to fetc4 ter nd fter !t>$n= 4$#e t4ere, !trted bc 4o5e. On t4e

> bc, 4$! 5ot4er 5et 4$5 nd to#d 4$5 not to =o 4o5e bec!e of n $nc$dent t4e$##$n= of t4e decedent! !o 4e ent $n!ted to $5eon N8ed t4ere

nt$# /ebrr> 1F, 19F.

+4e "ro!ect$on, 4oe8er, "ro8ed t4t $n t4e er#> 5orn$n= of /ebrr> 3, 19F, Rotor

! $t4 &$5o CK fetc4$n= ter $n t4e !"r$n=. On t4e$r > 4o5e, t4e> 5et

""e##nt! Bt$!t nd &tc4oc. +4e #tter =8e Rotor crb$ne 5=:$ne $t4 b##et!,

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!>$n= Here $! t4e 5=:$ne of t4e b##et! nd =$8e $t to #"$c$o de # Cern.H And

""e##nt Bt$!t !$d H#e!e 4rr>. G$8e $t to #"$c$o de # Cern bec!e e $##

fo##o #ter on.H 4ort#> fterrd!, CK ent $t4 4$5 to #"$c$o;! 4o!e 4ere 4e

=8e t4e 5=:$ne to #"$c$o, !>$n= Here re !o5e b##et! !""o!ed to be =$8en to

>o.H 3

Rotor ! !een ot!$de don!t$r! of #"$c$o;! 4o!e #ter t4t 5orn$n= b>

&r=r$to nd G5erc$ndo Cb$:re!. After #"$c$o 4d f$red t Rfe#, Rotor =ot t4e"$!to# fro5 ""e##nt L$b5fc$# nd f$red #!o t Rfe#. @+4$! ""e##nt ! #!o !een

b> Ro5#do, r!# nd e=nd$no Cb$:re! ! 5on= t4o!e 4o rr$8ed t

*e5etr$o;! 4o!e. '4en r!# Cb$:re! #$=4ted fro5 t4e 4o!e, !4e ! Rotor

ot!$de 4o#d$n= "$!to# 4$c4 4e =8e to L$b5fc$# co55enc$n= t4t $t ! !tc. 6

After t4e $##$n= of t4e decedent!, Ro5#do Cb$:re! ! 4$5 $t4 t4e =ro" fo##o$n=

t4e cd8er of C!$no Cb$:re! 4$c4 ! be$n= bro=4t ner #"$c$o;! brned 4o!e.7

%n t4e fce of t4e o8er4e#5$n= "o!$t$8e $dent$f$ct$on of !$ "ro!ect$on $tne!!e!,

Rotor;! ncorroborted #$b$ 5!t f$#. A#t4o=4 4e ! not "re!ent or d$d not "rt$c$"te

$n t4e 5eet$n= of /ebrr> 2, 19F, 4$! "re!ence $n t4e !$t! of t4e !4oot$n=! on /ebrr>3, 19F ! not 5ere#> "!!$8e. $! ct$8e "rt$c$"t$on - !4oot$n= t Rfe# crr>$n=

"$!to# - 4$c4 4! d$rect connect$on $t4 t4e cr$5$n# de!$=n =$n!t Rfe# Cb$:re!

5e! 4$5 "r$nc$"# b> $nd$rect con!"$rc>, not n cco5"#$ce on#>. &ot$8e $! not

nt$n=. Rotor d5$tted t4t 4$! $fe $! t4e !$!ter of #"$c$o;! $fe Fnd t4e e8$dence

!4o! t4t 4$! ft4er 4d #nd d$!"ted $t4 Rfe# Cb$:re! nd ! re!"ondent $n

t4e c!e before t4e A=rr$n Cort. 9

A""e##nt Bt$!t c#$5! t4t on /ebrr> 2, 19F, 4e #eft Brr$o Cebno for +"$

5!. > to =et trc to #od 4$! corn. +4t fternoon, 4e retrned to Cebno 4ere

t4e> #oded corn bt 4e co#d not retrn to +"$ ! t4e trc o#d not !trt, !o 4e !#e"t t4o5e. Er#> t4e net d>, /ebrr> 3, 19F, t4e> "!4ed t4e trc to !trt $t. Lter,

""e##nt &tc4oc rr$8ed nd 4e#"ed t4e5. e #!o rode $n trc bt "on rec4$n= n

"4$## rod, $t !to""ed =$n. +4e> ere b#e to rec4r=e $t! btter$e! fro5 trctor t4t

4""ened to "!! b>. +4e> cont$ned t4e tr$" nd f$n##> rr$8ed $n t4e "ob#c$on of +"$

t bot F00 A.&. e8er# 5ont4! #ter, 4$#e 4e ! t er=$o Rotor;! 4o!e, 4$! c4$#d

to#d 4$5 t4t .C. !o#d$er ! $t$n= t 4o5e, !o $n!ted of =o$n= 4o5e, 4e 4d conference $t4 Andre! Ab"o, R5on A#?$:r, Roberto &tc4oc !on of e8er$no

nd A="$to A8e##n. +4e> ## dec$ded to "roceed to +"$ nd !rrender to t4e &>or.

A""e##nt &tc4oc re#ted t4e !5e $nc$dent to#d b> Bt$!t re=rd$n= t4e tr$" to +"$.

e t4en c#$5ed to 48e retrned to Brr$o Cebno bot noont$5e nd t4ere #erned of

t4e $nc$dent. +4e net d>, 4e e8cted 4$! f5$#> to 8o$d trob#e.

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+4e "ro!ect$on 4oe8er 4! e!tb#$!4ed t4t t4e!e to ""e##nt! ere $n t4e 5eet$n=

4e#d $n Ab"o;! 4o!e on /ebrr> 2, 19F. +4e> o"en#> "rt$c$"ted t4ere$n. +4e$r

5eet$n= $t4 ""e##nt Rotor er#> t4e fo##o$n= 5orn$n= 4! #!o been e!tb#$!4ed t4r

t4e te!t$5on> of &$5o CK.

+4e!e to ere #!o !een ot!$de #"$c$o;! 4o!e. Bt$!t ! crr>$n= bo#o nd cne nd ! 4erd !4ot$n= t Rfe# t4! HRfe#, >o cnnot rec4 t4e tr$# bec!e

e $## $## >o.H 60G5erc$ndo Cb$:re! #!o 4erd &tc4oc !4ot$n= HGo 4ed,!4oot. 'e $## $## 4$5 !o t4t 4e $## not rec4 t4e d> of t4e 4er$n=.H 61

Bt$!t nd &tc4oc ere 5on= t4o!e 4o ent to *e5etr$o;! 4o!e. 62+4e for5er

t4r!t 4$! bo#o t4r t4e b5boo ##$n=! 4$tt$n= e=nd$no Cb$:re!. 63'4en r!#

Cb$:re! c5e don fro5 t4e 4o!e, !4e ! Bt$!t 4o#d$n= bo#o. 6@Ro5#do, on

t4e ot4er 4nd, c#$5ed 48$n= !een 4$5 4o#d$n= f$rer5. 6After t4e $##$n=! 4d

ten "#ce, Bt$!t ent $t4 t4e =ro" t4t "roceeded bc to #"$c$o;! brned 4o!e

4ere! &tc4oc 5rc4ed $t4 t4e ot4er =ro" 4eded for Rfe#;! 4o!e. 66

+4e "o!$t$8e $dent$f$ct$on of t4e !e8er# "ro!ect$on $tne!!e! 5!t "re8$# o8er t4e

#$b$! "roffered b> t4e!e ""e##nt!. +4e$r "re!ence nd ct$8e "rt$c$"t$on $n t4e

5eet$n= $n Ab"o;! 4o!e 5e t4e5 ct# con!"$rtor! $n t4e $##$n= of Rfe#. +4e>ere #!o "re!ent nd :e#o!#> "rt$c$"t$n= $n t4e eect$on of t4e$r cr$5$n# de!$=n,

=$8$n= crb$ne 5=:$ne nd $n!trct$on! to ""e##nt Rotor, t4reten$n= Rfe# nd

=$8$n= encor=e5ent to #"$c$o to !4oot t t4e #tter. +4e> ere 5on= t4o!e 4o #$d

!$e=e to *e5etr$o;! 4o!e nd #eft to=et4er $t4 t4e ot4er! fter f$n##> cco5"#$!4$n=

t4e$r cr$5$n# deed! ! =reed "on. A""e##nt! Bt$!t nd &tc4oc re t4erefore #!o

#$b#e ! co-"r$nc$"#! $n Rfe#;! 5rder. Re=rd$n= 5ot$8e, $t ! "ro8ed t4t bot4 ere5on= t4o!e $n8o#8ed $n t4e #nd conf#$ct $t4 Rfe# Cb$:re! nd ere 5on= t4e

re!"ondent! $n t4e c!e before t4e A=rr$n Cort.

A""e##nt L$b5fc$#;! !tor> $! t4t $n t4e 5orn$n= of /ebrr> 3, 19F 4e ! $n t4e

&en:$ Are bot 6 $#o5eter! fro5 Brr$o Cebno. +4t fternoon, 4e retrned to t4e"ob#c$on of +"$. +o corroborte 4$5, Lro E!conde !trted t4t 4e ! L$b5fc$#

t4t d> or$n= on t4e #tter;! fr5 #ot $n t4e &en:$ re.

oe8er, &$5o CK ! ""e##nt L$b5fc$# ot!$de #"$c$o;! 4o!e 4en t4e

for5er rr$8ed t4ere $t4 ""e##nt Rotor $n t4e 5orn$n= of /ebrr> 3, 19F. L$b5fc$#

4! "$!to# 4$c4 4e #!o f$red t Rfe#. 67G5erc$ndo Cb$:re! #!o ! 4$5 4o#d$n= "$!to# 4$c4 4e =8e to Rotor 4o t4en too !4ot t Rfe#. 6F

A""e##nt L$b5fc$# ! !een b> CK =$n 5on= t4o!e 4o ent $t4 t4e ot4er

cc!ed don4$## fro5 #"$c$o;! 4o!e to *e5etr$o;! 4o!e. 69+4e ot4er "ro!ect$on

$tne!!e! ! 4$5 #!o rond *e5eter$o;! 4o!e, r5ed $t4 "$!to#. 70e ! 5on=

t4o!e 4o !toned t4e 4o!e. 71'4en r!# Cb$:re! #$=4ted t4erefro5, !4e !

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""e##nt L$b5fc$# ot!$de, con8er!$n= $t4 Rotor nd rece$8$n= fro5 t4e #tter "$!to#

4$c4 4d =otten !tc. After t4e $nc$dent! $n *e5etr$o;! 4o!e, L$b5fc$# ent $t4

""e##nt! Rotor nd Bt$!t to #"$c$o;! brned 4o!e. 72

L$b5fc$#;! #$b$, t4o=4 corroborted, cnnot o8erco5e t4e "o!$t$8e $dent$f$ct$on of

t4e e$=4t "ro!ect$on $tne!!e! 4o ! 4$5. A#t4o=4 4e ! not "re!ent $n Ab"o;!4o!e on /ebrr> 2, 19F, 4e ! "re!ent $n #"$c$o;! 4o!e nd $n t4e "re5$!e! of

*e5etr$o;! 4o!e $t4 t4e ot4er cc!ed nd ""e##nt!.'e !as armed( had fired atRfe# #!o, nd took part in the stoningof *e5etr$o;! 4o!e 4ere Rfe# ! bro=4t.

$! ctt$on! 5n$fe!t t4t 4e ! re of t4e cr$5$n# de!$=n of t4e or$=$n#

con!"$rtor;!, t4t 4e ""ro8ed of $t nd crr$ed $t ot, t4! !4o$n= t4t 4$! "re!ence t

t4e !cene of t4e cr$5e ! not 5ere#> "!!$8e. Con!e?ent#>, 4e $! co-"r$nc$"# $n

Rfe#;! 5rder. And 5ot$8e $! not nt$n=. %t ! e!tb#$!4ed t4t 4$! 5ot4er 4d #nd

conf#$ct $t4 Rfe# 73nd t4t 4$! !te"-ft4er *$o!ddo E!"ern: ! one of t4ere!"ondent $n t4e c!e before t4e A=rr$n Cort.

'e f$nd t4erefore ## f$8e ""e##nt! =$#t> ! co-"r$nc$"#! $n t4e 5rder of Rfe#

Cb$:re!.

+4e ==r8t$n= c$rc5!tnce of trec4er>, ""#$cb#e =$n!t ""e##nt #"$c$o de #Cern on#>, $! off!et b> 4$! 8o#ntr> !rrender fter t4e $nc$dent. +4$! 5$t$=t$n=

c$rc5!tnce 4oe8er cn not benef$t t4e re5$n$n= ""e##nt! 4o d$d not 8o#ntr$#>

!rrender. /or ## t4e ""e##nt!, t4erefore, t4e "en#t> for Rfe# Cb$:re!; 5rder 5!t

be $5"o!ed $n t4e 5ed$5 "er$od. /or t4e $##$n= of C!$no Cb$:re!, ""e##nt

#"$c$o de # Cern 5!t be c?$tted.

'4erefore, t4e t4e co!t!(

bA""e##nt #"$c$o de # Cern $! 4ereb> c?$tted for t4e 5rder of C!$no

Cb$:re!.

o ordered.

Concepcion( C$J$( Reyes( J$$)$( #izon( Makalintal( *aldi%ar( Sanchez( Ruiz Castro(

+ngelesndFernando( JJ$(concr.

Footnotes

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1.Or$=$n##>, t4ere ere to $nfor5t$on! bt "on 5ot$on of t4e cc!ed, t4e> ere

con!o#$dted nd tr$ed $n t4e !5e "roceed$n=!.

2.ec. 10, R#e 113, no R#e 117, R#e! of Cort( Oc %s$$5ene:, L-17777, ne 29, 1962.

3.E4!. A-B nd E-/.

@.ee E4. +.

.E4!. N-1, N-2 nd O.

6.E4. B.

7.+4e f#oor$n= ! bot ft. 4$=4 fro5 t4e =rond t.!.n. &$##re! F@2.

F.+.!.n. %bero ". 960.

9.+.!.n. %bero "". FF-F9( 193.

10.+.!.n. %bero "". 3F, 1-2.

11.t. Ab!#on +br, t.!.n. %bero ". 937.

12.eo"#e %s$Con!tnt$no, L-23F, A=. 10, 1967.

13.+.!.n. %bero "". 129-130.

[email protected] A""e##nt;! br$ef, ". 1@.

1.&$5o CK te!t$f$ed t4t "er!on $n!$de t4e corn !t#! co#d not be !een t.!.n. [%bero] ".

27@.

16.+.!.n. %bero ". 167.

17.ee E4. .

1F.+.!.n. %bero ". 29.

19.+.!.n. %bero "". 69-70.

20.+.!.n. %bero "". @@-@( @73-@7.

21.+.!.n. %bero "". @90-@91.

22.+.!.n. %bero ". @9F.

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23.+.!.n. %bero ". 67.

2@.+.!.n. %bero "". 9F-101.

2.+.!.n. %bero "". 107-10F.

26.+.!.n. %bero ". 10@.

27.+.!.n. %bero ". @30.

2F.+.!.n. %bero ". @10.

29.+.!.n. %bero ". @1@.

30.+.!.n. %bero ". @12.

31.+.!.n. %bero "". 79, 110, 30F-309, @0F-@09, @@9, @, 69- 70( &$##re!, ". 10.

32.+.!.n. %bero "". F0, @1F.

33.+.!.n. %bero ". @1-@2.

3@.+.!.n. %bero ". 339.

3.+.!.n. %bero ". 3@7.

36.+.!.n. %bero "". 3@-3@6.

37.+.!.n. %bero "". 1@@, 19-20.

3F.+.!.n. %bero ". @1.

39.+.!.n. %bero "". @3-@.

@0.+.!.n. %bero "". @3, 1F.

@1.+.!.n. %bero ". 6.

@2.ee .. %s$B#>ot, @0 4$#. 3F.

@3.+.!.n. %bero ". 0.

@@.+.!.n. &$##re! "". 73, 7.

@.eo"#e %s$rb$n, 97 4$#. 1( eo"#e %s$A#cr:, 103 4$#. 33.

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@6.+.!.n. %bero "". 1126-11F9.

@7.+.!.n. %bero "". 331-332, F-9.

@F.+.!.n. %bero ". 11F9.

@9.+.!.n. %bero ". 11F6.

0.+.!.n. &$##re! "". 107-10F.

1... %s$Corne

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6F.+.!.n. %bero "". 39, @2.

69.+.!.n. %bero "". 270.

70.+.!.n. %bero "". 62, 70, 21, 312-A, @7@( &$##re! "". 10, 2.

71.+.!.n. %bero ". 169.

72.+.!.n. %bero ". 129.

73.+.!.n. %bero ". 76.