Pengukuhan SPS dalam PMR 2013

SELAMAT DATANG KE BENGKEL SAINS PMR

2013

“Hai orang-orang yang beriman, apabila dikatakan kepadamu: “Berlapang-lapanglah dalam majlis.” maka lapangkanlah, niscaya Allah akan memberi kelapangan untukmu. Dan apabila dikatakan: “Berdirilah kamu.”

maka berdirilah, niscaya Allah akan meninggikan orang-orang yang beriman di

antaramu, dan orang-orang yang diberi ilmu pengetahuan beberapa darjat. Dan Allah

Maha Mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan.” (Q.S. al-Mujadilah: 11).

Science process skills enable students to formulate their questions and find out the answers systematically

What is Science Process Skills?

SPS NO. Q

SPS NO.Q

1.Observing. 7 & 8 7.Using Space-Time Relationship

8

2.Classifying 7 8.Interpreting Data

7 & 8

3.Measuring and using Numbers

8 9.Defining Operationally

8

4.Inferring 7 & 8 10.Controlling Variables

8

5.Predicting 7 & 8 11.Hypothesising 86.Communicating 8 12.Experimenting NONE

Observing

• Using the sense of sight to collect information about an object or a phenomenon.Observing details, similarities and differences.

• Identify, name and compare: objects, attributes and sensations using quantitative terms.

• Identify and describe the results of interactions (differences) in terms of initial and final stages.

• Identify and describe the observable characteristics of phenomenon or event.

Diagram 8.1 shows two different containers, J and K. The grasshoppers in both containers are similar.

State one difference between the grasshoppers in containers J and K after two days.

Grasshopper K is still alive while grasshopper J is died.

Classifying

• Using observations to group objects or events according to similarities or differences.

• Classifying is organising observations, ideas, or events so that patterns and relationships can be detected.

• Examples of classifications are : colour, shape, size, sound, smell, taste, texture, temperature, living or non living things

Classify the devices, P, Q, R and S into two groups based on their common characteristics.

The fulcrum is between load and and effort

The fulcrum is not between load and and effort

R, S P, Q

Measuring and Using Numbers

• Making quantitative observations using numbers and tools with standardized units.

• Applying mathematical rules or formula to calculate quantities or determine relationships from basic measurements (using numbers).

• Measuring (except counting) involves the use of an instrument, eg. measuring cylinder, stopwatch, ruler, thermometer, ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance. etc.

Diagram 8.2 shows four similar candles being covered by tour containers, K, L, M and N of different sizes.

In Table 8.1, record the time taken for the candle in container M to extinguish.

11

Inferring

• Using past experiences or previously collected data to draw conclusions and make explanations of events.

• Developing ideas or making a statement or conclusion about a specific event / object that is based on reasoning to explain an observation,

• It may or may not be correct.

Diagram 8.1 shows a worker pulling a load of 50kg on two different surfaces

What inference can be made based on Situation A and Situation B Diagram 8.1?

Worker can pull load at B easier than A because the surface B is smooth, frictional force at B lower than A.

Situation A Situation B

Predicting

• Stating the outcome of a future event based on prior knowledge gained through

• experiences when collecting data.• Forming an idea of an expected result or event • Making a specific forecast of what future

observation will be.• Making a forecast of future conditions expected to

exist.

Based on the graph drawn in 8(d),

Predict the temperature of the distilled water at the 12th minute. ……………………………………0C

100

Communicating

• Using words or graphic symbols such as tables, graphs, bar charts, pai charts, figures or models to describe an action, object or event.

• Record or presenting data or information in the form of drawing or diagram.

• Expressing idea with graphs, bar chart, diagrams, tables of data, photographs. etc

Based on the readings in Table 8.3, draw a bar chart to show the readings of the spring balance with the different surface.

Surface Reading of spring balance / N

X 8.5 / 8.50Y 5.5 / 5.50Z 2.5 / 2.50

1

2

3

4

6

5

7

8

Using Table 8.4, draw a graph of current against length of wire

0.67 0.62 0.57 0.47

Using Space - Time Relationship

• Describing changes in parameter with time. Examples parameters are location, direction, shape, size, volume, weight and mass.

• Process that develops skills in clarifying the change of size, direction and shape with time.

A student carried out an experiment to study the effect of temperature on the rate of dissolving of salt P. 10 grams of fine salt P was added into beaker K, L and M, which have different temperatures.

Based on the graph in (c), what can be said about the time taken for salt P to dissolve?

Time taken to dissolve salt is less when the temperature of water is higherThe higher the temperature of water, the fastest the time taken to dissolve salt

Interpreting

• Giving rational explanations about an object, event or pattern derived from collected data.

• Analyzing data that have been obtained and organized by determining apparent patterns or relationships in the data.

• Reading tables, graphs and diagrams: Explaining the information presented in a table, a graph, or a diagram. And / Or using it to answer questions.

Diagram 7 shows four students, P. Q. R and S.

State the relationship between the way the student stands and the stability.

The bigger the base area, the more stable.The student is more stable when the base area is larger

Defining Operationally

• Defining concepts by describing what must be done and what should be observed

• Stating specific information about an object or concept or phenomena based on experiences with its observations.

• A good working operational definition has 2 parts:

• Describe what should be done and should be observed

Based on Diagram 8.2, state the operational definition of frictional force.

Frictional force is the reading of spring balance when the block is pull on different type of surface.

From RV, what you observe From MV,

what you do

Controlling Variables

• Identifying the fixed variable manipulated variable, and responding variable.

• The manipulated variable is changed to observe its relationship with the responding variable. At the same time, the fixed variable is kept constant.

• There are 3 types of variables in any investigation (need to be identified before beginning an investigation):

I. Manipulated variable2. Responding variable3. Constant / Fixed / Controlled variable

Diagram shows an experiment to determine the type of surface which affect the magnitude of frictional force.

State the variables involved in this experiment.

Situation A Situation B

The reading of spring balance

The size of wooden block

Manipulate variable

Responding variable

Controlled variable

The type of surface

Hypothesising

• Making a general statement about the relationship between a manipulated variable and a responding variable (in order to explain an event or observation). This statement can be tested to determine its validity.

• A hypothesis and an inference may be similar in that they are both statements which attempt to explain a set of observations

Diagram 8.1 shows a worker pulling a load of 50kg on two different surfaces

State one hypothesis based on your observations in Diagram 8.1.

The smoother the surface, the lower the frictional force.

Situation A Situation B

(Vice versa) The rougher the surface, the higher the frictional force.

Experimenting

• Planning and conducting activities to test a certain hypothesis. These activities include collecting, analysing and interpreting data and making conclusions.

• A meaningful test of an hypothesis requires competence in all the process skills.

• An experiment is an investigation which seeks to test an hypothesis.

• Process that embrace all the basic and the integrated processes. It is the most complex process of all.

PMR 2012

Paper 2 Section BQuestion 7 and 8

CONFIDENTIAL

7 (a)Four activities to separate the components of a mixture

Based on your observation, state the way to separate the components of the mixture in P, Q, R and S.

P : FiltrationQ : Using magnetR : EvaporationS : Sieving ( ayak )/tapis

7 (b) Four substances, classify the substance into three group

Element Compound Mixture

Iron nailMercury

Salt Sand and soil

8 (a) A syringe used by a doctor.

(i) State one inference about the liquid in the syringe when the piston is pressed by the doctor.Liquid in syringe will flow out because the pressure in it is increased/ higher than the atmosphere.

(i) Predict what happens to the liquid in the syringe when the piston is pulled.The liquid will be sucked in.

8 (b) Diagram shows the apparatus set-up to study the factors that affect the air pressure in a round-bottomed flask.

(i) State one hypothesis of this experiment.The higher the temperature the higher the reading of Bourdon gauge

(i) In Diagram 8.2, the temperature of water is 50°C.On table 8, record the reading of the Bourdon gauge when the temperature is 50 °C

Temperature of water (oC )

30 40 50 60

Reading of Bourdon gauge( kNm-2 )

87 90 9693

8(b)(iii) On the graph provided below, draw a line graph using the data in the Table 8.

Based on the graph,

(i) State on relationship between the temperature and the reading of the Bourdon gauge. The higher the temperature of water the higher the reading of Bourdon gauge.

(ii) Predict the reading of the Bourdon gauge if the temperature is more than 60°C. 970C // more than 960C

(iii) State what happens to the reading of Bourdon gauge if the flask is heated for a long time.

The reading of Bourdon gauge remain the same when the water is boiling at 100 0C

(d) State the variables involved in this experiment.

(e)Based on this experiment, state the operational definition of air pressure.Air pressure is the reading of Bourdon Gauge, when water is heated.

Manipulated variable

Responding variable

The temperature of water

The reading of Bourdon gauge