PENGENDALI SUHU AIR DENGAN KENDALI PROPORSIONAL TUGAS AKHIR Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Teknik Program Studi Teknik Elektro Oleh: Nama : Mikael Dhanny Trisylatama NIM : 025114016 PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK ELEKTRO JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2007 i
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PENGENDALI SUHU AIR DENGAN KENDALI
PROPORSIONAL
TUGAS AKHIR
Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat
Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Teknik
Program Studi Teknik Elektro
Oleh:
Nama : Mikael Dhanny Trisylatama
NIM : 025114016
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK ELEKTRO
JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO
FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2007
i
WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL USING
PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLER
FINAL PROJECT
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
To Obtain the Sarjana Teknik Degree
In Electrical Engineering Study Program
By:
Name : Mikael Dhanny Trisylatama
Student Number : 025114016
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2007
ii
iii
iv
HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN
Karya sederhana ini kupersembahkan kepada :
Tuhan Yesus Kristus yang selalu menuntunku,
membimbingku, memberkatiku, dan menjagaku
Bapak dan Ibu yang telah memberikan semangat, doa, serta dukungan secara
moril maupun materiil.
Kakak-kakakku Herry dan Liza, adikku Fika kukasihi
Inna yang telah menjadi sahabatku suka dan duka.
Almamaterku Teknik Elektro, Teman-teman seperjuangan angkatan 2002.
v
MOTTO
Segala sesuatu yang dijumpai tanganmu untuk dikerjakan,
Kerjakanlah itu sekuat tenaga,
Karena tak ada pekerjaan, pertimbangan,
Pengetahuan dan hikmat dalam dunia orang mati,
Kemana engkau akan pergi
(Pengkotbah, 9:10)
Kita tahu sekarang, bahwa Allah turut bekerja
dalam segala sesuatu untuk mendatangkan kebaikan
bagi mereka yang mengasihi Dia,
Yaitu bagi mereka yang terpanggil sesuai dengan rencana Allah
(Roma, 8:28)
Serahkanlah perbuatanmu kepada TUHAN,
Maka terlaksanalah segala rencanamu
(Amsal, 16:3)
vi
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA
Saya menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa tugas akhir yang saya tulis ini
tidak memuat karya atau bagian karya orang lain, kecuali yang telah disebutkan
dalam kutipan dan daftar pustaka, sebagaimana layaknya karya ilmiah.
Yogyakarta, ................................
Mikael Dhanny Trisylatama
vii
INTISARI
Tugas akhir ini mendeskripsikan tentang Pengendali Suhu Air dengan Kendali Proporsional yang menggunakan aktuator berupa heater atau pemanas air untuk memperoleh keadaan suhu air yang stabil. Pengendali Suhu Air dengan Kendali Proporsional diimplementasikan dengan menggunakan metode Ziegler-Nichols. Masukan dari pengendali proporsional adalah selisih tegangan antara set point dengan feedback (sensor). Selisih tegangan tersebut digunakan untuk mengendalikan heater. Pada implementasi, terdapat 3 nilai level tegangan (set point) dengan besar tegangan yang berbeda-beda, yaitu tegangan 0,5 Volt menyatakan kondisi suhu saat 50oC, tegangan 0,7 Volt menyatakan kondisi suhu saat 70oC, dan tegangan 0,9 Volt menyatakan kondisi suhu saat 90oC. Pemilihan set point dilakukan dengan menekan tombol pemilih.
Pengendali Suhu Air dengan Kendali Proporsional telah berhasil diimplementasikan dan diuji. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam pengujian adalah keadaan suhu yang sesuai dengan yang diinginkan pada set point. Kata kunci : suhu air, kendali proporsional, Ziegler-Nichols.
viii
ABSTRACT
This final project describes about Water Temperature Control Using Proportional Controller. It’s using a heater as actuator to get stable temperature.
Water Temperature Control Using Proportional Controller is applied using Ziegler-Nichols method. The input from proportional controller is a voltage difference between set point and feedback (sencor). This voltage difference is used to control the heater. In implementation, there are 3 set points of voltage difference which are 0.5V to represent the condition of temperature of 50oC, 0.7V to represent the condition of temperature of 70oC, and 0.9V to represent the condition of temperature of 90oC. The selection of voltage level is done by pressing the selection button.
Water Temperature Control Using Proportional Controller successfully implemented and tested. The test result is the temperature condition that match the set point. Key words: water temperature, proportional method, Ziegler-Nichols.
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kepada Yesus Kristus atas segala kasih, rahmat, lindungan,
bimbingan, dan karunia-Nya yang telah diberikan kepada penulis sehingga dapat
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini dengan baik dan lancar.
Dalam proses penulisan tugas akhir ini penulis menyadari bahwa ada begitu
banyak pihak yang telah memberikan perhatian dan bantuan dengan caranya masing-
masing sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat terselesaikan. Oleh karena itu penulis ingin
mengucapkan terima kasih antara lain kepada :
1. Yesus Kristus atas kasih, rahmat, lindungan, dan karunia-Nya kepada penulis
Jadi rangkaian set point dapat dikonfigurasikan seperti pada Gambar 3.6.
Gambar 3.6 Rangkaian set point
3.5 Penguat Beda
32
Penguat beda digunakan untuk pendeteksi perbedaan antara 2 sinyal yaitu dari
set point dan sensor. Nilai tegangan keluaran dari set point dikurangi nilai tegangan
keluaran dari sensor. Dengan mengacu persamaan 2.21 dan Gambar 2.12.a,
didapatkan nilai Vout adalah :
Vout = V1 – V2
Berdasarkan persamaan 2.20, nilai dari Vout adalah :
Vout = 23
4 xVRR
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛− + x
RRR
21
2
+ 13
43 xVR
RR +
atau
Vout = xRR
R
21
2
+ 13
43 xVR
RR + 2
3
4 xVRR
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
Agar persamaan 2.20 menjadi persamaan 2.21, maka nilai R2 = R1 = R3 = R4.
Ditentukan nilai resistor R2 = 10 kΩ, maka nilai R1, R3 dan R4 adalah 10 kΩ. Jadi
rangkaian penguat beda dapat dikonfigurasikan menjadi seperti Gambar 3.7.
Gambar 3.7 Rangkaian penguat beda
33
3.6 Pengendali Proporsional
Gambar 3.3 menunjukkan kurva reaksi dari data plant mulai suhu awal
sampai batas suhu maksimum yang ditentukan. Dari kurva reaksi data plant tersebut
dan dengan mengacu Gambar 2.7, dapat diketahui ΔCs dan ΔM. Kedua koefisien
tersebut digunakan untuk mencari nilai K. Nilai dari ΔCs didapat dari batasan suhu
air maksimum yang ditentukan dikurangi dengan suhu awal air, sedangkan ΔM
didapat dari tegangan maksimum yang digunakan pada plant. Karena tegangan yang
digunakan dalam plant adalah tegangan AC yaitu sebesar 220 Volt, maka dapat
dikatakan bahwa tegangan 220 Volt adalah 100%. Dengan mengacu persamaan 2.4,
dapat dicari nilai K yaitu :
MCsK
ΔΔ
=
= %1002890 − .
2890%100
−
= %100
62 . 62
%100
= 1
Berdasarkan Gambar 3.3 didapatkan nilai T = 249 detik dan nilai L = 27 detik,
sehingga dari tabel 2.1 nilai Kp dapat dicari sebagai berikut :
Kp = LTx
K1
34
= 27249
11 x
= 1 x 9,22
= 9,22
Gambar 2.4 menunjukkan rangkaian proporsional yang terdiri dari dua rangkaian
inverting amplifier. Nilai penguatan untuk rangkaian inverting amplifier pertama
sudah diketahui yaitu sebesar 9. Jika ditentukan nilai R1 = 1 kΩ dan berdasarkan
persamaan 2.5, nilai R2 dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :
Kp = -1
2
RR
, A = Kp, Rf = R2, Ri = R1
9 = -k
R1
2
R2 = - 9 kΩ
Karena nilai resistor yang dihasilkan R2 berpolaritas negatif, maka digunakan
rangkaian inverting amplifier sebagai pembalik polaritas agar menjadi positif dengan
asumsi nilai R3 = R4. Persamaan 2.5 mengalami perubahan polaritas sehingga
persamaan tersebut menjadi sebagai berikut :
Kp = 1
2
RR
9 = k
R1
2
R2 = 9 kΩ
Ditentukan nilai R3 = R4 = 1 kΩ sehingga Gambar 2.4 dapat dikonfigurasikan menjadi
seperti gambar 3.8.
35
Gambar 3.8 Rangkaian proporsional
3.7 Driver
Perancangan driver menggunakan PWM sebagai pemicu driver. Realisasi
PWM terdiri dari pembangkit segitiga dan pembanding. Gambar 3.9 menunjukkan
rangkaian pembangkit pulsa. Driver menggunakan seri MOC3021M yang berfungsi
sebagai switch atau pemutus. Rangkaian yang digunakan dalam driver berdasarkan
acuan datasheet. Gambar 3.10 menunjukkan rangkaian driver.
Gambar 3.9 Rangkaian pembangkit pulsa
36
Gambar 3.10 Driver
BAB IV
HASIL PENGAMATAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
Bab ini membahas perihal pengamatan rancangan pengendali suhu air dengan
kendali proporsional. Pengujian dan pengamatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan
heater dengan daya 100 Watt. Pengujian dilakukan dengan cara memilih level suhu
yang sudah ditentukan melalui set point. Pengambilan data tegangan dengan
menggunakan multimeter digital, pengambilan data suhu dengan menggunakan
termometer dan pengambilan data waktu dengan menggunakan stopwatch.
4.1 Pengamatan Plant
Plant merupakan bagian sistem yang akan dikendalikan. Pada plant terdiri
dari heater sebagai aktuator, penampung air, termometer digunakan sebagai pengukur
suhu air dan sensor suhu sebagai penerima nilai umpan balik. Penempatan
termometer dan sensor pada plant ditentukan pada posisi depan heater. Untuk lebih
jelasnya ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.1. Terdapat indikator lampu sebagai penunjuk
kondisi heater. Lampu menyala berarti heater dalam kondisi ON, sedangkan lampu
mati berarti heater dalam kondisi OFF.
37
38
Gambar 4.1 Perangkat keras (hardware).
4.1.1 Pengamatan Plant untuk Set Point 50oC.
Pengamatan plant untuk set point 50oC dilakukan pada waktu,
termometer suhu, tegangan masukan heater (AC) dan tegangan keluaran
sensor. Hasil pengamatan tersebut ditunjukkan pada tabel 4.1. Hasil
pengamatan juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor sebagai berikut :
1. Suhu awal air sebesar 28oC.
2. Suhu lingkungan sekitar sebesar 30oC.
3. Tegangan jala-jala listrik sebesar 210 VAC.
39
Tabel 4.1 Pengamatan plant untuk set point 50oC.
Waktu Suhu Tegangan Tegangan keluaran Indikator (detik) (oC) heater (VRMS) sensor (V) heater
0 28 141,400 0,280 ON 45 34 141,400 0,300 ON 63 36 134,330 0,320 ON 76 38 134,330 0,340 ON 89 41 132,209 0,360 ON 102 43 126,553 0,380 ON 114 44 124,432 0,400 ON 126 46 123,018 0,420 ON 138 48 121,604 0,440 ON 150 50 117,362 0,460 ON 162 52 110,999 0,480 ON 172 53 0 0,494 OFF 183 55 0 0,500 OFF 205 52 0 0,520 OFF 278 51 0 0,530 OFF 322 50 0 0,520 OFF 368 49 0 0,500 OFF 428 48 107,464 0,490 ON 458 52 0 0,500 OFF 482 51 0 0,510 OFF 560 50 0 0,500 OFF 608 48 107,464 0,490 ON 656 51 0 0,500 OFF
Dari data pengamatan tabel 4.1 dapat diperoleh Gambar 4.2 yang
menunjukkan grafik antara suhu berbanding waktu dan Gambar 4.3 yang
menunjukkan grafik antara tegangan heater berbanding waktu.
40
Gambar 4.2. Grafik plant untuk set point 50oC.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Waktu (detik)
Tega
ngan
Hea
ter (
V)
Gambar 4.3 Grafik tegangan heater untuk set point 50oC.
41
Alat dapat bekerja dengan baik secara proporsional pada suhu 50oC.
Pernyataan ini dibuktikan Gambar 4.2 yang menunjukkan bahwa suhu
semakin mendekati set point 50oC, tegangan pada heater menjadi semakin
kecil hingga mencapai nilai nol yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.3. Kondisi
tegangan nol pada heater menyatakan sistem telah bekerja dengan baik dan
dapat mencapai kestabilan. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai keadaan
kestabilan (ts) sebesar 428 detik. Sistem mengalami overshoot yang
disebabkan pemanasan air yang tidak merata, overshoot yang terjadi sebesar
10%. Overshoot 10% masih ditoleransi oleh metode Ziegler-Nichols karena
sistem mengalami lonjakan maksimum sebesar 25%. Untuk perhitungan
settling time (ts) dan maximum overshoot (Mp) adalah sebagai berikut :
Settling time (ts) = t98%
= 428 detik.
Maximum overshoot (Mp) %10050
5055 x−=
%100505 x=
%10=
4.1.2 Pengamatan Plant untuk Set Point 70oC.
Pengamatan plant untuk set point 70oC dilakukan pada waktu,
termometer suhu, tegangan masukan heater (AC) dan tegangan keluaran
42
sensor. Hasil pengamatan tersebut ditunjukkan pada tabel 4.2. Hasil
pengamatan juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor sebagai berikut :
1. Suhu awal air sebesar 28oC.
2. Suhu lingkungan sekitar sebesar 30oC.
3. Tegangan jala-jala listrik sebesar 210 VAC.
Tabel 4.2 Pengamatan plant untuk set point 70oC.
Waktu Suhu Tegangan Tegangan keluaran Indikator (detik) (oC) heater (VRMS) sensor (V) heater
Rangkaian Pengendali Suhu Air dengan Kendali Proporsional
LM35Precision Centigrade Temperature SensorsGeneral DescriptionThe LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperaturesensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to theCelsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has anadvantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a largeconstant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centi-grade scaling. The LM35 does not require any externalcalibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚Cat room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚Ctemperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming andcalibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output imped-ance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration makeinterfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. Itcan be used with single power supplies, or with plus andminus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it hasvery low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air. The LM35 israted to operate over a −55˚ to +150˚C temperature range,while the LM35C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C range (−10˚with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available pack-
aged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while theLM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in theplastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also avail-able in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and aplastic TO-220 package.
Featuresn Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)n Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factorn 0.5˚C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25˚C)n Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C rangen Suitable for remote applicationsn Low cost due to wafer-level trimmingn Operates from 4 to 30 voltsn Less than 60 µA current drainn Low self-heating, 0.08˚C in still airn Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4˚C typicaln Low impedance output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA load
Typical Applications
DS005516-3
FIGURE 1. Basic Centigrade Temperature Sensor(+2˚C to +150˚C)
DS005516-4
Choose R1 = −VS/50 µAV OUT=+1,500 mV at +150˚C
= +250 mV at +25˚C= −550 mV at −55˚C
FIGURE 2. Full-Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor
Order Number LM35H, LM35AH, LM35CH, LM35CAH orLM35DH
See NS Package Number H03H
TO-92Plastic Package
DS005516-2
Order Number LM35CZ,LM35CAZ or LM35DZ
See NS Package Number Z03A
SO-8Small Outline Molded Package
DS005516-21
N.C. = No Connection
Top ViewOrder Number LM35DM
See NS Package Number M08A
TO-220Plastic Package*
DS005516-24
*Tab is connected to the negative pin (GND).Note: The LM35DT pinout is different than the discontinued LM35DP.
Order Number LM35DTSee NS Package Number TA03F
LM35
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Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 10)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage +35V to −0.2VOutput Voltage +6V to −1.0VOutput Current 10 mAStorage Temp.;
TO-46 Package, −60˚C to +180˚CTO-92 Package, −60˚C to +150˚CSO-8 Package, −65˚C to +150˚CTO-220 Package, −65˚C to +150˚C
Lead Temp.:TO-46 Package,
(Soldering, 10 seconds) 300˚C
TO-92 and TO-220 Package,(Soldering, 10 seconds) 260˚C
ESD Susceptibility (Note 11) 2500VSpecified Operating Temperature Range: TMIN to T MAX(Note 2)
LM35, LM35A −55˚C to +150˚CLM35C, LM35CA −40˚C to +110˚CLM35D 0˚C to +100˚C
Electrical Characteristics(Notes 1, 6)
LM35A LM35CA
Parameter Conditions Tested Design Tested Design Units
Typical Limit Limit Typical Limit Limit (Max.)
(Note 4) (Note 5) (Note 4) (Note 5)
Accuracy T A=+25˚C ±0.2 ±0.5 ±0.2 ±0.5 ˚C
(Note 7) T A=−10˚C ±0.3 ±0.3 ±1.0 ˚C
T A=TMAX ±0.4 ±1.0 ±0.4 ±1.0 ˚C
T A=TMIN ±0.4 ±1.0 ±0.4 ±1.5 ˚C
Nonlinearity T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ±0.18 ±0.35 ±0.15 ±0.3 ˚C
(Note 8)
Sensor Gain T MIN≤TA≤TMAX +10.0 +9.9, +10.0 +9.9, mV/˚C
(Average Slope) +10.1 +10.1
Load Regulation T A=+25˚C ±0.4 ±1.0 ±0.4 ±1.0 mV/mA
(Note 3) 0≤IL≤1 mA T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ±0.5 ±3.0 ±0.5 ±3.0 mV/mA
Line Regulation T A=+25˚C ±0.01 ±0.05 ±0.01 ±0.05 mV/V
(Note 3) 4V≤V S≤30V ±0.02 ±0.1 ±0.02 ±0.1 mV/V
Quiescent Current V S=+5V, +25˚C 56 67 56 67 µA
(Note 9) V S=+5V 105 131 91 114 µA
V S=+30V, +25˚C 56.2 68 56.2 68 µA
V S=+30V 105.5 133 91.5 116 µA
Change of 4V≤VS≤30V, +25˚C 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.0 µA
Quiescent Current 4V≤V S≤30V 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 µA
(Note 3)
Temperature +0.39 +0.5 +0.39 +0.5 µA/˚C
Coefficient of
Quiescent Current
Minimum Temperature In circuit of +1.5 +2.0 +1.5 +2.0 ˚C
for Rated Accuracy Figure 1, IL=0
Long Term Stability T J=TMAX, for ±0.08 ±0.08 ˚C
1000 hours
LM35
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Electrical Characteristics(Notes 1, 6)
LM35 LM35C, LM35D
Parameter Conditions Tested Design Tested Design Units
Typical Limit Limit Typical Limit Limit (Max.)
(Note 4) (Note 5) (Note 4) (Note 5)
Accuracy, T A=+25˚C ±0.4 ±1.0 ±0.4 ±1.0 ˚C
LM35, LM35C T A=−10˚C ±0.5 ±0.5 ±1.5 ˚C
(Note 7) T A=TMAX ±0.8 ±1.5 ±0.8 ±1.5 ˚C
T A=TMIN ±0.8 ±1.5 ±0.8 ±2.0 ˚C
Accuracy, LM35D(Note 7)
T A=+25˚C ±0.6 ±1.5 ˚C
TA=TMAX ±0.9 ±2.0 ˚C
TA=TMIN ±0.9 ±2.0 ˚C
Nonlinearity T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ±0.3 ±0.5 ±0.2 ±0.5 ˚C
(Note 8)
Sensor Gain T MIN≤TA≤TMAX +10.0 +9.8, +10.0 +9.8, mV/˚C
(Average Slope) +10.2 +10.2
Load Regulation T A=+25˚C ±0.4 ±2.0 ±0.4 ±2.0 mV/mA
(Note 3) 0≤IL≤1 mA T MIN≤TA≤TMAX ±0.5 ±5.0 ±0.5 ±5.0 mV/mA
Line Regulation T A=+25˚C ±0.01 ±0.1 ±0.01 ±0.1 mV/V
(Note 3) 4V≤V S≤30V ±0.02 ±0.2 ±0.02 ±0.2 mV/V
Quiescent Current V S=+5V, +25˚C 56 80 56 80 µA
(Note 9) V S=+5V 105 158 91 138 µA
V S=+30V, +25˚C 56.2 82 56.2 82 µA
V S=+30V 105.5 161 91.5 141 µA
Change of 4V≤VS≤30V, +25˚C 0.2 2.0 0.2 2.0 µA
Quiescent Current 4V≤V S≤30V 0.5 3.0 0.5 3.0 µA
(Note 3)
Temperature +0.39 +0.7 +0.39 +0.7 µA/˚C
Coefficient of
Quiescent Current
Minimum Temperature In circuit of +1.5 +2.0 +1.5 +2.0 ˚C
for Rated Accuracy Figure 1, IL=0
Long Term Stability T J=TMAX, for ±0.08 ±0.08 ˚C
1000 hours
Note 1: Unless otherwise noted, these specifications apply: −55˚C≤TJ≤+150˚C for the LM35 and LM35A; −40˚≤TJ≤+110˚C for the LM35C and LM35CA; and0˚≤TJ≤+100˚C for the LM35D. VS=+5Vdc and ILOAD=50 µA, in the circuit of Figure 2. These specifications also apply from +2˚C to TMAX in the circuit of Figure 1.Specifications in boldface apply over the full rated temperature range.
Note 2: Thermal resistance of the TO-46 package is 400˚C/W, junction to ambient, and 24˚C/W junction to case. Thermal resistance of the TO-92 package is180˚C/W junction to ambient. Thermal resistance of the small outline molded package is 220˚C/W junction to ambient. Thermal resistance of the TO-220 packageis 90˚C/W junction to ambient. For additional thermal resistance information see table in the Applications section.
Note 3: Regulation is measured at constant junction temperature, using pulse testing with a low duty cycle. Changes in output due to heating effects can becomputed by multiplying the internal dissipation by the thermal resistance.
Note 4: Tested Limits are guaranteed and 100% tested in production.
Note 5: Design Limits are guaranteed (but not 100% production tested) over the indicated temperature and supply voltage ranges. These limits are not used tocalculate outgoing quality levels.
Note 6: Specifications in boldface apply over the full rated temperature range.
Note 7: Accuracy is defined as the error between the output voltage and 10mv/˚C times the device’s case temperature, at specified conditions of voltage, current,and temperature (expressed in ˚C).
Note 8: Nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of the output-voltage-versus-temperature curve from the best-fit straight line, over the device’s rated temperaturerange.
Note 9: Quiescent current is defined in the circuit of Figure 1.
Note 10: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications do not apply when operatingthe device beyond its rated operating conditions. See Note 1.
Note 11: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor.
Note 12: See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability” or the section titled “Surface Mount” found in a current NationalSemiconductor Linear Data Book for other methods of soldering surface mount devices.
LM35
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Typical Performance Characteristics
Thermal ResistanceJunction to Air
DS005516-25
Thermal Time Constant
DS005516-26
Thermal Responsein Still Air
DS005516-27
Thermal Response inStirred Oil Bath
DS005516-28
Minimum SupplyVoltage vs. Temperature
DS005516-29
Quiescent Currentvs. Temperature(In Circuit of Figure 1.)
DS005516-30
Quiescent Currentvs. Temperature(In Circuit of Figure 2.)
DS005516-31
Accuracy vs. Temperature(Guaranteed)
DS005516-32
Accuracy vs. Temperature(Guaranteed)
DS005516-33
LM35
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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
ApplicationsThe LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as otherintegrated-circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued orcemented to a surface and its temperature will be withinabout 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.
This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost thesame as the surface temperature; if the air temperature weremuch higher or lower than the surface temperature, theactual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an interme-diate temperature between the surface temperature and theair temperature. This is expecially true for the TO-92 plasticpackage, where the copper leads are the principal thermalpath to carry heat into the device, so its temperature mightbe closer to the air temperature than to the surface tempera-ture.
To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to theLM35, as it leaves the device, is held at the same tempera-ture as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this isto cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy which willinsure that the leads and wires are all at the same tempera-ture as the surface, and that the LM35 die’s temperature willnot be affected by the air temperature.
The TO-46 metal package can also be soldered to a metalsurface or pipe without damage. Of course, in that case theV− terminal of the circuit will be grounded to that metal.Alternatively, the LM35 can be mounted inside a sealed-endmetal tube, and can then be dipped into a bath or screwedinto a threaded hole in a tank. As with any IC, the LM35 andaccompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated anddry, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true ifthe circuit may operate at cold temperatures where conden-sation can occur. Printed-circuit coatings and varnishes suchas Humiseal and epoxy paints or dips are often used toinsure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its connec-tions.
These devices are sometimes soldered to a smalllight-weight heat fin, to decrease the thermal time constantand speed up the response in slowly-moving air. On theother hand, a small thermal mass may be added to thesensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small deviationsin the air temperature.
Temperature Rise of LM35 Due To Self-heating (Thermal Resistance, θJA)TO-46, TO-46*, TO-92, TO-92**, SO-8 SO-8** TO-220
no heatsink
small heat fin no heatsink
small heat fin no heatsink
small heat fin no heatsink
Still air 400˚C/W 100˚C/W 180˚C/W 140˚C/W 220˚C/W 110˚C/W 90˚C/W
Moving air 100˚C/W 40˚C/W 90˚C/W 70˚C/W 105˚C/W 90˚C/W 26˚C/W
Still oil 100˚C/W 40˚C/W 90˚C/W 70˚C/W
Stirred oil 50˚C/W 30˚C/W 45˚C/W 40˚C/W
(Clamped to metal,
Infinite heat sink) (24˚C/W) (55˚C/W)
*Wakefield type 201, or 1" disc of 0.020" sheet brass, soldered to case, or similar.**TO-92 and SO-8 packages glued and leads soldered to 1" square of 1/16" printed circuit board with 2 oz. foil or similar.
Noise Voltage
DS005516-34
Start-Up Response
DS005516-35
LM35
www.national.com 6
Typical Applications
CAPACITIVE LOADS
Like most micropower circuits, the LM35 has a limited abilityto drive heavy capacitive loads. The LM35 by itself is able todrive 50 pf without special precautions. If heavier loads areanticipated, it is easy to isolate or decouple the load with aresistor; see Figure 3. Or you can improve the tolerance ofcapacitance with a series R-C damper from output toground; see Figure 4.
When the LM35 is applied with a 200Ω load resistor asshown in Figure 5, Figure 6 or Figure 8 it is relatively immuneto wiring capacitance because the capacitance forms a by-pass from ground to input, not on the output. However, aswith any linear circuit connected to wires in a hostile envi-ronment, its performance can be affected adversely by in-tense electromagnetic sources such as relays, radio trans-mitters, motors with arcing brushes, SCR transients, etc, asits wiring can act as a receiving antenna and its internaljunctions can act as rectifiers. For best results in such cases,a bypass capacitor from VIN to ground and a series R-Cdamper such as 75Ω in series with 0.2 or 1 µF from output toground are often useful. These are shown in Figure 13,Figure 14, and Figure 16.
DS005516-19
FIGURE 3. LM35 with Decoupling from Capacitive Load
DS005516-20
FIGURE 4. LM35 with R-C Damper
DS005516-5
FIGURE 5. Two-Wire Remote Temperature Sensor(Grounded Sensor)
DS005516-6
FIGURE 6. Two-Wire Remote Temperature Sensor(Output Referred to Ground)
DS005516-7
FIGURE 7. Temperature Sensor, Single Supply, −55˚ to+150˚C
DS005516-8
FIGURE 8. Two-Wire Remote Temperature Sensor(Output Referred to Ground)
DS005516-9
FIGURE 9. 4-To-20 mA Current Source (0˚C to +100˚C)
NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORTDEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERALCOUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices orsystems which, (a) are intended for surgical implantinto the body, or (b) support or sustain life, andwhose failure to perform when properly used inaccordance with instructions for use provided in thelabeling, can be reasonably expected to result in asignificant injury to the user.
2. A critical component is any component of a lifesupport device or system whose failure to performcan be reasonably expected to cause the failure ofthe life support device or system, or to affect itssafety or effectiveness.
National SemiconductorCorporationAmericasTel: 1-800-272-9959Fax: 1-800-737-7018Email: [email protected]
National SemiconductorAsia Pacific CustomerResponse GroupTel: 65-2544466Fax: 65-2504466Email: [email protected]
National SemiconductorJapan Ltd.Tel: 81-3-5639-7560Fax: 81-3-5639-7507
www.national.com
TO-92 Plastic Package (Z)Order Number LM35CZ, LM35CAZ or LM35DZ
NS Package Number Z03A
LM35
Precision
Centigrade
Temperature
Sensors
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
LM741Operational AmplifierGeneral DescriptionThe LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifi-ers which feature improved performance over industry stan-dards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacementsfor the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications.
The amplifiers offer many features which make their applica-tion nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input andoutput, no latch-up when the common mode range is ex-ceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations.
The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A except thatthe LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a 0˚C to+70˚C temperature range, instead of −55˚C to +125˚C.
Connection Diagrams
Typical Application
Metal Can Package
DS009341-2
Note 1: LM741H is available per JM38510/10101
Order Number LM741H, LM741H/883 (Note 1),LM741AH/883 or LM741CH
See NS Package Number H08C
Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package
DS009341-3
Order Number LM741J, LM741J/883, LM741CNSee NS Package Number J08A, M08A or N08E
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
(Note 7)
LM741A LM741 LM741CSupply Voltage ±22V ±22V ±18VPower Dissipation (Note 3) 500 mW 500 mW 500 mWDifferential Input Voltage ±30V ±30V ±30VInput Voltage (Note 4) ±15V ±15V ±15VOutput Short Circuit Duration Continuous Continuous ContinuousOperating Temperature Range −55˚C to +125˚C −55˚C to +125˚C 0˚C to +70˚CStorage Temperature Range −65˚C to +150˚C −65˚C to +150˚C −65˚C to +150˚CJunction Temperature 150˚C 150˚C 100˚CSoldering Information
See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability” for other methods of solderingsurface mount devices.ESD Tolerance (Note 8) 400V 400V 400V
Electrical Characteristics (Note 5)
Parameter Conditions LM741A LM741 LM741C Units
Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
Input Offset Voltage TA = 25˚C
RS ≤ 10 kΩ 1.0 5.0 2.0 6.0 mV
RS ≤ 50Ω 0.8 3.0 mV
TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX
RS ≤ 50Ω 4.0 mV
RS ≤ 10 kΩ 6.0 7.5 mV
Average Input Offset 15 µV/˚C
Voltage Drift
Input Offset Voltage TA = 25˚C, VS = ±20V ±10 ±15 ±15 mV
Adjustment Range
Input Offset Current TA = 25˚C 3.0 30 20 200 20 200 nA
TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX 70 85 500 300 nA
Average Input Offset 0.5 nA/˚C
Current Drift
Input Bias Current TA = 25˚C 30 80 80 500 80 500 nA
TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX 0.210 1.5 0.8 µA
Input Resistance TA = 25˚C, VS = ±20V 1.0 6.0 0.3 2.0 0.3 2.0 MΩTAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX, 0.5 MΩVS = ±20V
Input Voltage Range TA = 25˚C ±12 ±13 V
TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX ±12 ±13 V
LM74
1
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Electrical Characteristics (Note 5) (Continued)
Parameter Conditions LM741A LM741 LM741C Units
Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
Large Signal Voltage Gain TA = 25˚C, RL ≥ 2 kΩVS = ±20V, VO = ±15V 50 V/mV
VS = ±15V, VO = ±10V 50 200 20 200 V/mV
TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX,
RL ≥ 2 kΩ,
VS = ±20V, VO = ±15V 32 V/mV
VS = ±15V, VO = ±10V 25 15 V/mV
VS = ±5V, VO = ±2V 10 V/mV
Output Voltage Swing VS = ±20V
RL ≥ 10 kΩ ±16 V
RL ≥ 2 kΩ ±15 V
VS = ±15V
RL ≥ 10 kΩ ±12 ±14 ±12 ±14 V
RL ≥ 2 kΩ ±10 ±13 ±10 ±13 V
Output Short Circuit TA = 25˚C 10 25 35 25 25 mA
Current TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX 10 40 mA
Common-Mode TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX
Rejection Ratio RS ≤ 10 kΩ, VCM = ±12V 70 90 70 90 dB
RS ≤ 50Ω, VCM = ±12V 80 95 dB
Supply Voltage Rejection TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX,
Ratio VS = ±20V to VS = ±5V
RS ≤ 50Ω 86 96 dB
RS ≤ 10 kΩ 77 96 77 96 dB
Transient Response TA = 25˚C, Unity Gain
Rise Time 0.25 0.8 0.3 0.3 µs
Overshoot 6.0 20 5 5 %
Bandwidth (Note 6) TA = 25˚C 0.437 1.5 MHz
Slew Rate TA = 25˚C, Unity Gain 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5 V/µs
Supply Current TA = 25˚C 1.7 2.8 1.7 2.8 mA
Power Consumption TA = 25˚C
VS = ±20V 80 150 mW
VS = ±15V 50 85 50 85 mW
LM741A VS = ±20V
TA = TAMIN 165 mW
TA = TAMAX 135 mW
LM741 VS = ±15V
TA = TAMIN 60 100 mW
TA = TAMAX 45 75 mW
Note 2: “Absolute Maximum Ratings” indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device isfunctional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits.
LM741
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Electrical Characteristics (Note 5) (Continued)
Note 3: For operation at elevated temperatures, these devices must be derated based on thermal resistance, and Tj max. (listed under “Absolute Maximum Rat-ings”). Tj = TA + (θjA PD).
θjA (Junction to Ambient) 100˚C/W 100˚C/W 170˚C/W 195˚C/W
θjC (Junction to Case) N/A N/A 25˚C/W N/A
Note 4: For supply voltages less than ±15V, the absolute maximum input voltage is equal to the supply voltage.
Note 5: Unless otherwise specified, these specifications apply for VS = ±15V, −55˚C ≤ TA ≤ +125˚C (LM741/LM741A). For the LM741C/LM741E, these specifica-tions are limited to 0˚C ≤ TA ≤ +70˚C.
Note 6: Calculated value from: BW (MHz) = 0.35/Rise Time(µs).
Note 7: For military specifications see RETS741X for LM741 and RETS741AX for LM741A.
Note 8: Human body model, 1.5 kΩ in series with 100 pF.
10-Lead Ceramic Flatpak (W)Order Number LM741W/883, LM741WG-MPR or LM741WG/883
NS Package Number W10A
LM74
1
www.national.com 6
Notes
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY
NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORTDEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERALCOUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices orsystems which, (a) are intended for surgical implantinto the body, or (b) support or sustain life, andwhose failure to perform when properly used inaccordance with instructions for use provided in thelabeling, can be reasonably expected to result in asignificant injury to the user.
2. A critical component is any component of a lifesupport device or system whose failure to performcan be reasonably expected to cause the failure ofthe life support device or system, or to affect itssafety or effectiveness.
National SemiconductorCorporationAmericasTel: 1-800-272-9959Fax: 1-800-737-7018Email: [email protected]
National SemiconductorAsia Pacific CustomerResponse GroupTel: 65-2544466Fax: 65-2504466Email: [email protected]
National SemiconductorJapan Ltd.Tel: 81-3-5639-7560Fax: 81-3-5639-7507
www.national.com
LM741
OperationalA
mplifier
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
The MOC301XM and MOC302XM series are optically isolated triac driver devices. These devices contain a GaAs infrared emitting diode and a light activated silicon bilateral switch, which functions like a triac. They are designed for interfacing between electronic controls and power triacs to control resistive and inductive loads for 115 VAC operations.
FEATURES
• Excellent I
FT
stability—IR emitting diode has low degradation• High isolation voltage—minimum 5300 VAC RMS• Underwriters Laboratory (UL) recognized—File #E90700• Peak blocking voltage
– 250V-MOC301XM– 400V-MOC302XM
• VDE recognized (File #94766)– Ordering option V (e.g. MOC3023VM)
APPLICATIONS
• Industrial controls • Solenoid/valve controls• Traffic lights • Static AC power switch• Vending machines • Incandescent lamp dimmers• Solid state relay • Motor control• Lamp ballasts
1. The mercury wetted relay provides a high speed repeated pulse to the D.U.T.
2. 100x scope probes are used, to allow high speeds and voltages.
3. The worst-case condition for static dv/dt is established by triggering the D.U.T. with a normal LED input current, then removing the current. The variable R
TEST
allows the dv/dt to be gradually increased until the D.U.T. continues to trigger in response to the applied voltage pulse, even after the LED current has been removed. The dv/dt is then decreased until the D.U.T. stops triggering.
τ
RC
is measured at this point and recorded.
Note: This optoisolator should not be used to drive a load directly. It is intended to be a trigger device only.
In this circuit the “hot” side of the line is switched and the load connected to the cold or ground side.
The 39 ohm resistor and 0.01µF capacitor are for snubbing of the triac, and the 470 ohm resistor and 0.05 µF capacitor are for snubbing the coupler. These components may or may not be necessary depending upon the particular and load used.
FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systemswhich, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or(b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to performwhen properly used in accordance with instructions for useprovided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected toresult in a significant injury of the user.
2. A critical component in any component of a life supportdevice or system whose failure to perform can bereasonably expected to cause the failure of the life supportdevice or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
Glass passivated triacs in a plastic SYMBOL PARAMETER MAX. MAX. MAX. UNITenvelope, intended for use inapplications requiring high BT139- 500 600 800bidirectional transient and blocking BT139- 500F 600F 800Fvoltage capability and high thermal BT139- 500G 600G 800Gcycling performance. Typical VDRM Repetitive peak off-state 500 600 800 Vapplications include motor control, voltagesindustrial and domestic lighting, IT(RMS) RMS on-state current 16 16 16 Aheating and static switching. ITSM Non-repetitive peak on-state 140 140 140 A
current
PINNING - TO220AB PIN CONFIGURATION SYMBOL
PIN DESCRIPTION
1 main terminal 1
2 main terminal 2
3 gate
tab main terminal 2
LIMITING VALUESLimiting values in accordance with the Absolute Maximum System (IEC 134).
IT(RMS) RMS on-state current full sine wave; Tmb ≤ 99 ˚C - 16 AITSM Non-repetitive peak full sine wave; Tj = 25 ˚C prior to
on-state current surget = 20 ms - 140 At = 16.7 ms - 150 A
I2t I2t for fusing t = 10 ms - 98 A2sdIT/dt Repetitive rate of rise of ITM = 20 A; IG = 0.2 A;
on-state current after dIG/dt = 0.2 A/µstriggering T2+ G+ - 50 A/µs
T2+ G- - 50 A/µsT2- G- - 50 A/µsT2- G+ - 10 A/µs
IGM Peak gate current - 2 AVGM Peak gate voltage - 5 VPGM Peak gate power - 5 WPG(AV) Average gate power over any 20 ms period - 0.5 WTstg Storage temperature -40 150 ˚CTj Operating junction - 125 ˚C
temperature
T1T2
G1 2 3
tab
1 Although not recommended, off-state voltages up to 800V may be applied without damage, but the triac mayswitch to the on-state. The rate of rise of current should not exceed 15 A/µs.
September 1997 1 Rev 1.200
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Triacs BT139 series
THERMAL RESISTANCESSYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT
Rth j-mb Thermal resistance full cycle - - 1.2 K/Wjunction to mounting base half cycle - - 1.7 K/W
Rth j-a Thermal resistance in free air - 60 - K/Wjunction to ambient
Fig.12. Typical commutation dV/dt versus junctiontemperature, parameter commutation dIT/dt. The triacshould commutate when the dV/dt is below the valueon the appropriate curve for pre-commutation dIT/dt.
-50 0 50 100 1500
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3BT139
Tj / C
T2+ G+T2+ G-T2- G-T2- G+
IGT(Tj)IGT(25 C)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
10
20
30
40
50BT139
VT / V
IT / A
Tj = 125 CTj = 25 C
typ maxVo = 1.195 VRs = 0.018 Ohms
-50 0 50 100 1500
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3TRIAC
Tj / C
IL(Tj)IL(25 C)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10BT139
tp / s
Zth j-mb (K/W)
10us 0.1ms 1ms 10ms 0.1s 1s 10s
tpP
t
D
unidirectional
bidirectional
-50 0 50 100 1500
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3TRIAC
Tj / C
IH(Tj)IH(25C)
0 50 100 1501
10
100
1000
Tj / C
9.3
dV/dt (V/us)
5.6
dIcom/dt =20 A/ms 16
off-state dV/dt limit
BT139 SERIES
BT139...F SERIES
12 7.2
BT139...G SERIES
September 1997 4 Rev 1.200
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Triacs BT139 series
MECHANICAL DATA
Dimensions in mm
Net Mass: 2 g
Fig.13. TO220AB; pin 2 connected to mounting base.
Notes1. Refer to mounting instructions for TO220 envelopes.2. Epoxy meets UL94 V0 at 1/8".
10,3max
3,7
2,8
3,03,0 maxnot tinned
1,3max(2x)
1 2 3
2,40,6
4,5max
5,9min
15,8max
1,3
2,54 2,54
0,9 max (3x)
13,5min
September 1997 5 Rev 1.200
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Triacs BT139 series
DEFINITIONS
Data sheet status
Objective specification This data sheet contains target or goal specifications for product development.
Preliminary specification This data sheet contains preliminary data; supplementary data may be published later.
Product specification This data sheet contains final product specifications.
Limiting values
Limiting values are given in accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134). Stress above oneor more of the limiting values may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only andoperation of the device at these or at any other conditions above those given in the Characteristics sections ofthis specification is not implied. Exposure to limiting values for extended periods may affect device reliability.
Application information
Where application information is given, it is advisory and does not form part of the specification.
Philips Electronics N.V. 1997
All rights are reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the prior written consent of thecopyright owner.
The information presented in this document does not form part of any quotation or contract, it is believed to beaccurate and reliable and may be changed without notice. No liability will be accepted by the publisher for anyconsequence of its use. Publication thereof does not convey nor imply any license under patent or otherindustrial or intellectual property rights.
LIFE SUPPORT APPLICATIONSThese products are not designed for use in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of theseproducts can be reasonably expected to result in personal injury. Philips customers using or selling these productsfor use in such applications do so at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Philips for any damages resultingfrom such improper use or sale.