1 PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK DAN AN ORGANIK TERHADAP PRODUKSI DAN KANDUNGAN MINYAK WIJEN SERTA KELAYAKAN USAHA TANI DI LAHAN PASIR PANTAI ABSTRAK Dewi Ratna Nurhayati*), Aris Eddy Sarwono**), dan Budi Hariyono***) *) FP - Universitas Slamet Riyadi Surakarta ([email protected]), **) FE - Universitas Slamet Riyadi Surakarta ***) Balittas – Malang Wijen (Sesamum indicum L.) merupakan komoditas perkebunan rakyat potensial sebagai sumber minyak pangan yang banyak dibutuhkan.,dan mempunyai potensi agroindustri cerah untuk keperluan bahan pangan, kue, penerangan, bahan dasar produk farmasi, bahan ramuan obat, dan industri Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pupuk organik dan an organik NPK terhadap produksi dan kandungan minyak wijen serta kelayakan usaha tani di lahan pasir pantai. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Purworejo, Jawa Tengah, pada bulan Juni hingga Desember 2011. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok faktorial dengan dua faktor dan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah pemupukan, terdiri atas: kontrol, pupuk kandang 10 ton/ha, NPK rekomendasi (100:100:50), pupuk kandang 7,5 ton/ha + 25% NPK, pupuk kandang 5 ton/ha + 50% NPK, dan pupuk kandang 2,5 ton/ha + 75% NPK. Faktor kedua adalah varietas, terdiri atas: Sumberrejo-1, Sumberrejo-2, dan Lokal hitam. Variabel yang diamati meliputi: tinggi tanaman, umur berbunga, umur panen, berat biji per tanaman, berat 1000 biji, dan kadar minyak. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan 5%. Parameter kelayakan usaha meliputi Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit and Cost ratio (B/C Ratio), dan Payback Period (PP). Hasil menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh interaksi perlakuan pemupukan dan varietas. Umur berbunga tercepat 45 hari pada perlakuan kontrol. Umur panen hampir sama, yakni 105 hari. Kadar minyak total tertinggi 51,73% pada perlakuan pemupukan organik 10 ton/ha. Varietas unggul wijen Sumberrejo-1 dan Sumberrejo-2 dapat beradaptasi dan memberikan produksi dan kadar minyak yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan varietas lokal. Budidaya wijen di lahan pasir pantai dengan menerapkan pemupukan organik memberikan kelayakan ekonomi yang prospektif dan efisien, khususnya pada perlakuan pupuk kandang sapi 10 ton/ha dengan varietas Sumberrejo-2.dengan B/C Ratio 1,91, IRR 48% dan PP 0,5. Kata kunci: Lahan pasir pantai, pupuk organik, kelayakan ekonomi, wijen
22
Embed
PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK DAN AN ORGANIK TERHADAP … · Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok ... fungsi menjadi non-pertanian. Lahan tersebut merupakan lahan marginal
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK DAN AN ORGANIK TERHADAP
PRODUKSI DAN KANDUNGAN MINYAK WIJEN SERTA
KELAYAKAN USAHA TANI DI LAHAN PASIR PANTAI
ABSTRAK
Dewi Ratna Nurhayati*), Aris Eddy Sarwono**), dan Budi Hariyono***)
Wijen (Sesamum indicum L.) merupakan komoditas perkebunan rakyat
potensial sebagai sumber minyak pangan yang banyak dibutuhkan.,dan
mempunyai potensi agroindustri cerah untuk keperluan bahan pangan, kue,
penerangan, bahan dasar produk farmasi, bahan ramuan obat, dan industri Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pupuk organik dan an organik NPK
terhadap produksi dan kandungan minyak wijen serta kelayakan usaha tani di lahan pasir
pantai. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Purworejo, Jawa Tengah, pada bulan Juni hingga
Desember 2011. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok
faktorial dengan dua faktor dan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah pemupukan,
terdiri atas: kontrol, pupuk kandang 10 ton/ha, NPK rekomendasi (100:100:50),
Wijaya, 2009. Keragaman sifat wijen (Sesamum indicum L.) generasi M3 hasil
irradiasi sinar gama 60
Co di lahan pasir pantai.
Yuwono, N.W. 2009. Membangun kesuburan tanah di lahan marginal. Jurnal
Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 9(2): 137-141.
TRANSLATE FOR LN
INTRODUCTION Land sand beach in Indonesia with an area ± 1.06 million ha (Kertonegoro, 2009) is one of the significant potential for agricultural development, and is expected to be used as a substitute for soil shrinkage due to conversion to non-agricultural. The land is marginal land with low productivity, characterized by the dominant soil constituent material composed of sand, so that the water holding power is very low. Land use beach sand for productive cultivation is still wide open (Kastono, 2007). Sesame cultivation will potentially improve the productivity of the land if selected varieties suitable for the environmental conditions (Budi, 2007). Wide varieties used to be adjusted with the aim of planting, climatic conditions (water availability) and soil.
16
Some of the excess sand beach land for agriculture namely: broad, flat, rarely floods, abundant sunshine, and the depth of the shallow groundwater (Yowono, 2009). However, the low organic matter content of soil aggregates that affect soil structure unravel. Provision of organic matter (manure) is one way in improving the quality of the land (Sanchez, 1992). Organic matter can improve soil fertility physical, chemical and biological. Organic matter is a source of energy for soil microorganisms thus increasing the population of microorganisms, which in turn can improve the availability of nutrients (Buckman & Brady, 1982; Widiana, 1994). Provision of organic material such as manure improves soil structure, soil aggregate stability, water holding power, permeability, his award, aeration and root development (Rajiman, 2011). Cow manure is a source of organic material containing nitrogen (N) 1.05%, phosphorus (P) 0.5%, potassium (K) 0.73%, 0.13% Mg, 0.11% Ca, and Fe 7569 ppm, pH 6.5 (Musofie, 2008). In the reshuffle of organic material will be removed minerals plant nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, as well as micro nutrients in a relatively small number (Rosmarkam and Yowono, 2002). The addition of organic matter can reduce the dependence of inorganic fertilizers and support efforts to achieve sustainable agriculture. Research in India in 2002-2004 on sesame plants showed that the use of organic matter derived from 75 kg / ha wood ash + 3.75 t / ha manure + 900 kg / ha neem compost + 75 kg / ha + 20 kg fish bones / ha sulfur + phosphorus bacteria enriched with 5 kg / ha Azotobacter and Trichoderma viride (0.4%) in the treatment of seeds, provide real results on the number of pods, seed production and the BC ratio and high NMR (Duhoon et al., 2007 ). The results of the study of El-Habasha et al. (2007) stated that the use of organic materials in the cultivation of sesame plants naturally protect the environment from pollution. Cow manure to increase the number of pods at 17.5%. Due to the presence of macro and micro elements contained in the organic fertilizer can increase plant height and number of books (nodes) thus increasing the amount polongpun. Fertilization in the form of 10 tons / ha of manure and NPK 100% enriched with biofertilizer Azospirillium and Phosfobakteria @ 2 kg / ha, giving tangible results on the number of pods, seed yield, and gives the highest yield 1.11 t / ha or 32,% higher than in the NPK recommendation alone, so an efficient supply of nutrients to improve results at the same sesame improvement of soil fertility / soil health (Palaniappan, 2003). Several varieties of sesame Indonesian well suited to be developed in the paddy field after rice and dry land, namely Sumberrejo Sumberrejo-1 and 4, 2 and Sumberrejo Sumberrejo-3 suitable for development in dryland (Mardjono et al., 2006). Thus varieties Sumberrejo Sumberrejo-1 and 3 are expected tolerant to cultivation on sandy land. One indicator is the level of production of sesame sesame oil. Sesame oil is low in saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids was 84%, so it is not harmful to good health (Suddhiyam and Maneekhao, 1997). In order for the sand land could be developed into a production center sesame required land quality improvement efforts through the beach sand organic fertilizer. This study aims to determine the effect of organic and inorganic N fertilizer, and a wide variety on the productivity of sesame, and economic analysis / feasibility analysis of sesame cultivation of land sand beach. MATERIALS AND METHODS
17
The experiment was conducted in the area of Central Java Purworedjo sand beaches from June to December 2011. Condition of this land has an organic matter content of 0.25% (low), pH 6.15 (sour), total N 0.17% (very low), 254 mg/100g available P, available K 0.05 cmol (+) / kg, 99% sand fraction (very porous), and KPK 0.90 cmol (+) / kg (Parwata, 2010). Salty wind speed is relatively high (can reach 40 km / h). Daily soil surface temperature can reach the range of 26.9 to 31.5 ° C (Sarjiyah, 1997). The materials used are sesame seeds, cow manure, inorganic fertilizer (N, P, K). The study design used was factorial randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor is fertilization, consists of six kinds: control (without fertilizer), manure 10 tonnes / ha, NPK recommendation (100:100:50), manure 7.5 t / ha + 25% NPK dose recommendations of manure 5 t / ha + 50% NPK dose recommendations and manure 2.5 t / ha + 75% NPK dose recommendation. The second factor is the wide variety, consisted of three kinds: Sumberrejo-1, Sumberrejo-2, Local black. Experimental plots measuring 2 mx 3 m, with a spacing of 25 cm x 60 cm. Variables observed were: plant height, age of first flowering, seed weight per plant, number of pods per plant, harvest, weight of 1000 seeds, and oil content (Soxhlet method). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan test further test with 5%. Parameters include the feasibility of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR = rate of return on investment), and Benefit Cost Ratio (B / C Ratio = ratio of income and expenses), and Payback Period (PP = the period return of investment). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION height of plants Growth is a process in which plant life resulting in greater size changes that determine crop yield and is due to the interaction between the various internal factors (genetic) and elements of climate, soil, and environmental biology of plants (Rukmana, 1999). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer there is no interaction with sesame varieties of treatment (Table 1.). Plant height at the fourth and eighth weeks have increased due to fertilizer treatment. At the twelfth week of the control plants reached 82.83 cm, higher than plants treated with organic fertilizer only, inorganic alone, or a combination thereof. In the fourth week, three varieties showed differences in growth, while the eighth and twelfth week is no different. It shows three varieties of the same growth response in the land of sand beach. Delivered by Okpara (2007) about the study results sesame, that the addition of N, and P gives real results in an increase in plant height, number of branches / plant, Leaf Area Index, dry weight and seed yield. Table 1. Influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as varieties of the sesame plant height in sand land Purworedjo. Treatment Plant height (cm) Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 fertilization Controls a 11.17 *) 43.22 a 82.83 c Cow manure 10 tonnes / ha 26.00 c 59.64 a 56.22 ab NPK 100:100:50 17.00 b 62.00 b 63.78 ab Cow manure 7.5 t / ha + 25% NPK 17.00 b 78.11 c 76.11 bc Cow manure 5 tonnes / ha + 50% NPK d 67.56 30.44 69.89 bc abc
18
Cow manure 2.5 t / ha + 75% NPK 69.89 27.00 c 65.33 bc abc varieties Sumberrejo b-1 22.72 62.19 65.22 tn tn Sumberrejo-2 23.72 65.43 c 71.72 A local black 17.86 58.60 74.12 KK (%) 5.29 15.21 15.79 Description: *) Figures are accompanied by the same letter within a column are not significantly different at 5% Duncan test. tn: not significantly different. Rifin (1990) stated that the lack of water in the plant vegetative phase did not experience a direct influence on the result, but the growth of plant parts, such as rods will be hampered. When compared with the sesame plant that grows in the normal range as in paddy fields, plant height of observation above is still relatively low. The low height of sesame to local beach sand microclimate due to extreme circumstances and the limited availability of water and nutrients. Habitus a plant that is too high is not good for high wind speed areas because it can trigger the plants easily collapsed or broken stems. Age flowering There is no interaction effect between treatment and fertilization in flowering sesame varieties (Table 2.). Age flowering phase is the phase transition from vegetative to the generative phase. If the vegetative phase too fast there will usually be a problem in the generative phase. Age flowering of a plant closely related to the age of the harvest. Basically the faster a flowering plant, it will be the longer grain filling phase and the faster the crop can be harvested. The results showed that the fastest flowering date was 45 days in the control treatment, whereas the longest in the treatment of cow manure 2.5 t / ha + 75% NPK, which is 47.2 days. The addition of organic fertilizer 1-2 days delay flowering. All three varieties tested showed the same flowering date. Environmental sesame plants grown in sand land with all good cekamannya related to the temperature and nutrient limitations, can affect the crop cycle, which is related to the age of interest. High temperatures above the optimum can influence the metabolism of plants that bloom faster. In the treatment of organic fertilizer soil conditions can be improved so that the temperature is maintained and flowering ground is not too fast. This is in line with Nath et al (2002) that high temperatures accelerate the appearance of the first flowers on the sesame plant. Table 2. Influence of fertilizer treatment and a wide variety of the flowering date, maturity, seed weight / plant, weight of 1000 seeds and sesame oil content in beach sand land Purworedjo. Treatment of Age flowering (days) Harvesting
19
(days) Weight seeds / plant (G) Weight of 1000 seeds (g) The content of the oil (%) fertilization Controls a 45.00 *) 97.00 a 4.37 b 1.30 a 30.36 a Cow manure 10 tonnes / ha 105.00 b 46.78 bc 5.42 d 2.19 e 51.73 e NPK 100:100:50 105.33 46.11 b 4.90 c 1.99 d 49.17 bc bc Cow manure 7.5 t / ha + 25% NPK bcd 107.00 4.94 46.55 bc bc 1.80 bc 49.60 c Cow manure 5 tonnes / ha + 50% NPK 105.00 b 46.56 bc 4.83 bc 1.83 bc 46.49 b Cow manure 2.5 t / ha + 75% NPK 47.22 d 105.00 b 4.05 a 1.35 a 50.46 d varieties Sumberrejo-1 46.33 104.17 tn tn 4.81 b 1.77 b 48.57 c Sumberrejo-2 46.55 104.00 4.85 b 1.97 c 45.40 b Local black 104.06 46.22 4.60 a 1.51 a 44.92 a KK (%) 3.49 4.21 3.87 4.07 0.98 Description: *) Figures are accompanied by the same letter within a column are not significantly different at 5% Duncan test. tn: not significantly different. harvesting Harvesting is the age of the plant to complete the entire life cycle, which is closely related to flowering. The faster a plant enters the flowering phase, the sooner it will be entering a phase of crop plants. Based on the analysis results for harvesting, has averaged between treatments were almost the same, ie 105 days (Table 2). Compared with controls, the addition of fertilizer delaying harvest 8-10 days. The higher dose of organic fertilizer will increase the life of the harvest. The addition of organic fertilizers led to better water availability. Three varieties tested did not show differences in maturity. Sesame is a short-day plant, about 7 hours per day. The longer the day, the harvest will be even faster (Soenardi, 1994). It can be used in planting strategies related to local rainfall. In the land of sand beach, intensity of solar radiation is high enough with long exposure higher than mountainous area in general is often hindered cloud (Nath, et al., 2003). Associated with the harvest, the indeterminate nature of sesame make fruit ready for harvest uneven, giving rise to a longer harvest time and if not handled properly will cause considerable yield loss because the pods are ripe and not rupture a pod harvest. Weight of seeds per plant Seed weight per plant are presented in Table 2. Seed is the main result desired in sesame cultivation. This variable is strongly influenced by the growth variables. Growth inhibition may reduce or negate the result (Wijaya, 2009). The addition of nutrients S, N, P, and K from organic and inorganic fertilizers can serve as factors besides generating function in improving grain yield (Devakumar and Giri, 1998). Treatment of manure 10 tonnes / ha achieved the best results for seed weight
20
per plant ie 5.42 g (equivalent to 361 kg / ha), an increase of 24% compared to controls. N fertilization at doses of 100-200 kg / ha affect the amount of interest generated, and the number of seeds and oil content in sesame grown in sand soil (El-Nakhlawi and Shaheen, 2009). Yielding varieties and Sumberrejo Sumberrejo-1-2 reaches 5% of seed yield better than local varieties which only reached 4.60 g (equivalent to 307 kg / ha). It appears that the dose of manure 10 t / ha in this study is still lacking. In a kind of land, Gratitude (2005) found that cattle manure 20 tonnes / ha of soil that is capable of improving the quality of water increases the binding ability and the availability of ammonium and nitrate thus increasing the growth and yield on caisim. Weight of 1000 seeds Weight of 1000 seeds is a component that is closely related to the results of large seeds and weight of each seed. This parameter is also a component of the results that directly affect the size of sesame crop productivity. But with sesame varieties planted Sumberrejo-1 and Sumberrejo-2 and Local varieties of black sand beach on the land, the potential results are still classified in accordance with the normal potential description of the sesame crop yield potential (Mardjono et al., 2006). The addition of nutrients derived from cow manure 10 tonnes / ha can increase the weight of 1000 seeds by 68%, from 1.30 g to 2.19 g in the treatment of manure 10 tonnes / ha. Delivered by Haruna and Abimiku (2012), that the organic fertilizer at a dose of 2.5 tons / ha gave good results in the increase of the parameter number of pods, pod weight / plant, number of seeds / plant and weight of 1000 seeds. Total oil content Hwang (2005) stated, the proximate composition of sesame seeds vary in terms of varieties, seed color and seed coat surface properties. Oil content is influenced by plant growth conditions, the average daily temperature, the rate of temperature during the reproductive stage (Kuzayli et al., 1966). Addition of either organic fertilizer treatment or in combination with NPK significantly increased the 53-70% sesame seed oil content compared to controls. However, the highest content of sesame oil (51.73%) was obtained in the treatment of cow manure 10 tonnes / ha. Sharar et al. (2000), said that the oil content in sesame influenced by the rates of nutrient / fertilizer, such as N and P, as well as influenced by differences in soil and climatic conditions. Oil content increased up to 75 kg N fertilizer and 50 kg P. Hasan et al. (1999) suggested the development of a test result sesame kinds of local populations in Turkey were planted at various locations to determine the quality of sesame oil, obtained results of total oil and fatty acid content varied, so the planting location determines the quality of the oil production. While Egbekun and Ehieze (1997), in Nzikou (2009), said that the production of oil products is influenced by crop varieties, seed maturation phase, the system of cultivation and extraction methods are applied. The existence of an essential nutrient and contained in the manure will improve retention and nutrients that act as a source of nutrients in the soil that will affect root development. So it is with the addition of NPK fertilizer sourced from an organic source of nutrients will increase, contributing to the growth of plant parts and organs will eventually lead to increased photosynthetic area, which in turn affects the outcome of dry matter (Harma, 2011).
21
Economic feasibility parameters (B / C ratio, IRR, and Payback Period) Analysis of feasibility or feasibility study is also called activity to assess the extent of the benefits that can be obtained in carrying out a business activity. The results of this analysis are used as a material consideration in making a decision, whether to accept or reject the idea of a business. Understanding feasible in this case is the possibility of a business idea that will be implemented to provide benefits in terms of financial and social benefits (Novania, 2001). With the feasibility analysis of the risk of failure is expected in the product can be avoided. By knowing the value of B / C ratio, IRR and payback period it can be seen the rate of profit on investment alternatives, and can determine investment priorities, so that the investment can be avoided only waste resources. Table 3. Results of the analysis of B / C ratio, IRR, and payback period are influenced by fertilization and wide varieties of sesame in Purworedjo beach sand land. Fertilization treatment and varieties of Economic Indicators B / C R IRR PP Control, Sumberrejo-1 1.12 11% 6.2 Control, Sumberrejo-2 1.31 24% 2.4 Control, Local black 0.79 0% 0 Cow manure 10 tonnes / ha, Sumberrejo-1 1.75 43% 0.6 Cow manure 10 tonnes / ha, Sumberrejo-2 1.91 48% 0.5 Cow manure 10 tonnes / ha, Local black 1.14 12% 3.5 NPK 100:100:50, Sumberrejo-1 1.59 37% 0.8 NPK 100:100:50, Sumberrejo-2 1.75 43% 0.6 NPK 100:100:50, Local black 1 1.01% 6.6 Cow manure 7.5 t / ha + 25% NPK, Sumberrejo-1 1.63 39% 0.7 Cow manure 7.5 t / ha + 25% NPK, Sumberrejo-2 1.75 43% 0.6 Cow manure 7.5 t / ha + 25% NPK, Local black 6.0 1.08 7% Cow manure 5 tonnes / ha + 50% NPK, Sumberrejo-1 1.22 18% 2.1 Cow manure 5 tonnes / ha + 50% NPK, Sumberrejo-2 1.30 23% 1.5 Cow manure 5 tonnes / ha + 50% NPK, black Locale 0.90 0% 0 Cow manure 2.5 t / ha + 75% NPK, Sumberrejo-1 1.36 27% 1.4 Cow manure 2.5 t / ha + 75% NPK, Sumberrejo-2 1.65 40% 0.8 Cow manure 2.5 t / ha + 75% NPK, Local 4% black 1.05 11.1 Description: B / CR = Benefit and Cost ratio (the ratio of income and expenses). IRR = Internal Rate of Return (rate of return on investment). PP = Payback Period (period return of investment). From the analysis it can be stated that the cultivation of sesame in beach sand land by applying organic fertilizer varieties and Sumberrejo Sumberrejo-1-2 provide prospective feasibility, particularly evident in the treatment of organic manure 10 tonnes / ha with a variety Sumberrejo-2. It is seen from the aspect of assessment for the B / C ratio which indicates the value of more than 1, which means in this business gives an overview of the income is higher than the cost of
22
operations, namely 1.91. While the views of the IRR, also providing value that exceeds the rate of returns perfectly reasonable interest / higher return than if the capital is stored in the form of deposits, which amounted to 48%. Furthermore, from the aspects payback period indicates the return on capital very quickly that only one harvest in the capital has been able to return, the value is 0.5. For comparison, the feasibility of the research farm onion with technology ameliorant on land sand beaches are also able to improve soil fertility and increase the yield of sand beach, with a B / C ratio of 2.4 and P / C ratio of 3.4 (Setyono and Suradal, 2005). CONCLUSION From the results of research carried out in the land of sand beach, it can be concluded that the 10 tons of organic fertilizer / ha significant effect in increasing the production and content of sesame oil in the land of sand beach. Yielding varieties of sesame Sumberrejo-1 and-2 Sumberrejo more productive than local varieties. Sesame cultivation in sand land by applying organic fertilizer 10 tons / ha with a variety Sumberrejo-2 provides prospective economic viability and efficient achievement of B / C ratio of 1.91, 48% IRR and PP 0.5.