PENGANTAR EKOLOGI-EKONOMI

PENGANTAR EKOLOGI-EKONOMI

Diabstraksikan : smno.psdl.ppsub .2012/13

MK. EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA ALAM & LINGKUNGAN

Sumber: …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

TIGA PILAR KEBERLANJUTAN - KELESTARIAN

Three circles enclosed within one another showing

how both economy and society are subsets of our

planetary ecological system.

This view is useful for correcting the

misconception, sometimes drawn from the previous

"three pillars" diagram, that portions of social and

economic systems can exist independently from

the environment.


EKOLOGI-EKONOMIEcological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic

research that aims to address the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems over

time and space. It is distinguished from environmental economics, which is the

mainstream economic analysis of the environment, by its treatment of the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem and

its emphasis upon preserving natural capital.

One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing "strong"

sustainability and rejecting the proposition that natural capital can be substituted for human-made capital.


Ecological economics includes the study of the metabolism of society, that is, the study of the flows of energy and materials that enter and exit the economic

system. This subfield is also called biophysical economics,

sometimes referred to also as bioeconomics. It is based on a conceptual model of the economy connected to, and sustained by, a flow of energy,

materials, and ecosystem services.

Analysts from a variety of disciplines have conducted research on the economy-environment relationship,

with concern for energy and material flows and sustainability, environmental quality, and economic

development.

EKOLOGI-EKONOMI


ALAM & EKOLOGIOnce consumed, natural inputs pass out of the economy

as pollution and waste. The potential of an environment to provide services and

materials is referred to as an "environment's source function", and this function is depleted as resources are

consumed or pollution contaminates the resources. The "sink function" describes an environment's ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution: when

waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long-term damage occurs.

Some persistent pollutants, such as some organic pollutants and nuclear waste are absorbed very slowly or not at all; ecological

economists emphasize minimizing "cumulative pollutants".

Pollutants affect human health and the health of the climate.


VALUASI EKONOMIThe economic value of natural capital and ecosystem services is accepted by mainstream environmental

economics, but is emphasized as especially important in ecological economics. Ecological economists may

begin by estimating how to maintain a stable environment before assessing the cost in dollar

terms.

Ecological economist Robert Costanza led an attempted valuation of the global ecosystem in 1997.

Initially published in Nature, the article concluded on $33 trillion with a range from $16 trillion to $54

trillion (in 1997, total global GDP was $27 trillion). Half of the value went to nutrient cycling.

DIAGRAM LINGKAR MODEL EKONOMI

ECONOMY

“EXTERNALITIES” SOCIETY

ENVIRONMENT

? ?

Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.


JASA-JASA LINGKUNGAN

A study was carried out by Costanza and colleagues to determine the 'price' of the services provided by the environment.

This was determined by averaging values obtained from a range of studies conducted in very specific context and then transferring

these without regard to that context.

Dollar figures were averaged to a per hectare number for different types of ecosystem e.g. wetlands, oceans.

A total was then produced which came out at 33 trillion US dollars (1997 values), more than twice the total GDP of the world at the

time of the study.


JASA-JASA EKOSISTEM

Humankind benefits from a multitude of resources and processes that are supplied by natural ecosystems.

Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem services and include products like clean drinking water and processes

such as the decomposition of wastes.

While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services for decades, these services were

popularized and their definitions formalized by the United Nations 2004 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), a four-

year study involving more than 1,300 scientists worldwide.

This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease;

supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits.


EMPAT KATEGORI JASA-JASA EKOSISTEMProvisioning services • food (including seafood and game), crops, wild foods, and spices• water• pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and industrial products• energy (hydropower, biomass fuels) Regulating services • carbon sequestration and climate regulation• waste decomposition and detoxification• purification of water and air• crop pollination• pest and disease control Supporting services • nutrient dispersal and cycling• seed dispersal• Primary production Cultural services • cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration• recreational experiences (including ecotourism)• scientific discovery


KAPITAL ALAMNatural capital is the extension of the economic notion of capital

(manufactured means of production) to goods and services relating to the natural environment.

Natural capital is thus the stock of natural ecosystems that yields a flow of valuable ecosystem goods or services into the future. For example, a stock of trees or fish provides a flow of new trees or

fish, a flow which can be indefinitely sustainable. Natural capital may also provide services like recycling wastes or

water catchment and erosion control.

Since the flow of services from ecosystems requires that they function as whole systems, the structure and diversity of the

system are important components of natural capital.

LINGKUNGAN sbg ‘SUBSET’ dari EKONOMI

EKONOMI

EKOSISTEM



REVOLUSI INDUSTRI MASA DEPAN

The "next industrial revolution" depends on the espousal of four central strategies:

1. The conservation of resources through more effective manufacturing processes,

2. The reuse of materials as found in natural systems,

3. A change in values from quantity to quality,

4. Investing in natural capital, or restoring and sustaining natural resources.


Natural capital is described in the book Natural Capitalism as a metaphor for the mineral, plant, and

animal formations of the Earth's biosphere when viewed as a means of production of oxygen, water

filter, erosion preventer, or provider of other ecosystem services.

It is one approach to ecosystem valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human life as passive natural resources, and to the idea of

ecological health. Human knowledge and understanding of the natural

environment is never complete, therefore the boundaries of natural capital “expand or contract” as

knowledge is gained or lost.

KAPITAL ALAM

=

EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890-No Ingredients, only labor and capital

P = f(L,K)= ALa . BKb (Cobb-Douglas multiplication)

Labor (Chef )

Kapital (Mixing bowl)

xROTI?Kapital (oven)X


=

INFINITE SUBSTITUT-ABILITY:2P = f(L,K)= 2ALa . 2BKb

More Chefs

or Bigger Mixing bowl

x

More Bread?

EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890-


Sumber: http://iluvsa.blogspot.com/2009/05/parallel-goals-political-secession.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

HUBUNGAN MANUSIA DENGAN LINGKUNGAN SEKITARNYA

The Ecological Economics Model of the relationship

between the Human Economy and the Earth System

highlighting the importance of sources, sinks, feedbacks and

scale.The Earth System can be

viewed as the Natural Capital and all other forms of capital

are nested within and dependent upon it. Population

can be thought of as Human Capital, referring not just to population size, but also to

people’s education, skill sets, norms, standards and laws.

UNGKAPAN-UNGKAPAN

• “There is no reason we can’t have a perfectly healthy economy with virtually no resources whatsoever” Robert Solow

• “We can do without agriculture because it’s only 2% of the economy.” Norgaard?

• “neo-classical economics is a form of brain damage” -- Hazel Henderson


EKONOMI - EKOLOGISNO “EXTERNALITIES”



EKSTERNALITAS

Ecological economics is founded upon the view that the neoclassical economics (NCE) assumption that environmental and

community costs and benefits are mutually canceling "externalities" is not warranted.

Juan Martinez Alier, for instance shows that the bulk of consumers are automatically excluded from having an impact upon the prices of commodities, as these consumers are future generations who

have not been born yet.

Concerning these externalities, Paul Hawken argues that the only reason why goods produced unsustainably are usually cheaper than goods produced sustainably is due to a hidden subsidy, paid by the

non-monetized human environment, community or future generations.


VALUASI EKONOMI JASA-JASA LINGKUNGANThe economic valuation of ecosystem services also involves social

communication and information, areas that remain particularly challenging and are the focus of many researchers. In general, the idea is that although individuals make decisions for any variety of reasons, trends reveal the aggregative preferences of a society, from which the economic value of services can be inferred and

assigned.

The six major methods for valuing ecosystem services in monetary terms are:

1. Avoided costServices allow society to avoid costs that would have been incurred in the absence of those services (e.g. waste treatment by wetland habitats avoids health costs)

2. Replacement cost

Services could be replaced with man-made systems (e.g. restoration of the Catskill Watershed cost less than the construction of a water purification plant)


VALUASI EKONOMI JASA-JASA LINGKUNGAN

3. Factor incomeServices provide for the enhancement of incomes (e.g. improved water quality increases the commercial take of a fishery and improves the income of fishers)

4. Travel costService demand may require travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value of the service (e.g. value of ecotourism experience is at least what a visitor is willing to pay to get there)

5. Hedonic pricingService demand may be reflected in the prices people will pay for associated goods (e.g. coastal housing prices exceed that of inland homes)

6. Contingent valuationService demand may be elicited by posing hypothetical scenarios that involve some valuation of alternatives (e.g. visitors willing to pay for increased access to national parks)

Sumber: http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/ecological-economics …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

INTERAKSI EKOSISTEM DAN EKONOMI

“Eminent biologists and U.N. reports concur that “business-as-usual” will drive half of all species on Earth to extinction within this century.

Collectively, we are violating the first precept

—“do not harm living beings”—on the largest

possible scale.

We cannot foresee the biological consequences for human life when so

many species that invisibly contribute to

our own well-being vanish from the planet.

http://www.ecobuddhism.org/bcp/all_content/buddhist_declaration/

Sumber: http://casey.brown.edu/chemistry/research/crp/Edu/Documents/00_Chem201/1_intro/1-intro-frames.htm…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

HUKUM TERMODINAMIKAThermodynamics is about energy, its flow and its transformation from one form into another form.

EKONOMI - EKOLOGISSietem Terbuka

Hukum I : Konservasi Massa

ECONOMY (waste)

(some)


Sumber: http://www.griesingerfilms.com/fromorigvid.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

DAUR ULANG MATERIALEcological Economics recognizes

that the human economy is a smaller, open sub-system of a

finite, non-growing, and materially closed ecosystem.

The economy is open in that it receives the input of the sun

(energy) and natural resources (matter) and transforms those

material inputs into commodities through a variety of production

processes. Just as commodities are produced, so is the residue, or

waste, of these production systems. The waste must

eventually be returned to, or absorbed by, the larger

environment.

Featuring four historic videos-----------------------------------------------"An Introduction to Ecological Economics""Investing in Natural Capital""Conversation for a Sustainable Society""Costa Rica Counts the Future"

in one DVDFrom the Original VideosA Short Primer On Ecological Economics

ECONOMY

(waste)

(some)

SourcesSub-surface Resources

SitesSurface locations: ie:

land

SinksAbsorbtion

of waste

3 Ss:

PAJAK HIJAU = GREEN TAX


Sumber: http://www.pelicanweb.org/solisustv07n05page8.html …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

HUBUNGAN EKONOMI DAN LINGKUNGAN

The ecological economics model.

The placement of the economy in the center reflects the fact that it is contained by the environment, not a suggestion that human activity is the "center of the

world."

The environment is not merely a factor of production (as it is portrayed in the conventional "circular flow"

economic model), but rather the containing system for the economy.

The environment is the source of all materials humans use and the "sink" into which all wastes go; moreover, wastes stay in the system and do not go

"away.“

Entropi = disorder, randomnessHukum II: Entropi selalu meningkat

ECONOMY

(waste)

LOW ENTROPY HIGH ENTROPY

(dissipated)

EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS



EKONOMI PRODUKSI - EKSTERNALITAS

The problem is that the way owners use their land may affect others.

If they dump garbage on their neighbors' land, clearly they are infringing upon others' rights. If they burn garbage and the

resulting smoke blows onto nearby properties?

Economics has dealt with this largely by labeling such items externalities,

costs for which the responsible party does not pay.

It then becomes up to the community, and usually the

government, to decide how to deal with externalities.

http://www.henrygeorge.org/def2.htm

WHAT IS ANTI-ENTROPIC? (SYNTROPIC)

ECONOMY

(waste)

LOW ENTROPY HIGH ENTROPY

EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS


Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818104001985 …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

Using the Ecological Social Accounting Matrix (ESAM) for Lesotho that integrates ecological implications of the LHWP with economic benefits of the project, the paper

analysed the impact of lost ecological services downstream the LHWP dams in Lesotho on the well-being of households directly affected by the project (riparians)

and the general economy of the country.

Lesotho Highlands

Water Project (LHWP)

Flow diagram of ecological

and socio-economic

flows.

SISTEM TERTUTUP

ECONOMY

earth

EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS


Sumber: http://willbmisled.com/blogs/blog3.php…….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES GENERAL CONCEPTUAL MODELEcosystem Services are the direct benefits to Quality of Life from Ecosystem Structure and

Function.

SCALE-Full World or Empty World?

Referensi:Ecological Economics

Principles & Applications,

Farley and Daly


Sumber: Zhang, W., Rickets, T., Kremen, C., Carney, K., Swinton, S. (2007). Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological Economics, 64: 253-260.

ECOLOGICAL GOODS AND SERVICES AND NATURAL CAPITAL

Ecosystem Services and Dis-Services From Agriculture

DIS-UTILITAS MARGINAL



PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN


ECONOMY

(waste)

(some)

SumberdayaSub-surface Resources

MODEL SKY-TRUST

Ke Hulu…….!



Comparing urban solid waste recycling from the viewpoint of urban

metabolism based on physical input–output model: A case of Suzhou in China

Sai Liang, Tianzhu ZhangWaste Management 32 (2012) 220–225. Investigating impacts of urban solid waste recycling on urban

metabolism contributes to sustainable urban solid waste management and urban sustainability.

Using a physical input–output model and scenario analysis, urban metabolism of Suzhou in 2015 is predicted and impacts of four

categories of solid waste recycling on urban metabolism are illustrated: scrap tire recycling, food waste recycling, fly ash recycling

and sludge recycling.

Sludge recycling has positive effects on reducing all material flows. Thus, sludge recycling for biogas is regarded as an accepted method.

Moreover, technical levels of scrap tire recycling and food waste recycling should be improved to produce positive effects on reducing

more material flows.

Fly ash recycling for cement production has negative effects on reducing all material flows except solid wastes. Thus, other fly ash

utilization methods should be exploited. In addition, the utilization and treatment of secondary wastes from food waste recycling and sludge

recycling should be concerned.

Reuse of wastewater effluent in concrete mixing and the effect of high temperatures on its residual properties

Jasem M. Alhumoud and Mohammad Terro.Int. J. Environment and Sustainable Development, Vol. 9, Nos. 1/2/3, 2010

This paper investigates the suitability of using wastewater effluent for mixing in concrete. In particular, the effect of elevated temperatures up to 700°C on the compressive

strength of concrete made with treated wastewater has been experimentally studied.

The concrete specimens consisted of cubes that were cast using potable water (PW), primary treated wastewater (PTWW), secondary treated wastewater (STWW), and

tertiary treated wastewater (TTWW) obtained from a local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).

The properties of concrete that were tested consisted of: setting time, compressive strength at ambient and elevated temperatures (up to 700°C), and resistance to

corrosion of reinforcing steel.

In general, at elevated temperatures, the strength of concrete made with treated wastewater exhibited lower values than concrete made with PW.

The tertiary treated wastewater, of the type produced from wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait, is found to be suitable for mixing concrete with no

adverse effects.

RECYCLING BIOWASTE – HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH PROBLEMSAnn Albihn

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2002, 43(Suppl 1):S69-S75

Biowaste from the food chain is of potential benefit to use in agriculture. Agriculture in general and organic farming in particular needs alternative plant nutrients. However, the quality concerning hygiene and soil contaminants must be assured. This recycling has to

be regulated in a way that harmful effects on soil, vegetation, animals and man are prevented.

The problems with heavy metals and organic contaminants have been focused on. Still, maximum threshold values are continuously discussed to avoid an increase of soil

concentrations. The effect on the ecosystems of residues from use of medicines needs further attention.

There is also a risk for a spread of antibiotic resistant micro-organisms in the environment and then to animals and man. Infectious diseases may be spread from

biowaste and new routes of disease transmission between animals and humans can be created. Zoonotic diseases in this context play a central role. Pathogens recently

introduced to a country may be further spread when biowaste is recycled. The very good health status of domestic animals in the Nordic countries may then quickly change.

The quality of biowaste is of enormous importance if biowaste is to gain general acceptance for agricultural use, especially for organic production. A

balance needs to be maintained between risk and advantage for its use.

SKY - TRUST MODELKey Features of U.S. Sky Trust

Here are the key features of the proposed U.S. Sky Trust.

1. Carbon emissions cap set initially at 1.346 billion tons, the 1990 level

2. Tradable carbon emission permits sold annually to energy companies at the top of the carbon chain.

3. All revenue from permit sales goes into a nationwide trust.4. Trust pays equal annual dividends to all U.S. citizens (like

the Alaska Permanent Fund).5. Dividends can be placed tax-free in Individual Retirement

Accounts or Individual Development Accounts for children.6. Initial price ceiling on carbon emission permits of $25 a

ton; ceiling rises 7 percent a year for four years.7. Transition Fund to help those most adversely affected by

higher carbon prices. Fund starts at 25 percent of permit revenue, declines 2.5 percent per year.


PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE


Sumber: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review, Vol. 33, No. 2 …….. Diunduh 17/11/2012

CO2 MITIGATION AND STORAGE METHODSThe first step toward CO2

mitigation starts from root of the issue: the conservation and the

efficient use of energy. Switching from coal burning to emission-free or low emission

alternative forms of energy like hydro and geothermal helps to

curtail CO2 emission. For CO2 that cannot be eliminated

from conservation efforts, there are further mitigation method

available:1. Storage in geological formation

such as deep saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas fields, in coal seams.

2. Storage in fertilized ocean water where plankton growth increases CO2 absorption from the atmosphere.

3. Storage in soil through agriculture and forestry

http://sustainablekapital.com/reports/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/CO2MitigationStorageMethods.jpg

PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE


CONSILIENCE

“~Resources are infinite and the economy can grow forever”

(Julian Simon)

“Anyone who thinks you can have infinite growth on a finite planet is either a madman or

an economist”

(Kenneth Boulding)


Growth DevelopmentGrowth = increase in throughput-quantitative

Development = qualitative improvement

EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS: Human Development


Intro to Ecological Economics-population

Growth Development

Teori Transisi Demografis


Intro to Ecological Economics-population


Pertumbuhan penduduk dunia

Negara-negara majuNegara-negara sedang berkembang

Intro to Ecological Economics-forest succession

Growth Development

Reorganization Aggredation Transition Steady-state (mature)


We hear: “There is no conflict between economic growth and environmental protection!”

Sumber: http://www.povertyenvironment.net/pep/……. DIUNDUH 17/11/2012

Five building blocks of an inclusive green economy

Examples of the green economy in practice show

great potential for delivering a “triple

bottom line” of job–creating economic growth

coupled with environmental protection

and social inclusion. However, there are

significant barriers to realizing this potential on

a large scale.

World GDP and CO2

$1

$10

$100

$1,000

$10,000

$100,000

1000

1050

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1450

1500

1550

1600

1650

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

Wor

ld G

DP B

illio

ns U

S$$

250

270

290

310

330

350

370

ATM

OSP

HERI

C C

O2

World GDPCO2 level


CO2 vs WORLD GDP

270

290

310

330

350

370

$1 $10 $100 $1,000 $10,000 $100,000WORLD GDP Billions of 1990 Intl $$ Log scale (source: De Long)

ATM

CO

2 CO

NCE

NTR

ATIO

N p

arts

per

mill

ion(

ppm

)

GDP 1825: ~$200 BILLION 2000: $41,000 B ILLION OR $41 TRILLION =205X 1825 level.



60 Million yrs of CO2


KERUSAKAN IKLIM


Tipe-tipe Bencana di DuniaJu

mla

h Be

ncan

a Banjir

Kekeringan

Gempa bumi

Badai Tropis

Sumber: United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Secretariat, Yokohama 1994

CLIMATE DAMAGE


Europe in August 2003COUNTRY DEATHS DETAILS

France 14,802 Temperatures soared to 104 degrees Fahrenheit in parts of the country; temperatures in Paris were the highest since record-keeping began in 1873.

Germany 7000 High temperatures of up to 105.4 degreesFahrenheit, the hottest since records began in 1901, raised mortality some 10 percent above average.

Spain 4230 High temperatures coupled with elevated ground-level ozone concentrations exceeding the European Union's health-risk threshold.

Italy 4175 Temperatures in parts of the country averaged 16 degrees Fahrenheit higher than previous year.

UK 2045 The first triple digit (Fahrenheit) temperatures were recorded in London.

Neth 1400 Temperatures ranged some 14 degrees warmer than normal.

Portugal 1316 Temperatures were above 104 degrees Fahrenheit throughout much of the country.

Belgium 150 Temperatures exceeded any in the Royal Meteorological Society's records dating back to 1833.

TOTAL 35,118


ESA Listings and GDP

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1973 1980 1990 2001

$10

$9

$8

$7

$6

$5

$4

$3

R2 = 98.4

Source: The Wildlife Society Technical Review 2003-1.


Sebab-sebab Bencana Lingkungan

UrbanisasiPertanianWater diversions (e.g., reservoirs)Recreation, tourism development PencemaranPeternakan

247205160148143136

Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience 50(7):593-601.Sumber: Introduction to Ecological Economics. Greentax. Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute. Sept. 7, 2004.

Ekstraksi mineral dan MigasSpesies non-alamiahPanen/PemanenanModified fire regimesJalan rayaPembangunan industri

134115101

838381

Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience 50(7):593-601.

Sebab-sebab Bencana Lingkungan
