Peletz, Michael G.-kinship Studies in Late Anthropology

8/12/2019 Peletz, Michael G.-kinship Studies in Late Anthropology

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Annu. R Anthopol Cyrigh AnUI Reviews nc All ighs eervd

KINSHIP STUDIES N

TWENTIE-CENTURY

AHROPOLOGY

Miha G. Ptz

Departmen of Socioogy nd Anhopology, Coge Uvesy, Hmio New Yok

146

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tandng, and rprntatn f gndr, pr, and dffrnc and tnd tdvt cndrab anaytc attntn t tm f cntradctn, paradx, andambvanc

h hdul u ppd t wd thuh th t ihip which hdull dvlpd mmi l it ti tm llw up cmplictd dim du l dductiv umt [d] th pii hpthi up hpth h v hp hwv mwh miid d pp itthtil d h hi dut whth th dd t mt th td

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B Mwi (69)

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INTRODUCTON

Arplgys rma y gly ambval rlasp sdy fsp as xsd vr s mda 1 800s L Mrga ad srlrs vd sd s b ad bradrag a brdr ard ra asps f ma bavr, slag mfr sdy ad affrmg a y d dd s a bj, a yr" () M f g np

famlar ay r ar ms f s rs av b dmd byKpr (3, ) ad s d da s r a f ambval s rlasp? Fllg sdm

Sgmd Frd ad Wdy All, rg a all magl ad s aams ar fsd mxd ms ad a arplgyss vlvm sp xp W d als bar md fr xspf fars a l s ambval frs sMrga's pllgall drv ss a ma f y ss mprar llal mral ad plal dbasrg r-lg f mads rgs ad bas ls f ma prgrss addffrar bs asrd rg ll ad aalss fmassv lss f rms, prs sgfa f as mr fa ldd v ms pa ad llg radrs. A sd fars dly fl ss a dsp r 100 yars f pasag r sysms f sp rmlgy ly bam bas s fsp sds ad lgy as a larplgss av madm aday dvlpg sysma as f sal ad r

drmas f smlars ad dffrs rmlgs s(102) Trd fld s sll dmad by xrmly frmals,absra appras a ld Mals ad may rs fl a masrg basard algbra f sp" mg b lss a rl v f asFx (3 10) p sp s arplgy a d s arFall, fr far s da a salld prmv ss basd as

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hey ae o bood ad kshp ae soe sese a dsoed o mo ageof ou ow (adaced") socey based o so" ad he sae () abouwhch ahopoogss hae og shaed a ceebaed abaece as socaccs he ague hee s ha casg he he as a dsoo oveso of ouseves we advea scbe o oduce a ambaeceha he ahopoogca eepse s soe sese desged o aeoae

Ahopooys oe aa wh kshp has cooed ece decades adhe abaece queso has becoe oe poouced o saed pehapsoe accuaey bee evaozed. hs ed has bee cosed by soeobsees as a cea (f o eeg) sg ha he sudy of kshp s dead oobud. Ahough such ews ed oe of Mak was eak ha

epos of hs deah had bee geay eaggeaed hey do esoae wh wopoa chages he saus scope ad cosuo of kshp sudes hhae occued sce he eay 197s. s heoes ad debaes abou whawee oce ake o be he basc budg bocks of kshp (kshp eoo-ges socaed ues of desce aage ad posaa esdee) o ogeoccupy he og peged poso o ceay wh he dscouse ofahopoogy he dehoee s evdeced by ece evews of ahopoogy ad soca heoy (eg. 1 19 66 ) whch ake sca efeece o

ssues ha wee he cea focus of cassc sudes by Ameca Bsh oFech ahopoogss he chage has occued pay because of he ccaehkg of basc assupos he adoa sudy of kshp by LeachNeedha Schede ad ohes begg he 196s. Moe boady heshf eecs he wag of sucuafucoas as a gudg paadg.he feeg has ase s pace ha he sudy of kshp ad oh adoasubfeds (e.g. ecoomc ahopoogy poca ahopoogy) cao be pusued he soaed es of wha ae uaey fucoay deed suoa doas 113).

A secod poa chage ha has occued he sudy of kshp scehe 197s s fequey oeooked by hose who pess ewg ahopoog es of he coveoay defed subfeds. I efe o he fac ha hesudy of kshp has bee ecosued ad paay subsued ude ohe(adedy pobeac ad coesed) bcs such as soca hsoy egaahopoogy ad poca ahopoog ad of couse he fes ahopoogy of ub (1) Wee (133 13) e & Whehead (87) app(997) Gaey (6) Ma (7) Sahe (1113) Coe (13) Gsbug

(8 ad Weso (3). es ahopoogss hae fused ew ehusas o he fed of kshp ad hae cobued o s ecoso. hs sespecay appae Coe & Yaagsaos 1987 oue Gner an Knhp: Eay Toar a n Analy, he pay obece of whch s oeaze he sudy of kshp ad o suae he sudy of gede a he heoe-ca coe of ahopoogy by cag o eso he bouday bwee hese

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wo feds (1: see aso 9, 3). The edos adocae a poga ha focuseso he cuua aayss of eag ad ha deas wh soca syses assyses of soca equay ha e aes of sybos ad eags aeos usey udesood hsoca es. They aso ague ha Schede(08) has cocgy deauaed he sudy of shp, ad ha s ooge defesbe o ae he aua facs of sex, poceao, ad he eagof offspg as he uesa aw aea copsg syses of shp.The oe geea cque s ha boh shp ad gede sudes ypcayfa sho because hey beg by ag dffeece fo gaed, eag asa pesoca fac. . . .exsg ousde o ad beyod cuue (11 :9).

obuos of he ae so ae dscussed geae dea beow, fo he

poduco of gede, powe, ad dffeece ae ey coces he ecosued fed of shp. The oe geea obece of hs chape s o ccayeew soe of he oe sgfca deeopes he sudy of shp ae weehceuy (sococuu) ahopoogy. The fs seco podeshsoca coex by exag sudes of shp as syses of sybos adsucues, focusg o seeced hees ephasze y chee a Sauss, ad o he ways whh he appoaches hae bee cqued,efouaed, ad hsoczed sce he 1970s. The secod seco of heeew addesses gede, powe, ad dffeece, whe he hd expoes

hees of coadco, paadox, ad abaece. The fa seco exaes he epaao of shp sudes ad he ew epoduce echooges

NSHP AS SYMBOLS AD SES

Knsp s Symbols

Sce s pubcao 198 Schedes oogaph o Aeca shp(10) has ghfuy bee egaded s a exepa of a eee ahopoogy, poeeed ude he ueage f Taco asos ad ceeed o sybosad eags. Le asos, Schede fds usef a dsco beweecuua syses, o he oe had, ad soca ad psychoogca o pesoaysyses o he ohe e poposes ha we ea Aeca shp as a syseof sybos ad eags ahe ha focus o shps sauses, oes, adsuos.

Accodg o Schede, hs boo s o a accou of wha Aecas say

whe hey a abou shp, . . . [o of wha Aecas h . . .abou shp. . . . s o a descpo of oes ad eaoshps whch Aecas udeae . . . . [I s abou sybos, h sybos whch ae Aeca shp(08). Thee es boh he edug egacy of Shedes wok ad sshocogs. Schede cse aayzes daa beag o he dscefeaues whch defe he peso s a eae. e dscusses wh sgh he

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symbols ad mais of latdss thouh blood" (i biotic tmsshad substac as opposd o maa (atdss tms of law codfo coduct ad h mo compassi cocpua domais of au adlaw o cultu Much may still b lad fom his lucidatio of symbols suchas hom" famly sual itcous ad lo" (diffus du solidaity". But h psts his data ad cocusios alik i a fomalizd abstac ad toalzi ma. W ow ustio his sistc ha a soml(s Amica boasts a sil systm of kiship whos symbols ad mas a mo o lss th sam fo ma ad fmals ad fo mmbs of althic/acial oups social classs ad oaphic ios. [chid himslf has mo cly ackowldd th ustioabl atu o such ass

ios (10; s also 1 16.] It should b mphaszd how tha chid swok mas a siificat souc of ihs ito kiship Noth mca(9 9 95 15 10 ad Bitai (1 ad tha t has fomd impotatcultual accouts of kiship amo Naajos Malays Bals ad aiousoups outh Asia ad th Pacific .g 1 8 9 8 11 18.Itsty som of chids dubious thoaphic coclusios hab show to b th poduct of smiy cutually" utal itiwustios lik Who a th pop you cosid to b lad to you?" uch

usos al mhodoloical poblms paticulaly h cas of scodatio JapasAmicas ns fo whom familis ad ot psos ath cultual its at fo puposs of caculati kiship i coctiowith funerary rituals and the givig of kn (uatts of moy o thoccasio of somos dah (19 10.

Yaaisako pos out tha chds aalyss holds fo ne oly f wsolat th dfiitio of lats ad th uls fo th iclusio of psos asatis fom th copus of oth maful acts ad satmts mad byne (19 Mo mpotatly just as th is o aalytic o ot justificato fo doi this th is o aso o i poity to th act of df adisti os latis ad/o assumi i occus i a cotxtually utalacuum" (19. W d to look much mo closly at aiatio both ih disticti fatus that dfi h pso as a lat chidfocus ad i costuctos of sxualy maia childai famly adhoushold oaizatio dioc tc (which chid laly ios.

hidsiht th la poblms ha maily o do wih chids haily asoia iw of cutus as samlss whols chaactid by a hh

d o uomy ad al cohc h ada assumpo hasmbols ad mas a lss cotxtually aiabl tha oma uls foacto ad th ida that w ca isoat socald pu symbolic systms withimptab boudas (197. f i a boad ss ou oal s toshow how symbolic systms aticulat wih th actual stat of popls lish chds appoach s of lmd alu ad bcoms potially a

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strl cs msplacd cocrtss much k th galogcy asdmthods of aalyss that . . [h] gtmaty crtczs" (395).

I ay cas hat a to mak o Schds (1 8) cam chod aous quatrs that h has datualzd th study of kshp ad cut tloos fom Euroctrc assumptos ad from th ry facts" of srproducto ad th lk Th cotto s ald that Morga asd maygatos of dorks ad aalysts by hs sstc that systms ofkshp" ar aably ult upo ad a cotmous th galogcagds as may th assrto that th fuctoaly dfd sttutoal domaof kshp as udrstood th Wst sts owhr ls th world Butasstos of th att so stk may as hypboc ad pomatch

Schd has dctrd bology from th study of kshp h has ot allydatuazd th study of kshp (s 3)ad ay t ha gatmplcatos for th comparat study of soca rlatdss Rath tha sstthat o o s has kshp as do ad that kshp as udsad t s aosubct w houd phaps frst am th systms o socal latdssothrs do ha.

Colr & Yaagsako () ad Yaagsako & ay () amog othrs strss that hould approach th study of kshp fr of bass rootd

assumptos aout bology But to my odg o of ths schoas haay gu to suggst hat a kshp systm cut f of ay moog olatoshp to cultural costructs of ology would look lk (). Twoat ods of data com to md frst th rsults of th blat thoughtpmt" y Cuccha (8) hch dat th stuctu ad orgazatoof a hypothtca (ppp alolthc) hutg ad gathg socty ththr kshp or gdr ad sco data o t ams catd y s-as ad gays th Utd Stats that a basd o choc ad ot boo" butthat a othlss cocptualzd y th ats rato/opposto toth ood" or staght" fam hl such amls a ot groudd ology thy ar aly dfd rat to t (35).

Schdr s ork (ad othr typs of cultural aalyss) also qustos hoto ffct cosur o kshp f t s dfd strctly cultura trms spcalysc as Schdr hmslf has potd out rct yas (7) t trptrats wth othr ultual domas k gd lgo t. O souto s todf kshp as a doma of socal latos as ly has (85)

Kship relatos are socal relatos predcated upo cultural coceptos that

specfy the processes by whch an dvdual comes to beg ad d:velopsto a complete (e mature) socal perso. These processes ecompass heacquisto ad rasormato o both sptual ad corporeal compoets ofbeing. exual reproduction and the formulation of paterna and matenalcotrbuos are a mporta compoet of but ae ot coextesve wth, therelevat processes Ths s due to the etographc fact that a full comlemet

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f ul met eve deved luvel fm the etFdm l ute eetl gedet the tul el mle-t f ehd [Ad] mu fquel etl elg, ddg

d/ ultg ul d el mt f hd

Aot ppoc to t dlmm of loct ksp s to podpolyttc d ot moottc dtos. Bd Good (8889, foxmpl, u tt ltosp pts to ksp t dsplys cc-tstcs suc s t folow (som o wc mutuly xcus)

[It bed b bth d et thughut lfe; tted 'm-g exld jufed te f blgl dm ; g thee ' e d

tl the jt weh ue el hete f et d esos ss s mdum o g hedt l t ;d/ vlve he uue d ubgg f mll hlde

Ts postos co Lcs ppoc to t dfto o md wl l lklood scols dbt fo som tm to com.

Knsp s cs

T study o stuctu ksp bs to md t c lcy otuss wc s byod t scop of my commts It s cl, tou,tt ct dcds w scos occupd tmsls wt t qutsstly tuss sc o dp stuctus cpb o twoks of T Md. O t ot d sc o spcfc topcstcs d ol ptts of dul socl ozto, dustc mods otout, d by cssfcto of ous kds s l d wl s dcd by t ct publcto of suc tts s Th Attatn Oppt( d Daltal S (71) (bot dtd by Mybuyws, t stso by lmo) d by Boos wok o B (8 9. tuctulst cocs spcy pooucd Idos Nw Gu, t Ands d tAmo. Ts s ptly bcus of t plc suc s o dt mtly sutbl to stuctu lyss but t s so du to t poducto oscoly ds tou succss tos o spclsts. Ido-s fo xmp, ttctd JPB d Jossl d o d s pw P dJoss d Jo bot of wom lpd buld up t Ld cool wc s to som clssc ops o t cplo d wc lso spd

t scoshp o Ndm d s follows (.. R Bs G Fot). TLd scool lso poducd RT udm (6 wo td to oAdsts d ot Lt Amcsts 3). Ts combto wtMybuyLwss d Tus 28 2) tsts stuctulst lyss ofBl dt lpd ly t oudwok o c tdto o stuctustsc t Amo d Lt Amc s wo.

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tusss sft fom t contnt nd functonn of knsp ltons toconcn with th undlyin ltionshps mon thi consttunt lmntsws clly hs most innoti mo. Eqully impotnt fo th tudy ofknship ws hs nsistnc tt w xmn th stuctul snficnc f tis ofm nd llnc, spcilly th wys in which thy link dscn units ofous kinds. his mo om dscnt to llinc hlpd oint th study okinship nd of mi in pticul, by focin citicl lutin of thlonstndin poccupton wit t ntlmnts of dscnt nd d dimsions of unilinlly boundd oups. But th mo ws f lss pofoundwhn on consids tht th focus ws stll on unilinlly boundd oups ndth xtl ltons nd poducton thou tm In shot dscntd

socl units stll consttutd t pont of dptu nd ultimt loc o nsttion, nd littl nlytic poision ws md fo oth stuctul pinciplssuch s siblinshp wich my h hihly ibl implictions fo thpsnc o snc of boundd ous p s ut my nontlss s ton d sci ltion nd domins of cultu od

h thm of silins hip s pincpl of socl od commnst wthpincipls of dscnt filition, nd ffnity ws fst dlopd y lly in hislndmk study of stuctul contdicton mon th Etoo 4) lly pointd

out th nlytic poblms inhnt in thn cunt wdly ld notons ofloos stuctu d lso sold th Nu pdox tht hd bfd Ensitchd nd mny sinc In cnt ys Ocnic mtils h ncoudn nlytc fomulton of silnsp ltdnss n tms of qunt, plll o ssntilly complmnty ihts, olitions nd xpincs, withspct to spcfc titoil domin, politicl oic, o oth mditinlmnt (69) his fomultion hs sinifcnc oth withn Ocni (1 1nd byondin lowlnd outh Amc ) nd outst As (5 4 7

)Th sustion tht w tk siinsip, s opposd to, sy pntchildltions, s ou point of dptu is f mo dicl thn it miht nitillypp poposl is tht fst w concntt ou nlytc on ltonsmon h lin (h hn links bwn th lin nd th dd ndo thunon) nd tt scond, w o n on bonds mon ndiiduls o t smlti ntinwhich cus cnstitut ky (co) scil ltions n ll socts Bodly spkin, by dotin t ttntion to thwys n whch sblnsp ss s ky symbol nd cntl onnpincipl in intntionl ltions w cn oint nd itli th studyof kinshp, whch s lwys bn chctid by focus on intntonl links 4; s lso 333 his sm nl focus sin fomoth siblinship nd th xchn of womn locts kinship in pctic(s 1 1 )

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KINSHIP SDES 351

Femnt and other ommtted to deelopn endered approahe to thetudy o nhp and marrae hae been partularly ntereted n ntraeneratonal relaton, thouh t would be equaly aurate to emphaze thee hol-

ar hehtened onern wth temporalt, power, and prate. n one o themot nant pee o emnt holarhp o the 7 G Rubn aruedamon ohe hn) ha Ltrau wa oblou to the poltal mpla-ton o h nht on the exhane o women ) Ltrauannoton o exhane and reprot hae been rtqued many tme n reentear 32, 4), perhap mot notably b Wener 33 34) wo eamneehane no merely a a mean by whh to medate oneptual oppotonbetween el and other, but alo a a wa to eet oal ontrol and deal wth

the paradoxe entral to oal le n all oete.It now wdely reonzed that ta, hhly abtrat ormulaton and

model o oal rule and prnple o oal truture, uh a thoe orwhh LStrau utl amou ee alo 34 4), dont tae u artoward undetandn oal ator or the mrad ontext n whh the or-anze themele, reate to one another aqure and ue reoure, or reateorder and meann n ther le Th reonton reonate wth Bourdeu'ew that to undertand ator and ontext we need to deote reater attenton

to behaoral tratee, epeall eera pratal tratee eared towardthe attanment o loally dened alue. hee tratee normed by oalrule and prnple, are alo ondond b ulturaly ndue but larelymplt dpoton a well a materal and ymbol nteret, and are thunot n an way mere exeuton] o the model n the . .ene o norm . . [or]ent ontrut) 2) Whether or not Bourdeu nterpretaton odata bearn on paralleloun marrae n North ra proe to be o endurn nteret ee 32, 4), the analt ramewor he ha deeloped pratetheor) learl , a h ommtment to tudn nhp throh tme eealo , 2).

Structure n History

Dlluonment wth tat, abtrat model onded wth a htor turn nnhp tude and n anthropoloy at lare. Th trend ha been pronounedn the mporant wor o Good, h, hompon, and other on ontnutand hane n nhp and nhertane n Wetern urope rom 2 to 833), a well a ubequent reearh b ood on the hapn o the amland marrae n urope a a whole rom around 3 D to the preent 3). nhe pa ew deade oy Ladure an other hae ued lea reord andarhal materal or edene o peaant tetmon on marrae, the exualdon o lbor, and the ontrton o bode and lbdo 8, 2 ). nthee and other way, the hae doered nhp n the oure o don

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oi hitory nd onveyin the everydy live o uroen ent theyre prtied, expeeced ad epeseed

Ahopoogss' ees soca hsoy couped h he ceased vlbility o rhivl mteril he to enender new eretive on ome odroblem onernin the oil orniztion o tribl oietie brodly defined). hese inlude the hsoca deveopment of Nuer segeay ogazao ad he expaso of Nue eoy and popuaton oe e (a heepene o Din) 4 ee o 4 the rerodution nd trnormtion oonil ln, pyrimid rme, or ttu inee in on ) nd theeouo of dea yllu (eoay based exeded faes or socaunit mde up o rned deent roup) under the Ica ad he Spash 2,

4) Muh o thi horhip i hrterized by n emphi on the role ombiuity nd trutur ontrdition in hitori hne, nd by onernwith both the truture o hitory ad the hitory o truture in hinene.

Wh egad to the ltter my own wor , ) h oued on inhi,ender nd oi truture mon the mtrilinelly oriented Mly o NeeriSembin Myi) in he coex of chages assocaed with Britih cooas heihtened egao o he goba ecooy ad Isac aoa

im nd reorm. n preooni time the ideoloil iniine o binhiw t et reevnt in myrid domin o oiety nd ulture norm ndvlue tied to dese ad/o aace hi ndin cas no uesion hereeived widom ha he ed scope ad foce of descebased aues adnorm in preentdy Neeri emin re untion primrily o the cobed eecs of cooas ode mret ore, nd twentiethenturyIsa My historia ysi o the htin entilment o vriou teorieo iblinhi nd other orm o oi retedne revel tht twentiethentury hne in proerty nd inheritne re quittivey dierent nd rmore limited thn reviouly umed he ytem o inheritne, or empe, h not broen down in the diretion o biterity or triliny, ueted by ere obsees ad feaes coue o he os houses adnd he nture o rorietorhi nd devolution h hned prooundly, duein re rt to the demie o the trdition intitution o divided riht or titeAordinly ollterl in in the mtriline ca no oge auoacay odgeesdua cas agas ppretor 's house nd or ohe popees hehorizont thrut o thi deveoment however mut be ditinuihed rom the

t tht the now onentrted) riht t iue ultimtely between womenad he daughesoe ho by deiton ae of the sae mtrilineHene he chages ha hae occued aou o a hsoca eoso o ghsgounde he os aog coaea he aeeseca ntur nd liitory iterrther thn n onoin or inipient hit rom

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KNSHIP SDES 353

oe arat o lealty to aother (e.. rom matrly to patrly) he larerad mot ac ue o coure the alece o hp ocal htory.

GNDR, POWR ND DFFRNC

Varou apect o eder power ad derece were o cetral cocerdur the heady day that wteed the eo o hp y Mora adthe prolerao o deate oer the temporal relatohp etwee matrarchy ad patrarchy h wa epecally o aer Eel etered the raywth h ew cocer the tatu o Iroquo wome relato to therEuropea ter the oerthrow o matrarchy (he world htorcal deeat

o the emale ex) ad the decl atu o wome he cotex o thedoluto o aed ocete ad the re o ocete wth ocal claead tae uto. Deae oer thee topc receded he early twetethcetury ee houh oh Malow ad Mead ouh to deu certaapect o Freuda doma cocer the Oedpu complex ad the ophy-olocal cocomtat o maurato ad ued healy edered data to do oFor the mo part t wa ot utl athropolo redcoered the alue oMarxt perecte the 0 that hee ue reaed prmacy

Th Linag Mod of Prodution and ByondI the 0 Mellaoux ' wor amo the Guro o the Iory oa pared aew wae o teret hee opc Mellaoux' uece ha ee epe-cally tro Frace ad Elad where he leae mode o productoha oe ee deated (ee 43 4 24. epte ome dareemet oer eyue the eeral coeu appear to e hat ocete characterzed aemetary (whch or ome reer to ocee wh emetary leae la Nuer or oher mea tral Sahl' ad Serce' eolutoary

ormulato ad or tll oher mply mea prmte) leae hp eerally operate oth a ratructure ad upertructure oar ahp relato ee a relato o producto ut alo cottute the aor deoloe ad ormate ytem ( 2 43 48 3)

O peca tere to th de o he Atlatc ad to emt worldwde Melloux twoold coteto (7 c ) that ocete wthoutclae or cate or eate hp oraze rht ad olato adthat marrae a the a o hp thu oraze the equalte that ext

em o age ad gede (a heme o whch we etu elow). ue ocotu cocer are whether uch equalte are approprately ee aetal explotato o the ame eeral ort oud tate cotext adwhether oe ca approprately pea o the extece o dtct ocal cae uch ocete. Alo a ue the aldy (wth repect to the tudy ohp precaptalt ecoomc ormao) o Althuer' dtcto e

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54 PELTZ

twee domato" ad determato," whh s voked by Melassouodeler ad others who arue that whe kshp domates the mode oproduto semetary soetes hat mode s determed the ast

stae by the eoomy see 43). I would oly add that may sholars dMellassous approah rather mehast ad redutost espeay asmuh as t ves short shrt to deooa pheomea.

Bloh omaro 1 7) ad ohers work wth Marst tradtoshave made ood o these deees hs work o the Mera or ampleBloh (7) emphases that kshp s system o ss that ot o oaesproduto ad reproduto. [as wel as] the traser o surplus rom oeateory o perso to aother but s aso used or mystato" ad he

mht add larato) ad so deret stuatos . . .s aled o to perorm deret tasks" ( 144) Lke Bourdeu wth whom he shares erta ates Boh's aalyt ramework makes ample provso or systemso deas est somewhat depedetly o poltal eoomy evovwth . [ther ow mysta ratoaty ad reat urther dsoetoswth the base" 7) Ths amework s eaorated eplt opposto tothe Kata emphass o the oheree ad uty o otve systems" adthe attedat arey mplt dea that utures are best uderstood as orazed udvded wholes." Boh thus deas etesvely wth otradtory represetatos o kshp ad eder show how these are both oetualyspe ad otetualy semeted ad how the aqusto o kowede sbest vewed as the ombato o deret proesses o deret ature see7:11)

Kiship, Class, ad the State

Freh ad Brtsh eldworkers ra ad elsewhere have oused o tra

soetes ad hedoms ad have requetly emphaszed how strutures okshp ad domest domas have bee aeted by state poes trade adooalsm. Reety researhers have tured to peas atres ad urbates state soetes partulary urope the Ades ad ha Noteworthy heres Reter 's ) poeer work o publ ad prvate domas rura Fraewhh shows how the marked sereato o the sees haraterst o mosto the Medterraea) s ostered by state soetes whose deooes ass towome the obs o se ad reprodu kshp etworks States espealy those bult upo dustra apalsm eed taes ad abor power hee

peope are reprodued ad sustaed the otet o domest) kshpbeause oly wome a lterally uaratee the reproduto o people statested to teree womes lves maor ways ad to eet reatvelyetreme dsttos betwee pub ad prvate domas but see 141, 22).

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KINSHIP SUDIES 355

Suh roee re o evdent n the nde Durn ren me Uoerted n onunton wth rlle deent nd nhertne, nd endereddvon o or onetued n term o omlementrty ). But

Slverblt' reerh revel tht roee o ormton n the ontext othe onoldton o In tte rule over the de et ender herrhy n twke 2:) nd dd o rtly by underuttn the oe nd ore orereenon emhn knh rlel hn o men nd womenhe In enoured rlne nhertne o yu memberh thu undermnn te tht hd revouy nked women nd otherwe ued trutureo nh nd ender rem to nd y to ther uroe herrevon o enelol htory moreover both etmed nd mked lreton, rty y mou[n] the oltton o kn reton nd theoeron o tbute, whh l ormton l bout" 247).

hn, too, renowned or the ntutonton o vrou orm onequy but lo or the extene o eltrn deooe rounded nknh Beue hn w lon oed to oren noot who hd toontent themeve wth don reerh n Hon Kon or Twn nd beuethe otl envronment n hn h not been onduve to ndenouoen rerh, w hve th rre tuon o kwn more out nle nee n the New errtore thn we do out the whoe o vlee n hn ne " 2:28) Th h beun to hne wth the rexon o the reerh mte n hn , ) Wton ) h demontrted th the develoment o owerful loed trnee (tu w byno men n nevte outome o the trne order ut ourred md hh deree o ot entrton nd eonom nequty where mllndordmerhn l domnted mu rer mhoder tennt "

:4). T w not lnee mode o roduton but the o reltono roduton were exreed n nh dom tht treed unty nd equlty mon brother whh thu heled rerodue l nd ender) nequte.

hnee knh o urther nteret n ht o the ue o ontemorryhnee mly rm oten led my ortree" nthrooot hvenot yet dreted muh ttenton to them rtl exeton) but theextended me tht Weber mon oter, w mor dr on eonom

eort hve been renterpreted n rent tme tremendou reoure whoeueu utlton however muh ruht wth mbvene, key toentrereneurl dvne. We lery need to know more bout how nd whyhnee re oen ble to overome ml mbvlene n the onext oeonom ooerton when mny other rou e.. Mly Jvnee ndh) re not

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TZ

Rtnkn Drn

Simriie n ierence beween ern n Wee kinh yem re

mon he mor oci o he mo mbiiou uy o kinhi in e weniehcenury nhrooy. reer in eil Goy' 3) h Otl, thAnnt nd th Prmt which i bh he einiive reie n yem kinhi n mrrige in he renuri ciee ur wel neemry moe o rniciinry reerch inrme by lobl ene vriion in ce n ime reminicen o ocil heri like Mr nWeber.

Goy h reee cnveninl wim erinin cmmnliien conr in yem o kinhi in ( he Orien rimrily Chin nni, bu lo Tibe, ri Lnk, n r o he Mile ), n (b) rimiive" ociee e.. Aurin boriine, Tleni), n he We, incluinbh cic Greece n Rome n mern uren cieie. Gy'cenr hei i h he enency mn nineeenh n weniehcenurycholr o een rimive me knh n c rgnin hemr civin Ai h rimivie" he Oren n renrce urcenric vew cnr beween he We n he re."

Gooy reevue he een o hich mie in he mjr rrin

ocieie o Ai invove he rner, le, n incororin wmenh re oen i bh eine mrige in ecnmcly ime" rbocieie n o iinguih Ain mrige rm mrrge in he cnmclly vnce" ocieie ncien n mern) he reinuri We. erce he hiry o echne n llince, eecilly viru' iecnceing he echnge o women. Gy rgue h hi cnce in riculr eruy mee ur unernng he rcce kinh n mr-rie becue i crrie he imicion women' comee incoorion

ino h kinhi grou heir hubn, n heir hrouh iimilinrm heir n kin. In our e rce, he hen urvey he lerure nbrieeh wry, n ivergn evlun he rnmn renroery o wmen n men ike 3)], hich i ocie wih avncericuure, ocioeconomic riicin, he ebrin o u concern,n enn henmen h re bry iribue in uri bu reliveyuncmmn in ricn n her rb cee Gy llure h even nhe eremey riinel" ocieie o Chin, ni, n he mc wor,mrrie women hve on reine imrn morl n merl righ nbigin wih reec her nl kn. hey re, mre generly, crrier rery wel enimen e, n relnh" 3:4), whichmy cmrmie unnel hegemnie n ocil rrngemen in e irecion o bierliy, bu which re nnehele cenr rege heirhn meic reroucion. T imiin wmen in heir hubn

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KNHIP DI

n roup e the noton o ther complete eerance rom natal n) thu aWetern cton normed by maret meaphor and economc thnn.oody conclude that whe ender nequaly perae n the Aan oce

te under netaton women [n hee ocete] are neer mply thepawn o other but are themee payer n the ame epecaly a heree (6); that the dometc laery and the purported abence o conual loe and parental aecton that Weterner hae on aocated wth theOrent a chmera ( 5; and more broady that ancent and modernOrenta are not o derent rom ancen and modern Weterner aer al.

Much o the tudy thu oered a a crtque o Ltrau and othercomparatt e.. Murdoc) who apply concept and model deeoped nthe tudy o reatey homoenou untrated mpe" ocete to etremey heteroenou trated comple ocete n a ace ahon thatmae no proon or nter or ntraytemc araton or actor uch amode o producton Th decontetualzaon o data precude analy otratee o nhertance and deoluton and otherwe obcure ln betweendometc doman and the more encompan doman polcal reouand lea) to whch they are eyed.

Throuhout the boo Goody demontrae the alue o ocun on theo o roducton the ytm o communcaton the practc o relon

the nuence o the tate and the control o the udca apparat" (15)and on combnaton o dynamc arabe rather than atc prncple o theort aocated wth the bac budn boc ew o nhp (0 66.oody moed axt perpecte enae hm to n mrte n thenh ytem o Aan and Wetern ocete wth mlarte n theeocee prducte bae [e.. her adanced economc ytem characterzed by ntene rrated cultaton o cereal crop and tron artanalcommerca tradn and een mercante ector (] . e can thu how

how and why they der rom the nhp yem o Arcan and otherocet whoe econome are baed on etene lahandburn cultatonand/or oran) whch typcaly wor aant urplu accumulaton tratcaton and the eaboraton o tatu concern o he ort realzed n Aan andWete pattern o hyperamy dowry and dern deoluton oodyapproach ao dealy uted to account or araton n nhp ytem nterm o ca cate and relou alaton; and to hed auabe ht ontopc uch a polyandry poyyny lacentrc unon brotherter marrae, adopton, and nantcde. The boo alo broady appealn n tepctly htorcal dcuon o the way tate polce orma law codeand ytem o wrtn aect nhp practce and local nowlede.

Anthropoot are ndebted to Goody or renoratn the tudy onhp and oca oranzaton and or rearmn the alue o anthropooy lontandn commtment to comparate reearch and eneralzaton

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58 PLZ

both wth ad aross utures However oe a detfy severa ssues towhh dy mt hav dvtd m systmat attt h rqutlyuquafed treatmet o the osto [or status] o wome maes ltte

rovso r dsttos amo varabes of ower authrty autoomy adreste a surrs ase ve Goodys ommtmet to the develomet oa aayt aaratus that a be used to hel debu varus myts thelterature sh ad eder It wud have bee useul as well had dydevoted addtoa atteto to sbsh the more so lht of s aru-mets advaed may reato to South Asa that tes k marredwme ad ther hldre) wth thr brothers may momse the oetual ad sal talmts a ad a h ar mre

tataz reerees to the oet o otradto throuhout te boosme whh ot to the mrtat role strutural otradt hstr-a hae yet oody makes o eort to reset a ufed theory o otrad-to or t theorze soa trasormato terms roess thouh h learyhstorzes sh here s aly a oasoa tedey to derve mea- rom to toh or te mot part oody matas te dsttobetwee terretatos oered by soal ators ad those ostuted by theaaysts

Modei Ieqai

Wors by Goody ad others ted abov rovde ey shts to the rodut deree ad equalty he tet f relatshs betwee sh ad other sttutos state soetes The most systemat modes osh ad equalty hwever a thse devsed or asslss setesCole (1 r eamle sytheszes erta Marst ad emst ese-tves the ourse o reset three deaty modes for aayz the oad etamets o geder ad eeratoa equaty amo etethe-tury Great as rous ad other sotes that ak stratato badstrbs ad raked sets but ot hdms) th brdesrve" md,deveoed reato to Comahe data the equal brdeweath mode o-struted arely the bass o Cheyee data ad the uequa brdewealth"mode havy rmed by Kowa data. I eah mode Coer systematayreates equaty to a artular orm o valdat marrae eormbrdeserve ay equal or uequal brdeweath) ad systemataly sthe atter wth umerous other varabes roduto ad rulato the mea

o work the otet of statuses the mea of s) ota roessesthe auses o ot the ature o eadersh fo models o soa stuturead huma aey, ata ato) ad utura reesetats der etos rtuals et) Whe Coer reformuates Meassous Marsm lht o otemorary femst oers she s aso ommttd t h moreatororeted ratetheory aroah of Bourdeu osequety she ot

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KINSHIP SUDIES 59

onl contrbtes to the reconuraton o ender and nshp realzed n oller & Yanasao () but also prodes hhly nshtul analyses o themesbearn on coercon heemony and msreconton"

The latter olume should be read alonsde Kell s Cnung Inequal(4) the ost sophstcated treatent o neqalt n classless socetes todate and a semnal text n the reconsttted eld o nshp and ender Wthscrupulous attenton to ethnoraphc detal and analytc loc Kelly demon-strates that the ablty o oller's model s undercut by msplaced causaltyn ts ocus on marrae as the prncpal locus or enerator o neqalt nclassless especally brdeserce socetes (see also 2 ). Kelly's obectes not merel to show how data rom Etoro socety and other Strclandosa trbes are ot o een wth the brdeserce model roosed byoller (who ctes toro and related rops as canddates or ncson n themodel) but also to deelop an alternate model that can accont or thephenomena at sse.

Denn socal nequalt as socal derentaton accompaned by derental moral ealuaton" Kelly emhases that stma s the neate recpro-cal o preste that analtc dscussons o socalled preste sstems (e.. )wold benet rom reater termnolocal and conceptual precson (see also422) and that such sstems are more accuratel charactezed as sys

tems o prestestma Kelly's oal s to descrbe and analye all socalnequaltes that exst amon the toro and related roups ncldn n par-tcular neqaltes that are not oraned by marrae or dered rom themeans and relatons o producton" (44) In realzn ths obecte Kellhhlhts how a shamanc elte and othe rtual expertsalon wth ntatoncereones wtchcrat beles and assocated cosmoloesare mplcated nthe producton o nequalty. He also lustrates that socal nequaltes areentaled n marrae and n the dson o labor bt that n the later case the

derental moral ealuaton that enenders ths s dered rom the cosmolocal syste rather than rom economc processes er se (4) Ths s tosa that both the means and relatons o the prodcton and allocaton opreste and moral superorty are . . .lned to the perpetuaton o le acrosseneratons" ( ) and more broadl that the [ender] asmmetr thatoller onts to . . . trns on the derental ae o marrae or males andemales and the act that marrae corresponds to the ae o transton to anadlt leel o prodcton or women bt not or men .The orenn propos

ton that marrae oranzes nequalte collapses analytcall petnent ds-tnctons and lumps toether a number o ndependentl arable casal actorsas a snle arable assessed n terms o presence or absence (.e. marred orunmarred)" (4437).

Despte ther derent emphases Kelly and oller both call or a radcalrecontextualzaton o nshp and ender. And the both demonstrate that

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360 PELETZ

syss o kinshp nd ndr r bou dirn nd inqu nd suh r mo uuly nyzd omonn o mor nompsin y-m o dinon nd hirrhy h r rby roundd in omoloy nd

oll onomy ( lo 90 9 ) Th ud rnor h hm hmin nd Mri onrn lk d bk o knhp (or o lion).Indd Klly nd olir shr ih Goody nd nurous niss ndMriss h ous on knhip s n rry o ky oil rons h nproduion nd rproduion nd h rin squry mbddd in pri.

ONIION POX AD BIVENE

Mny rn nys o kinship (nd ndr) ddrs hms o onrdonprdo nd bln. Ths nid by ors o undrnd on-r riby posond soil ors h ons in hh hy ornizhmsl nd hr rour nd h y hy r mnn nd ordr nhr l Th mh on h quodn round o rby ud oior nd h moion nor o dly rn (o inimy inquliynd h lik) h bn inormd by Mri prpi (inludn rhory s dopd by Bourdu d Ornr) nd by min nd posmodrn pproh h n oly o hon ounrhon d-

lou polyoiy nd rs brn on mbuiy rony nd h lud.Myrss ork is rln hr (7 80) s is Winrs sholrship on h

prdox o kpn hil in (34). So oo s riks Ntes ne n a Taml Faml (27) on o h os inno nd sninud n ll o l wnihnuy nhroooy rik dris muh oh mrl n hi rud nd dlihuly humorou oum rom hr prniship o Thozhyr po nd riu rdr o ho hlpd hnhropolo r h mbuy prm ndu on o h

srd nd prds ryhin ro ph o suly drmin o bood(27) nd h o anpu is ihou quion h o bu-ound bino l. rk rn rdrs h nn' nnob pinnd don is lys souh bu nr pprhndd . .is ys nhr-nly lui nd ly nhrny mbiuou (27) nd h rusiprsily h kinshp i lss sbl rhiur rork hrouhhih ll nron pss hn or o poi . . . b o dpsdonin hrrizd by pron ibiliy in orm (277) In h knshp rs lonn h n nr b ullld nd is mos pporly

undrood s b minind by unrid non n rhur oonn dsir i ymmry symry o mbln yiy h o hunr ollon i on rks (27).

A drn pproh o hs ops h n o b n s sopisdp o rin yp o pri hory (subud undr h ruri o h

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DE 31

anhropoloy of experience") is presened in Wikan' Managing TurbulentHats (7) Wian ain bjecie is o deexoicize" and deesenialie" Bal by leshin ou he conours of Balinee inerpersonal relaions and

ocial eperence that have een iven hort hrift y Wetern oever. heprovide a mo nuanced and compelln treatmen of amivalence and alienaion houh sricly speakin neither amialence nor alienaon are amonher primar concerns. Wikan alo aods he arificial separaion of kinshpfrom friendship (and other pe of social ies) and iuaes the lonnelecedtopic of friendhp quarely whn the anthropoloical ae.

Wikan concenraes on he commonplace he conceps with which [Balinee] eel and hin aou and handle he tak and triulation o theirindividual eisences" (137vi). In conra o earlier wriers on BalineeWikan devoe coniderable atenion to Balinee feelinthouht" aout theeamier ide) o human naure and social relation. he believes ha whileBalinese commimen o raceful performances are parl abou beau foreauys sake they also reect an aniety to avoid ivin oense and provokin he ire of inimae ohers in a societ where rouhl half of all deahsare aribue o lack mac or posoni (7:).

Accordin o Wikan Balinese are forever anxious abou liv[in] alwaexposed and vulnerabe" (378) o he threas o ohers Balinese believe

they lve in a panopcon in whch all inhip and ocal relaon re herarch-cal and power laden and all ocial aciviie are cruinied and evaluated yintmate and not o intimate other. h i not he panopticon of oucault22) wriin in hich Bi Broher or his aens ih heir unrelenin azesand disciplinar mechanims penerae he mos inimae recese of personaland social pace and consciousness Indeed Balinee feelins of vulnerabilityare only miimally (if a all) relaed o heir posiions in class or oher rela-ively fied au hierarchie and are only minimally (if a all) keyed to the

presence of Bi Broher or his aents These feelins se insead from hehundreds i no housand o bi and lile broher and siers peoplin heirkinship and ocial universe(s) ood numbers o whom are aumed o edeployin he ocial and culural reource a heir dipoal in order o enhance(or at leat maintain) ther own tatu and pretie while imultaneouly undercutin he staus and presie claim of others.

Feelins such as these serve as powerful moral conraint and deervethorouh analysis especiall in coucion wih heme of dominaion andresiance. make he poin parl because moral ariables end o e ienshor hri in sudies of dominaion ad resisance unless hey mudd hewaer" o ca or oherwise impine on relaion of power and dominationetween major tatu roup (landlord and enant rich and poor etc). heunderlyn iue i ha while cholar of reitance (M aui J co)frequently ditance hemelves rom Marxs heores o exploiaon and cla

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2 PEE

hy on prsrv on o Marxiss own hiddn priss: ha cass issohow h os ssnia nara, or nishid o a socia gropingsand ha cass inrss ar hs h os iporan or raiona o a socia

irss. Daa r Bai, Maasia 9, ad swhr idia ha i rdr ndrsand inship or socia raions o an variy, w s sriosy consdr cray spcc as w as gnraizd ors o prsona sbission,hiiaion and dgradaion ha ar no id o cassbasd or da hirarchis or o syss o cas, aparhid, savr and h i.

T RPTRITO OF KP TUD D TEW REPRODUCTV TCHOLOGE

Anhropoogiss hav incrasingy nd o hir own sociis o gahr daaand id coparaiv and horica args rvan oh o h rconsid id o inship and o h sdy o sociy ad cr a arg. Thisrpariaion, aong wih h cra crii coony naid, has givn riso so o h or signiican dvopns wihin h rconigrd id

Thr is now an iprssiv cops o hnographic aria on conporar rpa ship .g 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 09, 3, h which is inord y h prspcivs o socia hisory and is xpciy a

nd o isss o gndr, powr, and dirnc and o hs o conradicion paradox and abivanc Th hnographic irar on conporarrican inship is iwis growing in aiy and scop and has bco h priar srs hrgh whh hri h ship a gdrand cr as a who. his ar oy o irar incds sds o Arcanrias 3, 9 88 9 5, Arriidadia Aricas 39 Iaianricans Japans ricans 3 40 inas ricns Chicanos 55, 3, Appaachians iving wn own and conry 35,

woringcass whis o Eropan dscn 0, , h abosy rich andaos 6, sbians and gays o varios hnic/racia and cass bacgronds3 59 0 35 3 as w as hos invovd in adopion 7 srrogaohrhood 93 and ohr aspcs o h nw rprodciv chnoogis sbow

Sdis o h yriad hnic and racia gops coprising h Aricanosaic do no sipy i in h gap in or ndrsanding o h andvariaion" in Arican sss o nship and arriag g addinghics and sirring". hy aso ndrscor h iporanc, whn sding

inship and arriag in any conx o acoring ino or anayss h inrscing variabs o rac/hnici, cass and gndr, as w as h ways sapoicis naionais discorss and ohr ndrsandings o iagind coniis shap oca xprincs and prsnaions o inship ai andhshod. hy aso dosra ha odrniaion hry ad wordss

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S SUDES 363

es approaches e.g. ) aie ed o be isuiciely aued o he ayshe poliics o culural ideiy ad ideologica acors iorm o oly hepoolig pachorkig" (1) ad deployme o resources amog househod

members bu also irahousehold compeiio over resources eaios be-wee he sexes ad geeraios ad he muliude o pahways i erms owhich households are reproduced ad rasormed over ime.

rias ehography o Vieamese America amilies i Phiadelphia() or example reveals he complex ad oe coradicory reworkig oeamese radiios bearig o iship ad geder. Takig issue ih accous ha depic Vieamese i he Uied Saes as ye aoher exampe o amodel mioriy" or Asia immigra success sory" ria shows ho

Vieamese Philadelphia cope ih lie i he Saes ho moderiaiois a highy ueve ambivaleceade process ad more geeraly ho herelaioship beee amiies ad idusrialiaio is ar less ieviable liearad rigid ha previousy coceived" (1 1) ria explais ha hie ieamese America ome expeiece muliple jeopardy" ad riple oppressio heir households ad kiship roes are o simply areas o suugaiohey are also sies o resisace" ad vehicles . . . hrough which hese womead heir amilies] srugge o survive" 2). ualy impoa he ideoogy o amily uiy reuely mak dicorda iere colic ad rei-

ace amog househod memers whose culural ideies orged i coexso margaly ad limaly are oh shg ad emerge.

The revalece o ederased srules o corol amilial ad oherresources ad isiuios sruggles ha help o deie he ay mora amiiesshoud e is highlighed as wel i Saceys ehography o rave ewamilies i he Silico Valley (18). Sacey vesgaes he roers ocoemporary moraliy hrough a ocus o recombia amilies derscorigha radiios" are o give or ixed u coiuousy reegoiaed i ways

ha are bo iroic ad uieded Sacey ie ibria a sociologis yraiig) emphasies hemes o coradicio paradox ad amivalece adalso provides hisorical ad posmoder) perspecives o geder poer addierece

Vasly diere ehographic errai s raversed i Marcus & Hals Lvin ru: h Forun of Dynaic Famili in La wnih-Cnu Amria (). This posmoder accou ills our oledge o he amiies admarriage pracices o he rich ad amos. I aso udermies he myhs ha

surroud such dyasic amiies as he Hus ad he Geysespecialy hosemyhs bearig o heroic idividualsby ilusraig how iduciaries eams oayers heapiss ad amiy biographers have heped o reproduce (adrasorm) sch amiies over ime Buildig o some o he isighs devel-oped i he lieraure o desce heory ad Big Me Marcus clariies hodyasic sesibiliies ad legacies are srucured orgaied dissemiaed ad

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34 PELETZ

prncd parcularl n rlaon o Europan Hgh Culur Halls masrfull argud concludng scon dlnas h crucal rol of archv ographs and russ n oh h auhncaon and dunng of dnasc dn.

Ohr dvlopmns n mrcan nshp rlad o h rs of lsan andga famls and h nw rproducv chnologs ar also forcng spcalssand nonspcalss al o confron hr largl mplc undrsandngs andrprsnaons of ha nshp s all aou. h also as o h pon awha s socall prphral s ofn smolcall cnral (0:0)

Wsons rsarch on lsan and ga nshp (3) provds ha s prhaps h mos compllng ampl of h horcal nsghs and challngsngndrd h rparaon of nshp suds and of anhropolog as a

hol s also 38 0 36) Wson bulds on h or of Rapp ()and ohrs ho ha undrscord h xn o hch dscourss abo nshpand faml hav com ovrl polczd n h Und Sas and lswhrAnd sh mas qu clar ha whl h famll marrag, lov andss a cnral nsuon n mrcan soc s quall and n somwas mor mporanl a horoughl consd concp.

Th subjcs of Wsons sud rfr o h domsc parnshps andfamls h hav crad as famls w choos" and h concpualh faml n rlaon ooson) o h sragh" or ologcal famls

n whch h gr up Wson hus srsss h sgnfcanc of analzng hrnformans arl famlal xprncs. Espcall ngagng and pognan shr ramn of comng ou" sors parcularl hos shard h parnsand slngs hs vocav maral adds o our undrsandng of ha nshp s for lsans/gas n mrca fo nshp s no smpl wha s cradwhn h lsan/ga commun also ncluds prxsng blood s hral s of hch s ho parns and ohr blood n rac o h ns of hrlsan and ga rlavs suals and hhr h connu o acnow

ldg and honor hr lood s wh hm Hr as n man ohr sgmns ofmrcan soc (9 93 9) h prformav aspcs of n s ar cnralo nshp as lvd xprnc" and culurall consud ordr" cf076).

Wsons maral challngs h mrcan da ha procraon s nvar-al h as ground or cnrpc" of nshp (33) Sh hus ossqusons ha ar o mrgn plc dscourss: os procraon alnconsu nshp"? os shard bognc subsanc n slf confr nshp o nonologcal s hav o parnd afr xan ologcal modls (35 3 1 1)? Emphaszng ha h mrgn dscourss nd a culurallamguous mov from bolog o choc s also 76) sh also rformulasSchndrs (08) clams ha nsh ould cas o hav manng as aculural doman" n h absnc of a noon of gnalog" (135:10). hdos so dmonsrang ha hs ould h cas onl f nshp w

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KNSHIP SUDIES 65

robbed of ts relan to bolog" (empss n orgnl), nd tt suc relton need not be cotermnous wt groundng n bolog" (3).

e sopstcton of presentdy knsp studes s lso pprent n te

lterture on e new reproductve tecnologes ssocted wt mnocentess,n vtro fertlzton, nd mrd ssues surroundng borton, te brtngprocess, etc (, , 28, 3, , , , , 11, 111 Strterns work (,3) s n mn respects te mos teoretcll ncsve, but unfortuntely erdense wrtng stle renders some of er rguments nccessble

Rgones study (3) dspels numerous populr msconceptons boutsurrogte moterood t t sgnls te dssoluon of te mercn mly,"s tret to te snct of moterood," reduces or ssgns women to

new breeder clss," nd constutes form of commercl bby sellng"() Snce surrogte moters re typcll soug ou by nertle couplesseekng cld to wom t lest one of tem (e te usbnd) s bogene-clly reled, surrogc my be vewed s contemporry, gtec solutonto te trdtonl ercn gol of cretng fml defned (t lest prtl) nterms of sred bogenetc substnce. Becuse surrogc clerl entls someunconventon rngeens tose volved n e rrngement ply dwnbologcl reltedness durng e nsemnton process nd e ensung pregnncy, even oug concerns wt bogenetc reltedness motve mny opursue ts opton, s opposed to dopon. On te oter nd, e ply uptemes of love, coce, nd te doptve moter s desre to ve cld n gy scv ccount o tdton" mrcn knsp

One of te most rdcl mplctos of ll ts s te frgmentton ofmoterood, suc tt, s Mrtn () puts t, te orgnc unt of fetusnd moter cn no longer be ssumed" e dspersl of deren spects ofmternl procreton s mos pronounce wt gestonl surrogc, were tesurrogte provdes uterus bu not n ovum In tese cses te gesttonl

moter s relted to te cld neter roug bogenetc substnce (tougtere s been srng of flud) nor roug code for conduct" nScneders sense Geston s tus culturlly mbguous" (22), encourgng te dsncton between mere" ologcl reltedness n specfcllybogenetc reltedness (3 )

Surrogte moterood s n mportnt exmple of ow moterood ndknsp s wole re creted roug ntenton, coce, nd love e moregenerl pont, owever, s tt e new reproducve tecnologes cll nto

ueson te supposedl nvolble cn of evens" lnkng mrrge, se,concepton, pregnnc, gestton, prentood, nd cldrerng (8), swell s nturl knsp" nd nture tself (2, 3) If onl for teseresons, te ve profoundl subversve poentil

e etent to wc ts potentl m be relzed n te Unted Sttes orelsewere wll embrol scolrs n debte for some tme o come (see , ,

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Z

). It car, though, that dlomnt n th nw rroduct tchnolog mak natur and bolog mor rant to our analtc thnng aboutknhp than th ha bn nc Morgan. cholar and pubc dcour on

ban/ga knhp and marrag and, o cour, ocobolog ha don tha wll. ocoologt howr ha t to brng about th nw nthpromd b O Won and othr, and th oral gncanc o ocobolog probabl xaggratd b roponnt and crtc ak (5) n thoughth ld captur th popular magnaton Mot (cultural anthropologtrjct th bac concpt o ocobolog (g kn cton, rcproca atrum (2) and ha turnd thr back on ocoboogt rathr than nothm n rou dcuon. Th m a tratgc mtak pcal nc

anthropoog ha long bn trongl aocatd wthn acadm and lwhrwth topc uch a knhp and rac whch ar ao cntral to ocoboogW hould ncourag colagu and tudnt alk to ngag ocooogtcontructl wth data and argumnt rom cultural anthropoog a w atud o prmat oca organzaton that bar on x/gndr powr drnc (e.g 36, 37 144), ad the exceedingly comple reaonship betweenboog and cutur

CONCLUSON

I concud b mphazng pont. Frt, wh tud o knhp a atmnoogca tm and a a mbolc tm n t own trm hd bothwand, tud o knhp n trm o oca rlaton among arab tuatdactor ngagd n th practc o oca rproducton wthn broad poltcalconomc contt ha bcom cntr to contmporar anthropolog cond, anthropologcal (and othr ocl htor otn da wth th amgnral ubct mattr (abt or tm, namuch a th commonl rt

h o o knhp tud wth producton and rproducton h pcal tru bcau much currnt thnograph ocu on ococultualtm (or oca that wr th bct o arlr ntgaton. Undrtandng occutural tranormaton hu runtl pruppo a dtrmnaton o whthr th algd patrln or matrln o an thnographc tartngtm dcnd or wa partl an artact o om dcnt thor or othr ormulaton mplod b pror thnographr Good prhap bt dmontrat thct o carng out th tak o xcaatng at tud o knh n ordr

to conduct anthropologcal ocal htor ( alo 0 78 82 8 ).Thrd th twntth cntur ha wtd proound global arrachngchang n raton btwn xan otca conom on th on handand doman o houhod knhp, and maia on he he, wn to thpad o captalm and th attndant tranormaton o th man and raton o producton and o roducton Womn ar commonl rcutd nto

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KNS SDES 367

tori i dvlopi Ai oom 83) d plld rom tm ipooili Er Erop oomi, d i bo r r mivrprio or kiip d dr rlio d oil rprodio o wol T o kiip dr d oil ility plod by Millo, Colir, Collir & Yiko, lly, d otr i t problmormltio lly rlvt to pridtril, prmodr oiti d to tirmodr d pomodr orpr

For, or wi ordiio prdo, d mbivl rprtd tblid lyti d tortil rrt wi tdi okiip iip potmodri riti o otlizi m. Morovr,kiip i, i , poomilit ild" d b i t work o

Ndm 8). Nowory i i oio i Comrof 6) dliioof ow o roi d rproblmiz fild wil tdi o otio rd by t omilit riti

T ift d mot rl poi i t dy o kiip i liv d wlld ill vil o diipli, o o rrid o dr otr rbri dli. Ti i piomizd by Mri ppro d Modk ommttt wil plord 0 0 ility by looki t m d rltio oprodtio,. lik otr tropooit ord wit oMritproblmt w ld to old tt prodtio d t rlto do ooit oomo oomi lvl domii otliy of oilrlio i rlio o prodtio r rlio of kiip. To prt rltio o prodtio to tir rt oly to id trtr o kiip i byow prditbl" (775) M t m diovry i bi md by tropoloit d or lyzi dr, oil ility, oil itory, d tilm of pili rformio, modriy, d pomodriy Ti io ro wy rofird fild of kiip bom ky i owi to toriz dr, powr, d dir

KNOWLMNTS

I m rt to Rymod lly, Ny Ri, Ri Tompo, d Gry Urtoor rd rlir dr o ti y o or oti d or ofriomm Thk r lo tdd to followi idividl Tom Frik,Sro Hio, Mry Mor, Frd Myr, d Tr Tr, wo providd rr dor rpri Rdi Fiti d Li Todzi wo rvd rr itt d Ltt PlmrHolm, wo ptitly prprd my

vrio of t bibliorpy B o p limiio, I v fodlmot livly o Elil or d pblid mril

Anyu Rw chapter, as we as any artice cted in anu Rw caper,may be purchased from he Annal Revews Preprnts and Reprnts ervice.

; ; ema: arpr-c1ass.og

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368 PELE

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