PEGST–Perspectives Élargiedes Indicateurpor la Mesure …€¦ ·  · 2014-10-08MODEL-NSI. Whatare theimplicitchoicesin OECD ... Objectives / goals Farms, informal sector Inter-national

PEGST– Perspectives Élargie desIndicateur por la Mesure des STI

Pour une meilleure gouvernance de la Science, de la Technlogie et de l’Inovation: Outils d’analyse et

de suivi des politiques et instrumentsDakar, 13/03/13

Roland Brouwer

ASSUMPTIONS OF CURRENT

MODEL - NSI

What are the implicit choices in OECD frame?

• A larger investment in STI leads to growth in GDP leads to a better life (for all);

• Innovation is the result of the interaction of R&D institutions with innovative firms;

• It is better to promote closed over open innovation is irrelevant (patents);

• Economies should develop by increasing their resource and capital intensity;

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/03/picture.htm

What is true?

• Are NSIs national?

• Are LIC different from MIC and HIC?

• Does a revision of indicators apply only to LIC/Africa?

• If new indicators are necessary, who should design them and what should they indicate?

Definitions of NSI

• “ .. the elements and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion and use of new, and economically useful, knowledge ... and are either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state.” (Lundvall, 1992)

• “.. that set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process. As such it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artefacts which define new technologies.” (Metcalfe, 1995)

NSI Scotland

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/01/18151934/3

Are NSIs national?

• NSI are not national by– The nature of science and knowledge

(“cross pollination”, “transversality”);– The importance of trade and

competition;– The integration of the national states in

regional political and economic units (e.g., ECOWAS, NEPAD);

– The characteristics and resources that neighbouring nations share (e.g. watersheds (Gambia, Niger, Volta), airspace, fishing areas, etc.)

– Global commons and global issues

NSI (OECD)

http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/NAON1Chapter11.7.aspx

Implicitpolicies

Technologyusers /

consumers

Objectives / goals

Farms, informal sector

Inter-nationalnature ofscience

Inter-nationalnature of

firms

http://www.ist-africa.org/home/files/Kenya_STI-Policy_Mar08.pdf

NSI Mozambique 2003

DISSEMINAÇÂO•Rede de museus•Acesso aos meios•Volume dedicado a C&T

BEM ESTAR DA POPULAÇÂO•Estado de saúde e nutrição•Rendimento per cápita•Acesso a água de qualidade

TRANSFERÊNCIA DE C&T•Importação de equipamento•Importação de licenças de C&T

O SECTOR PRODUTIVO•Peso relativo dos sectores•Balanço comercial por sector•Fundos dedicados a R&D por sector•O sector agrário

EDUCAÇÃO•Número de estudantes por área temática e género•Áreas académicas nas IES•Geografia das IES•Docência nas IES•Financiamento

INVESTIGAÇÂO•Áreas temáticas•Fundos OGE•Outros Fundos•Recursos humanos (nível e área)•Publicações (número e áreas)

INOVAÇÂO•Patentes

•Investimentos em inovação

DISSEMINAÇÂO•Rede de museus•Acesso aos meios•Volume dedicado a C&T

BEM ESTAR DA POPULAÇÂO•Estado de saúde e nutrição•Rendimento per cápita•Acesso a água de qualidade

TRANSFERÊNCIA DE C&T•Importação de equipamento•Importação de licenças de C&T

O SECTOR PRODUTIVO•Peso relativo dos sectores•Balanço comercial por sector•Fundos dedicados a R&D por sector•O sector agrário

EDUCAÇÃO•Número de estudantes por área temática e género•Áreas académicas nas IES•Geografia das IES•Docência nas IES•Financiamento

INVESTIGAÇÂO•Áreas temáticas•Fundos OGE•Outros Fundos•Recursos humanos (nível e área)•Publicações (número e áreas)

INOVAÇÂO•Patentes

•Investimentos em inovação

So what is missing?

• The international nature of science

• The international nature of business

• Innovative processes outside firms and R&D institutions

• Drivers of demand for innovation, technologyand science

• Human rights and global values

• “If the government of a poor developing country is keen to raise the level of health and the expectation of life, then it would be pretty daft to try to achieve this through raising its income per head, rather than going directly for these objectives through public policy and social change...” (Sen 1984: 496).

• “To be useful, the (NSI) framework must be adapted to the analysis of problem-solving systems rather than purely economic goals” (Cozzens & Stutz 2012: 3).

Questions?

• Is the NSI a concept used in your national STI policies? If not, do you think it is useful? Why?

• If it is used, what are the key elements of theNSI system as conceived in the STI policy?

• Is that sufficient? Why (not)?

• If not, what is missing?

Burundi + Niger

INDICATORS

Model of STI measurement

Input

• Funds for eduction, research, innovationsubsidies

• Humanresources(lecturers)

• Institutions

Activities

• Training (in universities)

• Research (in R&D institutes)

• Production(in firms)

Output

• # of PhDgraduates

• # of peer-reviewedpapers

• # ofinternationalpatents

• Growth ofGDP

Image from questionnaire in CV

Indicators in EU innovation scoreboard

http://www.proinno-europe.eu/inno-metrics/page/1-executive-summary-0

INSEAD Global Innovation Index

Weaknesses and risks of scoreboards

• «Weaknesses»– Who selects the composing indicators?– Devious indicators (gender, Martin)– Who decides on how to measure (validity, scales, etc.)– Who decides about weighing– The «illegal» addition of values in different units and/or ranks

• Risks– «Get one university in the top fifty» (concentration of investment

in one at the expense of the rest)– Focus on «international face» instead of on attaining national

development objectives– «Produce 5% o international publications» Everybody runs the

same race and one forgets individual progress even if the international rank doesn’t change.

Are LIC different from HIC and MIC?

• They differ in demography, total national income and structure of the economy:

– Fast population growth;

– Large groups of young under-employed;

– Large groups of under-educated;

– Large informal economy;

– Large portion of people living in poverty and food insecurity;

Based on African Experience

«It is important that STI survey methods and indicators in the less developed countries be adapted to reflect the local realities of STI systems and socio-economic constraints, such as the significance of the informal economy, reliance on foreign resources, intellectual property protection of indigenous knowledge, biodiversity and biotechnology, and accessibility of local journals» (Emerging challenges for research and development survey: Empirical findings from First Nigerian survey)

Underlying assumptions ofconventional indicators

• Current indicators respond a particular perspective on development, which undervalues the key values of UNESCO (Peace, Sustainability, Inclusiveness) so a global revision is needed;

• Current indicators still assume that STI is an autonomous path along which all nations race, and do not allow for making visible options and decisions;

• Current indicators focus on the firm, whereas in particular in LIC informal production units (IPUs) and/or the family is the unit of production and hence the place where innovation takes place;

• Although the informal sector is more important in LIC it is likely that it will grow in MIC and HIC in crises such as Greece, Portugal, etc., where formal enterprises and formal (state support networks are collapsing under private and public debts.

Nairobi Ministerial Declaration

• 7. Strive individually and collectively towards the

development, review and implementation of STI policies,

law, strategies, programmes and action plans at regional and

national levels for enhancing STI for youth Employment ,

Human capital Development and Inclusive Growth.

• 10. Harness STI for Sustainable development by ensuring STI

is used to solve societal problems, such as water, health, ICT,

energy and agriculture to improve the well-being of our

people;

• 12. Promote STI as a driver for inclusive growth and youth

employment with a focus on entrepreneurship

Indicators for Nairobi Declaration

Objective Indicator

STI strategies, programmes and action plans at regional and national levels for enhancing STI for youth Employment , Human capital Development and Inclusive Growth

These strategies,

programmes and plans

exist (yes/no)

Harness STI for Sustainable development by ensuring STI is used to solve societal problems, such as water, health, ICT, energy and agriculture to improve the well-being of our people;

% GER in water, health,

ICT, energy

% of papers/articles on

water, health, ICT,

energy

Increased access thanks

to adoption of research

results

Promote STI as a driver for inclusive growth and youth employment with a focus on entrepreneurship

Results of R&D create

new jobs for the young

Results of R&D create

new enterprises

Questions?

• Do you think that it is important to includepolicy indicators in global indicator sets?

• How can this be done?

PATHWAYS

direction

space of technological

possibilities

Mainstream view: engineering and markets find ‘optimal’ solutions

The Economics of Progress

tends to take underlying direction as given:

‘sound scientific research’ ‘evidence based policy’‘pro-innovation strategies’ ‘technological optimisation’‘market equilibrium’ ‘sustainability transition’

From: Andy Stirling -

http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/SC_PSD_Innovation_Sustainability_Develop

ment_a_New_Manifesto_(STIGAP)_en.pdf

Types of bycicles in Wikepedia

• By function: 21• By sport: 6• By frame design: 11• By material: 6• By number of riders: • By number of wheels: 5• By number of steering axes: 2• By gearing: 4• By drivetrain: 5

direction

multiple diverging

directions

time

each starting point yields many feasible, viable innovation pathways

Common picture arising in all studies of technology in society –

… the ‘big picture’ is the other way around!

‘best path’ not just about ‘optimisation’, but social and political choice

- Ellul, Freeman, Perez, Nelson, Bijker, Mokyr, Karnoe, Geels

The Missing Politics of Direction

From: Andy Stirling

Alternative paths to drinking water

River wateras a resource

Raised reservoir

Groundwater as a resource

Bore hole with Afrodev

Seawateras a resource

Desalinization

Mandatoryin publicbuildings

Rainfall collection

TraditionaltechnologyCape Verde

Rainfall collection

And still another approach….

Property rights

Patents and other IPR

• Attractive to investments in innovation

• High threshold to access

• Innovation is closedto those who do notown the original patents

• Patented medicines, hybrids, Microsoft

Open innovation

• Low profit? (IBM!)• Low access

thresholds• Risk of abusive

appropriation(somebody is sellingthe moon)

• Open office, genericmedicine, publicrights on crops

http://www.zis.gov.rs/upload/documents/pdf_sr/pdf_seminari/Radionica_Plasman_inovacija_i_transfer_tehnologije/Closed%20Innovation%20and%20Open%20Innovation.pdf

Open innovation as a new path

As importantly, these changes cannot be incremental—the solutions to our most daunting challenges will require bold, creative leaps. These challenges require new thinking, new technology, and new ways of collaborating— an open innovation approach to solving problems that is based on partnerships among industries, companies, national and regional governments, and research organizations and academia.

Other example of paths

• Examples– Centralized grid versus decentralized

generation– Fossil diesel versus biodiesel (first diesel

was peanut oil!);– Motorized ships versus sailing for long

hauls;– Windows versus Linux, Word versus

Wordperfect– Science versus local knowledge

• Driving factors– Superiority

• Revenues• Efficiency

– Control

Alternative paths

• Innovation is not linear

• Innovation is not without options

• Path dependencies may be real but in the enddepend on the decision to stay on the path

Questions?

• What are key alternative paths for STI in yourcountry?

• How will it be possible to make the options for pathways visible?

Cote d’Ivoir + Burkina Faso

WHAT IS INNOVATION

Innovation

• Oslo: TPP innovation activities are all those scientific, technological, organisational, financial and commercial steps, including investment in new knowledge, which actually, or are intended to, lead to the implementation of technologically new or improved products or processes.

• Bogota: (Under the heading) innovation activities … comes any action taken by a firm which aims to implement any concepts, ideas and methods necessary for acquiring, assimilating and incorporating new knowledge. Such action brings about a technical change in the firm, though this change may not necessarily be a strict technological innovation reflected in the firm’s performance.

• Cozzens & Sutz (Grassroots innovation): i) newness, (ii) adaptation, (iii) interactiveness, (iv) knowledge content, and (v) learning, scaling-up and diffusion.

Source of innovation

Inovation• Private (emphasised in “conventional”

approaches);• Public (recognition of the relevance of public

services);• Social (transformation of the organization of

society);• “Below the radar” (“invisible” innovation –

UK, in formal and informal sectors and withand without capital.

• Frugal (the “barefoot consumer” as a market – example: Tata’s “nano” car 2000 USD; Chutocool US$70 fridge);

• “Grassroots” (Gupta’s Honeybee network, Institute of innovation, SRISTI, Gandhianinnovation awards, www.techpedia.in);

43

Where and how to look for innovationoutside the formal sector?

• Farmers– New seeds, open pollinated varieties, crops, tools, fertility

management, experimentation• Carpenters and blacksmiths

– New tools, new products, new markets• New businesses (ICT, electronics, recycling of waste, etc.)

– From “stupid” to smart phones, repairing skills, marketing strategies, new functions (MKash)

• Transport sector– Bicycle, motor taxis, minibusses

• Energy (fuel ladder, alternative sources)– Household fuel use and production technologies

NB: Do not idealize the informal sector: low incomes, bad labour conditions, exploitation by formal sector

Method: inclusion in standard innovation surveys, agricultural surveys, etc., case studies

Under the radar innovation

What about local knowledge

• Key concepts: ontology, epistemology andparadigm– “Ontology deals with questions concerning

what entities or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped” (e.g., materialism vs. spiritualism)

– Epistemology is “the theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity” (e-g-, Darwin vs. the Pope)

– Paradigm is “the set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time” (e.g., innovation is expressed by patents)

Questions about traditional knowledge

• To include traditional knowledge does one need to accept its ontology, epistemology? Or

• Can traditional knowledge be seen as untested scientific knowledge (belief), knowledge outside the scientific system, or (if explanatory), an alternative paradigm, and hence simply submitted to science’s method of falsification?

Traditional medicine

• Strongly connected to spiritual universe (forefathers, witchcraft)• Uses local (plant) pharmaceutics, drugs and witchcraft;• Witchcraft and fortune telling forbidden under colonial rule (1933,

1944);• WHO recognizes traditional medicine in 1978;• Mozambique creates AMETRAMO in 1990;• Traditional medicine defined as the “body of knowledge and

practice…used to diagnose, prevent or eliminate physical, mental or social diseases that are based on past experiences and the observation transmitted from generation to generation, orally or in writing”;

• Policy envisages the “integration of proven traditional medicines in the national health system” and calls, among other things, for the recognition of intellectual property rights, and mentions in this context the fact that species may occur in more than one country.

http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/docs_gov/fold_politicas/saude/politica%20de%20medicina%20tradicional.pdf

Case: Mobile Phones in Mozambique

• Started in 1997 with state-owned operator (Mcel) which rolls out network starting in Maputo along the main roads towards the main cities and tourism centers

• In 2001 boom when prepaid technology is introduced • In 2003 second operator (multinational Vodafone) copies Mcel’s roll out• Both support their growth by heavy publicity campaigns targeting urban

youths• Heavy reliance on informal sector for retailing air time vouchers and SIM

cards (70% of turnover).

• Third operator enters in 2012 and rolls out in the opposite direction ;

• It gains subscribers without making publicity :

• “… in just three weeks of operation, Movitel already has 415,000 subscribers - all achieved without a single advertisement in the Mozambican press, radio or television” (http://allafrica.com/stories/201205151337.html).

Na example of marketing innovation in the informal sector Mobile phones in

Mozambique

Prepaidtechnology

Marketing innovation

Retail throughinformal sctor

Sales bygovernment

of secondlicence

Vendorsdiversify in selling both

coupons

Change in atire

Example: Four technology projects in Mozambique

Subsystem OFSP Mobile phones Insulin OSSEducation National universities train staff for

the research station and for the NGOs engaged in vertical transfer

Creation of basic capacity on electronic engineering, informatics and marketing

Training of medical staff and researchers but not on insulin or genetic manipulation.

Training of specialists in universities and by small companies.

Research Breeding at the national research station; on-station and on-farm research to select appropriate of varieties

No research takes place in Mozambique

No research on recombinant insulin, and little on prevalence of diabetes.

The development of OSS applications by small companies in Mozambique.

Innovation of businesses

OFSP are mainly bred to improve the nutrition status of the producer households and their infants; the new varieties hardly change the farming systems if white-fleshed sweet potatoes are already part of it.

The operation of mobile phones services requires new technologies in the hands of two operators one of which state owned; sales of airtime vouchers and operation of mobile phone booths offers business opportunities, but many are not yet exploited

Identification of diabetes and its treatment should be routine elements of the national health service, no specific innovation of these systems take place.

Application of LINUX and of OSS databases in financial management systems in government and private businesses

Dissemination Dissemination takes place horizontally from farmer-to-farmer, NGOs engage in campaigns to educate people about nutrition and the role of Vitamin A

Publicity campaigns promoting use of the technology and the various associated services (sms, internet); role of peer pressure (status).

Patient associations provide some information on diabetes and its treatment.

Hardly taking place, although smaller companies try to broaden interest and capacity among young people interested in IT

Import of technology from abroad

The varieties are imported from the international agricultural research system and breeding and multiplication is supervised by international staff employed in Mozambique

All artifacts, software and underlying science are imported from abroad.

All insulin is imported either through the state agency or informally by individual patients.

OSS is developed on international platforms, where Mozambique based technicians may (and do) contribute with patches and otherwise.

OFSP Mobile phones Insulin OSS

Innovation Boost national breeding capacity and the use of tissue culture; more emphasis on processing and marketing.

Move towards appropriation instead of use of technologies; promote new pro-poor and pro-business services.

Enhance the capacity for diagnosis of early-stage diabetes

A clearer policy towards the package sales of machines and software; support to training; stimulate software business.

Structural Support the spread into districts not yet covered.

Promote alternative rollout of network, e.g., by using cross-subsidizing mechanisms.

Increase diagnostic capacity.

Support the training of software builders.

Distributional Address the issue of survival of planting stock during the dry season (access to water) and correct distortions in market access.

Remove differences in tariffs between contract and prepaid.

Promote user-friendlier devices that can be used by the poor and under-educated and educate the public about the disease, causes and treatment.

Promote information about OSS alternatives, strengthen consumer rights. and promote access to OSS packages and their use

Representative Ongoing on-farm research, monitoring of impacts involving end users.

Involve clients in the design of packages and services.

Promote the creation and enlarge the role of patients' organizations in designing diabetes strategies.

Assessment of ICT policy impacts by parliament and involve clients in the design of packages and services.

Initiatives to stimulate inclusive innovation

• Honeybee Network – identification and mobilization of inventions and ideas of ordinary people http://www.sristi.org/hbnew/honeybee_innovation.php

• Techpedia, an initiative at SRISTI aims at putting the problems of micro, small and medium enterprises, informal sector, grassroots innovators and other social sectors on the agenda of the young technology students across the country. http://www.techpedia.in/index.php

Is all innovation inherently good?

• New technology: automatic registration of car registration plates by surveillance cameras (NL)– Objective: catch criminals– Function creep: combined with electronic public transport tickets it

allows government agencies virtually complete monitoring of movement of its citizens,

– Comment Privy Council: Undermining of the presumption of innocence as innocent people who by accident are close to a crime scene are easily transformed in suspects who have to prove their innocence

– Plus: criminals will respond (false registration plates) which will create a security race regarding the identity of cars,

– Conclusion: A technical solution may appear effective («we solved already one murder») but in the end just increase financial and social costs of security and justice.

http://www.nrc.nl/rechtenbestuur/2013/03/09/binnenkort-het-totale-burgervolgsysteem/

Questions?

• Are there innovations in your country that are important but remain invisible? Which?

• How can these be measured?

• How can these innovations be used to contribute to the development of yourcountry?

Senegal + Gabon

AOSTI, ASTII, UIS, GO-SPIN, STIGAP

GO-SPIN and STIGAP

GO-SPIN• Description of history• Review of implicit policies• Description of policy

agencies• Sumaries of policies, laws,

implementing agencies, instruments

• Description of NSI and SWOT

• Higher Education

STIGAP• Review of what there is

and where one wants to get

• Definition of indicators that describe the NSI in terms of the above analysis and goals

• Description of paths and processes towards (or not) the defined goals and policy implications

Looks outward from policy to system Looks inward from system to policy

AOSTI, GOSPIN & STIGAP

Iinitative Contribution Manual/Source

AOSTI/UIS Conventional but evolving indicators

Frascati, Oslo, Bogota?

GO->SPIN Policy Instruments Paris

STÎGAP Additional indicators WB, SIPRI, New

Analysis of key areas

Sum (+) Integrated vision onSTI

Conclusions

• NSI in LIC differ from those in typicalOECD countries

• Indicators should not be end points butstarters for discussion

• The true issue is the path, the real question the destination

DIRE DIOUF

Questions??