placebo-controlled clinical trials of either antibiotics or ancillary treatshyments of acute bacterial sinusitis Thus as was the case in 2001 there are scant data on which to base recshyommendations Accordingly areas for future research include the following
1 Reexamine the microbiology of acute sinusitis in children in the postpneumococcal conjugate vacshycine era and determine the value of using newer polymerase chain reactionndashbased respiratory testing to document viral bacterial and polymicrobial disease
2 Correlate cultures obtained from the middle meatus of the maxillary sinus of infected children with culshytures obtained from the maxillary sinus by puncture of the antrum
3 Conduct more and larger studies to more clearly define and correlate the clinical findings with the various available diagnostic criteria of acute bacterial sinusitis (eg sinus aspiration and treatment outcome)
4 Develop noninvasive strategies to accurately diagnose acute bacteshyrial sinusitis in children
5 Develop imaging technology that difshyferentiates bacterial infection from viral infection or allergic inflammashytion preferably without radiation
1 Determine the optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy for children with acute bacterial sinusitis
3 Determine the optimal antimicroshybial agent for children with acute bacterial sinusitis balancing the incentives of choosing narrow-spectrum agents against the known microbiology of the disease and reshysistance patterns of likely pathoshygens
4 Determine the causes and treatshyment of subacute recurrent acute and chronic bacterial sinusitis
5 Determine the efficacy of prophyshylaxis with antimicrobial agents to prevent RABS
6 Determine the effects of bacterial resistance among S pneumoniae H influenzae and M catarrhalis on outcome of treatment with antishybiotics by the performance of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies in well-defined populations of patients
7 Determine the role of adjuvant therapies (antihistamines nasal corticosteroids mucolytics deconshygestants nasal irrigation etc) in patients with acute bacterial sishynusitis by the performance of proshyspective randomized clinical trials
8 Determine whether early treatshyment of acute bacterial sinusitis prevents orbital or central nershyvous system complications
9 Determine the role of complemenshytary and alternative medicine strategies in patients with acute bacterial sinusitis by performing systematic prospective randomshyized clinical trials
10 Develop new bacterial and viral vaccines to reduce the incidence of acute bacterial sinusitis
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ACUTE SINUSITIS Ellen R Wald MD FAAP (Chair Pediatric Inshyfectious Disease Physician no financial conshyflicts published research related to sinusitis) Kimberly E Applegate MD MS FAAP (Radishyologist AAP Section on Radiology no conflicts) Clay Bordley MD MPH FAAP (Pediatric Emergency and Hospitalist Medicine physician no conflicts) David H Darrow MD FAAP (Otolaryngologist AAP Section on OtolaryngologyndashHead and Neck Surgery no conflicts) Mary P Glode MD FAAP (Pediatric Infectious Disease Physician AAP Committee on Infectious Disease no conflicts) S Michael Marcy MD FAAP (General Pediashytrician with Infectious Disease Expertise AAP Section on Infectious Diseases no conflicts) Nader Shaikh MD FAAP (General Academic Pediatrician no financial conflicts published research related to sinusitis) Michael J Smith MD MSCE FAAP (Epideshymiologist Pediatric Infectious Disease Physishycian research funding for vaccine clinical trials from Sanofi Pasteur and Novartis) Paul V Williams MD FAAP (Allergist AAP Section on Allergy Asthma and Immunology no conflicts) Stuart T Weinberg MD FAAP (PPI Informashytician General Academic Pediatrician no conshyflicts) Carrie E Nelson MD MS (Family Physician American Academy of Family Physicians employed by McKesson Health Solutions) Richard M Rosenfeld MD MPH FAAP (Otoshylaryngologist AAP Section on Otolaryngologyndash Head and Neck Surgery American Academy of OtolaryngologyndashHead and Neck Surgery no fishynancial conflicts published research related to sinusitis)
CONSULTANT Richard N Shiffman MD FAAP (Informashytician Guideline Methodologist General Acashydemic Pediatrician no conflicts)
1 Aitken M Taylor JA Prevalence of clinical sinusitis in young children followed up by primary care pediatricians Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998152(3)244ndash248
2 Kakish KS Mahafza T Batieha A Ekteish F Daoud A Clinical sinusitis in children atshytending primary care centers Pediatr Infect Dis J 200019(11)1071ndash1074
3 Ueda D Yoto Y The ten-day mark as a practical diagnostic approach for acute paranasal sinusitis in children Pediatr Infect Dis J 199615(7)576ndash579
at Kaiser Permanente Clinical Library on December 4 2013pediatricsaappublicationsorgDownloaded from
808
4 Wald ER Nash D Eickhoff J Effectiveness of amoxicillinclavulanate potassium in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in children Pediatrics 2009124(1)9ndash15
5 American Academy of Pediatrics Subshycommittee on Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Improvement Clinical practice guideline management of sinusitis Pediatrics 2001108(3)798ndash
6 Smith MJ AAP technical report evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated sinusitis in children a systematic review 2013 In press
7 Shiffman RN Michel G Rosenfeld RM Davidson C Building better guidelines with BRIDGE-Wiz development and evalushyation of a software assistant to promote clarity transparency and implementshyability J Am Med Inform Assoc 201219 (1)94ndash101
8 American Academy of Pediatrics Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management Classifying recommendashytions for clinical practice guidelines Peshydiatrics 2004114(3)874ndash877
9 Gwaltney JM Jr Hendley JO Simon G Jordan WS Jr Rhinovirus infections in an industrial population II Characteristics of illness and antibody response JAMA 1967202(6)494ndash500
10 Pappas DE Hendley JO Hayden FG Winther B Symptom profile of common colds in school-aged children Pediatr Inshyfect Dis J 200827(1)8ndash11
11 Wald ER Guerra N Byers C Frequency and severity of infections in day care three-year follow-up J Pediatr 1991118(4 pt 1) 509ndash514
12 Wald ER Guerra N Byers C Upper reshyspiratory tract infections in young children duration of and frequency of complications Pediatrics 199187(2)129ndash133
13 Meltzer EO Hamilos DL Hadley JA et al Rhinosinusitis establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care J Alshylergy Clin Immunol 2004114(6 suppl) 155ndash212
14 Shaikh N Wald ER Signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis in children Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013 in press
15 Wald ER The diagnosis and management of sinusitis in children diagnostic conshysiderations Pediatr Infect Dis 19854(6 suppl)S61ndashS64
16 Wald ER Milmoe GJ Bowen A Ledesma-Medina J Salamon N Bluestone CD Acute maxillary sinusitis in children N Engl J Med 1981304(13)749ndash754
17 Lindbaek M Hjortdahl P Johnsen UL Use of symptoms signs and blood tests to
diagnose acute sinus infections in prishymary care comparison with computed tomography Fam Med 199628(3)183ndash188
18 Wald ER Beginning antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis and choosing the right treatment Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2006 30(3)143ndash152
19 Maresh MM Washburn AH Paranasal sinuses from birth to late adolescence II Clinical and roentgenographic evidence of infection Am J Dis Child 194060841ndash861
20 Glasier CM Mallory GB Jr Steele RW Significance of opacification of the maxilshylary and ethmoid sinuses in infants J Pediatr 1989114(1)45ndash50
21 Kovatch AL Wald ER Ledesma-Medina J Chiponis DM Bedingfield B Maxillary sishynus radiographs in children with non-respiratory complaints Pediatrics 1984 73(3)306ndash308
22 Shopfner CE Rossi JO Roentgen evaluashytion of the paranasal sinuses in children Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1973118(1)176ndash186
23 Diament MJ Senac MO Jr Gilsanz V Baker S Gillespie T Larsson S Prevalence of incidental paranasal sinuses opacifishycation in pediatric patients a CT study J Comput Assist Tomogr 198711(3)426ndash 431
24 Glasier CM Ascher DP Williams KD Inshycidental paranasal sinus abnormalities on CT of children clinical correlation AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19867(5)861ndash864
25 Gwaltney JM Jr Phillips CD Miller RD Riker DK Computed tomographic study of the common cold N Engl J Med 1994330 (1)25ndash30
26 Manning SC Biavati MJ Phillips DL Corshyrelation of clinical sinusitis signs and symptoms to imaging findings in pediatric patients Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 199637(1)65ndash74
27 Gordts F Clement PA Destryker A Desprechins B Kaufman L Prevalence of sinusitis signs on MRI in a non-ENT paeshydiatric population Rhinology 199735(4) 154ndash157
28 Kristo A Uhari M Luotonen J et al Parshyanasal sinus findings in children during respiratory infection evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging Pediatrics 2003111(5 pt 1)e586ndashe589
29 Brook I Microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of orbital and intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and their management Int J Pediatr Otoshyrhinolaryngol 200973(9)1183ndash1186
30 Sultesz M Csakanyi Z Majoros T Farkas Z Katona G Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and its complications in our pediatric
otolaryngological department between 1997 and 2006 Int J Pediatr Otorhinolarshyyngol 200973(11)1507ndash1512
31 Wald ER Periorbital and orbital infections Infect Dis Clin North Am 200721(2)393ndash 408
32 Chandler JR Langenbrunner DJ Stevens ER The pathogenesis of orbital complishycations in acute sinusitis Laryngoscope 197080(9)1414ndash1428
33 Kombogiorgas D Seth R Modha J Singh J Suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis in adolescence Single inshystitute experience and review of the litshyerature Br J Neurosurg 200721(6)603ndash 609
34 Rosenfeld EA Rowley AH Infectious inshytracranial complications of sinusitis other than meningitis in children 12 year review Clin Infect Dis 199418(5)750ndash754
35 American College of Radiology Approprishyateness criteria for sinonasal disease 2009 Available at wwwacrorgsimmedia 8172B4DE503149248E64856857674BB5pdf Accessed November 6 2012
36 Triulzi F Zirpoli S Imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of rhino-sinusitis in children Pediatr Allergy Immunol 200718(suppl 18)46ndash49
37 McIntosh D Mahadevan M Failure of contrast enhanced computed tomography scans to identify an orbital abscess The benefit of magnetic resonance imaging J Laryngol Otol 2008122(6)639ndash640
38 Younis RT Anand VK Davidson B The role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with sishynusitis with complications Laryngoscope 2002112(2)224ndash229
39 Shapiro DJ Gonzales R Cabana MD Hersh AL National trends in visit rates and anshytibiotic prescribing for children with acute sinusitis Pediatrics 2011127(1) 28ndash34
40 Wald ER Reilly JS Casselbrant M et al Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in childhood a comparative study of amoxishycillin and cefaclor J Pediatr 1984104(2) 297ndash302
41 Wald ER Chiponis D Ledesma-Medina J Comparative effectiveness of amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium in acute paranasal sinus infections in chilshydren a double-blind placebo-controlled trial Pediatrics 198677(6)795ndash800
42 Garbutt JM Goldstein M Gellman E Shannon W Littenberg B A randomized placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for children with clinically dishyagnosed acute sinusitis Pediatrics 2001 107(4)619ndash625
e278 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Downloaded from pediatricsaappublicationsorg at Kaiser Permanente Clinical Library on December 4 2013
43 Kristo A Uhari M Luotonen J Ilkko E Koivunen P Alho OP Cefuroxime axetil versus placebo for children with acute respiratory infection and imaging evishydence of sinusitis a randomized conshytrolled trial Acta Paediatr 200594(9) 1208ndash1213
44 Hoberman A Paradise JL Rockette HE et al Treatment of acute otitis media in children under 2 years of age N Engl J Med 2011364(2)105ndash115
45 Tahtinen PA Laine MK Huovinen P Jalava J Ruuskanen O Ruohola A A placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatshyment for acute otitis media N Engl J Med 2011364(2)116ndash126
46 Gordts F Abu Nasser I Clement PA Pierard D Kaufman L Bacteriology of the middle meatus in children Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 199948(2)163ndash167
47 Parsons DS Wald ER Otitis media and sinusitis similar diseases Otolaryngol Clin North Am 199629(1)11ndash25
48 Revai K Dobbs LA Nair S Patel JA Grady JJ Chonmaitree T Incidence of acute otishytis media and sinusitis complicating upshyper respiratory tract infection the effect of age Pediatrics 2007119(6) Available at wwwpediatricsorgcgicontentfull1196 e1408
49 Klein JO Bluestone CD Textbook of Pedishyatric Infectious Diseases 6th ed Philashydelphia PA Saunders 2009
50 Casey JR Adlowitz DG Pichichero ME New patterns in the otopathogens causing acute otitis media six to eight years after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Pediatr Infect Dis J 201029(4) 304ndash309
51 Brook I Gober AE Frequency of recovery of pathogens from the nasopharynx of children with acute maxillary sinusitis before and after the introduction of vacshycination with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 200771(4)575ndash579
52 Wald ER Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children J Allergy Clin Immunol 199290(3 pt 2)452ndash456
53 Centers for Disease Control and Preshyvention Effects of new penicillin suscepshytibility breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniaemdashUnited States 2006-2007 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 200857 (50)1353ndash1355
54 Centers for Disease Control and Prevenshytion Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Emerging Infections Program Netshywork 2011 Available at wwwcdcgovabcs reports-findingssurvreportsspneu09html Accessed November 6 2012
55 Garbutt J St Geme JW III May A Storch GA Shackelford PG Developing community-specific recommendations for first-line treatment of acute otitis media is high-dose amoxicillin necessary Pediatrics 2004114(2)342ndash347
56 Harrison CJ Woods C Stout G Martin B Selvarangan R Susceptibilities of Haemoshyphilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoshyniae including serotype 19A and Moraxella catarrhalis paediatric isolates from 2005 to 2007 to commonly used antibiotics J Antimicrob Chemother 2009 63(3)511ndash519
57 Critchley IA Jacobs MR Brown SD Traczewski MM Tillotson GS Janjic N Prevalence of serotype 19A Streptococcus pneumoniae among isolates from US children in 2005-2006 and activity of farshyopenem Antimicrob Agents Chemother 200852(7)2639ndash2643
58 Jacobs MR Good CE Windau AR et al Acshytivity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States Antimicrob Agents Che-mother 201054(6)2716ndash2719
59 Tristram S Jacobs MR Appelbaum PC Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae Clin Microbiol Rev 200720(2) 368ndash389
60 Levine OS Farley M Harrison LH Lefkowitz L McGeer A Schwartz B Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in chilshydren a population-based case-control study in North America Pediatrics 1999 103(3) Available at wwwpediatricsorg cgicontentfull1033e28
61 Seikel K Shelton S McCracken GH Jr Middle ear fluid concentrations of amoxshyicillin after large dosages in children with acute otitis media Pediatr Infect Dis J 199716(7)710ndash711
62 Cohen R Navel M Grunberg J et al One dose ceftriaxone vs ten days of amoxicillinclavulanate therapy for acute otitis media clinical efficacy and change in nasopharyngeal flora Pediatr Infect Dis J 199918(5)403ndash409
63 Green SM Rothrock SG Single-dose inshytramuscular ceftriaxone for acute otitis media in children Pediatrics 199391(1) 23ndash30
64 Leibovitz E Piglansky L Raiz S Press J Leiberman A Dagan R Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of one day vs three day intramuscular ceftriaxone for treatment of nonresponsive acute otitis media in children Pediatr Infect Dis J 200019(11) 1040ndash1045
65 DePestel DD Benninger MS Danziger L et al Cephalosporin use in treatment of
patients with penicillin allergies J Am Pharm Assoc 200848(4)530ndash540
66 Pichichero ME A review of evidence supshyporting the American Academy of Pediatshyrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients Pediatrics 2005115(4) 1048ndash1057
67 Pichichero ME Casey JR Safe use of selected cephalosporins in penicillin-allergic patients a meta-analysis Otoshylaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007136(3) 340ndash347
68 Park MA Koch CA Klemawesch P Joshi A Li JT Increased adverse drug reactions to cephalosporins in penicillin allergy patients with positive penicillin skin test Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010153(3) 268ndash273
69 Jacobs MR Antimicrobial-resistant Strepshytococcus pneumoniae trends and manshyagement Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008 6(5)619ndash635
70 Chow AW Benninger MS Brook I et al Infectious Diseases Society of America IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults Clin Infect Dis 201254(8)e72ndashe112
71 Brook I Gober AE Resistance to antishymicrobials used for therapy of otitis media and sinusitis effect of previous antimishycrobial therapy and smoking Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999108(7 pt 1)645ndash647
72 Brook I Gober AE Antimicrobial reshysistance in the nasopharyngeal flora of children with acute maxillary sinusitis and maxillary sinusitis recurring after amoxicillin therapy J Antimicrob Chemoshyther 200453(2)399ndash402
73 Dohar J Canton R Cohen R Farrell DJ Felmingham D Activity of telithromycin and comparators against bacterial pathogens isolated from 1336 patients with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 20043(3) 15ndash21
74 Jacobs MR Bajaksouzian S Zilles A Lin G Pankuch GA Appelbaum PC Susceptibilishyties of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to 10 oral antishymicrobial agents based on pharmacodyshynamic parameters 1997 US surveillance study Antimicrob Agents Chemother 199943(8)1901ndash1908
75 Jacobs MR Felmingham D Appelbaum PC Gruneberg RN The Alexander Project 1998-2000 susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired reshyspiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents J Antimicrob Chemother 200352(2)229ndash246
PEDIATRICS Volume 132 Number 1 July 2013 e279
FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
at Kaiser Permanente Clinical Library on December 4 2013pediatricsaappublicationsorgDownloaded from
76 Lynch JP III Zhanel GG Streptococcus pneumoniae epidemiology and risk facshytors evolution of antimicrobial resistance and impact of vaccines Curr Opin Pulm Med 201016(3)217ndash225
77 Sahm DF Jones ME Hickey ML Diakun DR Mani SV Thornsberry C Resistance surshyveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated in Asia and Europe 1997-1998 J Antimicrob Chemother 2000 45(4)457ndash466
78 Sokol W Epidemiology of sinusitis in the primary care setting results from the 1999-2000 respiratory surveillance proshygram Am J Med 2001111(suppl 9A)19Sndash 24S
79 Shaikh N Wald ER Pi M Decongestants antihistamines and nasal irrigation for acute sinusitis in children Cochrane Dashytabase Syst Rev 2010(12)CD007909
80 Dolor RJ Witsell DL Hellkamp AS Williams JW Jr Califf RM Simel DL Comparison of cefuroxime with or without intranasal flushyticasone for the treatment of rhinosinusitis The CAFFS Trial a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2001286(24)3097ndash3105
81 Meltzer EO Bachert C Staudinger H Treating acute rhinosinusitis comparing efficacy and safety of mometasone furoshyate nasal spray amoxicillin and placebo J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005116(6)1289ndash 1295
82 Meltzer EO Charous BL Busse WW Zinreich SJ Lorber RR Danzig MR Added relief in the treatment of acute recurrent sinusitis with adjunctive mometasone furoate nasal spray The Nasonex Sinusitis Group J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000106 (4)630ndash637
83 Meltzer EO Orgel HA Backhaus JW et al Intranasal flunisolide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for sinusitis J Allergy Clin Immunol 199392(6)812ndash823
84 Nayak AS Settipane GA Pedinoff A et al Effective dose range of mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 200289(3)271ndash278
85 Williamson IG Rumsby K Benge S et al Antibiotics and topical nasal steroid for treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2007 298(21)2487ndash2496
86 Zalmanovici A Yaphe J Intranasal steshyroids for acute sinusitis Cochrane Datashybase Syst Rev 2009(4)CD005149
87 Yilmaz G Varan B Yilmaz T Gurakan B Intranasal budesonide spray as an adshyjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for acute sinusitis in children Eur Arch Otoshyrhinolaryngol 2000257(5)256ndash259
88 Barlan IB Erkan E Bakir M Berrak S Basaran MM Intranasal budesonide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for acute sinusitis in children Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 199778(6)598ndash601
89 Bruni FM De Luca G Venturoli V Boner AL Intranasal corticosteroids and adrenal supshypression Neuroimmunomodulation 200916 (5)353ndash362
90 Kim KT Rabinovitch N Uryniak T Simpson B OrsquoDowd L Casty F Effect of budesonide aqueous nasal spray on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in chilshydren with allergic rhinitis Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 200493(1)61ndash67
91 Meltzer EO Tripathy I Maspero JF Wu W Philpot E Safety and tolerability of fluticashysone furoate nasal spray once daily in paeshydiatric patients aged 6-11 years with allergic rhinitis subanalysis of three randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre studies Clin Drug Investig 200929(2)79ndash86
92 Murphy K Uryniak T Simpson B OrsquoDowd L Growth velocity in children with perennial allergic rhinitis treated with budesonide aqueous nasal spray Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 200696(5)723ndash730
93 Ratner PH Meltzer EO Teper A Mometashysone furoate nasal spray is safe and efshyfective for 1-year treatment of children with perennial allergic rhinitis Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 200973(5)651ndash657
94 Skoner DP Gentile DA Doyle WJ Effect on growth of long-term treatment with inshytranasal triamcinolone acetonide aqueshyous in children with allergic rhinitis Ann
Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008101(4) 431ndash436
95 Weinstein S Qaqundah P Georges G Nayak A Efficacy and safety of trishyamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray in children aged 2 to 5 years with perennial allergic rhinitis a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study with an open-label extension Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009102(4)339ndash347
96 Zitt M Kosoglou T Hubbell J Mometasone furoate nasal spray a review of safety and systemic effects Drug Saf 200730(4) 317ndash326
97 Adam P Stiffman M Blake RL Jr A clinical trial of hypertonic saline nasal spray in subjects with the common cold or rhino-sinusitis Arch Fam Med 19987(1)39ndash43
98 Wang YH Yang CP Ku MS Sun HL Lue KH Efficacy of nasal irrigation in the treatshyment of acute sinusitis in children Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 200973(12) 1696ndash1701
99 Harvey R Hannan SA Badia L Scadding G Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis Cochrane Datashybase Syst Rev 2007(3)CD006394
100 Kassel JC King D Spurling GK Saline nashysal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(3)CD006821
101 Shapiro GG Virant FS Furukawa CT Piershyson WE Bierman CW Immunologic defects in patients with refractory sinusitis Peshydiatrics 199187(3)311ndash316
102 Wood AJ Douglas RG Pathogenesis and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis Post-grad Med J 201086(1016)359ndash364
103 Liao S Durand ML Cunningham MJ Sinogenic orbital and subperiosteal abshyscesses microbiology and methicillinshyresistant Staphylococcus aureus inshycidence Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010143(3)392ndash396
104 Oxford LE McClay J Medical and surgical management of subperiosteal orbital abshyscess secondary to acute sinusitis in children Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 200670(11)1853ndash1861
e280 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Downloaded from pediatricsaappublicationsorg at Kaiser Permanente Clinical Library on December 4 2013
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children Aged 1 to 18 Years
Ellen R Wald Kimberly E Applegate Clay Bordley David H Darrow Mary P Glode S Michael Marcy Carrie E Nelson Richard M Rosenfeld Nader Shaikh
Michael J Smith Paul V Williams and Stuart T Weinberg Pediatrics originally published online June 24 2013
DOI 101542peds2013-1071
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PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics A monthly publication it has been published continuously since 1948 PEDIATRICS is owned published and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics 141 Northwest Point Boulevard Elk Grove Village Illinois 60007 Copyright copy 2013 by the American Academy of Pediatrics All rights reserved Print ISSN 0031-4005 Online ISSN 1098-4275
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