Peculiarities of the use of structural parts of speech in English literature : Prepositions

Peculiarities of the use of Peculiarities of the use of structural parts of speech in structural parts of speech in

English literature English literature:: PrepositionsPrepositions

done bydone by

Petro MelnykPetro Melnyk

EPh group 13EPh group 13

UrgencyUrgency

• To avoid difficulties with the literary translation of prepositions.

• need to study their features, characteristics and use of classification in modern English.

Aim Aim

• The aim of this presentation is to tell about the usage of prepositions in English language and literature.

Main tasksMain tasks• 1)To submit the theme in the next way:

• to tell about the main groups of prepositions.

• to mention the peculiarities of their usage with other parts of speech.

• to give the characteristic of prepositions.

• 2)To make the conclusion

• 3) To give a short test checking the attention of the audience.

PrepositionPreposition• Preposition is a part of speech which denotes the

relation between objects and phenomena. It shows the relations between a noun or a pronoun and other words.

• Defining the preposition there are three main properties:

• 1) the preposition is a functional part of speech and cannot perform an independent syntactic function.

• 2) the preposition is a word expressing subordinate relations between lexical parts of speech

• 3)the preposition is a word with an obligatory pre-nounal position: it may follow almost any part of speech, but it must precede a noun or its syntactic equivalent.

Position of prepositionsPosition of prepositions

• Prepositions normally precede nouns or pronouns. In two constructions, however it is possible in informal English to move the preposition to the end of the sentence:

• 1) In questions beginning with a preposition+ whom/which/what/whose/where

• Tom whom were you talking? (formal)• Who were you talking to? (informal)• 2) Similarly in relative clauses, a preposition placed

before whom/which can be moved to the end of the clause.

• the people with whom I was travelling (formal)• The people I was travelling with (informal)

Morphological structureMorphological structure• Prepositions, like functional parts of speech in

general, are a complicated and controversial phenomenon.

• As to their morphological structure, prepositions fall under the following groups:

• 1)simple ( in, on, at, for, with)• 2)derivative (behind, below, across, along)• 3)compound (inside , outside, within, without )• 4)composite (because of, in front of, in

accordance with)

Meaning (to show...)

Preposition

Examples My examples

points of time at The class will end at eight o'clock.

My friend have arrived at 10 o'clock.

period in I have tea in the evening. It was very dark in the evening

reference to days

on I go shopping on Sunday afternoon.

All these happened on Monday.

points of time at He doesn't go out much at night.

Try to sleep at night.

One thing before the other

in He received the gift before Christmas.

It was the last day before he died.

how long or duration

for I have been typing this for three hours.

I have been working here for a long time.

beginning and ending

from ...... to

The film runs from seven to nine o'clock.

We were waiting from 5 to 7 o'clock.

PPrepositions of timerepositions of time

Prepositions of placePrepositions of place:: Go to A That old dog moved to the

house.

Go away from A “Please go away from me!”

Stay in (out of) my room She was staying in her room till the winter.

We are driving along the road

My father far driving along the road when he saw the boy.

We went across the road Across the road from the supermarket , they said.

Go up the hill We took our bags and went up the hill.

Come into (out of) my office

Harry asked me to come into his office.

We are flying above the water

“Look we are flying above the ocean!”

A is running in front of B The boy was running in front the teacher.

A is running behind B I was running just behind my best friend.

Prepositions of Cause & PurposePrepositions of Cause & Purpose

cause, reason

because of

through

The barbecue was cancelled because of the rain.

I will go there onle because of Jane

purpose, goal, target

for Victor is applying for the post of Senior Technician.

Mr. Smith is applying for a new job.

intended recipient

for Lily bought a toy for the little boy.

I am doing my best for you!

actual recipient

to He gave the money to her. The letter was sent to her yesterday.

goal, target with hostility

At

to

towards

The police fired at the bank robbers.

I don't wish any harm to him.

The man fired at me several times.

target, point

at Helen smiled at the baby. Mother looked at him.

Prepositions of passagePrepositions of passagesomeone or something move past without stopping

by James moved by her house very quickly

Flora also took Tim's hand as they passed by the woods.

someone or something moves across the surface from one side towards the other.

over They drove back over the mountains .

The car was moving fast over the highway.

move in a direction so as to pass by.

past The ship sailed past the harbor.

Victoria went past the house by mistake.

on They were playing on the grass.

All members of the family were lying on the green lawn.

across The boy started to run across the thick bushes

It was the first trip across the universe

Other meaningsOther meaningsabout the subject of thought,

speech and writingI am worried about your test results.

You shouldn’t worry about me.

according to to quote as an authority

According to Lily, the class was cancelled.

According to our map we are moving in a wrong way!

as well as in addition to He is as smart as his brother.

You can come, as well as Lily.

because of due to, by reason of The flight was cancelled because of bad weather.

Albert had to stay at home because of his illness.

for 1. purpose

2. exchange

I prepared it for you This report is for your reference only.

from indicates the origin or source of something

I bought it from the supermarket.

The girl took the ball from her aunt.

than links two parts of a comparison

Helen is much taller than me he said.

It is even more than you need said Ada.

except excluding All students passed the exam except him.

All pupils were present except Sam.

Fixed ExpressionsFixed Expressions

Pattern Underlying Meaning

My example

go to bed to sleep Mary went to bed very late that night.

be at home in one's own house

Finaly he was at home.

by air way of

travel

Most mail goes by air from England to Hong Kong.

on foot way of

travel

We can either get a taxi or go on foot as it's not far.

by hand how it was made

The exam paper has to be delivered by hand.

by accident accidentally It wasn't clear if the fire started by accident or on purpose.

by name Way of calling The headmaster called out the wrondoers by name at the morning assembly.

CConclusiononclusion

• This presentation helped me to refresh my knowledge about prepositions. I find out much more about their usage, clasification and role in the sentence . I am sure that this experience will be very useful for me in the future.

TestTest• 1) He made his escape by jumping ______ a window and

jumping ______ a waiting car.• A) over / into

• B) between / into

• C) out of / between

• D) out of / into

• 2) To get to the Marketing department, you have to go ______ those stairs and then ______ the corridor to the end.

• A) up / along

• B) between / into

• C) out of / between

• D) out of / into

• 3) I saw something about it ______ television.• A) on

• B) at

• C) through

• D) with

• 4) She took the key ______ her pocket and put it ________ the lock.

• A) between / into

• B) out of / in

• C) by / on

• D) up to / out

• 5) I went ______ him and asked him the best way to get ______ town.

• A) towards / over

• B) along / up

• C) by / on

• D) up to / out of

• 6) The restaurant is ______ the High Street, ______ the cinema.• A) out of / in

• B) under / around

• C) in / next to

• D) up / along

• 7) Sally left school ______ the age of 16 and went to work ______ a bank.

• A) out of / in

• B) under / around

• C) in / next to

• D) at / in

• 8) He jumped ______ the wall and ______ the garden.• over / into

• towards / over

• along / up

• by / on

• 9) John is the person standing ______ the window, ______ the woman with the long blonde hair.

• A) at / into• B) beside / next to• C) under / around• D) in / next to

Used Used literatureliterature• M.A Ganshina N.M Vasilevskaya English

Grammar ninth edition. Higher school house .Moscow.1964 [p316-319]

• Practical English Grammar.A.J.Thomson Fourth edition.Oxford University Press London.1985 /381 [p 91-104]

• Houghton Miffin Company. Ann Cole Brown.Boston.1984/260 [p 29-31]

• Iryna Alexeyeva. Курс практичної граматики суч. англійської мови. навч.посіб.-В.:Нова книга.-2007.-328ст.[cт 160-164]

• Marianne Celce-Murcia. Diana Larsen-Freeman. The grammar book . Teachers course. Boston 1983- 655[250-263]

• Л.М. Черноватий С.Л Пчеліна. В.І. Карабан. Практична граматика з англійської мови . Посібник для студентів вищих навч. закл. освіт. Т1.-В.; Нова книга, 2005.-298[57-65]

• 1)http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions [here you will find the main groups of preposition and some information about their usage]

• 2)http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/preposition.asp [ here you will find the main information about prepositions and their characteristic]

• 3) http://vlc.polyu.edu.hk/vlc/preps/preptable.htm [in this site you will find the classification of prepositions with the examples]

• 4) http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions.htm [here you can find the main information about their usage and the list of English prepositions ]

• 5) http://cad.ntu-kpi.kiev.ua/~demch/friends/esl4rus/prepositions.html [the main rules and the classification of prepositions]