BULLETIN 28 PEAT RESOURCES OF MAINE VOLUME 1: AROOSTOOK COUNTY Cornelia C. Cameron U.S . Geological Survey Michael K. Mullen Carolyn A. Lepage Walter A. Anderson Maine Geological Survey II ) Walter A. Anderson, State Geologist Maine Geological Survey DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
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BULLETIN 28
PEAT RESOURCES OF MAINE
VOLUME 1: AROOSTOOK COUNTY
Cornelia C. Cameron U.S . Geological Survey
Michael K. Mullen Carolyn A. Lepage Walter A . Anderson
Maine Geological Survey
II
)
Walter A. Anderson, State Geologist Maine Geological Survey DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
Joseph E. Brennan, Governor STATE OF MAINE
Richard B. Anderson, Commissioner DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
BULLETIN 28
PEAT RESOURCES OF MAINE
VOLUME 1: AROOSTOOK COUNTY
by
Cornelia C. Cameron, U.S. Geological Survey Michael K. Mullen, Maine Geological Survey Carolyn A. Lepage, Maine Geological Survey Walter A. Anderson, Maine Geological Survey
Maine Geological Survey DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
Branch of Eastern Mineral Resources U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Office of Energy Resources EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Preparation of this report was supported by funds furnished by the U.S. Department of Energy, Grant No. DE-FG18-79ET14690, the Maine Off ice of Energy Resources, the Maine Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey.
1984
MAINE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PEAT PUBLICATIONS:
Bulletin 28 - Peat Resources of Maine, Volume 1: Bulletin 29 - Peat Resources of Maine, Volume 2: Bulletin 30 - Peat Resources of Maine, Volume 3:
Bulletin 32 - Peat Resources of Maine, Volume 5: Washington County Bulletin 33 - Peat Accumulation Rates in Selected Maine Peat Deposits Bulletin 34 - Geochemistry of Selected Maine Peat Deposits Bulletin 35 - Surface Vegetation of Selected Maine Peat Deposits Bulletin 36 - Hydrology of the Great and Denbow Heaths of Eastern Maine
The laws and policies of Maine and the United States prohibit discrimination in Department of Conservaton programs and/or employment because of race, religion, national origin, sex, age, or handicap. Any person who believes discrimination has occurred should contact the Commissioner, Maine Department of Conservation, Station #22, Augusta, Maine 04333; Telephone (207) 289-2211.
Figure 1. Location of peat deposits surveyed. under the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. 3
Figure 2. Schematic maps and cross sections of five stages in the development of domed peat deposits (after Cameron, 197S ). 5
Figure 3. Index map shaving the locations of 42 areas containing one or more peat deposits surveyed in Aroostook County. Glaciomarine sediments deposited. during the recession of the last ice sheet occur within the shaded area (after Thompson and Borns, in press). 25
Figure 4. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog between Mud Lake and Cross Lake, Tl7 RS WELS, Square Lake 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Numl::er 1 on Index Map)._ 26
Figure S. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog southwest of Cross Lake and north of Black Brook, Tl 7 RS WELS and Tl6 RS WELS, Square Lake lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Numter 2 on Index Map). 28
Figure 6. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog between Square Lake and Eagle Lake, Tl6 RS WELS, Square Lake lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 3 on Index Map)._ 30
Figure 7. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of Orchard Bog, Caswell Plantation and Connor 'IWp., Van Buren lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine ( Numl::er 4 on Index Map)._ 3 2
Figure 8. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Little Black Brook Lake, Caswell Plantation, Van Buren lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number S on Index Map)._ 34
Figure 9. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs between Deer and Mud Lakes, Caswell Plantation, Van Buren lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Numl::er 6 on Index Map)._ 36
Figure 10. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog northwest of Pierce Lake and west of Route 16S, Caswell Plantation, Fort Fairfield lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 7 on Index Map). 38
Figure 11. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog 2 miles northeast of Limestone on United States-Canada border, Limestone 'IWp., Fort Fairfield lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 8 on Index Map). 40
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" Figure 12. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Bog Lake,
Tl4 RS WELS, Portage lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, 42 Maine (Number 9 on Index Map).
Figure 13. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along inlet to Salmon Brook Lake, Perham Twp., Caribou lS minute Quadrangle,
44 Aroostook County, Maine (Number 10 on Index Map).
Figure 14. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along . Burpee Brook, Tl3 RS WELS and Ashland 'IWp., Ashland lS minute
46 Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 11 on Index Map)._
Figure lS. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Dead Brook between Pratt Lake Stream and Rowe Lake, Tl 1 R9 WELS, Mooseleuk Lake lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine
48 (Number 12 on Index Map).
Figure 16. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog 0.8 miles north of Big Machias Lake and 1 mile southwest of Clayton Lake, T12 R8 WELS, Mooseleuk Lake lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 13 on Index Map). 52
· Figure 17. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along east inlet of Clayton Lake and southwest of Bald Mountain, Tl2 R8 WELS, Greenlaw lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County,
54 Maine (Number lS on Index Map).
Figure 18. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs at Greenlaw Pond and deadwaters along Greenlaw Stream, Tl2 R7 WELS and Tl2 R8 WELS, Greenlaw lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Numbers 16 and 17 on Index Map). 56
Figure 19. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs east of Chandler Deadwater, T9 R8 WELS, Grand Lake Seboeis lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 18 on Index Map)._ 60
Figure 20. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog south of Shields Brook, TlO R6 WELS, Ashland lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 19 on Index Map). 62
Figure 21. Sketch map, core, and sample analyses of bog 2.S miles northwest of Masardis, Masardis Twp., Ashland lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 20 on Index Map).- 64
Figure 22. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Blackwater River north of Cranberry Pond, TlO R4 WELS (Squapan Twp.), Oxbow lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County,
66 Maine (Number 21 on Index Map).
Figure 23. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Houlton Brook deadwater, T9 RS WELS, Oxbow lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 22 on Index Map). 68
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Figure 24. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog east of Route 11 and northwest of Hall Brook, T9 RS WELS, Oxbow lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 23 on Index Map).- 70
Figure 2S. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs southeast of Beaver Pond and west of Route 11, T8 RS WELS, Oxbow lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 24 on Index Map).- 72
Figure 26. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Smith Pond, T8 RS WELS, Oxbow lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 2S on Index Map). 74
Figure 27. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs on Penobscot-Aroostook County line, 'I7 R6 WELS and 'I7 RS WELS, Oxbow lS minute Quadrangle, Maine (Number 26 on Index Map). 76
Figure 28. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Upper Deadwater on Howe Brook, TS R4 WELS (St. Croix Twp.), Howe Brook 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 27 on Index Map). 78
Figure 29. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs at Lower Deadwater on Howe Brook, T8 R4 WELS (St. Croix Twp.), Howe Brook lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 28 on Index Map). 80
Figure 30. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Smith Brook Pond, 'I7 R3 WELS (Dudley Twp.), Howe Brook and Smyrna Mills lS minute Quadrangles, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 29 on Index Map). 82
Figure 31. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog 2 miles north of Crystal and 1 mile west of junction of Crystal Brook arrl Fish Stream, Crystal Twp., Sherman 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 30 on Index Map) •. 84
Figure 32. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Caribou Lake, Island Falls Twp. and T3 R4 WELS, Mattawamkeag Lake lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 33 on Index Map). 86
Figure 33. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Braley Brook, T2 R4 WELS, Mattawamkeag Lake lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 34 on Index Map). 88
Figure 34. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Orcutt Brook, Glenwood Plantation, Mattawamkeag Lake lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 3S on Index Map).- 90
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Figure 3S. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs at Flinn Pond, Benedicta 'I\.vp. and Tl RS WELS, Sherman and Mattawamkeag lS minute Quadrangles, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 36 on Index Map). 92
Figure 36. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs along Little Molunkus Stream, Tl RS WELS, Mattawamkeag lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 37 on Index Map)._ 94
Figure 37. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Wyman Brook, Tl RS WELS, Mattawamkeag lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 38 on Index Map). 96
Figure 38. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Thompson Deadwater, T2 R4 WELS, Tl R4 WELS (Upper Molunkus 'I'Np.), and Reed Plantation, Mattawamkeag Lake and Wytopitlock lS minute Quadrangles, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 39 on Index Map). 98
Figure 39. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs along Macwahoc Stream near Clay Bluff, Tl R4 WELS (Upper Molunkus 'I\.vp.), Wytopitlock lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 40 on Index Map). 100
Figure 40. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs along Macwahoc Stream at junction with Juniper Brook and at Reed Deadwater, Tl R4 WELS (Upper Molunkus Twp. and North Yarmouth Academy Grant), Wytopitlock lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 41 on Index Map). 10 2
Figure 41. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog adjacent to Crossuntic Stream, Macwahoc and Kingman Twps., Wytopitlock lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook and Penobscot Counties, Maine (Number 42 on Index Map). 106
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TABLES
Table 1. Results of the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program _____ _
Table 2. Field guide to identification and study of Maine peat resources-------------------------~
Table 3. Location, areal extent, estimated resources, and geologic . setting codes of the 42 areas containing peat deposits surveyed in Aroostook County, Maine _____________ _
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INTRODUCTION
Peat is a light to dark brown or almost black residuum formed by the partial decay and disintegration of plants that grew in lakes, marshes, swamps, or damp places such as heaths. It may be fibrous matted material composed of mosses, ferns, grasses, rushes, reeds, sedges, and woody material from trees and shrubs; finely divided plants so decomposed that their biological identity has been lost; or nonf ibrous, plastic, colloidal, and macerated material deposited at the bottom of lakes or other bodies of water. The U.S. Bureau of Mines classifies three general types of peat. Moss peat is material derived from moss; reed-sedge peat is material derived from the reed, sedge, shrub, and tree groups'; and humus peat is material so decomposed that its botanical identity has been obscured and its further oxidation impeded. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines commercial-quality peat as only that peat which has an ash content of 25 percent or less (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1969). To avoid confusion with soil-science terminology, in this report sphagnum moss peat is equivalent to fibric peat, reed-sedge peat is equivalent to hemic herbaceous peat, and humus peat is equivalent to sapric peat (Olson et al., 1979).
Peat has been used for many years in agriculture and horticulture primarily because of its ability to retain many times its own weight in water. It has also been used as a domestic fuel for hundreds of years. More recently, peat has been used by nations such as Ireland and the Soviet Union to generate electricity. At the present time, virtually all of the peat harvested in the United States is used in agriculture and horticulture. However, in light of the increasing costs of traditional energy sources, peat is being more closely scrutinized as an alternate fuel source.
Recent estimates suggest that there are as many as 6,000 to 8,000 individual peat deposits in Maine covering a total land area of 500,000 to 750,000 acres. However, only some of these peat deposits have economic potential. 'The Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program was developed to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the State's peat resources. Investigations were generally limited to deposits at least 80 acres in size containing a minimum thickness of 5 feet of commercial quality peat (peat with an ash content of less than 25% ).
'This report summarizes the work conducted in Aroostook County under the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. It includes sketch maps, cores, and laboratory analyses upon which estimates of the resources are based. These data may be utilized to more accurately assess the energy and agricultural potential of Maine's peatlands. Atlases covering the following areas are also available: Penobscot County; Piscataquis and Somerset Counties; southern and western Maine; and Washington County.
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THE MAINE PEAT RESOURCE EVALUATION PROGRAM
In July 1979, the Maine Office of Energy Resources, in conjunction with the Maine Geological Survey, began the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. The Program, which was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), was undertaken to determine the amount and location of fuel-grade peat in Maine. Similar DOE/State Peat Resource Evaluation Programs are also being carried out in thirteen other states, including Alaska, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, and South Carolina, whose programs began in 1979. Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin initiated programs in 1980 and 1981.
Research on the fuel potential of Maine's peat resources began early in the twentieth century. The first investigations were conducted by Bastin and Davis (1909) and Soper and Osbon (1922) of the U.S. Geological Survey. They were followed by Trefethen and Bradford (1944) of the Maine Geological Survey. The Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program was designed to build upon the peat research and inventory conducted in Maine by the Maine and U.S. Geological Surveys in the 1970's (Cameron, 1975; Cameron and Massey, 1978; Cameron and Anderson, 1979).
Two hundred thirty three areas containing peat deposits were evaluated under the Program (Figure 1 ). During the first field season (1979), 56 areas in Aroostook, Penobscot, Piscataquis, and Washington Counties were investigated (Cameron and Anderson, 1980a, 1980b; Davis and Anderson, 1980 ). Fifty areas in Piscataquis, Somerset, Aroostook, Kennebec, and Waldo Counties were evaluated during the 1980 field season (Cameron and Mullen, 1982; Cameron et al., 1982). In 1981, research efforts were concentrated in the western and southern counties where 56 areas were surveyed (Cameron and Mullen, 1983 ), and in 1982, 50 areas in Washington and southern Aroostook Counties were evaluated (Cameron and Mullen, 1984 ). During a brief final field season in 1983, 21 areas in southern Penobscot County were investigated (Cameron, in preparation). The results on a county by county basis of the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program are shown in Table 1.
GEOLOGIC SETTING OF MAINE PEAT DEPOSITS
Maine is part of the Northern Appalachian Province. Its bedrock consists primarily of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks which range in age from approximately 350 to 600 million years and are intruded by numerous bodies of granitic rock (Osberg et al., in press). Both the granite bodies and the metamorphic rocks have been subjected to several episodes of folding and faulting, as well as millions of years of weathering, which have resulted in rounded mountains and well-established drainage patterns.
Much of Maine's bedrock is covered by sediments deposited during the episodes of glaciation that occurred in the last hundred thousand years. Large continental glaciers (as opposed to small alpine glaciers found in mountain valleys) spread southward from Canada until much of northern North America was covered by a sheet of ice hundreds to thousands of feet thick. 'Illese ice sheets·eroded the bedrock and deposited a blanket of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders. As the last ice sheet retreated, much of southern Maine was submerged as the ocean inundated land that had been depressed by the weight of the great thickness of ice (see Figure 3 ). Between about 13, 300 and 12,000 years ago ( Stuiver and Borns, 1975 ), fossiliferous marine sand, silt, and clay were deposited on top of the bedrock and glacial sediments (Thompson and Borns, in press). 'Ille ocean gradually receded as the land surface slowly rebounded.
Erosion by glaciers and deposition of glacial and marine sediments significantly altered preglacial morphology and drainage, creating environments favorable for the formation of peat. Streams and rivers were slowed or dammed. Ponds and lakes formed in bedrock basins or in poor! y drained depressions, particularly those underlain by glacial or marine silt and clay deposits. Where drainage was impaired, the accumulation of undecayed organic material was enhanced.
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FORMATION OF PEAT DEPOSITS IN MAINE
The development of economically significant domed peat deposits typically found in Maine normally progresses through five phases. During the initial phase (Figure 2a), the remains of aquatic plants, such as algae and pond weeds, accumulate over inorganic bottom clay in a pond. When a sufficient thickness of organic material is reached, rooted plants including bulrushes and pond lilies begin to grow. Continued accumulation of aquatic plant remains eventually begins to divert waterflow (Figure 2b) and allow the growth of grasses, sedges, reeds and mosses. Remains of these marsh plants, primarily reed-sedge peat, gradually fill in the basin (Figure 2c).
Peat composed of aquatic plants
Bedrock and/or glacial deposits
2a. Stream flowing into pond deposits sediment and organic material.
2b. Accumulated aquatic plant remains divert surface water flow.
Diverted _ stream
Water
2c. Remains of marsh plants gradually fill in the basin.
Figure 2. Schematic maps and cross sections of five stages in the development of domed peat deposits (after Cameron, 1975).
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In the fourth stage (Figure 2d), the peat-forming vegetation spreads out beyond the margins of the original basin, forming a continuous flat surface. At this stage, surface water flowing toward the bog and ground water from adjacent aquifers lack the energy necessary to reach the centers of the peat-filled depressions. Because the mineral content of the water supply is greatest at the edges of the marsh, plants along the margins increase in variety and abundance. A less diverse plant assemblage including sphagnum moss becomes established away from the deposit edges. With time, the proportion of sphagnum increases.
When sphagnum moss becomes the dominant species, moss peat begins to accumulate in a convex mass or dome (Fiqure 2e ). In this fifth stage, streams and ground water can contribute to the water supply only along the narrow strip between the dome of peat and the mineral soil. This strip, called the moat, collects runoff from both the mineral soil and the slopes of the dome of sphagnum peat. Eutrophic marsh and swamp grasses, shrubs, and trees grow where they are fed by the nutrient-rich surface and ground water and soil, while the mosses and heath vegetation on the dome are oligotrophic, receiving nutrients solely from precipitation. A water table is maintained within the dome by capillarity.
2d. Marsh plants spread out beyond the edges of the original basin.
Marsh Dome of sphagnum peat
Marsh
2e. Heath-covered sphagnum dome forms with perched water table.
Figure 2. Continued.
Peat deposits in Maine may be covered by marsh, swamp, or heath vegetation according to the phase of peatland development. Floods and fires during any phase may have destroyed all or part of a peat deposit, while variations in climate or nutrient input may change the rate of growth and decomposition. Therefore, deposits in varying stages of development are common.
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METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
Not all peat deposits are considered peat resources. A peat deposit is simply an accumulation of peat, whereas a peat resource contains enough commercial quality peat (peat that has an ash content of 25 percent or less) for economic exploitation. For use as a fuel, the peat must also have a minimum heating value of 8,000 BTU/lb. Under the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program, deposits that appeared to be at least 80 acres in size with a minimum average thickness of 5 feet of commercial quality peat were considered for study. Actual field measurements often resulted in fewer acres of commercial quality peat.
Potential sites were selected using topographic, soils, and geologic maps; aerial photographs; and other previously published information available for the region to be investigated. These potential sites were ranked based on factors such as accessibility and the likelihood of a deposit containing significant peat resources. Using this ranking, the most promising sites were selected for field study.
In the field, the extent of the deposit was determined by pace and compass traverses, with the bearing and spacing of the traverses dependent on the size and configuration of the deposit. At regular intervals along the traverses, generally 500 feet, cores were obtained with a Macaulay or Davis peat sampler. Samples were taken for subsequent laboratory analysis, and factors such as surface vegetation, type and distribution of peat (both horizontally and vertically), and geomorphic characteristics were noted.
Estimates of commercial-quality resources were made in accordance with ASTM standards ( 1969) and were based on acre-feet of peat where the peat is five or more feet thick and has an ash content not greater than 25 percent. Tonnage figures throughout the report are for air-dried peat (approximately 30% moisture). The formula used for converting acre-feet of peat to short tons of air-dried peat was originally developed by Bastin and Davis, who summarized the procedure:
11 the quantity of peat in a deposit may readily be calculated with enough accuracy for practical purposes, by obtaining its average depth and its area, and that it will yield at least 200 tons of dry machine-made fuel per acre, for each foot in depth." (Bastin and Davis, 1909, p. 24)
The formula is as follows:
(average weight in pounds Volume of wet peat in bog, of l cubic foot of Volume of wet peat ln bog,
ln cubic feet machine-made peat) in cubic feet Number of tons of air---------- x -------- = dried machine-made peat
4 2,000 200 which the bog can produce (number of cubic feet of (pounds ln short ton) wet peat equal to l cubic foot of machine-made peat)
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IDENTIFICATION OF MAINE PEAT RESOURCES
Resource potential is determined by the chemical and physical quality of the peat and the thickness and areal extent of the deposit. These factors result from the various environments in which the peat accumulated. Environmental factors fundan1ental to the development and preservation of the deposit include: type of unconsolidated sediment and bedrock foundation; glacial processes that affected the surf ace morphology; surface and ground water regimes; climate; and influences of flooding, fires, and human activities.
A guide combining these environmental factors has been developed (Cameron, 1983; in press) and applied to the peat deposits studied. Each deposit was assigned a geologic setting code based on the system outlined in Table 2 and explained below. The setting code can be used to help predict whether or not a peat deposit may in fact be a peat resource.
The two primary headings for deposits in Maine are: I. Deposits within the region of maximum marine invasion, and II. Deposits outside the region of maximum marine invasion. The location of a deposit relative to the marine limit (Figure 3) is important. Isostatic depression of the crust by glacial ice, followed by a worldwide rise in sea level ( Stuiver and Borns, 1975), caused much of southern Maine to be submerged by the ocean. The fine-grained sediments deposited during this period of inundation provided settings particularly favorable to the formation of peat. The poor drainage caused by these silts and clays resulted in the development of wetlands in which peat could accumulate. In addition, climate, especially humidity, influences size, height, and amount of sphagnum in economically significant raised bogs. The area between the marine limit and the present coastline typically has relatively high humidity which is conducive to both the growth of peat-forming vegetation and the preservation of their remains. The July average humidity at 8 PM (EST) is greater than 70 percent (Visher, 1954, p. 186).
The secondary headings of Table 2 refer to the major categories of underlying bedrock. The topography of Maine, although modified significantly by glacial processes, is bedrock controlled. The type and structure of the local bedrock influences the shape and orientation of preglacial valleys and basins which provide the settings for peat bogs. In addition, such economically important indicators as ash content, trace-element content, pH, and the occurrence of marl are related, at least indirectly, to the local or regional bedrock.
The tertiary headings are based on a synthesis of factors related to surf ace and ground water regimes, permeability and water-table fluctuations, as well as past and present effects of fires and flooding or ponding. Surface and ground water flow rates, for example, affect soil chemistry and help control growth and decay of peat-forming vegetation. The greatest breakdown of peat fibers takes place in the zone of watertable fluctuation where aerobic bacteria help produce reed-sedge and sphagnum peat. Extreme breakdown of peat fibers results in an ash content
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that is too high for commercial quality peat. Introduction of clay or silt by streams also reduces resource potential by increasing ash content. In addition, a potentially economically valuable raised bog may be destroyed by fire, or a currently economically valuable peat deposit may be concealed by ponding.
PEAT RESOURCES IN AROOSTOOK COUNTY
A total of 42 deposits covering 11,498 acres and containing 18,851,400 short tons (dry weight) of peat in Aroostook County (Figure 3 and Table 3) have been evaluated under the Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program. These deposits range in size from 30 to 1,936 acres and in estimated resources from 48,000 to 3,872,000 short tons. Maps of individual deposits showing the distribution and depth of peat, core sites, and the surficial geology of the area adjacent to the deposits are shown in Figures 4-41. Cores showing the vertical distribution of peat and sediment as well as sample locations, and the results of laboratory analyses are also included.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was supported by funds furnished by the U.S. Department of Energy, Grant No. DE-FG18-79ET14690, the Maine Office of Energy Resources, the Maine Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The assistance of Robert Tucker, Bennett Wilson, Robert Johnston, John Poisson, and Catherine Stultz in the preparation of this report is greatly appreciated. The excellent field assistance of Vernon Shaw and Robert Johnston is also gratefully acknowledged.
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Table 2. Field guide to identification and study of Maine peat resources.
I. Deposit within the region of maximum marine invasion. If not turn to II.
A. Bedrock largely folded sedimentary, metasedimentary, or layered volcanics. If not turn to B. Select appropriate number and letter under A or Bo
1. Deposit in glacial drift in hills or mountains at the head of a stream - !Al
2. Deposit in end or ribbed moraine - IA2
3. Deposit in kame or kettle topography - IA3
4. Deposit in till parallel to drumlins or other ice contact features - IA4
S. Deposit in alluvium, till, or glacial outwash in valley along stream a. behind natural levee or on plain subject to flooding - IASa b. where deadwater reaches of stream flow on deposit - IASb c. adjacent to esker - IASc d. in drift-dammed bedrock valley; natural levees, deadwater
reaches, or eskers not conspicuous - IASd
6. Deposit in glacial outwash in valley remote from stream; outwash may include eskers - IA6
7. Deposit in glacial outwash and till on broad plain crossed by streams and eskers - IA7
8. Deposit on glaciomarine sediments a. in valley between till ridges, glacial outwash, or till
covered bedrock walls - IA8a b. in basin or on plain between till ridges, glacial outwash,
or till-covered bedrock ridges - IA8b c. on plain adjacent to large stream - IA8c
9. Deposit in till or glacial outwash along a lake or pond a. separated from lake or pond by esker or bedrock - IA9a b. that has been artificially dammed - IA9b c. which deposit has incompletely filled - IA9c
10. Deposit in till or glacial outwash on drained pond or lake floor - IAlO
11. Deposit on tidal flat; peat generally too shallow to be a resource - IAl 1
12. Deposit a thin blanket over consolidated or unconsolidated rock slopes; peat too shallow to be a resource - IA12
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Table 2. Continued.
I. Deposit within the region of maximum marine invasion.
B. Bedrock largely massive plutonic rock such as granite and gabbro
1. Deposit in glacial drift in hills or mountains at the head of a st ream - IBl
2. Deposit in end or ribbed moraine - IB2
3. Deposit in kame or kettle topography - IB3
4.. Deposit in till parallel to drumlins or other ice contact deposits - IB4
5. Deposit in alluvium, till, or glacial outwash in valley along stream a. behind natural levee or on plain subject to flooding - IBSa b. where deadwater reaches of stream flow on deposit - IBSb c. adjacent to esker - IBSc d. in drift-dammed bedrock valley; natural levees, deadwater
reaches, or eskers not conspicuous - IBSd
6. Deposit in glacial outwash in valley remote from stream; outwash may include eskers - IB6
7. Deposit i.n outwash and till on broad plain crossed by streams and eskers - IB7
8. Deposit on glaciomarine sediments a. in valley between till ridges, glacial outwash, or till
covered bedrock walls - IB8a b. in basin or on plain between till ridges, glacial outwash,
or till-covered bedrock ridges - IB8b c. on plain adjacent to large stream - IB8c
9. Deposit in till or glacial outwash along a lake or pond a. separated from lake or pond by esker or bedrock - IB9a b. that has been artifically dammed - IB9b c. which deposit has incompletely filled - IB9c
10. Deposit in till or glacial outwash on drained pond or lake floor - IBlO
11. Deposit on tidal flat; peat generally too shallow to be a resource - IBll
12. Deposit a thin blanket over consolidated or unconsolidated rock slopes; peat too shallow to be a resource - IB12
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Table 2. Continued.
II. Deposit outside the region of maximum marine invasion
A., Bedrock largely folded sedimentary, metasedimentary, or layered volcanics. If not turn to B. Select appropriate number and letter under A or B.
1. Deposit in glacial drift on flat to rolling plain; bedrock is limestone, dolomite, or marble - IIAl
2. Deposit in ground moraine in hills or mountains at the head of a stream - IIA2
3. Deposit in end or ribbed moraine - IIA3
4. Deposit in kame or kettle topography - IIA4
5. Deposit in till parallel to drumlins or other ice contact deposits - IIAS
6. Deposit in alluvium, till, or glacial outwash in valley along stream a. behind natural levee or plain subject· to stream flooding ~ IIA6a b. where deadwater reaches of stream flow on deposit - IIA6b c. adjacent to esker - IIA6c d. in drift-dammed bedrock valley; natural levees, deadwater
reaches, or eskers not conspicuous - IIA6d
7. Deposit in glacial outwash in valley remote from stream; outwash may include eskers - IIA7
8. Deposit in outwash and till on broad plain crossed by streams and eskers - IIA8
9. Deposit in till or glacial outwash along a lake or pond a. separated from lake or pond by esker or bedrock - IIA9a b. that has been artificially dammed - IIA9b c. which the deposit has incompletely filled - IIA9c
10. Deposit in till or glacial outwash on drained pond or lake floor - !!Al O
11. Deposit a thin blanket over consolidated or unconsolidated rock slopes; peat too shallow to be a resource - IIAll
12
Table 2. Continued.
II. Deposit outside the region of maximum marine invasion
B. Bedrock largely plutonic rock such as granite and gabbro
1. Deposit in glacial drift on flat to rolling plain - IIBl
2. Deposit in ground moraine in hills or mountains at the head of a stream - IIB2
3. Deposit in end or ribbed moraine - IIB3
4. Deposit in kame or kettle topography - IIB4
5. Deposit in till parallel to drumlins or other ice contact deposits - IIBS
6. Deposit in alluvium, till, or glacial outwash in valley along stream a. behind natural levee or plain subject to stream flooding - IIB6a b. where deadwater reaches of stream flow on deposit - IIB6b c. adjacent to esker - IIB6c d. in drift-dammed bedrock valley; natural levees, deadwater
reaches, or eskers not conspicuous - IIB6d
7. Deposit in glacial outwash in basin remote from stream; outwash may include eskers - IIB7
8. Deposit in outwash and till on broad plain crossed by streams and eskers - IIB8
9. Deposit in till or glacial outwash along a lake or pond a. separated from lake or pond by esker or bedrock - IIB9a b. that has been artificially dammed - IIB9b c. which the deposit has incompletely filled - IIB9c
10. Deposit in till or glacial outwash on drained pond or lake floor - IIBlO
11. Deposit a thin blanket over consolidated or unconsolidated rock slopes; peat too shallow to be a resource - II Bl 1
13
Tab
le 3
. L
oca
tio
n,
are
al
ex
ten
t,
esti
mat
ed r
eso
urc
es,
and
geo
log
ic s
ett
ing
co
des
of
the
43
are
as
co
nta
inin
g p
eat
dep
osi
ts s
urv
eyed
in
A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty,
Mai
ne
Acr
es o
f co
mm
erci
al q
ual
ity
pea
t E
stim
ated
re-
(pea
t at
least
5 f
eet
thic
k w
ith
so
urc
es
(sh
ort
D
epo
sit
ash
co
nte
nt
no
t ex
ceed
ing
to
ns
air
-dri
ed
G
eolo
gic
N
umbe
r L
oca
tio
n
2S
per
cen
t)
pea
t)
sett
ing
cod
e
1 B
og b
etw
een
Mud
L
ake
and
36
0 o
f w
hic
h 2
30
hav
e an
av
erag
e 49
8,00
0 II
A6d
C
ross
L
ake,
T
l7 R
S W
EL
S,
thic
kn
ess
of
8 fe
et
and
130
h
ave
Sq
uar
e L
ake
lS m
inu
te
an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f 5
feet
Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
C
ou
nty
2 B
og s
ou
thw
est
of
Cro
ss
320
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
192,
000
IIA
lO
Lak
e an
d n
ort
h o
f B
lack
3
feet
B
rook
, T
l 7 R
S W
ELS
and
T
l6 R
S yY
ELS,
S
qu
are
Lak
e 15
m
inu
te Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
.......
.j::i.
3 B
og b
etw
een
Sq
uar
e L
ake
210
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
168,
000
IIA
lO
and
Eag
le L
ake,
T
l6 R
S 4
feet
W
EL
S,
Sq
uar
e L
ake
lS
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
4 O
rch
ard
Bog
, C
asw
ell
262
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
314,
400
IIA
l P
lan
tati
on
an
d C
on
no
r 6
feet
'!W
p.,
Van
B
ure
n
lS m
inu
te
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k
Co
un
ty
s B
og a
t L
ittl
e B
lack
Bro
ok
SO
o
f w
hic
h 3
S ha
ve a
n a
ver
age
88,0
00
IIA
l L
ake,
C
asw
ell
Pla
nta
tio
n,
thic
kn
ess
of
10
feet
an
d
15
hav
e V
an
Bu
ren
lS
m
inu
te Q
uad
-an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f 6
feet
ra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
Tab
le 3
. C
on
tin
ued
.
Acr
es o
f co
mm
erci
al q
uali
ty p
eat
Est
imat
ed re
-(p
eat
at
least
5
feet
th
ick
wit
h
sou
rces
(sh
ort
D
epo
sit
ash
co
nte
nt
no
t ex
ceed
ing
to
ns
air
-dri
ed
G
eolo
gic
N
umbe
r L
oca
tio
n
25
per
cen
t}
pea
t)
sett
ing
co
de
6 B
ogs
bet
wee
n D
eer
and
Mud
30
9 o
f w
hic
h 2
35
hav
e an
av
erag
e 45
0,00
0 II
Al
Lak
es,
Cas
wel
l P
lan
tati
on
, th
ick
ness
o
f 8
feet
an
d 7
4 h
ave
Van
Bu
ren
15
m
inu
te Q
uad
-an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
5 fe
et
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
7 B
og n
ort
hw
est
of
Pie
rce
45 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
54
,000
II
Al
Lak
e an
d w
est
of
Ro
ute
6
feet
16
5,
Cas
wel
l P
lan
tati
on
, F
ort
Fair
field
15
min
ute
Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
C
ou
nty
I-
' U
1
8 B
og 2
mil
es
no
rth
east
of
44
of
wh
ich
27
hav
e an
av
erag
e 71
,000
II
Al
Lim
esto
ne
on
U.S
.-C
anad
a th
ick
ness
of
10
feet
an
d
17
hav
e b
ord
er,
Lim
esto
ne
Tw
p.,
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
5 fe
et
Fo
rt F
air
field
15
m
inu
te
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k
Co
un
ty
9 B
og a
t B
og
Lak
e,
Tl4
RS
7 5 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
60
,000
II
A9c
W
EL
S,
Po
rtag
e 15
m
inu
te
4 fe
et
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k
Co
un
ty
10
Bog
alo
ng
in
let
to
Sal
mo
n
245
wit
h a
n
aver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
245,
000
IIA
6b
Bro
ok
Lak
e,
Per
ham
Tu
p.,
5
feet
C
arib
ou
15
min
ute
Qu
ad-
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
11
Bog
alo
ng
B
urp
ee B
roo
k,
590
of
wh
ich
430
h
ave
an
aver
age
848,
000
IIA
6b
Tl3
RS
WE
LS
and
Ash
lan
d
thic
kn
ess
o
f 8
feet
an
d 1
60
hav
e T
wp.
, A
shla
nd
15
m
inu
te
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
5
feet
Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
C
ou
nty
Tab
le
3.
Co
nti
nu
ed.
Acr
es o
f co
mm
erci
al q
ual
ity
pea
t E
stim
ated
re
-(p
eat
at
least
5 f
eet
thic
k w
ith
so
urc
es
(sh
ort
D
epo
sit
ash
co
nte
nt
no
t ex
ceed
ing
to
ns
air
-dri
ed
G
eolo
gic
N
umbe
r L
oca
tio
n
25
per
cen
t)
peat
} se
ttin
g c
ode
12
Bog
alo
ng
Dea
d B
roo
k
280
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
672,
000
IIA
6b
bet
wee
n P
ratt
Lak
e S
trea
m
12
feet
an
d R
owe
Lak
e,
Tl 1
R9
WE
LS,
M
oose
leuk
L
ake
15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
13
Bog
0.8
m
iles
n
ort
h o
f B
ig
142
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
142,
000
IIA
2 M
achi
as
Lak
e an
d
1 m
ile
5 fe
et
sou
thw
est
of
Cla
yto
n
Lak
e,
Tl2
R8
WE
LS,
M
oose
leuk
L
ake
15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
.......
14
Sw
amp
at
hea
d o
f n
ort
h-
Not
re
com
men
ded
as a
p
eat
reso
urc
e --
IIA
2 O
'I fl
ow
ing
str
eam
n
ort
hea
st
of
Cla
yto
n
Lak
e,
Tl2
R8
WE
LS,
M
oose
leuk
L
ake
15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
15
Bog
alo
ng
east
in
let
of
30 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f 48
,000
U
A6b
C
lay
ton
L
ake
and
so
uth
-8
feet
w
est
of
Bal
d M
ount
ain,
T
l2 R
8 W
EL
S,
Gre
enla
w
15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
16
Bog
s at
Gre
enla
w P
ond
285
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
342,
000
IIA
6b
and
dea
dw
ater
s al
on
g
6 fe
et
Gre
enla
w S
trea
m,
Tl2
R7
WEL
S an
d T
l2 R
8 W
EL
S,
Gre
enla
w 1
5 m
inu
te Q
uad
-ra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
Tab
le
3.
Co
nti
nu
ed.
Acr
es o
f co
mm
erci
al q
ual
ity
pea
t E
stim
ated
re-
(pea
t at
least
5
feet
th
ick
wit
h
sou
rces
(s
ho
rt
Dep
osi
t as
h c
on
ten
t n
ot
exce
edin
g
ton
s air
-dri
ed
G
eolo
gic
N
umbe
r L
oca
tio
n
25
perc
en
t)
pea
t)
sett
ing
co
de
17
Bog
so
uth
east
of
Gre
enla
w
50
wit
h a
n
aver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
60,0
00
IIA
6b
Po
nd
on
dea
dw
ater
, T
l2 R
.7 6
feet
W
EL
S,
Gre
enla
w
15
min
ute
Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
C
ou
nty
18
Bog
s east
of
Ch
and
ler
335
of
wh
ich
165
hav
e an
av
erag
e 50
0,00
0 II
A6b
D
ead
wat
er,
T9
R8
WE
LS,
th
ick
ness
of
10
feet
an
d
170
hav
e G
ran
d L
ake
Seb
oei
s 15
an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f 5
feet
m
inu
te Q
uad
ran
gle
, I-
' A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
-..J
19
Bog
so
uth
of
Sh
ield
s 80
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
128,
000
IIA
6d
Bro
ok
, T
lO
R6
WE
LS,
8
feet
A
shla
nd
15
min
ute
Qu
ad-
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
20
Bog
2.5
m
iles
n
ort
hw
est
50
wit
h a
n
aver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
50,0
00
IIA
2 of
Mas
ard
is,
Mas
ard
is
5 fe
et
Tw
p.,
Ash
lan
d 1
5 m
inu
te
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k
Co
un
ty
21
Bog
alo
ng
B
lack
wat
er
325
of w
hic
h 1
85 h
ave
an
aver
age
538,
000
IIA
6b
Riv
er
no
rth
of
Cra
nb
err
y
thic
kn
ess
of
10
feet
, 70
h
ave
an
Pon
d,
TlO
R
4 W
EL
S,
Oxb
ow
aver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
7 fe
et,
and
15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
70
hav
e an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
5
feet
22
Bog
alo
ng
H
ou
lto
n
Bro
ok
21
5 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
258,
000
IIA
6b
dea
dw
ater
, T
9 R
S W
EL
S,
6 fe
et
Oxb
ow
15
min
ute
Qu
ad-
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
....... co
Tab
le 3
. C
on
tin
ued
.
Dep
osi
t N
umbe
r L
oca
tio
n
23
Bog
east
of
Ro
ute
11
and
n
ort
hw
est
of
Hal
l B
rook
, T
9 R
S W
EL
S,
Oxb
ow
lS m
inu
te Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
24
Bog
s so
uth
east
of
Bea
ver
P
on
d a
nd
wes
t o
f R
oute
11
, T
8 R
S W
EL
S,
Oxb
ow
lS
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
2S
26
27
28
Bog
at
Sm
ith
Pon
d,
T8
RS
WE
LS,
O
xbow
lS
m
inu
te
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k
Co
un
ty
Bog
s o
n
Pen
ob
sco
tA
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty l
ine,
T7
R6
WEL
S an
d T
7 R
S W
EL
S,
Oxb
ow
lS m
inu
te
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k
Co
un
ty
Bog
at
Up
per
Dea
dw
ater
o
n
How
e B
roo
k,
TS
R4
WEL
S (S
t. C
roix
Tw
p.),
H
owe
Bro
ok
lS
min
ute
Qu
ad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
Bog
s at
Low
er D
ead
wat
er
on
How
e B
rook
, T
8 R
4 W
ELS
(St.
Cro
ix '
IWp.
),
How
e B
roo
k
lS m
inu
te Q
uad
ra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
Acr
es o
f co
mm
erci
al q
ual
ity
pea
t (p
eat
at
least
S f
eet
thic
k w
ith
as
h c
on
ten
t n
ot
exce
edin
g
2S
perc
en
t)
SO
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
8 fe
et
lOS
of
whi
ch 8
0 ha
ve a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
8 fe
et
and
25
h
ave
an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f 6
feet
460
of
wh
ich
140
hav
e an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
10 f
eet
and
320
ha
ve
an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f 6
feet
lSO
o
f w
hic
h 7
0 ha
ve a
n
aver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
8 fe
et
and
80
hav
e an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f 6
feet
145
of
whi
ch 1
20 h
ave
an a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
9 fe
et
and
2S
hav
e an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s of
S
feet
6S
of
wh
ich
40
hav
e an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
7 fe
et
and
is
hav
e an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f S
feet
Est
imat
ed r
e
sou
rces
(s
ho
rt
ton
s air
-dri
ed
p
eat)
80,0
00
1S8,
000
664,
000
208,
000
241,
000
81,0
00
Geo
log
ic
sett
ing
cod
e
IIA
2
IIA
6d
IIA
6b
IIA
2
IIA
6b
IIA
6c
Tab
le
3.
Co
nti
nu
ed.
Acr
es o
f co
mm
erci
al q
ual
ity
pea
t E
stim
ated
re-
(pea
t at
least
5 f
eet
thic
k w
ith
so
urc
es
(sh
ort
D
epo
sit
ash
co
nte
nt
no
t ex
ceed
ing
to
ns
air
-dri
ed
G
eolo
gic
N
umbe
r L
oca
tio
n
25
perc
en
t)
pea
t)
sett
ing
co
de
29
Bog
at
Sm
ith
Bro
ok
Pon
d,
90
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
90,0
00
IIA
6b
T7
R3
WE
LS
(Dud
ley
'IWp.
),
5 fe
et
How
e B
roo
k a
nd
Sm
yrn
a M
ills
15
m
inu
te Q
uad
-ra
ng
les,
A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
30
Bog
2 m
iles
n
ort
h o
f 12
5 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
125,
000
IIA
6c
Cry
stal
an
d
1 m
ile
wes
t o
f 5
feet
ju
nct
ion
of
Cry
stal
Bro
ok
an
d F
ish
Str
eam
, C
ryst
al
~
Tw
p.,
Sh
erm
an
15 m
inu
te
l.O
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k
Co
un
ty
31
Th
ou
san
d A
cre
Bog
, 1,
125
wit
h a
n
aver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
2,25
0,00
0 II
A8
Cry
stal
and
S
her
man
Tw
ps.,
10
fe
et
Sh
erm
an
15 m
inu
te Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
32
Sw
amps
an
d s
mal
l h
eath
s 1,
936
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
3,87
2,00
0 II
A8
sou
thea
st
of
Ban
go
r an
d
10
feet
A
roo
sto
ok
Rai
lro
ad b
etw
een
C
ryst
al
and
Sh
erm
an
Sta
tio
ns,
S
her
man
an
d C
ryst
al
'!Wps
., S
her
man
15
m
inu
te Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
33
Bog
at
Car
ibo
u L
ake,
36
5 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
730,
000
IIA
9c
Isla
nd
Fal
ls '
IWp.
an
d
10
feet
T
3 R
4 W
EL
S,
Mat
taw
amke
ag
Lak
e 15
m
inu
te Q
uad
-ra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
Tab
le
3.
Co
nti
nu
ed.
Acr
es
of
com
mer
cial
qu
alit
y p
eat
Est
imat
ed r
e-
(pea
t at
least
5
feet
th
ick
wit
h
sou
rces
(s
ho
rt
Dep
osi
t as
h c
on
ten
t n
ot
exce
edin
g
ton
s air
-dri
ed
G
eolo
gic
N
umbe
r L
oca
tio
n
25
perc
en
t)
pea
t)
sett
ing
co
de
34
Bog
alo
ng
B
rale
y B
rook
, 16
0 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
256,
000
IIA
6b
T2
R4
WE
LS,
M
atta
wam
keag
8
feet
L
ake
15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
3S
Bog
at
Orc
utt
B
roo
k,
320
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
640,
000
IIA
6b
Gle
nwoo
d P
lan
tati
on
, 10
fe
et
Mat
taw
amke
ag L
ake
15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
36
Bog
s at
Fli
nn
P
ond,
B
ene-
250
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
S00
,000
II
A9c
d
icta
'IW
p.
and
Tl
RS
WE
LS,
10
fe
et
Sh
erm
an a
nd
Mat
taw
amke
ag
l S m
inu
te Q
uad
ran
gle
s,
N
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
0
37
Bog
s al
on
g L
ittl
e M
olun
kus
320
wit
h a
n a
ver
age
thic
kn
ess
of
320,
000
IIA
6b
Str
eam
, T
l R
S W
EL
S,
5 fe
et
Mat
taw
amke
ag 1
5 m
inu
te
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k
Co
un
ty
38
Bog
alo
ng
Wym
an
Bro
ok
, 20
0 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
400,
000
IIA
6b
Tl
RS
WE
LS,
M
atta
wam
keag
10
fe
et
lS
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
39
Bog
at
Tho
mps
on D
eadw
ater
, 13
0 of
wh
ich
80
have
an
av
erag
e 16
2,00
0 II
A6b
T
2 R
4 W
EL
S,
Tl
R4
WE
LS
thic
kn
ess
of
7 fe
et
and
50
have
(U
pp
er M
olu
nk
us
Tw
p.),
an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s of
5
feet
an
d R
eed
Pla
nta
tio
n,
Mat
taw
amke
ag L
ake
and
W
yto
pit
lock
15
min
ute
Q
uad
ran
gle
s, A
roo
sto
ok
C
ou
nty
Tab
le 3
. C
on
tin
ued
.
Acr
es o
f co
mm
erci
al q
ual
ity
pea
t E
stim
ated
re-
(pea
t at
least
5 f
eet
thic
k w
ith
so
urc
es
(sh
ort
D
epo
sit
ash
co
nte
nt
no
t ex
ceed
ing
to
ns
air
-dri
ed
G
eolo
gic
N
umbe
r L
oca
tio
n
25
perc
en
t)
pea
t)
sett
ing
cod
e
40
Bog
s al
on
g M
acw
ahoc
24
0 w
ith
an
av
erag
e th
ick
ness
of
480,
000
IIA
5 S
trea
m n
ear
Cla
y B
luff
, 10
fe
et
Tl
R4
WEL
S (U
pp
er M
olun
kus
Tw
p.),
W
yto
pit
lock
15
m
inu
te Q
uad
ran
gle
, A
roo
sto
ok
Co
un
ty
41
Bog
s al
on
g M
acw
ahoc
80
0 o
f w
hic
h 7
00
have
an
av
erag
e 1,
500,
000
IIA
6b
Str
eam
at
jun
ctio
n w
ith
th
ick
ness
of
10
feet
an
d
100
have
Ju
nip
er B
roo
k a
nd
at
Ree
d an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s of
5
feet
rv
D
eadw
ater
, T
l R
4 W
ELS
I-'
(Up
per
Mo
lun
ku
s T
wp.
an
d
No
rth
Yar
mo
uth
Aca
dem
y G
ran
t),
Wy
top
itlo
ck
15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k C
ou
nty
42
Bog
ad
jace
nt
to C
ross
un
tic
160
of
wh
ich
80
have
an
av
erag
e 36
8,00
0 II
A6b
S
trea
m,
Mac
wah
oc a
nd
th
ick
ness
of
15
feet
an
d 8
0 h
ave
Kin
gm
an T
wp
s.,
Wy
top
itlo
ck
an
av
erag
e th
ick
nes
s o
f 8
·fee
t 15
min
ute
Qu
adra
ng
le,
Aro
ost
oo
k a
nd
P
eno
bsc
ot
Co
un
ties
REFERENCES
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1969, 02607-69, Standard classification of peats, mosses, humus, and related products: 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103, l p.
Bastin, E. S., and Davis, C. A., 1909, Peat Deposits of Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 376, 127 p.
Cameron, C. C., 1975, Some Peat Deposits in Washington and Southeastern Aroostook Counties, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1317-C, 40 p.
Cameron, C. C., 1983, Environmental classification of the peat deposits in the wetlands of Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 83-413, 15 p.
Cameron, C. C., in press, Geology of peat deposits as it affects the exploitation of the economic commodity: Proceedings of the 7th International Peat Congress, Dublin, Ireland; June 1984.
Cameron, C. C., in preparation, Sketch maps, sections and laboratory analyses of peat resources in deposits in Aroostook, Penobscot and Piscataquis Counties, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report.
Cameron, C. C., and Anderson, W. A., 1979, ·some peat deposits in Penobscot County, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 79-1096, 31 p.
Cameron, C. C., and Anderson, W. A., 1980a, Peat resources of the Great Heath, Washington County, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 80-379, 31 p.
Cameron, C. C., and Anderson, W. A., 1980b, Some peat deposits in northern Penobscot, eastern Piscataquis, and eastern Aroostook Counties, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 80-718, 47 p.
Cameron, C. C., Lepage, C. A., Anderson, W. A., and Davis, J., 1982, Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program: 1980 Field Season: Maine Geol. Survey Open-File Report 82-8, 167 p.
Cameron, C. C., and Massey, W. D., 1978, Some peat deposits in northern Hancock County, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 78-210, 18 p.
Cameron, C. C., and Mullen, M. K., 1982, Sketch maps, sections and laboratory analyses of peat resources in and near Piscataquis and Somerset Counties and northeastern Aroostook County, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 82-454, 159 p.
22
Cameron, C. C., and Mullen, M. K., 1983, Sketch maps, sections and laboratory analyses of peat resources in deposits of southern and western Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 83-18, 139 p.
Cameron, C. C., and Mullen, M. K., 1984, Sketch maps, sections and laboratory analyses of peat resources in deposits in eastern Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 84-394, 153 p.
Davis, J., and Anderson, W., 1980, Maine Peat Resource Evaluation Program: 1979 Field Season: Maine Geol. Survey Open-File Report 80-5, 94 p.
Olson, D. J., Malterer, T. J., Mellem, D. R., Levelling, B., and Tome, E. J., 1979, Inventory of peat resources in S.W. St. Louis County, Minnesota: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Peat Inventory Project, 7 6 p.
Osberg, P. H., Hussey, A. M., and Boone, G. M., in press, Bedrock Geologic Map of Maine, scale 1 :500,000: Maine Geological Survey.
Soper, E. K., and Osbon, E. C., 1922, The occurrence and uses of peat in the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 728, 207 p.
Stuiver, M., and Borns, H. W., Jr., 1975, Late Quaternary marine invasion in Maine: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 86, p. 99-104.
Thompson, W. B., and Borns, H. W., Jr., in press, Surficial Geologic Map of Maine, scale 1: 500, 000: Maine Geological Survey.
Trefethen, J. M., and Bradford, R. B., 1944, Domestic Fuel Possibilities of Maine Peat: Maine Geol. Survey Bull. 1, 47 p.
Visher, S. S., 1954, Climate atlas of the United States: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 403 p.
23
24
z m :i! :c )> $
SOMERSET
FRANKLIN
Jl .OXFORD :c jj m
9 10 9 9
AROOSTOOK 9
11 149 J6
139~ •17
12•
19- 920 • 921
,..._9.._'B--229 923
924 927
PISCAT AOUIS
925 928
26
36 9
37 •
Figure 3.
029
z m :i! OJ JJ c z (fJ
:i! ()
="
WASHINGTON
Index map showing the locations of 42 areas containing one or more peat deposits surveyed in Aroostook County. Glaciomarine sediments deposited during the recession of the last ice sheet occur within the shaded area (after Thompson and Borns, in press).
25
eQ
N
I 0 2,000
Feet
EXPLANATION
Open heath; peat averages 8 feet thick
Open heath; peat averages 5 feet thick
Glacial drift
Location and number of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres Average thickness
(feet)
8 s
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
Geologic setting code: IIA6d
230 130 360
368,000 130,000 498,000
Figure 4. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog between Mud Lake and Cross Lake, Tl 7 RS WELS, Square Lake 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 1 on Index Map).
Figure s. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog southwest of Cross Lake and north of Black Brook, Tl7 RS WELS and Tl6 RS WELS, Square Lake lS minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 2 on Index Map).
28
I a m WJ
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Sample number
79-720 79-721 79-722 79-723 79-724 79-725 79-726
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
EXPLANATION OF CORES
Sand 00 Core number
Clayey peat and peaty clay
[]
[ill Rock and gravel Number of sample . . 00-0000 and location in core
Figure 6. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog between Square Lake and Eagle Lake, T16 RS WELS, Square Lake 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 3 on Index Map).
30
I II ml w
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Sample number
79-750 79-751 79-754 79-756 79-759
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Figure 8. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Little Black Brook Lake, Caswell Plantation, Van Buren 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 5 on Index Map).
34
I II m w
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
2 3
I 80-440
80-441
m
80-442
EXPLANATION OF CORES
00 Sand
Rock and gravel
Core number
Number of sample 00-0000 and
location in core
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Sample number
*80-440 80-441 80-442
Percent water as received
89.2 89.6 90.5
Percent dry weight
matter
68.0 65.2 66.2
carbon
30.6 32 .6 29.6
4.98 4.60 5. 16
*Bag torn; moisture content not accurate,
Figure 8. Continued.
35
56.66 58.85 55.53
1.40 1.32 1.95
0.14 0. 19 0.44
Heating value
(BTU/lb)
9,648 9,947 9,595
0 2,000
Feet
Geo
log
ic se
tting
cod
e: II A
l
Fig
ure
9.
ESTIMA
TED PEA
T RESO
UR
CES
A.cres
Average
thick
ness
(feet)
Air-d
ried
weig
ht
(sho
rt to
ns)
235 74
309
8 5
• [TiillillJJ] . . . . . . .
•0
Sk
etch m
ap, co
res, an
d sam
ple an
alyses
of bo
gs b
etween
Deer
and
Mud
Lak
es, Casw
ell Plan
tation
, V
an B
uren
15
min
ute
Qu
adran
gle, A
roo
stoo
k C
ou
nty
, M
aine (N
um
ber 6 o
n In
dex
Map).
376,000 74,000
450,000
EXPLA
NA
TION
Mo
stly o
pen
heath
; p
eat averag
es 8 fe
et
thic
k
Op
en and fo
rested
heath
; p
eat averag
es 5 feet
thick
Bed
rock
and
gla
cia
l d
rift
Lo
cation
and
nu
mb
er o
f co
re
\0
M
Feel o
5
1 o
15
20
25
30
35
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
- -2 3
I 80-437
80-438
80-439
::::::
·:::::
EXPLANATION OF CORES
-
n lJ
f.l ~
4
:::::::
Sand
Rock and gravel
-- - - - -5 6
1·•-434 I 80-436 80-438
.
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE
Percent Percent dr;;L wei'.i!ht Percent Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon number received matter carbon
Open and forested heath; peat averages 6 feet thick
Open and forested heath; peat 0-3 feet thick
Bedrock and glacial drift; some muck
Location and number of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres Average
45
thickness (feet)
6
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
54,000
Figure 10. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog northwest of Pierce Lake and west of Route 165, Caswell Plantation, Fort Fairfield 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 7 on Index Map).
38
I II ffil 00
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Open and forested heath; peat averages 5 feet thick
Bedrock and glacial drift
Location and number of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres Average
27 17 44
thickness (feet)
10 5
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
54,000 17,000 71,000
Figure 11. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog 2 miles northeast of Limestone on United States-Canada border, Limestone Twp., Fort Fairfield 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 8 on Index Map).
40
EXPLANATION OF CORES
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
ITJ Sand
00 Core number
I II Clayey peat and peaty clay IJ Rock and gravel ~ Number of sample
00-0000 and location in core
m fill Clay and silt
--- ---Feet 2 3 4
0
I 5 '
10 ~ I .
15 ... :,.\
20
25
30
35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent Percent dr:z: weight Sample water as volatile Fixed !\Sh number received matter carbon
----------------------------------80-422 88.9 67.2 31. 5 1.3 80-424 86 .1 63.4 31. l 5,5 80-425 89.9 12.1 26.6 l. 3 80-426 90.S 69.1 29 .8 l. l 80-427 89.6 53.2 21. 2 25.6
--- -------5 6 7 8 Feet
I 0
80-425 1·•-4" 5
80-426 80-424 . 10
80-427 . ,,.'.
15
20
25
30
35
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent dr:L weight . Heating Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value
Figure 12. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Bog Lake, Tl4 RS WELS, Portage 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 9 on Index Map).
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES Open and forested heath; peat averages 5 feet thick Acres
245
Average thickness
(feet)
5
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
245,000
Glacial drift and bedrock
•0 Location and number of core
Geologic setting code: IIA6b
Figure 13. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along inlet to Salmon Brook Lake, Perham Twp., Caribou 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 10 on Index Map).
44
N
[ 2,000
I II E:m w
Feet 0
5
10
EXPLANATION OF CORES
00 Core number Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
EJ Sand
I] Rock and gravel It 00-0000 N'mb••,;J ""m''' It location in core
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I,,_,., ~:~::: t·-"· l;::::. J::~::: ~!:~~~ 19~772 f I !=marl 9 773
··· ,,, marl 79-774
··· marl
Feet 0
5
10
1 5 1 5
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent Percent drx wei9ht Percent drx wei9ht Heating Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)
Figure 14. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Burpee Brook, Tl3 RS WELS and Ashland 'IWp., Ashland 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 11 on Index Map).
Open and partly open heath; peat averages 12 feet thick
Bedrock and glacial drift
•O Location and number of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres
280
Average thickness
(feet)
12
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
672,000
0
Feet
N
I
Geologic setting code:
Figure 15. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Dead Brook between Pratt Lake Stream and Rowe Lake, Tll R9 WELS, Mooseleuk Lake 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 12 on Index Map).
48
2,000
,j l
i
IIA6b
I I Em !:ill
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
Feet 0
5
1 0
1 5
20
25
30
35
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Figure 16. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog 0.8 miles north of Big Machias Lake and 1 mile southwest of Clayton Lake, Tl2 RB WELS, Mooseleuk Lake 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 13 on Index Map).
Figure 17. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along east inlet of Clayton Lake and southwest of Bald Mountain, Tl2 R8 WELS, Greenlaw 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 15 on Index Map).
54
I Bl lli1
. .
Feet 0
5
10
15
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
1 2
l 9-402 l 79-408 9-404
9-406 79-412 9-413
~
3
EXPLANATION OF CORES
9-419
79-423
00 Core number 10 Sand
8J Rock and gravel rt 00-0000 "'•'"', ~J ,,.,,, It location in core
Percent Percent dry weisht Percent dry weisht Heating Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)
Figure 19. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs east of Chandler Deadwater, T9 R8 WELS, Grand Lake Seboeis 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 18 on Index Map).
60
I RI ITT w
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
EXPLANATION OF CORES
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum tor commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
2 3
··:· ~::. 79-323
9-310
Fl LJ
ill] ' .
4
Sand
Rock and gravel
5 6
79-331
79-332
:·:·:
00 Core number
It 00-0000 N'mb".~; HmO" It location in core
7
79-336
79-337
79-339 :·:·:
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35 35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent Percent dry weisht Percent dry weisht Heating Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)
Open and forested heath; peat averages 8 feet thick
Forested heath; peat 0-5 feet thick
Glacial drift
•0 Location and number of core
Geologic setting code: IIA6d
Brook
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres Average
80
thickness (feet)
8
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
128,000
Figure 20. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog south of Shields Brook, TIO R6 WELS, Ashland 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 19 on Index Map).
62
I II ml Wl
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
Sample number
79-777 79-778 79-779 79-780 79-781 79-782
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
1 2
l:~::: ~:~::: 1~9-782 .. 9-779
EXPLANATION OF CORES
rn rm . .
Sand
Rock and gravel
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent dry weight
00 Core number
rt 00-0000 N"m'",:j ,.m,I• It location in core
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent dry weight
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
Percent water as received
Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Heating value
Figure 21. Sketch map, core, and sample analyses of bog 2.5 miles northwest of Masardis, Masardis Twp., Ashland 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 20 on Index Map).
64
I II ml . .
Sample number
79-775 79-776
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
EXPLANATION OF CORES
CJ 8J . .
Sand
Rock and gravel
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent dry weight
00 Core number
rt 00-0000 """'••,~~ '"mo'• It location in core
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
Percent water as received
Volatile Fixed Ash Percent dr¥ weight
Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Heating
value (BTU/lb) pH"
4.oo 4.57
87.5 88.80
matter
70.l
carbon
28.5 1.4 3,43
Figure 21. Continued.
65
61. 5 10,745
• . .
-. . . .
PG
Sl
L2
2d
M:~~:~::J
•O
EX
PLA
NA
TIO
N
Open h
eath;
peat
averag
es 10
feet th
ick
Op
en h
eath;
peat
averag
es 7 feet
thick
Sw
amp;
peat av
erages
5 feet th
ick
Glacial d
rift and
b
edro
ck;
som
e shallo
w
peat
Lo
cation
and nu
mb
er o
f co
re
EST
IMA
TE
D PE
AT
R
ESO
UR
CE
S
Acres
Average
thick
ness
(feet)
185 10
70 7
70 5
325
Air-d
ried
weig
ht
(sho
rt ton
s)
370,000 98,000 70,000
538,000
N I
0 2,000
Feet
Geo
log
ic settin
g co
de:
IIA6b
Fig
ure 2
2.
Sk
etch m
ap, co
res, an
d sam
ple an
alyses o
f bo
g alo
ng
B
lackw
ater Riv
er no
rth o
f Cran
berry
Pond,
TIO
R
4 W
EL
S (S
qu
apan
Tw
p.), O
xbow
15 m
inu
te Qu
adran
gle, A
roo
stoo
k C
ou
nty
, M
aine (N
um
ber 21
on Ind
ex M
ap).
l.O
l.O
I II ml . .
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
EXPLANATION OF CORES
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
2 3
79-193 79-196 79-197
ITO
ill] . .
4
Sand
Rock and gravel
79-200
79-201
5 6
I ..
00 Core number
rt 00-0000 ., ..... ~~ , •• ,,, It location in core
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMl'.TE ANALYSIS
Percent Percent dr;i!: wei9ht P•3rcent dr;i!: weight Heating Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)
Figure 23. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Haul ton WELS, Oxbow 15 minute Quadrangle,
(Number 22 on Index Map). Brook deadwater, T9 RS Aroostook County, Maine
68
I II ml . . Feet
0
5
10
15
20
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
2 3
79-168
:·:·: :-:·:
EXPLANATION OF CORES
tJ Sand
t1'.J Rock and gravel
O O C ore nu m.b er
r+ oo-oooo N•mb°'•~~ umol• It location in core
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25 25
30 30
35 35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent Percent drl'. weisht Percent dr~ wei2ht Heating Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)
Swamp; peat 0-5 feet thick; glacial drift and bedrock
•O Location and number of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres Average
50
thickness (feet)
8
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
80,000 Geologic setting code: IIA2
Figure 24. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog east of Route 11 and northwest of Hall Brook, T9 RS WELS, Oxbow 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 23 on Index Map).
Percent Percent dr:i:: weisht Percent dr~ weisht Heating Sample water as Volatl.le Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon N1trogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)
Open and partly open heath; peat averages 10 feet thick
Open heath; peat averages 6 feet thick
Glacial drift and bedrock
Location and number of core
0 2,000
Feet
N
I
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres Average thickness
(feet)
10 6
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
Geologic setting code: IIA6b
140 320 460
280,000 384,000 664,000
Figure 26. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Smith Pond, TS RS WELS, Oxbow 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook cOunty, Maine (Number 25 on Index Map).
74
Feet 0
5
10
15
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
2 3
79-600
:·:·
EXPLANATION OF CORES
n u
8J ' .
4
Sand
Rock and gravel
5 6
179-612
79-613 .
00 Core number
n- 00-0000 ., ..... ~: ,,.,,, It location in core
7 Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent Percent drx weisht Percent dri'. weisht Heating Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)
Figure 28. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Upper Deadwater on Howe Brook, TS R4 WELS (St. Croix 'IWp.), Howe Brook 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 27 on Index Map).
78
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Figure 29. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs at Lower Deadwater on Howe Brook, T8 R4 WELS (St. Croix 'IWp.), Howe Brook 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 28 on Index Map).
80
EXPLANATION OF CORES
00 Core number
I II m m:J
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
Sand
Rock and gravel rt 00-0000 "' mb ", ~ J ''mo'' It location in core
Figure 30. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Smith Brook Pond, T7 R3 WELS (Dudley 'IWp.), Howe Brook and Smyrna Mills 15 minute Quadrangles, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 29 on Index Map).
82
EXPLANATION OF CORES
00 Core number Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
!ill]
BJ . .
Sand
Rock and gravel r+ 00-0000 ""m"".~J umol• It location in core
Figure 31. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog 2 miles north of Crystal and 1 mile west of junction of Crystal Brook and Fish Stream, Crystal Twp., Sherman 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 30 on Index Map).
84
IIA6c
I I 00 SJ
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Sample number
79-783 79-784 79-785 79-786
EXPLANATION OF CORES
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
1 2 3
l•-783 t•-7•< l79-785 :·:-:· 7 9 - 7 8 6
IE] Sand
BJ Rock and gravel
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent dry weight
00 Core number
rt 00-0000 ""m'".~J ••mo" It location in core
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Feet 0
5
1 0
1 5
20
25
30
35
Percent water as received
Volatile Fixed Ash Percent dr¥ weight
Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Heating
value (BTU/lb) pH
4.70 5.52 4.69 3.01
84.77 86.5 as.so 89.09
matter
67.8
carbon
27.9 6.85 4.3 3.80
31.03
5.7
Figure 31. Continued.
85
59.l 1.9 0.2 10,299
N
I 0 2,000
Feet
•0
EXPLANATION
Open and forested heath; peat averages 10 feet thick
Glacial drift and bedrock
Location and number of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres
365
Average thickness
(feet)
10
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
730,000
-0 ro 0
0::
Geologic setting code: IIA9c
Figure 32. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Caribou Lake, Islam Falls 'IWPo, and T3 R4 WELS, Mattawamkeag Lake 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 33 on Index Map).
86
EXPLANATION OF CORES
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
00 Core number Sand I
II Clayey peat and peaty clay
[]
rm . Rock and gravel It 00-0000 N"m'",~~ umo" It location in core .
Figure 33. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Braley Brook, T2 R4 WELS, Mattawamkeag Lake 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 34 on Index Map).
88
EXPLANATION OF CORES
00 Core number Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
!ill Sand
8J Rock and gravel r+ oo-oooo N'mb••.~J umol• It location in core
Bedrock and glacial drift; some peat 0-5 feet thick at each end of bog
• O Location and nu mt.er of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres Average thickness
(feet)
320 10
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
640,000 Geologic setting code: IIA6b
Figure 34. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Orcutt Brook, Glenwood Plantation, Mattawamkeag Lake 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 35 on Index Map).
90
I II £:!:l w
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
- - - - - -Feet 2 3
0
5
82-143
10
15
20
25
30 ........ .·>
35
EXPLANATION OF CORES
-
Fl u Fl tiJ
4
...
Sand
Rock and gravel
5
':.:
00 Core number
Number of sample 00-0000 and
location in core
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Sample number
82-142 82-143 82-144 82-145
Percent water as received
91.9 91.6 92.0
Percent dry weight Volatile Fixed Ash matter
66.4 62.6 66.2
carbon
31.9 33,7 31.5
1.7 3.7 2.3
15.01
4.62 3.89 4.70
56.24 55,35 56.69
Figure 34. Continued.
91
1.44 1.53 l.71
0.14 0.30 0.23
Heating value
(BTU/lb)
9,531 9,120 9,630
EXPLANATION
Heath; peat averages 10 feet thick
Glacial drift and bedrock
•O Location and number of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres
250
Average thickness
(feet)
10
0
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
500,000
N
f 2,000
Feet
Geologic setting code: IIA9c
Figure 35. of bogs at Flinn Pond, Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses Benedicta 'I\vp. and Tl RS WELS, Sherman and minute Quadrangles, Aroostook County, Maine Index Map).
Figure 36. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs along Little Molunkus Stream, Tl RS WELS, Mattawamkeag 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 37 on Index Map).
94
FSTTI t2Jjjjj
•O
EXPLANATION
Heath, marsh, and swamp; peat averages 5 feet thick
Swamp; peat 0-5 feet thick
Glacial drift and bedrock
Location and number of core
I II ml . . Feet
0
5
1 0
1 5
20
25
30
35
Sample number
73-533 73-534 73-535 73-537 73-538 73-539 82-170
EXPLANATION OF CORES
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
2 3
73-537 t82-170 3-538
73-539
[] Sand
8J Rock and gravel
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent dry weight
00 Core number
It 00-0000 "'m'".:~ ••mol• It location in core
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
Percent water as received
Volatile Fixed Ash Percent dry weight
Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Heating
value (BTU/lb) pH matter
88.5 58.2
carbon
29.7
12.l 22 .9 97.3 10.7 8.S
35.3 12.l 3.9
Figure 36. Continued.
95
51.9 2.0 o.5 8,851
0 2,000
Feet
EXPLANATION
Heath; peat averages 10 feet thick
Glacial drift and bedrock
•0 Location and number of core
ESTIMATED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres
200
Average thickness
(feet)
10
Geologic setting code:
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
400,000
IIA6b
N
t
Figure 37. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog along Wyman Brook, Tl RS WELS, Mattawamkeag 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 38 on Index Map).
96
I II I . . Feet
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
EXPLANATION OF CORES
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum
for commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
2 3
179-53
79-54
79-45
79-43
n u Fl GJ
4
Sand
Rock and gravel
5 6
79-64
79-67
00 Core number
r+ 00-0000 "'m"',~j umo'• It location in core
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35 35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent Percent drl weisht Percent dr~ weisht Heating Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)
Figure 38. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog at Thompson Deadwater, T2 R4 WELS, Tl R4 WELS (Upper Molunkus 'IWp.), and Reed Plantation, Mattawamkeag Lake and Wytopitlock 15 minute Quadrangles, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 39 on Index Map).
98
EXPLANATION OF CORES
00 Core number
I II fill . .
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum for commercial Quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
[ill Sand
8] Rock and gravel It 00-0000 "'.'".i; ... ,,, It location in core
Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bogs along Macwahoc Stream at junction with Juniper Brook and at Reed Deadwater, Tl R4 WELS (Upper Molunkus Twp. and North Yarmouth Academy Grant), Wytopitlock 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook County, Maine (Number 41 on Index Map).
102
,,
. . . . . . .
• . . . . . . .
eO
EXPLANATION
Heath; peat averages 10 feet thick
Heath; peat averages 5 feet thick
Heath and marsh; peat 0-5 feet thick
Glacial drift
Location and number of core
ESTIMA:TED PEAT RESOURCES
Acres Average thickness
(feet)
700 10 100 5 800
Air-dried weight
(short tons)
1,400,000 100,000
1,500,000
Figure 40. Continued.
103
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
Feet 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum tor commercial quality peat
Figure 41. Sketch map, cores, and sample analyses of bog adjacent to Crossuntic Stream, Macwahoc and Kingman Twps., Wytopitlock 15 minute Quadrangle, Aroostook and Penobscot Counties, Maine (Number 42 on Index Map).
106
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
Peat, ash content less than the 25 percent maximum tor commercial quality peat
Clayey peat and peaty clay
Clay and silt
2 3
EXPLANATION OF CORES
LJ Sand
[iJ Rock and gravel
00 Core number
~ Number of sample 00-0000 and
location in core
Feet 0
5
10
1 5
20
25
30 30
35 35
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Percent Percent dr):'. weis:ht Percent dr~ wei:iht Heating Sample water as Volatile Fixed Ash Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur value number pH received matter carbon (BTU/lb)