Pearland Independent School District · Web viewComposed of a _____ (a simple sugar) with one, two, or three _____, to make mono-, di-, and triglycerides Phospholipids Are similar

Name: _______________________________________________________ Period: ____________ Date: _________________________

CHAPTER 2: CELLS and TISSUES

2.1: Molecules of Life

· An almost countless number of different types of molecules exists in the human body.

· Biochemistry is ______________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

· Many chemicals important for life are organic molecules.

· Organic molecules always contain _________________________________________________________.

· They usually contain ___________________________________, as well as ___________________________________, _________________________________, _______________________________, and other elements

· Major classes of large organic molecules in the body include:

· ________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________

Carbohydrates

· These are also known as saccharides, they are “_________________________________________” molecules

· Simple carbohydrates

· ______________________________________

· Complex carbohydrates

· _______________________________________

· The main function of carbohydrates in the body is _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

· The body can quickly utilize this fuel to _______________________________________________________

Proteins

· Proteins are large biological molecules made of __________________________________________________________

· There are 20 common amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins

· Amino acids are linked together by ______________________________________________________

· Long chains of amino acids are called ____________________________________________

· The structure and shape of a protein is organized into the following levels:

· _______________________________________________

· _______________________________________________

· _______________________________________________

· _______________________________________________

· Proteins have many functions in the body including acting as:

· Structural elements: _________________________________________________________________________________

· Enzymes: salivary amylase found in saliva, _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Lipids

· Lipids are _____________________________, ________________________________ and related molecules.

· Fatty acids:

· ______________________________________________________

· Glycerides

· Composed of a _____________________________________________ (a simple sugar) with one, two, or three ________________________________________, to make mono-, di-, and triglycerides

· Glycerides are _______________________________________________________________ in the body.

· Phospholipids

· Are similar to glycerides with a _____________________________________________ and a _________________________________________________________

· As a result, phospholipids in a watery environment tend to form ______________________ Ex. ___________________________________________________

· Steroids

· have a structure different from other lipids

· have the ___________________________________________ but differ in the attached side groups

· Three well-known steroid molecules—________________________________________, ________________________________________, and ___________________________________

Nucleic Acids

· Nucleic acids are key _________________________________________________________________

· They are chains of ________________________________________________

· The two kinds of nucleic acids found in cells are:

· __________________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

· is a nucleotide composed of ________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

· This is an _______________________________________________________________________________________

Water

· Water makes up about two-thirds of the mass of the human body.

· Hydrogen bonding

· These are relatively ___________________________________________ and are responsible for several biologically important properties of water such as solvent properties

· Good solvent

· _________________________________________________________________________________________________

· pH

· A small fraction of water molecules in solution dissociate to make _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________--

2.2: Anatomy and Physiology of Cells

· The cells of the human body are surrounded by extracellular fluid, which is mostly water, and an extracellular matrix.

· Plasma membrane makes up the shell of the cell

· _______________________________________________________________________________________________

· Cytoplasm

· _______________________________________________________________________________________________

· Nucleus

· ______________________________________________________________

Plasma Membrane Components

· This is a phospholipid bilayer which contains _____________________________________ and a variety of ______________________________ including _________________________________________ which allow water or small, charged particles such as sodium, to pass into or out of the cell.

Membrane Transport

· Membrane transport is the movement of substances ____________________________________________________ which can occur on one of two ways:

· Passive transport

· ________________________________________________________

· Usually involves ________________________________ – movement of a substance from ________________________________________________________________________________

· Active transport

· ______________________________________________________________

· Involves the movement of a substance from _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

· sodium-potassium pump found in neuron membranes used to move Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell

Cytoskeleton

· The cytoskeleton _____________________________________________________________

· The cytoskeleton contains three types of long fibers:

· Microfilaments:

· the thinnest of these fibers, especially _____________________________________________________

· Intermediate filaments:

· give the cell strength to _______________________________________________________________

· Microtubules:

· help to ________________________________ and ___________________________ chromosomes during _________________________________________________

Organelles in the Cytoskeleton

· Microvilli

· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

· Cilia

· hair-like projections that actively ____________________________________________________ to _______________________________________________________________________________________

· Centrioles

· The centrioles __________________________________________________________________ and ________________________________________________________________________________________

· Mitochondria

· tubular- shaped structures in the cytoplasm of cells responsible for _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

· ____________________________________________________________________

· Golgi Apparatus

· The Golgi is __________________________________________________________________, usually between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane of the cell.

· Forms small vesicles ________________________________________________________________________________

· Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum

· Ribosomes are ____________________________________________________________________________________

· Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a ___________________________________________ in the cytoplasm connected to the nuclear envelope

· Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it and _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

· Smooth ER has no ribosomes; it is a site ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

· The Nucleus

· The nucleus is enclosed by __________________________________________________________

· Contains the cells __________________________________________________ – DNA, some RNA and proteins

· The nucleolus is an area in the nucleus where ____________________________________________________

· DNA, RNA, and Proteins

· The sequence of bases in DNA contains the _______________________________________________________ and __________________________________________________________________

· The production of RNA from DNA is called _______________________________________________

· The production of Proteins from RNA is called ___________________________________________

Life Cycle of a Cell

· Most cells do not have a long-life span

· Intestinal cells have a life span of _______________________________________________________

· Red blood cells live for _______________________________________________________________

· Many of the ______________________________ in your brain, on the other hand, are as old as you are.

· Cells must divide to make new cells for our bodies.

· Interphase: the cell performs its ___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________

· The mitotic phase: cell divides _____________________________________________________________________

· Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus and chromosomes

· ________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________

· Cytokinesis is ____________________________________________________________________, final step of cell division.

· Mitosis

· Prophase

· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

· Metaphase

· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

· Anaphase

· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

· Telophase

· _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

· Cancer

· Cancer is the _________________________________________________________________________________________

· grows __________________________________________

· grows __________________________________________________________

· does not ________________________________________________________________

· Cancer is caused by _____________________________________________________________________________

2.3: Tissues

Types of Tissues

· Tissues are groups of cells with a ______________________________________________ that join together to accomplish a ___________________________________________________

· Tissues in the body have been classified into four main types:

· _______________________________________________________

· _______________________________________________________

· _______________________________________________________

· _______________________________________________________

Epithelial Tissue

· These are tissues that ______________________________________________________________________________, they include epithelia and glands

· Glands secrete chemicals, either:

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· Epithelial tissues _____________________________________________________________________________________

· Their functions include:

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· All epithelial tissues have an inside and an outside

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· Epithelial Cell Shapes

· Epithelia are classified according to how __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

· Simple epithelia have a single layer of cells, and stratified epithelia have multiple layers.

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· Epithelial Cell Arrangement

· Example locations of the following tissues in the body:

· ______________________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________________

Connective Tissue

· Connective tissue is found throughout the body. Its functions include:

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· Extracellular fibers are an important part of connective tissue, determining the mechanical properties of the connective tissue.

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· Classes of Connective Tissue

· Connective tissue proper is in a wide variety of locations and has multiple functions

· There are two subtypes:

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· Loose Connective Tissue

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· Dense connective tissue

· ________________________________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________________________________

· ________________________________________________________________________________

· Cartilage

· ___________________________________________________________

· It is found on __________________________________________________________________

· Provides ________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________

· ____________________________________________ are cells that secrete the extracellular matrix of cartilage.

· There are 3 subtypes:

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· __________________________________________________

· Bone tissue (osseous tissue)

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· Blood

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· ______________________________________________________________________________

· Muscle tissue

· Types of Muscle Tissue

· Muscle tissue allow our bodies to move

· There are 3 kinds:

· ___________________________________________________________________

· ___________________________________________________________________

· ___________________________________________________________________

· Nerve Tissue

· Nerve tissue is a class of tissue that has the unique ability to convey information by electrical signaling.

· Central nervous system: ___________________________________________________________

· Peripheral nervous system: ________________________________________________________________

· Glial cells are _____________________________________________________________________

· Neurons are the _________________________________________________________ that generate, transmit, and receive electrical signals.