A. Manivannan Scientist (Genetics) Directorate of Maize Research Pearl Millet Origin, Domestication, Wild Species, Gene Pool and Genetic Resources
May 10, 2015
A. Manivannan Scientist (Genetics)
Directorate of Maize ResearchNew Delhi
Pearl Millet Origin, Domestication, Wild Species, Gene Pool and Genetic Resources
Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Tracheobionta Superdivision: Spermatophyta Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida Subclass: Commelinidae Order: Cyperales Family: Poaceae Genus: Pennisetum Species: glaucum
Taxonomical Classification of Pearl Millet
Pennisetum Sections (Stapf and C.E.Hubb) Gymnotrix (22 sp)Pennisetum (2 sp)Penicillaria (7 sp)Heterostachya (2 sp)Brevivalvula (3 sp)
Synonyms for Pennisetum glaucum, include Pennisetum typhoides, Pennisetum typhoidis, Pennisetum typhoideum, Pennisetum americanum, Setaria glauca, Setaria lutescens, Panicum americanum, and Panicum glaucum. but Pennisetum glaucum is the current officially accepted name.
Common names : bulrush millet, cat tail millet, candle millet, petit-millet
Basic sets X= 5,7,8,9Number range 2n= 10-72X=5 Lowest chromosome in P.ramosum ( 2n=2x=10)X=7P.glaucum (2n=2x=14)P.schweinfurthii (2n=2x=14) – Wild of Pearl milletP.purpureum (2n=4x=28) X=8P.massaicum (2n=16-32 )X=9All other species are having X=9Highest chromosome in P.tempisquense ( 2n=2x=72)
Annual, Perennial, Sexual , A sexual and Apomitic species
CHROMOSOME CLASSIFICATION
Species x 2n Reproductive behaviourPennisetum sect. Pennisetum† P. clandestinum 9 36 APO, SEXP. flaccidum 9 18, 36 APO, SEXP. foermeranum – –P. glaucum 7 14 SEXP. orientale 9 36, 45 APO, SEXP. purpureum 7 27, 28 APO, SEXP. setaceum 9 27, 54, 68 APOP. sieberianum – –P. villosum 9 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 APOP. violaceum 7 14 SEXPennisetum sect. Heterostachya† P. schweinfurthii 7 14 SEXP. squamulatum 7 54, 56 APOPennisetum sect. Brevivalvula†
P. pedicellatum 9
24, 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 45, 48, 53, 54 APO
P. polystachion subsp. polystachion 9
18, 24, 32, 36, 45, 48, 52, 53, 54, 56, 63, 78 APO
Chemisquy M A et al. Ann Bot 2010;106:107-130
Pennisetum spp Grouping
(a), P. alopecuroides (b), P. hohenackeri (c), P. mollissimum (d), P. mezianum (e), P. orientale (f), P. pedicelletum (g), P. polystachyon (h), P. purpurem
(i), P. ramosum (j), P. schweinfurthii (k), P. Setaceum (l), P. squamulatum (m)P. villosum
Hash et al., 2011
ORIGIN
4500 years old Fossil remenants of Pearl millet seed found at Tilemsi Valley- Mali
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Origin of Pennisetum spp
1. Ethiopian (N.I.Vailo,1949)
2. Niger (Murdock,1959)
3. Sahel zone(Harlan,1971)
4. High land of Sahara (Clarke,1964)
Fuller D Q Ann Bot 2007;100:903-924
Oumar et al., TAG, (2008) 117:489–497
Oumar et al., TAG, (2008) 117:489–497
Pearl millet cultivated samples formed a monophyletic group in the eco-geo- graphical phylogenetic tree and presented only onehomogeneous group in the principal component analysis.
Oumar et al., TAG, (2008) 117:489–497
Our phylogeny and principal component analysis showed that the wild plants from eastern Mali through north western Niger are the closest to the cultivated group.These wild populations span the area from the interior delta of Niger to the Air Mountains. This result suggests that the cradle of pearl millet domestication might be located somewhere in this rather large region. A previous study based on iso-enzyme suggested a most western origin of pearl millet domestication in Mauritania and Western Mali (Tostain 1992).
Mali and western Niger as the possible regions of domestication of pearl millet, but this result should be regarded with caution. Climate and human settlement have changed in Africa in the last 8,000 years
DOMESTICATION
Domesticated Millet Ear and spike let
Reduction in pedicle length
Non shattering involucar
Paired spikelets
Increased grain size
Reduction of bristle length and awn size
Domestication Syndrome In Pearl Millet
Domestication of Pearl millet
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Mono-culm of Domesticated Pearl Millet
Remigereau et al., 2011
DISTRIBUTION
A synoptic geography of early agricultural developments and precursors in Africa.
Fuller D Q Ann Bot 2007;100:903-924
Geographical Distribution of various important traits specific Germplams
GENE POOL
Primary Secondary Tertiary
P. glaucum subspp. glacum cultivars and landraces
P. purpureum All other species in the genus
P. glaucum subsp. Monodii ( Wild annual)
P. squamulatum
P. glaucum subsp. Stenostachyum ( Weedy form)
Gene Pool
C.Kole, 2011
Chinese Fountain Grass -Pennisetum alopecuroides
Pennisetum setaceum – Crimson Foundation Grass
Crimson fountain Grass- P. setaceum, Introduced to America from Arabic and Africa as a ornamental grass
Pennisetum setaceum
Pennisetum pedicellatum in ICRISAT Campus, Hyderabad, AP
Pennisetum villosum - Feathertop
Pennisetum ciliare
Pennisetum clandestinum- Kikuyu Grass
Kikuyu tribes of Kenya Introduced to America
Pennisetum orientale- Oriental Grass Nursery Garden
Pennisetum squamulatum
Pennisetum purpurem –Napier Grass
PGR
Rai et al., 1997
Germplasm collection at ICRISAT, Hyderabad
Agency Active collection
Base Collection
Accessions held in trust
ICRISAT, Hyderabad 21594 20343 21563
Backup collection at ICRISAT, Regional Station, Niamey, Niger
5205
Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV)
~1000
Wild Species Genes of Agronomic Importance (GAI)
P. orientale Pest resistance, Winter hardiness, Drought tolerance
P. glaucum ssp monodii Leaf spot resistance, Striga resistance
P. squamalatum Apospory-Specific Genomic Region (ASGR)
P. glaucum ssp. violaceum Av CMS, A4 CMS
P .pedicellatum, P.polystachion, P.schweinfurthii
Downy mildew resistance
Utilization of CRW
Pennisetum purpureum (Napier grass) rhizomatous & perennial P.purpureum is with desirable traits
Resistance to most of the pests and diseases
Vigorous growth
Outstanding forage yield potential
Bajra Napier- Forage value
P.glaucm X P.purpureum complex crosses are possible
Napier grass readily crosses with pearl millet and produces sterile triploid hybrids produces sterile triploid hybrids
FORAGE VALUE OF PEARL MILLET
Pca21 and Pca24, were identified to play a role during apomictic development in Pennisetum ciliare or Cenchrus ciliaris (Singh et al., 2007), although they can be inherited independently of the ASGR.
Apospory-Specific Genomic Region (ASGR)
Sequence conservation of tb 1ortholog in Course Cereal
Remigereau et al., 2011
Dwarfing Genes (d1, d2)
Thank You