Pearl Harbor Losses Casualties: Navy & Marine:Navy & Marine: –2117 dead –960 missing –876 wounded Army:Army: –226 dead –396 wounded 8 Battleships8 Battleships.

Pearl Harbor LossesPearl Harbor Losses

CasualtiesCasualties::

• Navy & Marine: Navy & Marine: – 2117 dead2117 dead– 960 missing960 missing– 876 wounded876 wounded

• Army: Army: – 226 dead226 dead– 396 wounded396 wounded

• 8 Battleships8 Battleships• 230 Aircraft230 Aircraft

Aftermath of Pearl HarborAftermath of Pearl Harbor• U.S. Pacific Battleship fleet effectively destroyedU.S. Pacific Battleship fleet effectively destroyed• Carriers survive and become new capital shipsCarriers survive and become new capital ships

– Submarines, repair facilities, and oil tanks also left Submarines, repair facilities, and oil tanks also left unharmedunharmed

– Result generally not anticipated by American naval Result generally not anticipated by American naval planners before Pearl Harborplanners before Pearl Harbor

– Naval tactics change to support carrier strikesNaval tactics change to support carrier strikes– Circular formations developed to protect carriersCircular formations developed to protect carriers

• U.S. declares war on JapanU.S. declares war on Japan• Hitler declares war on the U.SHitler declares war on the U.S• American public opinion changes in favor of warAmerican public opinion changes in favor of war

Continued Japanese AttacksContinued Japanese Attacks

• Malay Peninsula attacked - Dec 1941Malay Peninsula attacked - Dec 1941• Guam – Taken 10 Dec 1941Guam – Taken 10 Dec 1941• Wake Island - Taken 23 Dec 1941Wake Island - Taken 23 Dec 1941• Hong Kong – Attacked 25 Dec 1941Hong Kong – Attacked 25 Dec 1941• Thailand, Philippines, Borneo invaded in Dec 1941Thailand, Philippines, Borneo invaded in Dec 1941• Singapore - 15 February 1942Singapore - 15 February 1942• Indonesia - “Southern Resources Area”Indonesia - “Southern Resources Area”

– Now the Japanese had all of the oil they neededNow the Japanese had all of the oil they needed

• Further attacks? Further attacks? – Southwest Pacific: New Guinea and AustraliaSouthwest Pacific: New Guinea and Australia– Central Pacific and northern Pacific: Midway and Aleutian Central Pacific and northern Pacific: Midway and Aleutian

IslandsIslands

Pacific TheaterPacific Theater

Army Center for Military HistoryArmy Center for Military History

The PhilippinesThe Philippines

• Initial strike on 8 December Initial strike on 8 December 19411941 destroys U.S. aircraftdestroys U.S. aircraft

• General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur evacuates Manilaevacuates Manila– Retreats to Bataan Peninsula Retreats to Bataan Peninsula

and Corregidor Islandand Corregidor Island– 12 March - MacArthur 12 March - MacArthur

evacuates with family to evacuates with family to Australia under orders from Australia under orders from FDR in a Navy patrol boat FDR in a Navy patrol boat

– U.S. and Filipino forces U.S. and Filipino forces surrender on 6 May 1942 - surrender on 6 May 1942 - leads to the Bataan Death leads to the Bataan Death MarchMarch

I SHALL RETURN!I SHALL RETURN!

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

Govt. Archives PhotoGovt. Archives Photo

Govt. Archives PhotoGovt. Archives Photo

Fleet AdmiralFleet AdmiralErnest J. KingErnest J. King

• Commander in Chief, Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet (COMINC)U.S. Fleet (COMINC)

• Chief of Naval Chief of Naval Operations (March 1942)Operations (March 1942)

• Proponent of changing Proponent of changing previously agreed upon previously agreed upon “Germany First” strategy “Germany First” strategy and moving resources to and moving resources to the Pacific theatre of warthe Pacific theatre of war

Fleet AdmiralFleet AdmiralChester W. Chester W.

NimitzNimitz• Admiral Chester Admiral Chester

W. Nimitz relieves W. Nimitz relieves Kimmel as Kimmel as Commander in Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Chief, U.S. Pacific FleetFleet

• Includes North, Includes North, Central, and South Central, and South Pacific AreasPacific Areas

U.S. Defensive Organization/ PlansU.S. Defensive Organization/ Plans

• MacArthur - Commander in Chief Southwest Pacific MacArthur - Commander in Chief Southwest Pacific AreaArea– Australia, New Guineau, East Indies, and PhilippinesAustralia, New Guineau, East Indies, and Philippines– Fleet elements in this zone remained under Nimitz's controlFleet elements in this zone remained under Nimitz's control

• Controversial command structureControversial command structure– No common superior -- two separate wars in the PacificNo common superior -- two separate wars in the Pacific

• Overwhelming U.S. industrial and logistical superiorityOverwhelming U.S. industrial and logistical superiority– Allows divided command until forces converge on Allows divided command until forces converge on

Philippines in 1944Philippines in 1944• Post Pearl Harbor Primary Goal : Hold the LinePost Pearl Harbor Primary Goal : Hold the Line

– Guard lines of communication between Hawaii, Midway and Guard lines of communication between Hawaii, Midway and AustraliaAustralia

– Divert Japanese drive into East IndiesDivert Japanese drive into East Indies

Doolittle Raid on Tokyo- Apr 1942Doolittle Raid on Tokyo- Apr 1942

• Admiral “Bull” Halsey commands TF 16 - Admiral “Bull” Halsey commands TF 16 -

Hornet Hornet and and EnterpriseEnterprise

• Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle - B-Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle - B-

25 “Mitchells”25 “Mitchells”

• Early launch caused by sighting by Early launch caused by sighting by

Japanese picketsJapanese pickets

• Increase in American morale

• Erases Japanese resistance to

Yamamoto’s Midway plan

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea 4-8 May 1942 4-8 May 1942

• Japanese attempt to cut U.S. communications Japanese attempt to cut U.S. communications to Australia to Australia – Japanese sent a 2 carrier strike group into the Japanese sent a 2 carrier strike group into the

Coral Sea from the Eastern Solomons & an Coral Sea from the Eastern Solomons & an invasion force with an escort carrier invasion force with an escort carrier ShohoShoho

• Nimitz sent only available carriers, Nimitz sent only available carriers, LexingtonLexington & & YorktownYorktown to block Japanese advance under to block Japanese advance under Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher (Task Force 17)Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher (Task Force 17)

• Pure carrier engagement — first in history – Pure carrier engagement — first in history – Ships never saw each otherShips never saw each other

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea• Japanese carrier Japanese carrier ShohoShoho sunk sunk

– ZuikakuZuikaku and and ShokakuShokaku damaged damaged – Japanese tactical victoryJapanese tactical victory

– Took more killsTook more kills– LexingtonLexington sunk by torpedo and sunk by torpedo and YorktownYorktown badly badly

damageddamaged• U.S. strategic victoryU.S. strategic victory

– Japanese advance temporarily haltedJapanese advance temporarily halted– Result the of Battle of the Coral Sea:Result the of Battle of the Coral Sea: Yamamoto now Yamamoto now

believed that the American fleet had to be destroyed and believed that the American fleet had to be destroyed and pushed ahead his next offensive…Midwaypushed ahead his next offensive…Midway

Japanese Carrier Shokaku