Peacekeeping Humanitarian Intervention

PeacekeepingHumanitarian Intervention

War and use of force

• Definitions of war• New war, old war• Rise of the rest and war• The UN system and prohibition of war

Human Rights

• Civil and political• Social, economic and cultural• Solidarity

Russian-Chinese Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order, adopted in

Moscow on 23 April 1997

• 1. In a spirit of partnership, the Parties shall strive to promote the multipolarization of the world and the establishment of a new international order. The Parties believe that profound changes in international relations have taken place at the end of the twentieth century. The cold war is over. The bipolar system has vanished. A positive trend towards a multipolar world is gaining momentum, and relations between major States, including former cold-war adversaries, are changing. Regional economic cooperation organizations are showing considerable vitality.

• Diversity in the political, economic and cultural development of all countries is becoming the norm, and the role played by the forces in favour of peace and broad-based international cooperation is expanding. A growing number of countries are beginning to recognize the need for mutual respect, equality and mutual advantage - but not for hegemony and power politics - and for dialogue and cooperation - but not for confrontation and conflict. The establishment of a peaceful, stable, just and rational new international political and economic order is becoming a pressing need of the times and an imperative of historical development.

• 2. The Parties are in favour of making mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual advantage, peaceful coexistence and other universally recognized principles of international law the fundamental norm for conducting relations between States and the basis for a new international order.

• Every country has the right independently to choose its path of development in the light of its own specific conditions and without interference from other States. Differences in their social systems, ideologies and value systems must not become an obstacle to the development of normal relations between States.

• 4. The Parties are of the view that the role of the United Nations and the Security Council must be strengthened, and they highly appreciate United Nations efforts to maintain world peace and security. They believe that the United Nations, as the most universal and authoritative organization of sovereign States, has a place and role in the world that cannot be supplanted by any other international organization. The Parties are confident that the United Nations will play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the new international order. United Nations peacekeeping efforts should focus on the prevention of conflicts or their escalation. Peacekeeping operations can be conducted only on the basis of a Security Council decision and only with the consent of the countries concerned, in strict compliance with the mandate issued by the Security Council and under the Council's supervision.

Emergence of Democracy Promotion

• Helsinki Final Act, third basket: “Respect for HR and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief”

• Democratization of Europe: German funds in 1970’s Spain and Portugal’s democratization

• 1982: Reagan’s speech to the British Parliament• 1983: Project Democracy, establishment of National Endowment

for Democracy (NED) and affiliated institutions like NDI and IRI • Democracy promotion: diplomatic activities+ assistance and aid• Non-governmental nature of democracy promotion activities• 1989: The end of the Cold War and universalization of Western

liberal values

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Aspects of Democracy Promotion

• Strengthening parliaments• Reforming government and oversight bodies• Facilitating and observing elections• Helping political parties• Promoting the rule of law and human rights• Strengthening or creating of free media• Improving civic education• Resolving civil/military relations• Strengthening civil society and NGOs– Giving political voice to women, marginalized groups– Assisting NGOs on advocacy and project delivery

The outcomes of the Arab Spring

• The Muslim Brotherhood• The 2012 constitutional decree• The Muslim Brotherhood was ousted in a

military coup and faces the most relentless wave of repression since its foundation more than 80 years ago.

• Except Tunisia, Arab countries are now even less democratic than they were before the Arab Spring

• MODERN DEMOCRACY tends to come with a strong evangelical spirit. If voting and personal liberty are good for us, the thinking goes, surely they’re worth spreading to the world as well.

• The foreign policy driven by this belief is known as “democracy promotion,” and has long been an explicit goal of Western governments. At least since the 1950s, institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have aimed to promote democratic values in the economic and political life of developing countries.

• The favored method is a top-down approach: Democracy-promotion groups funnel money to nascent political parties and help train people to run the institutions considered central to democracy, from elections commissions to associations for judges and lawyers. Western advisers push democratic ideas and try to strengthen local civic organizations. Then, when the opportunity for a new government arises, the wisdom goes, we have only to step back and watch citizens embrace it.

• While it started with national governments and intergovernmental organizations, democracy promotion has grown into an industry of its own. High profile groups funded by the US government, like the National Endowment for Democracy and the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, have became ubiquitous on the international scene. They help design elections, train political parties, and give advice to student groups and labor unions. A plethora of less-well-known organizations fund workshops and international travel for lawyers, human rights advocates, and community organizers.

• America and other Western nations had been working for decades and investing hundreds of millions of dollars to support a vast network of pro-democracy organizations across the Arab world. Based on prevailing theories, once protests started to shake one authoritarian government after another, the popular momentum should have been unstoppable.

• Although George W. Bush talked about democracy more pointedly than Barack Obama, the amount of money invested in democracy promotion has steadily grown even under the current administration, according to Thomas Carothers, a democratization expert at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Today, Carothers estimates, about $10 billion a year is spent worldwide promoting democracy in countries from Iraq to Mongolia, from Honduras to Pakistan.

• Instead, the results have been dismal. In nearly every case—arguably, the only exception is Tunisia—the countries that rose up against dictators ended up less democratic than they began. Now, armed with new case studies from the Arab uprisings, a group of contrarian political scientists is arguing for a radical reconsideration of the whole notion of how to spread democracy to other nations—or if it’s even possible at all.

• “We should be much more humble about what the best possible outcomes are,” said Tarek Masoud, a political scientist at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government who recently coauthored a study of the Arab transitions titled “Why the Modest Harvest?”

• Masoud, once a believer in traditional democracy promotion, has become a vociferous new critic of its tactics and ambitions. Based on his research, he has come to believe that a more effective approach would be to focus on the underlying conditions that allow democracies to flourish—skipping the election coaching and party-building in favor of basics like education, health, and economic growth. If it means working with nondemocratic regimes to help get there, and giving up our vision of democracy sweeping out tyranny at the first opportunity, so be it. “Maybe in a place like Syria or Libya,” he said, “the best possible outcome is one in which the old regime is at the table.”

Three types of democracy promotion:Support for oppositionWorking with governmentBoth

• How effective is democracy promotion? • How effective is humanitarian intervention? • Dilemma: what if more people will be killed

and more human rights will be abused as the result of intervention?

• The problem is that state-building is needed after intervention

• It is easy to destroy a regime, it is not that easy to replace it with viable state

• Much more efforts are needed for a restoration and state-building

HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION

• Is it even possible? • Evidence suggests that generally there are some

interests behind the “humanitarian intervention”• Frustrating historical example of HI: Struggle of the

European states against the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans

• In all other historical examples interests of states were highly involved as well

• Frustrating examples of non-inetvention: Rwanda and Congo

• Today it is widely accepted that human lives should be protected

• Questions: how and by whom? • Who does have an authority?

The 1990’s

• New world order, the Gulf War• New role for the US as the global protector

and security provider

The Bush Period

• Humanitarian intervention, democracy promotion were related to war on terror

• The Iraq War and human rights abuses• Torture in the name of human rights• The deepest problem is that interventions may

do more harm than good

Turkey and humanitarian intervention

• Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan greeted people with the 'Rabia sign' after the Friday prayer at al-Aqsa mosque in Turkey's capital Ankara.

• In the courtyard of the Al-Aqsa mosque close to his residence, Erdogan greeted the people with the 'Rabia sign' and left for the official residence of prime ministry.

• The "Rabia sign,” which is made by raising four fingers and has become the symbol of the massacre in Egypt and Rabia al-Adawiya Square where anti-coup protests occur, dominates the whole world's agenda.

• “Rabia,” meaning four or the fourth in Arabic, has become the sign of anti-coup protests in Egypt. Just a few hours before the massacre on August 14, anti-coup protesters in Egypt tried to voice their demands to the world by raising their four fingers.

• Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan received on Monday the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights for his “distinguished service to humanity,” which he said will further encourage him to fight for human rights.

• Erdoğan traveled to Libya on Monday for an official visit to attend the 3rd Africa-EU Summit and was also presented with the human rights award.

• In his speech during the award ceremony, Erdoğan said Islamophobia is a crime against humanity, adding that no one can attack things that are sacred to Muslims using freedom of expression as an excuse. “Muslims come from a tradition that regards anti-Semitism as a crime against humanity,” prime minister said. Erdoğan added that he will continue to bravely protect the “truth,” adding that everyone is equal when it comes to justice. He said the prize he received will strengthen and support his struggle for human rights.

• Lamenting that he has been criticized in his own country and in international circles for slamming human rights abuses and injustice wherever they occur, Erdoğan said such people “did not read our history [or accurately] perceive our civilization.”

• He also reiterated that Turkey will not remain silent on the killing of nine innocent people by Israel in the Mediterranean, which he described as a sea of “friendship and brotherhood.” The Turkish prime minister added that he will continue to protect the rights of people in the Middle East and all around the world, adding that Turkey is calling for peace on a global scale through the Alliance of Civilizations initiative under the United Nations. He asserted that Turkey is striving for peace in the UN Security Council and continuing negotiation talks with the EU, trying to carry universal values to Turkey and the region.

• Turkey’s role in the Arab Spring has fundamentally altered the principles of the country’s foreign policy. The series of anti-government uprisings that swept the Middle East since early 2011 compelled Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan to abandon the so-called "zero problem" approach to Turkey’s neighbors, and support democratic changes even in countries where Turkey had previously enjoyed good relations with the ruling regimes.

• Erdogan’s government embraced the Arab Spring uprisings using the language of people’s self-determination and fight against tyranny, offering Turkey as a political model. In October 2012, Erdogan hailed Turkey’s progress as evidence that "a country with a Muslim population can have a thriving and advanced democracy".

• Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan said on Friday that any international military intervention against Syriashould be aimed at bringing an end to the rule of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.

• "It can't be a 24 hours hit-and-run," Erdogan told reporters at a reception in the presidential palace in the capital Ankara. "What matters is stopping the bloodshed in Syria and weakening the regime to the point where it gives up."

• Erdogan cited the NATO operation against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo war as an example.

• "If it is something like the example of Kosovo, the Syrian regime won't be able to continue," he said.

• Turkey has said previously it would be ready to take part in any international action against Assad, even outside the auspices of the United Nations, and has put its armed forces on alert to guard against threats from Syria.