Peace Corps Mongolia PC Mongolia Final Audit Report IG1007A

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Mongolia PC Mongolia Final Audit Report IG1007A

1/20

^èj` Jmq~z

Mbbkj` mb Khz~`jtmq G`h`qel

^J-Dmhgmlke mbbkj` kh Pleeh Aeeteq Rmlpht``qz tèjckhg @hglkzc tm z~`jkel h`òz jckloq`h

Bleg mb Dmhgmlke

Bkhel Epokt Q`~mqt9

^èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke

Bàqpeq{ 1>5>
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2/20

Bkhel Epokt Q`~mqt9^`ej` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke

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Ezzkzteht Khz~`jtmq G`h`qel bmq Epokt

B`aqpeq{ 1>5>


3/20

@S@JP_KR@ ZPDDEQ[

W` bmpho tcet ^èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlkez bkhehjkel eho eodkhkztqetkr` m~`qetkmhz w`q`

m~`qetkhg `bb`jtkr`l{ eho kh mr`qell jmd~lkehj` wktc eg`hj{ ~mlkjk`z eho bò`qelq`gpletkmhz( Cmw`r`q, w` hmtò z`r`qel eqèz qùpkqkhg ett`htkmh( _c`z` eq` zpddeqkyò

a`lmw(

^qmjpq`d`ht

_c` ~mzt oko hmt cer` mh bkl` z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj` p~oet`z bmq 5: ~`qzmhel z`qrkj`z

jmhtqejtmqz #^ZJz+( _c` Q`gkmhel Z`jpqkt{ Mbbkj`q jmhbkqdò tcet tc` qùpkqò p~oet`z

w`q` kh ~qmgq`zz( _kd`l{ eho jmd~l`t` op` oklkg`hj` wktc q`z~`jt tm z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj`z

kz kd~mqteht tm `hzpq` tc` jmhtkhpò zpkteaklkt{ mb tc` ~mztz jmhtqejtmqz(

^`qzmhh`l Deheg`d`ht

Bmq mh` ^ZJ, tc` 1>>3 `hokhg aelehj`z bmq ehhpel eho zkjf lèr` w`q` hmt jmqq`jtl{jeqqkò mr`q tm 1>>; kh tc` mbbkjkel tkd` eho ett`hoehj` q`jmqoz( _c` tkd`f``~`q jmqq`jtò

tc` okzjq`~ehjk`z p~mh mpq aqkhgkhg tc`d tm c`q ett`htkmh(

Zeb`gpeqokhg mb ^`qzmhel Khbmqdetkmh

_c` jezck`qz ejjmddmoetkmh `sjcehg` eptcmqkyetkmh bmqdz jmhtekhò tc` Zmjkel

Z`jpqkt{ hpda`qz mb tc` P(Z( okq`jt ckq`z( Kh eooktkmh, tc` Rmlpht``q dòkjel bkl`z lea`lz

khjlpoò tc`kq Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`qz( Cerkhg zmjkel z`jpqkt{ hpda`qz mh ~mzt bkl`z eho

omjpd`htz zpai`jtz tc` ebb`jtò khokrkopelz tm tc` ~mt`htkel `bb`jtz mb ko`htkt{ tc`bt(

Dòkjel Zp~~lk`z

_c` ~mztz dòkjel zp~~lk`z lkztkhg jmhtekhò okzjq`~ehjk`z kh `s~kqetkmh oet`z( Kheooktkmh, tc` dòkjel zp~~lk`z okz~`hzò bmqd oko hmt elwe{z khokjet` tc` upehtkt{

okz~`hzò bmq `htq{ khtm tc` khr`htmq{ q`jmqoz(

Mpq q`~mqt khjlpo`z jmdd`htz bqmd ~mzt ztebb eho Rmlpht``qz kht`qrk`wò( Mpq q`~mqt

jmhtekhz bkr` q`jmdd`hoetkmhz, wckjc, kb kd~l`d`htò, zcmplo ztq`hgtc`h kht`qhel

jmhtqmlz eho jmqq`jt tc` o`bkjk`hjk`z o`teklò kh tc` ejjmd~eh{khg q`~mqt(

Bkhel Epokt Q`~mqt9 èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke k


4/20

_eal` mb Jmht`htz

@S@JP_KR@ ZPDDEQ[((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( k

KH_QMOPJ_KMH(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5

EPOK_ Q@ZPL_Z (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5

E( KD^Q@Z_ BPHO DEHEG@D@H_ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5

A( ^QMJPQ@D@H_ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1

J( RMLPH_@@Q ^QM^@Q_[ C@LO BMQ ZEB@F@@^KHG (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1

O( CMZ_ JMPH_Q[ JMH_QKAP_KMHZ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :

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B( ZEB@GPEQOKHG MB ^@QZMHEL KHBMQDE_KMH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :

G( D@OKJEL ZP^^LK@Z(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?

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LKZ_ MB Q@JMDD@HOE_KMHZ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3

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E^^@HOKS A9MKGJMDD@H_Z

E^^@HOKS J9EPOK_ JMD^L@_KMH EHO MKGJMH_EJ_


5/20

KH_QMOPJ_KMH

_c` Mbbkj` mb Khz~`jtmq G`h`qel jmhopjtò eh epokt mb ^èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke Z`~t`da`q

1 $ 10, 1>>;( W` ~q`rkmpzl{ ~`qbmqdò eh epokt mb tc` ~mzt kh Hmr`da`q 1>>1 #KG$>1$

17$E, kzzpò Deqjc 1>>:+(

_c` ^èj` Jmq~z jmdd`hjò ktz ~qmgqed kh Dmhgmlke kh 5;;5( Zkhj` tc`h, mr`q 710

Rmlpht``qz cer` z`qrò tc`q`( Et tc` tkd` mb mpq rkzkt, 51> Rmlpht``qz w`q` `hgegò kh

bmpq ~qmi`jtz9 @hglkzc òpjetkmh eho jmddphkt{ o`r`lm~d`ht, jmddphkt{ {mptc

o`r`lm~d`ht, jmddphkt{$aezò cèltc, eho jmddphkt{ eho `jmhmdkj o`r`lm~d`ht(

Mpq mr`qell mai`jtkr` kh epoktkhg mr`qzèz ~mztz kz tm o`t`qdkh` wc`tc`q tc` bkhehjkel eho

eodkhkztqetkr` m~`qetkmhz w`q` bphjtkmhkhg `bb`jtkr`l{ eho jmd~lkò wktc ^èj` Jmq~z

~mlkjk`z eho bò`qel q`gpletkmhz opqkhg tc` ~`qkmo pho`q epokt( E bpll o`zjqk~tkmh mb mpq

epokt mai`jtkr`, zjm~`, eho d`tcmomlmg{ kz ~qmrko` et tc` `ho mb tckz q`~mqt(

EPOK_ Q@ZPL_Z

W` bmpho tcet ^èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlkez bkhehjkel eho eodkhkztqetkr` m~`qetkmhz w`q`

m~`qetkhg `bb`jtkr`l{ eho jmd~lkò mr`qell wktc eg`hj{ ~mlkjk`z eho bò`qel q`gpletkmhz(

W` hmtò e hpda`q mb eqèz qùpkqkhg ett`htkmh( Bmq `sed~l`, w` bmpho tcet tc` ~mzt oko

hmt9

Jcehg` tc` jmdakhetkmh tm tc` kd~q`zt bpho zeb` ehhpell{(

Matekh z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj` p~oet`z bmq ell ktz ~`qzmhel z`qrkj`z jmhtqejtmqz #^ZJz+(

F``~ ejjpqet` bmqdz lkztkhg Rmlpht``q ~qm~`qt{ c`lo bmq zeb`f``~khg(

Omjpd`ht tc` aezkz bmq jeljpletkhg cmzt jmphtq{ jmhtqkaptkmhz(

@hzpq` tcet ~mzt omjpd`htz eho bkl`z oko hmt jmhtekh tc` Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`qz mb

ztebb eho Rmlpht``qz(

Dekhtekh ejjpqet` dòkjel zp~~lk`z khr`htmq{ q`jmqoz(

E( KD^Q@Z_ BPHO DEHEG@D@H_

5( _c` kd~q`zt bpho zeb` jmdakhetkmh ceo hmt a``h jcehgò kh mr`q e {èq(

^èj` Jmq~z Dehpel #^JD+ z`jtkmh 72>(0(1 ztet`z9 _c` jmdakhetkmh Vtm tc` kd~q`zt

bpho zeb`T zcmplo a` jcehgò et lèzt ehhpell{, wc`h`r`q tc`q` kz e jcehg` kh jezck`qz, mq

wc`h`r`q tc` jmdakhetkmh a`jmd`z fhmwh tm e ~`qzmh mtc`q tceh tc` jezck`q(

Bkhel Epokt Q`~mqt9 èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke 5


6/20

_c` jmdakhetkmh tm tc` kd~q`zt bpho zeb` mb tc` jezck`q ceo hmt a``h jcehgò zkhj` Iph`

1>>3( Jcehgkhg tc` zeb` jmdakhetkmh ez qùpkqò q`bl`jt tc` jezck`qz q`z~mhzkaklkt{ bmq

zeb`gpeqokhg tc` kd~q`zt bpho eho c`q ~`qzmhel ejjmphteaklkt{ bmq ktz jmht`htz(

Zpazùp`ht tm mpq rkzkt, tc` eodkhkztqetkr` mbbkj`q khbmqdò pz tcet tc` zeb` jmdakhetkmh

wez jcehgò mh Z`~t`da`q 55, 1>>;( Ejjmqokhgl{, hm q`jmdd`hoetkmh kz qùpkqò(

A( ^QMJPQ@D@H_

5( _c` ~mzt oko hmt cer` z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj` p~oet`z bmq ell ^ZJz qùpkqkhg tc`d(

^JD z`jtkmh 7?:(3(1 ztet`z9 _c` JO dpzt qùp`zt q`$j`qtkbkjetkmh mb e jmhtkhpmpzl{

`d~lm{ò ^ZJ `r`q{ bkr` {èqz kh ejjmqoehj` wktc 51 BED ?1>( Omjpd`htetkmh mb tc`

z`jpqkt{ j`qtkbkjetkmh wkll a` bklò kh tc` khokrkopel ^ZJz jmhtqejt bkl` et ~mzt(

Z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj` p~oet`z bmq 5: ^ZJz w`q` hmt mh bkl`( _c` jmphtq{ okq`jtmq z`ht eqùp`zt tm tc` Q`gkmhel Z`jpqkt{ Mbbkj`q #QZM+ oetò Epgpzt 13, 1>>; tm cer` tc`z`

jmd~l`tò( _c` QZM jmhbkqdò tm pz tcet c` ceo q`j`krò tc` qùp`zt eho wez kh tc`

~qmj`zz mb p~oetkhg tc` z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj`z( Z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj` p~oet`z eq` eh `zz`htkel

`l`d`ht kh tc` ~mztz op` oklkg`hj` tm `hzpq` ^ZJz ejj`~teaklkt{ bmq jmhtkhpò ^èj`

Jmq~z `d~lm{d`ht(

W` q`jmdd`ho9

A(5(5 _cet tc` ~mzt matekh tc` dkzzkhg z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj`

p~oet`z bqmd tc` Q`gkmhel Z`jpqkt{ Mbbkj`q eho~lej` tc` p~oet`z kh tc` ^ZJz jmhtqejt bkl`z(

J( RMLPH_@@Q ^QM^@Q_[ C@LO BMQ ZEB@F@@^KHG

5( _wm bmqdz lkztkhg Rmlpht``q ~qm~`qt{ c`lo bmq zeb`f``~khg w`q` khjmqq`jt(

Kh ejjmqoehj` wktc ^JD z`jtkmh 1:0(:(0, tc` ~mzt c`lo Rmlpht``q ~qm~`qt{ bmq

zeb`f``~khg( Wc`h tc` o`zkghetò ztebb d`da`q ejj`~tò ~qm~`qt{ bqmd e Rmlpht``q, zc`

q`jmqoò tc` kt`dz mh e Rmlpht``q ~qm~`qt{ bmqd( _c` Rmlpht``q wez gkr`h e jm~{ mb tc`

bmqd ez q`j`k~t(

Wckl` tc` q`zpltz mb mpq q`rk`w mb tc` Rmlpht``q ~qm~`qt{ bmqdz khokjetò tcet tc` bmqdz

w`q`, kh g`h`qel, a`khg jmhzjk`htkmpzl{ dekhtekhò, w` bmpho twm okzjq`~ehjk`z( Mh`

bmqd ceo hmt a``h p~oetò bmq tc` q`dmrel a{ tc` Rmlpht``q mb tc` kt`dz( Ehmtc`q bmqd

khokjetò tcet `r`q{tckhg ceo a``h q`dmrò wc`h, kh bejt, kt`dz w`q` ztkll a`khg c`lo a{

tc` ~mzt( _c` o`zkghetò ztebb d`da`q tmlo pz tcet zc` q`lkò p~mh tc` Rmlpht``qz tm

p~oet` tc` ~mztz bmqd(



7/20

Opqkhg tc` jmpqz` mb tc` epokt, zc` jmqq`jtò tc` twm Rmlpht``q ~qm~`qt{ bmqdz, eho tc`

eodkhkztqetkr` mbbkj`q kzzpò khztqpjtkmhz tm c`q tm ~`qzmhell{ jmd~l`t` tc` bmqdz(

Ejjmqokhgl{, hm q`jmdd`hoetkmh kz qùpkqò(

O( CMZ_ JMPH_Q[ JMH_QKAP_KMHZ

5( _c` ~mzt oko hmt omjpd`ht tc` aezkz pzò bmq `ztkdetkhg ktz cmzt jmphtq{

jmhtqkaptkmhz #CJJ+ bmq Rmlpht``q cmpzkhg(

^JD z`jtkmh 711(7(1(5 ztet`z9 _c` q`jmqoò relp` mb kh$fkho jmhtqkaptkmhz zcell a`

aezò mh e qetkmhel `ztkdet` mb tc` jmzt mb tc` jmhtqkaptò zp~~lk`z mq z`qrkj`z tm tc`

^èj` Jmq~z( ^JD 711(7(1 qùpkq`z tcet tc` ~mzt dekhtekh eh ehhpel lmg wckjc, edmhg

mtc`q tckhgz, ko`htkbk`z tc` aezkz bmq tc` `ztkdet`(

_c` ~mzt q`j`krò Rmlpht``q cmpzkhg eho q`letò ptklktk`z ez e CJJ, eho tc` ~mzt q`bl`jtòtc` CJJ kh ktz m~`qetkhg ~leh( Cmw`r`q, tc` ~mzt oko hmt omjpd`ht tc` aezkz bmq tc`

relpetkmh mb tc` Rmlpht``q cmpzkhg( Opqkhg tc` jmpqz` mb tc` epokt, tc` ztebb d`da`q

q`z~mhzkal` bmq dmhktmqkhg CJJz omjpd`htò tc` jeljpletkmh mb Rmlpht``q cmpzkhg eho

ptklktk`z eho ~lejò kt kh tc` CJJ q`jmqoz( Ejjmqokhgl{, hm q`jmdd`hoetkmh kz qùpkqò(

@( ^@QZMHH@L DEHEG@D@H_

5( _c` ~mztz mbbkjkel tkd` eho ett`hoehj` q`jmqoz oko hmt ejjpqet`l{ jeqq{ mr`q tc`

`hokhg lèr` aelehj`z bqmd 1>>3 tm 1>>; bmq mh` ^ZJ(

^JD z`jtkmhz 7?1(2(5 eho 2:>(?(2 ~qmrko` gpkoehj` kh ~qm~`q tkd` eho ett`hoehj`

~qmjòpq`(

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mh` ^ZJ, tc` tkd`f``~`q oko hmt ejjpqet`l{ jeqq{ mr`q, tm 1>>;, tc` 1>>3 `hokhg aelehj`z

mb ehhpel eho zkjf lèr`( Opqkhg tc` jmpqz` mb tc` epokt, tc` tkd`f``~`q jmqq`jtò tc`

okzjq`~ehj{( Ejjmqokhgl{, hm q`jmdd`hoetkmh kz qùpkqò(

B( ZEB@GPEQOKHG MB ^@QZMHEL KHBMQDE_KMH

5( ^mzt omjpd`htz jmhtekhò tc` Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`qz mb ztebb eho Rmlpht``qz(

^èj` Jmq~z ^leh tm Qòpj` Pz` mb ^`qzmhell{ Ko`htkbeal` Khbmqdetkmh eho Zmjkel

Z`jpqkt{ Hpda`qz, oetò Z`~t`da`q 7, 1>>7, ztet`z9 ^èj` Jmq~z ~mlkj{ kz tm `lkdkhet`

tc` phh`j`zzeq{ jmll`jtkmh eho pz` mb ZZHz( Bpqtc`q9 Kh eldmzt ell jez`z, tc` Rmlpht``q

Ko`htkbkjetkmh Hpda`q jmplo tef` tc` ~lej` mb tc` ZZH bmq Rmlpht``qz( _c`q` eq` mhl{ e

b`w khztehj`z wc`q` ZZHz eq` qùpkqò, eho hmh` mb tc`z` kz mr`qzèz(

Bkhel Epokt Q`~mqt9 èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke :


8/20

Opqkhg tc` jmpqz` mb tc` epokt, w` hmtò tc` bmllmwkhg zktpetkmhz wc`q` tc` ~mzt

dekhtekhò tc` bpll ZZHz9

_c` jezck`qz ejjmddmoetkmh `sjcehg` bmqdz jmhtekhò tc` P(Z( okq`jt ckq`z ZZHz(

Opqkhg tc` jmpqz` mb tc` epokt, tc` jezck`q o`l`tò tc` ZZHz bqmd tc` bmqdz(Ejjmqokhgl{, hm q`jmdd`hoetkmh kz qùpkqò(

_c` Rmlpht``q dòkjel bkl` lea`lz khjlpoò tc`kq ZZHz( _c` lea`lz ceo a``h z`ht tm

tc` ~mzt a{ tc` Mbbkj` mb Dòkjel Z`qrkj`z( _c` dòkjel z`jq`teq{ tmlo pz tcet tc`

lea`lz w`q` elzm pzò mh z~`jkd`hz z`ht tm leamqetmqk`z kh tc` Phktò Ztet`z( _c`

`lkdkhetkmh mb ZZHz mh ~mzt dòkjel q`jmqoz wmplo c`l~ ~qmt`jt egekhzt ko`htkt{ tc`bt

eho pheptcmqkyò ejj`zz tm Rmlpht``qz ~`qzmhel khbmqdetkmh(

W` q`jmdd`ho9

B(5(5 _cet tc` ~mzt o`l`t` tc` Rmlpht``qz Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{

hpda`q bqmd tc` dòkjel phkt teaz eho hmt pz` tc`

Rmlpht``qz Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`q mh z~`jkd`hz

z`ht mptzko` tc` ~mzt(

B(5(1 _cet tc` Mbbkj` mb Dòkjel Z`qrkj`z zpaztktpt` tc`

Rmlpht``q ko`htkbkjetkmh hpda`q bmq tc` Zmjkel

Z`jpqkt{ hpda`q mh ktz lea`lz z`ht tm ~mztz, eho

khztqpjt dòkjel mbbkj`qz tm pz` tc` Rmlpht``q

ko`htkbkjetkmh hpda`q mh z~`jkd`hz z`ht mptzko` tc`

mbbkj`(

G( D@OKJEL ZP^^LK@Z

5( _c` ~mztz dòkjel zp~~lk`z khr`htmq{ q`jmqoz jmhtekhò okzjq`~ehjk`z(

^JD z`jtkmh 7:?(:(0, Khr`htmq{ Jmhtqml bmq Dòkjel Zp~~lk`z, ztet`z9 Ezzpqehj` tcet

`bb`jtkr` jmhtqmlz eq` kh ~lej` kz ejck`rò tcqmpgcejjpqet` q`jmqo f``~khg(

W` hmtò okzjq`~ehjk`z kh `s~kqetkmh oet`z a`tw``h tc` dòkjel zp~~lk`z mh ceho eho tc`

q`letò khr`htmq{ q`jmqoz( Bmq mh` oqpg, tc` q`jmqoz zcmwò bmpq ams`z wktc eh `s~kqetkmhoet` mb E~qkl 1>51( Kh bejt, tcq`` ams`z ceo tckz `s~kqetkmh oet`, eho mh` ams zcmwò eh

`s~kqetkmh oet` mb Bàqpeq{ 1>5>( Elzm, tc` q`jmqoz zcmwò, bmq ehmtc`q oqpg, bmpq ams`z

wktc eh `s~kqetkmh oet` mb Ipl{ 1>5:( Kh bejt, mh` ams ceo tckz `s~kqetkmh oet`, eho tcq``

ams`z zcmwò eh `s~kqetkmh oet` mb Iph` 1>5:(

Kh eooktkmh, tc` dòkjel mbbkj`qz oko hmt elwe{z lkzt tc` upehtkt{ okz~`hzò mh tc` dòkjel

zp~~lk`z okz~`hzò bmqd(

Bkhel Epokt Q`~mqt9 èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke ?


9/20

Ejjpqej{ eho jmd~l`t`h`zz kh tc` q`jmqokhg mb dòkjel zp~~lk`z khbmqdetkmh eq` `zz`htkel

kh o`t`jtkhg eho ~q`r`htkhg wezt`, bqepo, eho eapz`(

W` q`jmdd`ho9

G(5(5 _cet tc` ~mzt jmhopjt e jmd~l`t` ~c{zkjel khr`htmq{

mb dòkjel zp~~lk`z kh ejjmqoehj` wktc ^JD

z`jtkmh 7:? eho p~oet` tc` khr`htmq{ q`jmqoz ez

qùpkqò(

G(5(1 _cet tc` dòkjel mbbkj`qz elwe{z lkzt tc` upehtkt{

okz~`hzò mh tc` dòkjel zp~~lk`z okz~`hzò bmqd(



10/20

UP@Z_KMH@O JMZ_Z EHO

BPHOZ _M A@ ^P_ _M A@__@Q PZ@

W` oko hmt ko`htkb{ up`ztkmh`o jmztz eho bphoz tm a` ~pt tm a`tt`q pz` opqkhg tc` jmpqz`mb tc` epokt(

Up`ztkmh`o Jmztz

Q`jmdd`hoetkmh

hpda`q

O`zjqk~tkmh Edmpht

Hmh`(

Bphoz tm a` ^pt tm A`tt`q Pz`

Q`jmdd`hoetkmh

hpda`q

O`zjqk~tkmh Edmpht

Hmh`(



11/20

^MZ_ Z_EBBKHG

Et tc` tkd` mb mpq rkzkt, tc` ~mzt ceo 1; ztebb ~mzktkmhz9 tcq`` P(Z( okq`jt ckq` `d~lm{``z,

twm P(Z( ^ZJ dòkjel mbbkj`qz, tcq`` bmq`kgh z`qrkj` hetkmhelz, eho 1> lmjel$ckq` ^ZJz(

W` kht`qrk`wò e z`l`jtkmh mb ztebb d`da`qz khjlpokhg tc` jmphtq{ okq`jtmq,

eodkhkztqetkr` mbbkj`q, ~qmgqed eho tqekhkhg mbbkj`q, mh` mb tc` twm dòkjel mbbkj`qz, eho

reqkmpz lmjel ztebb( Ell ztebb kht`qrk`wò tmlo pz tcet tc`{ r`q{ dpjc `him{ò wmqfkhg et

tc` ^èj` Jmq~z( _c`{ ztetò tcet, kh ~eqtkjpleq, tc`{ `him{ò zp~~mqtkhg eho kht`qejtkhg

wktc tc` Rmlpht``qz(

Rmlpht``qz tmlo pz tcet tc`{ e~~q`jketò tc` kht`q`zt zcmwh a{ tc` ztebb kh tc`kq zpjj`zz

eho w`ll$a`khg ez o`dmhztqetò a{ tc` hpd`qmpz zkt` rkzktz a{ ~qmgqed, dòkjel, eho

mtc`q ztebb d`da`qz( Rmlpht``qz elzm ztetò tcet tc`{ ceo q`j`krò `bb`jtkr` mhgmkhg

zp~~mqt bqmd tc` eodkhkztqetkr` phkt eho hmtò, kh ~eqtkjpleq, tc`kq erekleaklkt{ eho

q`z~mhzkr`h`zz(

^J-Dmhgmlke ^mzktkmhz

^mzktkmh Ztetpz

Jmphtq{ Okq`jtmq PZOC

Eodkhkztqetkr` Mbbkj`q PZOC

^qmgqed eho _qekhkhg Mbbkj`q PZOC

Zeb`t{ eho Z`jpqkt{ Jmmqokhetmq ^ZJ

E^JO-^qmgqed Deheg`q BZH

^qmgqed Deheg`q #:+ ^ZJ^qmgqed Ezzkzteht #:+ ^ZJ

Jezck`q BZH

Bkhehjkel Ezzkzteht BZH

Eodkhkztqetkr` Ezzkzteht ^ZJ

K_ Z~`jkelkzt ^ZJ

G`h`qel Z`qrkj`z Deheg`q ^ZJ

G`h`qel Z`qrkj`z Ezzkzteht ^ZJ

_qekhkhg Deheg`q ^ZJ

_qekhkhg Jmmqokhetmq ^ZJ

Dòkjel Mbbkj`q #1+ PZ^ZJDòkjel Z`jq`teq{ PZ-^ZJ

Oqkr`q #:+ ^ZJ

Gpeqo #?+ ^ZJ



12/20


LKZ_ MB Q@JMDD@HOE_KMHZ

W` q`jmdd`ho9

A(5(5 _cet tc` ~mzt matekh tc` dkzzkhg z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj` p~oet`z bqmd tc` Q`gkmhelZ`jpqkt{ Mbbkj`q eho ~lej` tc` p~oet`z kh tc` ^ZJz jmhtqejt bkl`z(

B(5(5 _cet tc` ~mzt o`l`t` tc` Rmlpht``qz Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`q bqmd tc` dòkjel phkt

teaz eho hmt pz` tc` Rmlpht``qz Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`q mh z~`jkd`hz z`ht

mptzko` tc` ~mzt(

B(5(1 _cet tc` Mbbkj` mb Dòkjel Z`qrkj`z zpaztktpt` tc` Rmlpht``q ko`htkbkjetkmh

hpda`q bmq tc` Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`q mh ktz lea`lz z`ht tm ~mztz, eho khztqpjt

dòkjel mbbkj`qz tm pz` tc` Rmlpht``q ko`htkbkjetkmh hpda`q mh z~`jkd`hz z`ht

mptzko` tc` mbbkj`(

G(5(5 _cet tc` ~mzt jmhopjt e jmd~l`t` ~c{zkjel khr`htmq{ mb dòkjel zp~~lk`z kh

ejjmqoehj` wktc ^JD z`jtkmh 7:? eho p~oet` tc` khr`htmq{ q`jmqoz ez qùpkqò(

G(5(1 _cet tc` dòkjel mbbkj`qz elwe{z lkzt tc` upehtkt{ okz~`hzò mh tc` dòkjel

zp~~lk`z okz~`hzò bmqd(


13/20

MAI@J_KR@,ZJM^@, EHO D@_CMOMLMG[

Mpq mai`jtkr` kh epoktkhg mr`qzèz ~mztz kz tm o`t`qdkh` wc`tc`q tc` bkhehjkel eho

eodkhkztqetkr` m~`qetkmhz eq` bphjtkmhkhg `bb`jtkr`l{ eho jmd~l{ wktc ^èj` Jmq~z

~mlkjk`z eho bò`qel q`gpletkmhz( Mpq epokt jmhjlpzkmhz eq` aezò mh khbmqdetkmh bqmdtcq`` zmpqj`z9 #5+ omjpd`ht eho oete ehel{zkz, #1+ kht`qrk`wz, eho #:+ okq`jt maz`qretkmh(

Mpq epoktz eq` jmhopjtò kh ejjmqoehj` wktc tc` gmr`qhd`ht epoktkhg ztehoeqoz

~q`zjqkaò a{ tc` Jmd~tqmll`q G`h`qel mb tc` Phktò Ztet`z(

_c` epokt mb ^èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke jmr`qò bkzjel {èqz 1>>3 eho 1>>; tcqmpgc Epgpzt

:5, 1>>;( Wckl` et tc` ~mzt, w` kht`qrk`wò f`{ ztebb khjlpokhg tc` jmphtq{ okq`jtmq, tc`

eodkhkztqetkr` mbbkj`q, tc` ~qmgqed eho tqekhkhg mbbkj`q, tc` zeb`t{ eho z`jpqkt{

jmmqokhetmq, ztebb q`z~mhzkal` bmq eodkhkztqetkr` zp~~mqt, eho tc` dòkjel mbbkj`q( W`

elzm kht`qrk`wò Rmlpht``qz tm matekh tc`kq rk`wz mh tc` `bb`jtkr`h`zz mb tc` ~mztz

eodkhkztqetkr` eho bkhehjkel z{zt`dz kh zp~~mqtkhg tc`d( Et tc` `ho mb tc` epokt, w`

aqk`bò tc` jmphtq{ okq`jtmq eho eodkhkztqetkr` mbbkj`q( Et cèoupeqt`qz, w` jmhopjtò eg`h`qel aqk`bkhg bmq q`gkmhel ztebb(

W` q`lkò mh jmd~pt`q$~qmj`zzò oete bqmd tc` ~mztz ejjmphtkhg z{zt`d( Wckl` w` oko

hmt t`zt tc` z{zt`dz jmhtqmlz, w` a`lk`r` tc` khbmqdetkmh g`h`qetò a{ tc` z{zt`d eho

pzò a{ pz wez zpbbkjk`htl{ q`lkeal` bmq mpq epokt mai`jtkr`(

Mpq epokt jqkt`qke w`q` o`qkrò bqmd tc` bmllmwkhg zmpqj`z9 bò`qel q`gpletkmhz, tc` ^èj`

Jmq~z dehpel, Mr`qzèz Bkhehjkel Deheg`d`ht Cehoammf, eho jpqq`ht ^èj` Jmq~z

khktketkr`z eho ~mlkjk`z(

Bkhel Epokt Q`~mqt9 èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke ;


14/20

E^^@HOKS E

DEHEG@D@H_Z Q@Z^MHZ@ _M

_C@ ^Q@LKDKHEQ[ Q@^MQ_


15/20

D@DMQEHOPD

_m9 Fetc{ Apll`q, Khz~`jtmq G`h`qel

_cqp9 Hkjmle Jpll`h, Ejtkhg Eg`hj{ Jmd~lkehj` Mbbkj`q

Bqmd9 Oerko Apqg`zz, Ejtkhg Okq`jtmq, @pqm~`, Dòkt`qqeh eh eho Ezke Q`gkmh

Oet`9 Iehpeq{ 5:, 1>5>

Zpai`jt9 Q`z~mhz` tm ^q`lkdkheq{ Epokt Q`~mqt O`j`da`q 1>>;

_c` @pqm~`, Dòkt`qqehèh eho Ezke #@DE+ Q`gkmh e~~q`jket`z tc` m~~mqtphkt{ tm q`z~mho tmtc` ^q`lkdkheq{ Q`~mqt mh tc` Epokt mb ^èj` Jmq~z-Dmhgmlke, zpadkttò a{ tc` Mbbkj` mb tc`Khz~`jtmq G`h`qel kh O`j`da`q 1>>;( _c` ^q`lkdkheq{ Epokt Q`~mqt ~q`z`htò bkr` Bkhokhgzeho Q`jmdd`hoetkmhz( _c` @DE Q`gkmh jmhjpqz wktc ejc mb tc` ? Bkhokhgz ehoQ`jmdd`hoetkmhz bmq wckjc kt eho tc` ^J-Dmhgmlke ~mzt cer` okq`jt kd~l`d`htetkmhq`z~mhzkaklkt{(

Mh` Epokt Q`jmdd`hoetkmh, eho ~eqt mb e z`jmho Q`jmdd`hoetkmh, eq` pho`q tc` ~pqrk`wmb tc` ^èj` Jmq~z Mbbkj` mb Dòkjel Z`qrkj`z #MDZ+, wckjc cez ~qmrkoò tc` @DE Q`gkmhwktc ktz q`z~mhz`( _cet q`z~mhz` kz elzm khjlpoò kh tckz mr`qell Q`z~mhz` tm tc` MKG #z`èttejcò `$dekl bqmd MDZ+(

@DE Q@GKMH eho MDZ Q@Z^MHZ@Z

5( Q`jmdd`hoetkmh A(5(5(9 _cet tc` ~mzt matekh tc` dkzzkhg z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj`p~oet`z Vbmq ^J-Dmhgmlke ztebb d`da`qzT bqmd tc` Q`gkmhel Z`jpqkt{ Mbbkj`q eho

~lej` tc` p~oet`z kh tc` ^ZJz jmhtqejt bkl`(

Jmhjpq( ^J-Dmhgmlke qùp`ztò 5: le~zò z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj` p~oet`z bqmd tc` QZM mh

Epgpzt 13, 1>>;( Opqkhg tc` QZM q`rk`w ~qmj`zz, 1 mb tc`z` ztebb d`da`qz q`zkghò,

qòpjkhg tc` qùp`ztò jlèqehj` p~oet`z tm 55 ztebb d`da`qz( A{ Hmr`da`q ?, 1>>; ell

55 jlèqehj`z ceo a``h q`j`krò eho tc` q`h`wò z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj` omjpd`htz w`q`

~lejò kh tc` q`z~`jtkr` ^ZJz jmhtqejt bmlo`q(

Z`` Ettejcd`ht 5 bmq e qmzt`q eho jm~k`z mb tc` 55 z`jpqkt{ jlèqehj`z(

Jmd~l`tkmh oet`9 Hmr`da`q ?, 1>>;

1( Q`jmdd`hoetkmh B(5(5(9 _cet tc` ~mzt o`l`t` tc` Rmlpht``qz Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{Hpda`q bqmd tc` dòkjel phkt teaz eho hmt pz` tc` Rmlpht``qz Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{

Hpda`q mh z~`jkd`hz z`ht mptzko` tc` ~mzt(

#e+O`l`t` Rmlpht``q ZZH bqmd dòkjel bkl` teaz(


16/20

Jmhjpq( _c` ZZH mh tc` Rmlpht``q dòkjel bkl` lea`lz cez a``h tcmqmpgcl{ alejfò$mpt

zm kt jehhmt a` qèo( H`w bkl`z wkll hmt cer` eh ZZH ko`htkbkjetkmh mh tc` bkl` lea`l(

Jmd~l`tkmh oet`9 O`j`da`q 55, 1>>;

#a+ Om hmt pz` Rmlpht``q ZZH mh z~`jkd`hz z`ht mptzko` mb ~mzt(Jmhjpq( MDZ jmhjpqz tcet kt kz o`zkqeal` tcet Rmlpht``q ZZHz hmt a` pzò mh

z~`jkd`hz z`ht mptzko` mb ~mzt(

Kh 1>>7, tc` Mbbkj` mb Deheg`d`ht jmhopjtò e tcmqmpgc `relpetkmh mb ell bmqdz wktc

~`qzmhell{ ko`htkbkeal` khbmqdetkmh #^KK+ kh eh `bbmqt tm jmd~l{ wktc MDA dehoet`z eho

zpazùp`ht MKG q`jmdd`hoetkmhz(

Op` tm tc` hetpq` mb cèltcjeq`, e phkup` ko`htkbk`q kz qùpkqò bmq MDZ ~qmj`zz`z( Et tckz

tkd`, tc` eg`hj{ kz pzkhg tc` Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ Hpda`q( Okq` jmhzùp`hj`z tm cèltc eho lkb`jeh mjjpq kb e phkup` ko`htkbk`q kz hmt ptklkyò( Jpqq`ht ^èj` Jmq~z khbmqdetkmh t`jchmlmg{

z{zt`dz qùpkq` MDZ tm pz` tc` Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ Hpda`q #ZZH+ eho tckz cez a``h eooq`zzò

wktc mtc`q e~~qm~qket` mbbkj`z(

Kh Deqjc 1>>3, tc` Mbbkj` mb Dòkjel Z`qrkj`z #MDZ+ zpadkttò tm tc` Mbbkj` mb

Deheg`d`ht e o`teklò o`zjqk~tkmh mb ell omjpd`htz eho bmqdz jmhtekhkhg ~`qzmhell{

ko`htkbkeal` khbmqdetkmh #^KK+( _c` ^KK khr`htmq{ wez qùpkqò tm a` jmd~l`tò eho zpadkttò

a{ ell o`~eqtd`htz wktckh tc` eg`hj{( Wckl` deh{ qòpjtkmhz kh tc` pz` mb KK cer` tef`h

~lej`, q`dmrel mb tc` ZZH wmplo qùpkq` ehmtc`q phkup` ko`htkbk`q tm a` pzò kh ktz ~lej` eho

e~~lkò ejqmzz ell z{zt`dz( _cqmpgc e z`qk`z mb d``tkhgz, tc` pz` mb tc` rmlpht``q KO #Rml

KO+ ez e q`~lej`d`ht phkup` ko`htkbk`q wez okzjpzzò( _m oet`, tc` pz` mb tc` Rml KO ez e

q`~lej`d`ht ko`htkbk`q bmq tc` ZZH cez hmt a``h kd~l`d`htò a{ tc` Eg`hj{ eho tcpz MDZ

z{zt`dz cer` hmt a``h dmokbkò tm `lkdkhet` tc` pz` mb zmjkel z`jpqkt{ hpda`qz( Kt kz

ehtkjk~etò tcet tc` kd~l`d`htetkmh mb tc` Rmlpht``q O`lkr`q{ eho Zp~~mqt ~qmi`jt wkll lèo tm

j`zzetkmh mb ZZH pz`(

Jmd~l`tkmh oet`9 O`j`da`q :5, 1>55 #`ztkdet`+, o`~`hokhg p~mh eg`hj{

kd~l`d`htetkmh mb tc` ROZ qò`zkgh ~qmi`jt eho tc` je~eaklkt{ mb pzkhg e phkbmqd

ezzkghò Rml KO hpda`q(

:( Q`jmdd`hoetkmh B(5(1(9 _cet tc` Mbbkj` mb Dòkjel Z`qrkj`z zpaztktpt` tc`rmlpht``q ko`htkbkjetkmh hpda`q bmq tc` Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`q mh ktz lea`lz z`ht tm

~mztz, eho khztqpjt dòkjel mbbkj`qz tm pz` tc` Rmlpht``q ko`htkbkjetkmh hpda`q mh

z~`jkd`hz z`ht mptzko` tc` mbbkj`(

Jmhjpq( MDZ jmhjpqz tcet kt kz o`zkqeal` tcet Rmlpht``q ZZHz hmt a` pzò mh

z~`jkd`hz z`ht mptzko` mb ~mzt(

Op` tm tc` hetpq` mb cèltcjeq`, e phkup` ko`htkbk`q kz qùpkqò bmq MDZ ~qmj`zz`z( Et tckz

tkd`, tc` eg`hj{ kz pzkhg tc` Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ Hpda`q( Okq` jmhzùp`hj`z tm cèltc eho lkb`

jeh mjjpq kb e phkup` ko`htkbk`q kz hmt ptklkyò( Jpqq`ht ^èj` Jmq~z khbmqdetkmh t`jchmlmg{


17/20

z{zt`dz qùpkq` MDZ tm pz` tc` Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ Hpda`q #ZZH+ eho tckz cez a``h eooq`zzò

wktc mtc`q e~~qm~qket` mbbkj`z(

Kh Deqjc 1>>3, tc` Mbbkj` mb Dòkjel Z`qrkj`z #MDZ+ zpadkttò tm tc` Mbbkj` mb

Deheg`d`ht e o`teklò o`zjqk~tkmh mb ell omjpd`htz eho bmqdz jmhtekhkhg ~`qzmhell{

ko`htkbkeal` khbmqdetkmh #^KK+( _c` ^KK khr`htmq{ wez qùpkqò tm a` jmd~l`tò eho zpadkttòa{ ell o`~eqtd`htz wktckh tc` eg`hj{( Wckl` deh{ qòpjtkmhz kh tc` pz` mb KK cer` tef`h

~lej`, q`dmrel mb tc` ZZH wmplo qùpkq` ehmtc`q phkup` ko`htkbk`q tm a` pzò kh ktz ~lej` eho

e~~lkò ejqmzz ell z{zt`dz( _cqmpgc e z`qk`z mb d``tkhgz, tc` pz` mb tc` rmlpht``q KO #Rml

KO+ ez e q`~lej`d`ht phkup` ko`htkbk`q wez okzjpzzò( _m oet`, tc` pz` mb tc` Rml KO ez e

q`~lej`d`ht ko`htkbk`q bmq tc` ZZH cez hmt a``h kd~l`d`htò a{ tc` Eg`hj{ eho tcpz MDZ

z{zt`dz cer` hmt a``h dmokbkò tm `lkdkhet` tc` pz` mb zmjkel z`jpqkt{ hpda`qz( Kt kz

ehtkjk~etò tcet tc` kd~l`d`htetkmh mb tc` Rmlpht``q O`lkr`q{ eho Zp~~mqt ~qmi`jt wkll lèo tm

j`zzetkmh mb ZZH pz`(

Jmd~l`tkmh oet`9 O`j`da`q :5, 1>55 #`ztkdet`+, o`~`hokhg p~mh eg`hj{

kd~l`d`htetkmh mb tc` ROZ qò`zkgh ~qmi`jt eho tc` je~eaklkt{ mb pzkhg e phkbmqdezzkghò Rml KO hpda`q(

?( Q`jmdd`hoetkmh G(5(5(9 _cet tc` ~mzt jmhopjt e jmd~l`t` ~c{zkjel khr`htmq{ mbdòkjel zp~~lk`z kh ejjmqoehj` wktc ^JD z`jtkmh 7:? eho p~oet` tc` khr`htmq{

q`jmqoz ez qùpkqò(

Jmhjpq( Mh O`j`da`q 5?, 1>>; ^J-Dmhgmlke jmhopjtò e ~c{zkjel khr`htmq{ mb

dòkjel zp~~lk`z kh ejjmqoehj` wktc ^J Dehpel Z`jtkmh 7:?( Khr`htmq{ q`jmqoz

w`q` p~oetò ez qùpkqò(

Z`` Ettejcd`ht 1 bmq omjpd`htetkmh mb tckz jmd~l`tò Khr`htmq{(

Jmd~l`tkmh oet`9 O`j`da`q 5?, 1>>;

0( Q`jmdd`hoetkmh G(5(1(9 _cet tc` dòkjel mbbkj`qz elwe{z lkzt tc` upehtkt{okz~`hzò mh tc` dòkjel zp~~lk`z okz~`hzò bmqd(

Jmhjpq( Bmqd 7:?O, Q`jmqo mb Dòkjel Zp~~lk`z Okz~`hzò, wkll c`qèbt`q khjlpo` tc`

upehtkt{ mb èjc dòkjel zp~~l{ okz~`hzò( _c` Jmphtq{ Okq`jtmq cez eoo o e jc`jf mbtckz qùpkq`d`ht tm ckz upeqt`ql{ dòkjel zp~~lk`z q`rk`w(

Jmd~l`tkmh oet`9 Z`~t`da`q 12, 1>>;

Kh eooktkmh, ^J-Dmhgmlke cez kd~l`d`htò e hpda`q mb mtc`q a`h`bkjkel eodkhkztqetkr`

~qejtkj`z zpgg`ztò a{ MKG Epoktmq Zt`r`h Febb`h( _c`z` ~qmjòpq`z eooq`zz e hpda`q mb

dkhmq okzjq`~ehjk`z tcet Dq( Febb`h ko`htkbkò eho wckjc tc` ~mzt ~qmd~tl{ jmqq`jtò kh tc`

eqèz mb ^`qzmhh`l Deheg`d`ht #Lèr` Eodkhkztqetkmh+, qùp`ztkhg _qer`l Eptcmqkyetkmhz,

eho Q`jmqokhg ^qm~`qt{ c`lo bmq zeb`f``~khg( ^J-Dmhgmlke e~~q`jket`z tc`z` kd~qmr`d`htz(


18/20

E^^@HOKSA

MKGJMDD@H_Z

Deheg`d`ht jmhjpqqò wktc ell bkr` q`jmdd`hoetkmhz( W` jlmzò q`jmdd`hoetkmhz

A(5(5, G(5(5, eho G(5(1( Q`jmdd`hoetkmhz B(5(5 eho B(5(1 q`dekh m~`h ~`hokhgjmhbkqdetkmh bqmd tc` jck`b jmd~lkehj` mbbkj`q tcet tc` Mbbkj` mb Dòkjel Z`qrkj`z cez

z`t e dmq` kddòket` oet` bmq tc` `lkdkhetkmh mb Rmlpht``q Zmjkel Z`jpqkt{ hpda`qz mh

lea`lz z`ht tm tc` ~mztz eho mh z~`jkd`hz z`ht mptzko` tc` ~mztz, qetc`q tceh tc`

O`j`da`q :5, 1>55 oet` `ztkdetò a{ MDZ kh tc` Q`z~mhz` tm ^q`lkdkheq{ Epokt

Q`~mqt O`j`da`q 1>>; kh E~~`hoks E(

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eooq`zz tc` kzzp`z tcet ~qmd~tò èjc mb mpq q`jmdd`hoetkmhz( W` wkzc tm hmt` tcet kh

jlmzkhg q`jmdd`hoetkmhz, w` eq` hmt j`qtkb{khg tcet tc` q`gkmh mq ~mzt cez tef`h tc`z`

ejtkmhz hmq tcet w` cer` q`rk`wò tc`kq bb`jt( J`qtkb{khg jmd~lkehj` eho r`qkb{khg

`bb`jtkr`h`zz eq` deheg`d`htz q`z~mhzkaklktk z( Cmw`r`q, wc`h w` b `l kt kz weqqehtò,w` de{ jmhopjt e bmllmw$p~ q`rk`w tm jmhbkqd tcet ejtkmh cez a``h tef`h eho tm `relpet`

tc` kd~ejt(


19/20

E^^@HOKS J

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~qmopjt, ~lèz` `$dekl G`qelo ^( Dmhtm{e, Ezzkzteht Khz~`jtmq G`h`qel bmq Epoktz, et

gdmhtm{eN~èj`jmq~z(gmr, mq jell ckd et 1>1(2;1(1;>7(
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


20/20

Q@^MQ_BQEPO,WEZ_@,EAPZ@,

EHODKZDEHEG@D@H_

Bqepo, wezt`, eapz`, eho dkzdeheg`d`ht kh gmr`qhd`ht ebb`jt

`r`q{mh` bqmd ^èj` Jmq~z Rmlpht``qz tm eg`hj{ `d~lm{``z tm tc`

g`h`qel ~palkj( W` ejtkr`l{ zmlkjkt ell`getkmhz mb kh`bbkjk`ht eho

wezt`bpl ~qejtkj`z, bqepo, eapz`, eho dkzdeheg`d`ht q`letò tm

^èj` Jmq~z m~`qetkmhz omd`ztkjell{ mq eaqmeo( [mp jeh q`~mqt

ell`getkmhz tm pz kh z`r`qel we{z, eho {mp de{ q`dekh ehmh{dmpz(

Dekl9 ^èj` Jmq~z

Mbbkj` mb Khz~`jtmq G`h`qel

^(M( Ams 0751;

Wezckhgtmh, OJ 1>>:7$751;

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Wezckhgtmh D`tqm Eqè9 1>1(2;1(1;50

Bes9 1>1(2;1(1;>5

@dekl9 mkgN~èj`jmq~z(gmr

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