PDF...SRI LANKA _project_ New_final_fishing

Global Country Study Report

On

Fishing Industry of Sri Lanka

Business Opportunities for India

Submitted to

Institute Code: 704

Institute Name:

Bhagwan Mahavir College of management

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Priyanka Vyas

(Asst. Prof.)

In partial Fulfilment of the Requirement of the award of the

degree of

Master of Business Administration (MBA)

Offered By

Gujarat Technological University

Ahmedabad

Prepared by:

Students of

MBA (Semester - III / IV)

Group No. _____

Month & Year: December 2013

PREFACE

In the current scenario, business trade relations have brought the countries very close

to each other, by presenting this report we have tried to explain the business relations

between Sri Lanka and India focusing on the fishery industries.

This report is reflecting our understanding about the industrial trends, environment

and trade relation between these 2 countries.

The first step elaborates the General Information about the country and its influencing

factors for industrial growth.

The second step deals with STEEPLED analysis i.e. the study of industry’s factors like

demographic, environmental, ethical, legal, economical, social, technological and

political.

And the last part exclusively deals with the detailed analysis and interpretation of the

trade relations and business potentials between Sri Lanka and India.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure to prepare this report at the stage which is outcome

of all our efforts throughout preparation.

We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to our Director

Dr. A. S. Abani for giving us such golden opportunity.

We are highly indebted to Prof. Priyanka Vyas for her guidance and

constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information

regarding the project and also for her support in completing the project.

We would like to express our gratitude towards our faculties for their kind

co-operation, attention, time and encouragement which helped us in

completion of this project.

Our sincere thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague and friends

in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out

with their abilities.

Student’s Declaration

We, following students, hereby declare that the Global/ Country Study

Report titled Fishing Industry in Sri Lanka is a result of our own work and

our indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been

duly acknowledged. If we are found guilty of copying any other report or

published information and showing as our original work, or extending

plagiarism limit, we understand that we shall be liable and punishable by

GTU, which may include ‘Fail’ in examination, ‘Repeat study & re-

submission of the report’ or any other punishment that GTU may decide.

Enrollment No. Name Signature

127040592052 Parekh Drashti N.

127040592055 Parmar Dharmishtha B.

127040592065 Patel Dharu B.

127040592083 Patel Surekha G.

127040592094 Sadhu Usha G.

127040592100 Solanki Ankita R.

Place: Date:

Sri Lanka

The official name of the nation is the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. In

1972, the national constitution discarded the name Ceylon and adopted the name of

Sri Lanka. In Sinhala, the language of the majority,

name of the island.

Sri Lanka is a small tropical island off the southern tip of India. The island nation covers

approximately 25,332 square miles (65,610 square kilometers) and is divided

ecologically into a dry zone stretching from the nort

in the south, west, and central regions. This contrast in rainfall combined with

topographical differences has fostered the development of regional variation in

economy and culture.

Physical and human resources are the maj

development, supported by financial resources. Industries in Sri Lanka have generally

been concentrated in the area around Colombo, except during three periods when

government tried to encourage development at the periphe

essential industry, the greatest resources are in the continental shelf which cannot be

reached by ordinary fishermen.

They should be given the technical knowledge and assisted with obtaining deep sea

fishing vessels so that the s

the hand to mouth existence of our fishermen cannot be uplifted. Though agriculture

should be the foundation of our economy, the sudden explosion in imports has ruined

the agricultural sector in the

highland cultivation.



Sri Lanka. In Sinhala, the language of the majority, Sri means "blessed" and



ecologically into a dry zone stretching from the north to the southeast and a wet zone



Physical and human resources are the major features essential for economic



government tried to encourage development at the periphery. Though fishing is an


reached by ordinary fishermen.


fishing vessels so that the scope of our fishing industry can be developed, otherwise



the agricultural sector in the case of Red Onions, Bombay Onions, Potatoes and other

I



means "blessed" and Lanka is the



h to the southeast and a wet zone



or features essential for economic



ry. Though fishing is an



cope of our fishing industry can be developed, otherwise



case of Red Onions, Bombay Onions, Potatoes and other

SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY

II

Class is determined by attributes such as wealth and education while caste, a

traditional part of Hindu and Buddhist society in Sri Lanka, is determined by birth into

a predetermined status hierarchy, typically understood as a matter of reward or

retribution for one's deeds in previous lives.

Traditionally, caste identity was extensively marked by ritual roles and occupations,

names of individuals and places, networks of social relations, and regulations of dress

and housing.

Over the past 15 years (1990-2005), Sri Lanka has had one of the highest deforestation

rates of primary forests in the world. In that period the country lost more than 35

percent of its old-growth forest cover, while total forest cover was diminished by

almost 18 percent. Worse, since the close of the 1990s, deforestation rates have

increased by more than 25 percent.

The Legal system of Sri Lanka is a highly complex mixture of several laws. In fact, it

exemplifies the absolute possibility for the coexistence of diverse elements of several

legal systems for it gather together with a common framework, laws as diverse in their

origin as those of Rome and England, Holland and South Africa, Arabia, South India and

old Ceylon.

Sri Lanka is governed by a democratically elected president and a 225-member

parliament. The president serves for a term of six years and has the power to dismiss

the parliament, out of which the president selects cabinet members, a prime minister,

and a chief justice.

Universities produce the human resource base for R&D activities while Technology

training is provided by technical and vocational training institutes, and undergraduate

courses provided by universities. Universities prioritise undergraduate teaching,

leaving little resources for research.

III

Fishing industry of Sri Lanka:

Sri Lanka’s fishery sector accounts for 1.8 percent of GDP (2006), generating

US$45.5m in first sale fish revenues along with a growing export market accounting for

US$14m. Marine and inland fisheries production in 2006 amounted to 215 000 tonnes

and 35300 tonnes respectively. Pre Tsunami, marine production levels had been as

high as 264,000 tonnes. The principal marine fisheries are tunas (yellowfin and

skipjack), small and medium pelagic fish, coral reef fish and other coastal species such

as lobster. The principal aquaculture species are tilapia, carps and tiger shrimp, along

with growing sales of ornamental fish.

On the basis of their size and fishery management norms the reservoirs in the country

can be grouped under three broad categories:

1. Large (over 800 ha) and medium (200-800 ha) which are used for capture fisheries;

2. Small (1-200 ha) irrigation reservoirs for culture-based fisheries; and

3. Seasonal tanks which hold water for 6 - 8 months a year for culture fisheries

Opportunities also exist for brackish water aquaculture in a total extent of around

12 000 ha.

The coastal and offshore fisheries are open access common property, with the

exception of beach seine and stake-net fisheries, which operate under locally

sanctioned systems of limited entry based on the customary rights and socio-cultural

barriers. The coastal fisheries are also multi species and multi gears, but bottom set

and pelagic gill netting is the predominant method used. Purse seining with light lures

is prohibited and daytime purse seining is restricted to areas beyond 7 miles from

shore.

The coastal and offshore fisheries are open access common property, with the

exception of beach seine and stake-net fisheries, which operate under locally

IV

sanctioned systems of limited entry based on the customary rights and socio-cultural

barriers.

The coastal fisheries are also multi species and multi gears, but bottom set and pelagic

gill netting is the predominant method used. Purse seining with light lures is prohibited

and daytime purse seining is restricted to areas beyond 7 miles from shore.

Most seafood processors have a high baseline water use for cleaning plant and

equipment. Therefore, water use per unit product decreases rapidly as production

volume increases. Major sources of water consumption include: fish storage and

transport; cleaning, freezing and thawing; preparation of brines; equipment sprays;

offal transport; cooling water; steam generation; and equipment and floor cleaning.

The country’s Constitution is the supreme law. In terms of the Constitution legislative

power is exercised by Parliament and by the people at a referendum; executive power

is exercised by the President; and judicial power is exercised by Parliament through

Courts, Tribunals and Institutions created or recognized by the Constitution of by law.

Availability of seasonal labor, existence of a local market for seconds and an urban

market for export quality product

V

VALUE CHAIN: Creating value chain for fish and fishery products

From

• Low yields

• Production scattered

over many small scale

fishermen, farms

• Outdated harvesting

technologies

• Inadequate

information and

market ignorance on

prices, trends and

customer needs

• Inadequate post-

harvesting facilities

(ice, cold storage

and cooler wagons)

• Traditional, agent-

driven, inefficient

procurement

system

• Extremely poor

transportation

(roads, harbours,

auction halls,

market places and

logistics)

• Infrastructure (lack

of ice production,

very limited cold

storage facilities)

• High degree of

wastage (poor

handling and

grading)

• Produce inconsistent

inequality

• Outdated,

inadequate

distribution of

infrastructure

• Limited organized

fresh produce

retailing

• High degree of

wastage

• Exports constrained

by inadequate cold

storage

infrastructure and

high costs

Production

(From: Farm

or water

bodies)

Distribution

(Transportati

on and

logistics)

Marketing

(To: Final

consumer)

VI

To

• Significantly higher

yields

• Stronger linkages

with the market

• High awareness

levels on price

trends and customer

needs

• Use of modern

technology,

leveraging significant

extension work

• Improved post-

harvesting

technologies

available to most

fishers and

processors

• Efficient

procurement

system with few

middlemen

• Reduced wastage

due to better

road/rail and

refrigeration

infrastructure

• Widespread organized

fish retailing,

demanding higher

quality produce

• Upgraded distribution

infrastructure; cold

storages at wholesale

man (local markets)

• Exports facilitated

through provision of

adequate cold

storage/pre-cooling

infrastructure at

ports/airports

Production

(From: Farm

or water

bodies)

Distribution

(Transportati

on and

logistics)

Marketing

(To: Final

consumer)

VII

Fishing industry India

The fisheries sector assumes significance in the Indian economy in several respects.

The most important amongst them is the providence of livelihood to many poor

households especially located in the coastal areas. These households can generate

income from the sector due to the fact that many varieties of marine fishes have been

exported from the country including chilled and dried items, fish oil, shrimp and

prawns.

Fisheries sector plays an important role in the Indian economy. It contributes to the

national income, exports, food and nutritional security and in employment generation.

This sector is also a principal source of livelihood for a large section of economically

underprivileged population of the country, especially in the coastal areas. Share of

agriculture and allied activities in the GDP is constantly declining. It has been observed

that agriculture sector is gradually diversifying towards high value enterprises

including fisheries. It is evident from the contribution of fisheries sector to the GDP,

which has gone up from 0.46 per cent in 1950-51 to 1.16 per cent in 1999-00 (at

current prices).

The inland fisheries in India include both capture and culture fisheries. Capture

fisheries have been the major source of inland fish production till mid eighties. But, the

fish production from natural waters like rivers, lakes, canals, etc., followed a declining

trend, primarily due to proliferation of water control structures, indiscriminate fishing

and habitat degradation.

The total area of EEZ of India is estimated at 2.02 million sq. km against its land area of

about 3.2 million sq. km. The continental shelf area between 0 and 50 m depth is

estimated at 191.97 thousand sq. km and that between 0 and 200 m depth as 452.06

thousand sq. km. There are general topohydrographical differences in the features of

the coastline and adjacent seas, distribution and abundance pattern of the species and

their fishery characteristics along the west and east coasts.

VIII

Catch fishing in India employs about 14.5 million people. The country's rich marine and

inland water resources, fisheries and aquaculture offer an attractive and promising

sector for employment, livelihood, and food security. Fish products from India are well

received by almost half of world's countries, creating export-driven employment

opportunities in India and greater food security for the world.

Fisheries sector plays an important role in the Indian economy. It contributes to the

national income, exports, food and nutritional security and in employment generation.

It is evident from the contribution of fisheries sector to the GDP, which has gone up

from 0.46 per cent in 1950-51 to 1.16 per cent in 1999-00 (at current prices). The share

of fisheries in Agricultural GDP (Ag.GDP) has increased more impressively during this

period from mere 0.84 per cent to 4.19 per cent.

The Fisheries policy at the state / union territory level ranges from an absence of any

guiding policy, in the case of Gujarat, to the development of a relatively

comprehensive policy in the state of Orissa which was developed in partnership with

the Union Government and the support of international aid agencies.

The Operation of Deep Sea Fishing Vessels, 20m OAL and above, Notifications dated 14

December 2006. This legal framework is far from comprehensive; it contains a number

of gaps, is outdated in many areas, not fully consistent with India’s international

obligations, and focused on foreign access and development, with less emphasis on

fisheries management. At the same time however, the plethora of Acts makes it

difficult for a coordinated approach towards improved fisheries management.

IX

Trade relations:

India’s trading in fishing industry:

India’s trading partners are from across the world including USA, countries from EU

and

Asia. In export the highest share however, is that of USA (above 20%), followed by

Japan, Belgium, China and UK . Many argue that India is largely dependent on specific

export markets, which reduce the Indian exporters to the position of price takers, and

they are unable to charge higher prices in spite of rising costs of fuel, labor,

maintenance and basic necessities.

As mentioned above India is a net fish exporting country and imports have not been

very important to the economy. Though there was a small surge in imports in the mid-

1990s (which accounted for a little under 1 percent of the net exports), this was mainly

to address the under-utilisation of processing factories in some states (notably in

Kerala), and when this did not work out to be viable, the share of imports slid back

once again.

Sri Lanka’s trading in fishing industry:

Sri Lanka’s main fishery export products include tuna, fresh chilled and frozen form,

shrimps & prawns, crabs and lobsters. Other than the above shark fins, fish maws,

beche-de-mer, cuttle fish & squid, sprats are also exports mostly to the Asian markets.

United Kingdom is the main market for Sri Lankan tuna followed by France, Italy,

Netherlands, Germany etc. In recent years Sri Lanka has been steadily increasing its

share in the international market.

Business potential

After observing the positive effects of trade India is currently making extensive efforts

to enhance the trade opportunities to improve it competitiveness in the world trade

scenario. Consequently, a comprehensive Foreign Trade Policy (2004–2009) has been

X

developed to improve the trading system. The objective of the new Foreign Trade

Policy is the overall development of India’s foreign trade.

Two major objectives of the foreign trade policy 2004–2009 are (1) to double India’s

Percentage share of global merchandise trade by 2009 and (2) to act as an effective

instrument of economic growth by giving a thrust to employment generation,

especially in semi-urban and rural areas. To enhance growth in trade, India is taking

various pro-active measures such as reduction of controls, bringing in transparency

and simplifications in bureaucratic procedures, and reducing duties. Special attention

is given to attract foreign direct investment. Sectors with significant export prospects

and potential for employment generation in semi-urban and rural areas have been

identified as thrust sectors, and specific sectored strategies have been prepared.

Given the extensive ocean area and numerous fresh water and brackish water reserves

there is great potential for the development of game fishing sector in Sri Lanka. Inland

fishing can be carried out through-out the year owing to the constant smoothness of

the water in inland waterways and reservoirs. However deep sea fishing is dependent

on the monsoon, with western and southern coasts accessible during North- East

monsoon (from October to April) and the East Coast favored during the South –West

monsoon (May to September). The seas around Sri Lanka hold an abundance of game

fish for the keen angler.

INDEX

Particular Page No.:

o Summary of Report

Introduction of SRI LANKA country 1

1 STEEPLED analysis of Sri Lanka country 3

• Social profile of country 3

• Technological profile of country 4

• Economic profile of country 7

• Environment profile of country 12

• Political profile of country 14

• Legal profile of country 15

• Ethical profile of country 17

• Demographic profile of country 21

2 Introduction and analysis of Sri Lankan fishing industry 30

Introduction of Sri Lanka fishery industry 30

STEEPLED analysis of Sri Lanka fishery industry 43

• Social profile of industry 44

• Technological profile of industry 46

• Economic profile of industry 50

• Environment profile of industry 52

• Political profile of industry 53

• Legal profile of industry 54

• Ethical profile of industry 57

• Demographic profile of industry 58

Particular Page No.:

3 Introduction and Analysis of Indian fishery industry 60

Introduction Indian fishery industry 60

STEEPLED analysis of India fishery industry 64

• Social profile of industry 64

• Technological profile of industry 66

• Economic profile of industry 70

• Environment profile of industry 72

• Political profile of industry 74

• Legal profile of industry 76

• Ethical profile of industry 78

• Demographic profile of industry 79

4 Present trade relations 81

o Plagiarism reports

o Bibliography

LOBAL /COUNTRY STUDY REPORT ON SRI LANKA

STEEPLED ANALYSIS: SRI LANKA Page 1

SRI LANKA- The Paradise Island

Sri Lanka is an island that is captivating both by its name – that means Land of

Splendor – and by what it actually offers to the visitor. The attractions of Sri Lanka –

known to the world by several names from ancient days – have been known through

the centuries. While legend has it that this is the Lanka of the Ramayana, it is the name

by which it has always been known to its own people.

Sri Lanka – Paradise Island in South Asia

Sri Lanka is an island that is captivating both by its name – that means Land of

Splendour – and by what it actually offers to the visitor. The attractions of Sri Lanka –

known to the world by several names from ancient days – have been known through

the centuries. While legend has it that this is the Lanka of the Ramayana, it is the name

by which it has always been known to its own people. The Romans called it Taprobane,

marked on Ptolemy’s map of the world, derived from “Tambapanni” – land of copper

coloured earth and lotuses given by the first known migrants from North India. The

Arab traders of the past called in Serentivu and Serendib – island of delight, which

gave birth to the English word Serendipity – the prospect of discovering pleasant

SRI LANKASRI LANKASRI LANKASRI LANKA

IIIIntroduction ntroduction ntroduction ntroduction and STEEPLED analysisand STEEPLED analysisand STEEPLED analysisand STEEPLED analysis



surprises. The Portuguese corrupted this to Ceilao; the Dutch to Ceilan and the British

called it Ceylon. But the people of the East, as distant as Indonesia, always knew the

island by the name given by its own people – Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka Beach

Almost dangling like a pendant from the southern tip of India, Sri Lanka has been

known as the Peal of the Orient for its variety of attractions. It is not a mere tropical

isle known for sun, sea and sands, although it has all this in plenty. In fact the island

has over 1400 km of sun-kissed beach. The warm waters of the Indian ocean that

offers attractions for surfing, undersea diving, the fascination of coral reefs, and also

for the more adventurous, the chance of exploring the wrecks from Portuguese

galleons to British warships of World War 2. But its attractions are not limited to those

of the sea and sunny beaches fringed by coconut palms.

Sri Lanka has much more to offer, and in a compact package too. Within four hours

one could drive from the sunny coast to cool, cloud-kissed mountains, where the best

tea in the world grows. For miles around one could see hills and valleys covered by an

unending carpet of tea, and enjoy the aroma of the fresh tea leaves.



Classes and Castes. Even though the ideal of social equality is widely diffused in

contemporary Sri Lanka, stratification according to caste and class, as well as gender

and ethnicity, continues to be very important. Class is determined by attributes such

as wealth and education while caste, a traditional part of Hindu and Buddhist society

in Sri Lanka, is determined by birth into a predetermined status hierarchy, typically

understood as a matter of reward or retribution for one's deeds in previous lives. The

traditional correspondence between these statuses was upset by 450 years of colonial

rulers who often privileged members of certain, relatively low-status castes, effectively

raising their class status and that of their offspring. The importance and legitimacy of

caste continues to be undermined by political and economic developments. Class

differentiation, on the other hand, is increasing both in day-to-day social interaction

and manifestations of disparities.

Symbols of Social Stratification. Traditionally, caste identity was extensively marked

by ritual roles and occupations, names of individuals and places, networks of social

relations, and regulations of dress and housing. Degrees of difference within the caste

hierarchy were also marked by forms of address, seating arrangements, and other

practices of deference and superiority. Today, where these hierarchical relations

continue, there is a degree of uneasiness or even resentment toward them,

particularly among the educated younger generations. Class status, in contrast, is

increasingly manifested in speech, dress, employment, education, and housing. In

general, elite classes can be identified by their command of English, education in

exclusive schools, executive-level employment, possession of valued commodities, and

access to international networks, whereas the lower classes are associated with

manual labor, minimal comforts, and a lack of social contacts with the elite.

SOCIAL PROFILE



Sri Lanka’s technology development is largely located in the public sector comprised of

sector specific Research and Development institutions and Universities. The R&D

activities of the Universities and R&D Institutes provide the contribution to the

technology development of the country, however, expenditure on R&D is low at

around 0.19 percent of GDP.

Universities produce the human resource base for R&D activities while Technology

training is provided by technical and vocational training institutes, and undergraduate

courses provided by universities. Universities prioritise undergraduate teaching,

leaving little resources for research. The majority of post-graduate courses are part-

time that do not make for any significant research output. Hitherto the Sri Lankan

industry has not been able to provide satisfactory jobs in science and technology

disciplines. Thus many graduates from technical colleges and universities leave the

country for foreign employment while some are employed in nontechnical disciplines

making for a two-way brain drain out of the country and out of science

and technology.

The use of technology in agriculture

The Rice Research and Development Institute (RRDI) continues to play a major role in

the country’s rice sector by releasing new high yielding rice varieties and introducing

improved rice production and protection technologies to help farmers realize the yield

potentials of the varieties that they grow.

The research and development programs at RRDI focus on increasing farm productivity

from the current 3.6 t/ha to 4.5 t/ha within the next five years, reducing cost of

production and improving grain quality of rice.

TECHNOLOGY PROFILE



The use of technology in education

Information and communication technologies can be used to facilitate education

among the rural poor, who often do not have access to education. The Central Bank

Report for 2002 reveals that the number of schools in rural areas has dwindled

compared to 2001.

In this context, distance learning based education can fill the gap created by the lack of

formal education. Technology can be a very useful tool, as it is to able facilitate

distance learning and this method has been used by several non-government

organisations to reach children and women in rural areas. The transfer a great deal of

information across various geographies to different types of people at the same time is

a very distinct advantage. The crucial factor would be whether rural people have

access to these technologies and can afford them.

The use of technology to improve sanitation

Safe drinking water at both community and household level can be provided through

the deepening of existing wells and the installation of additional hand pumps in each

area. Sanitation and refuse disposal should be improved to reduce water

contamination.

The use of technology in irrigation

Agriculture in these communities is dependent on sustainable ground water supplies.

Through repairing existing reservoirs, improvements in water conservation have been

possible. Water-harvesting systems have been able to minimize wastage of water.

The use of technology in transport

The lack of a developed road network is evident in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. The

bicycle is the main mode of transport for communities living in these areas. Simple

innovations such as a cart to the bicycle can improve the livelihood of these people.



The use of technology in rural areas of Sri Lanka

The Kothmale Community Radio Internet Project is an attempt to extend the benefits

of information and communication technology (ICT) to some of the remote areas of Sri

Lanka through the innovative convergence of two media, the radio and the Internet.

Most of the radio broadcasts use information collected by browsing the Internet; this

information is then discussed with listeners on the air. The Internet access points

established in the community enable direct computer access and respond to the

information needs of various groups in the community which consists of 60 villages

and 3 rural towns.



Basic Economy:

Sri Lanka's economy is shifting away from its traditional agricultural base to include

production for an international market, a shift accelerated by a major policy change in

the 1977 transition from a socialist-style, state controlled economy to a free market

economy lead by the private sector. By the mid-1990s, roughly one-quarter of the

population was employed as skilled workers in agriculture, fishing, or animal

husbandry; one-quarter in skilled craft or factory production; one-quarter in

administration, medicine, law, education, accounting, sales, services, or clerical work;

and one-quarter as unskilled laborers. In spite of this shift away from agriculture, Sri

Lanka has recently achieved near self-sufficiency in rice production and other staple

foods.

Liberals firmly believe that economic prosperity leads to social and moral

development, While stagnation leads to conflicts of all types, including racial, in the

struggle for shares of the available resources. Where there is economic prosperity,

there are fewer great upheavals. Economically developed countries are examples of

this while many 3rd world countries are examples of the contrary.

Resources for Economic Development in Sri Lanka

Physical and human resources are the major features essential for economic

development, supported by financial resources. Our main physical resources can be

identified as favourable climate conditions (a tropical climate throughout the year),

fertile soils and water resources with much rain in the hill country brought down to the

plains on all sides during their dry seasons. The sea round our island, within a 200 km

zone, is not only rich in fish but the west to east sea route runs through the southern

bounds of the island, which suggests we should develop Sri Lanka as a trading

centre with the construction of a free international harbour at Hambantota. This will

ECONOMIC PROFILE



give an impetus to foreign entrepreneurs, at least to begin with investment for

transhipment of their industrial products. The economy, and in particular the economy

of a long neglected area, will begin to boom with such a project.

Industrial Development

Industries in Sri Lanka have generally been concentrated in the area around Colombo,

except during three periods when government tried to encourage development at the

periphery. Just after after independence a number of industries were developed in the

North and East but these are largely moribund now because of the conflict. In the 60s

many industries were established under the Gal Oya scheme but, without a

comprehensive continued commitment on the part of government, most of these are

now in decline. Finally, under Mr Premadasa there was a concerted attempt to induce

the private sector to decentralize, and despite several problems this has by and large

continued successful. Taking a cue from this, we recommend that government

concentrate on encouraging the private sector to invest in the regions. However to do

this infrastructural development is essential, and should take the form of targeting

particular areas for the establishment of free trade zones.

Fisheries

Though fishing is an essential industry, the greatest resources are in the continental

shelf which cannot be reached by ordinary fishermen. They should be given the

technical knowledge and assisted with obtaining deep sea fishing vessels so that the

scope of our fishing industry can be developed, otherwise the hand to mouth

existence of our fishermen cannot be uplifted. Though after a gap of some years there

has recently been an attempt to revive the inland fishing industry, this can be

encouraged further, with a concerted plan as to transportation. We also welcome the

current move to develop technical skills at all levels, and suggest this be tied in with

management and other skills that will increase employability.



Agriculture

Though agriculture should be the foundation of our economy, the sudden explosion in

imports has ruined the agricultural sector in the case of Red Onions, Bombay Onions,

Potatoes and other highland cultivation. Again, due to all sorts of shifts and reverses in

policy, paddy farmers are unable to sell their paddy at even a price below cost, a trial

they have never faced in the past.

2.4 million people are engaged in agriculture and fisheries. Among them 1.8 million are

paddy farmers. With the collapse of the agricultural sector, which was 21% of the GDP,

more than ½ of the entire population will experience social upheavals and economic

disaster. Therefore the agricultural sector will be given assistance not only to increase

production but also to protect prices by way of legislation and tariffs so that the

farmer can get the maximum profit in the local market. Though Liberals generally

believe in free trade, we have always accepted the need for protection provided it is

for a fixed period to deal with particular conditions. It must be accompanied by a

comprehensive strategy based on the interests of consumers, and should not be

changed at will or for political expediency, as happened with the subsidy for bread that

began the crisis in the paddy market.

Land Tenure and Property. Although private ownership of land has been well

established in Sri Lanka since the precolonial period, most of the land is currently

owned by the state and leased to private individuals and companies. Religious

establishments also own substantial tracts of land. Today as in the past, private

property is passed from parents to children, with the bulk of landholdings going to

sons. Although the sale of housing lots is a growing industry, the sale of agricultural

land is relatively uncommon. This, in combination with the subdivision of property

with each generation, has created very small holdings of paddy land, which are

inefficient to farm, something that the World Bank has identified as the primary cause

of poverty in Sri Lanka.



Commercial Activities. Sri Lanka's towns and villages as well as its urban centers are

typically active sites of commercial exchange. Most of the nonplantation agricultural

crops that are not consumed in the home are sold at local markets, along with

traditional craft products such as brass, pottery, and baskets, which are largely

produced by hereditary caste groups. Repair, construction, tailoring, printing, and

other services are always in demand, as is private tutoring. Tourists are also the focus

of a range of commercial activity.

Major Industries. The major industries in Sri Lanka are involved with agricultural

production and manufacturing. Nearly one-third of the agricultural production of the

island is from the tea and rubber estates, products that are partially processed locally.

The production of textiles and apparel; food, beverages, and tobacco; and wood and

wood products together account for a quarter of all manufacturing. Heavy industry is

largely confined to government-controlled steel, tire, and cement manufacturing, oil

refining, mining, and quarrying. Transportation, construction, and energy production

are also important locally oriented industries. In addition, the ongoing war effort, the

education system, and the tourism industry comprise significant sectors of the

economy.

Trade In recent years, the sale of garments manufactured in Sri Lanka has outstripped

the more traditional modern office buildings often share space with older religious

structures, forming a diverse architectural landscape in cities such as Colombo.

exports of tea, rubber, and coconut products, although the latter continue to be

among the largest exports, along with locally mined gems. Textiles, machinery and

equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and metals, and other raw

materials are among the principal imports. In 1996, Sri Lanka exported nearly $5 billion

(U.S.) worth of goods, with nearly $1.5 billion (U.S.) worth of products going to the

United States, three times more than any other country. In the same year, over $5

billion (U.S.) worth of goods were imported from other countries, over half a billion

each from Japan and India.



Division of Labor Traditionally, the division of labor in Sri Lanka has been largely based

on caste, gender, and ethnicity. Although members of all ethnic groups participate to

some degree across the range of occupations, particular ethnic groups are thought to

predominate in certain occupations, for instance, the Sinhala in rice cultivation and the

public sector, and the Muslims, Tamils, and recent immigrants in trade. Different

castes are also associated with particular occupations, which is not necessarily

reflected in the actual work that people do. Symbolically associated with occupations

such as rice farming, the largest and highest status Sinhala castes are typically land

holders and recipients of service obligations from the lower castes. The lower status

service castes are associated with hereditary crafts such as mat weaving, jewelry

making, and clothes washing. Increasingly, these hereditary statuses are being

replaced by education and command of English as the most important determinants of

employment.



Sri Lanka has high biodiversity distributed in a range of ecosystems from

rainforests to savannas. About 27 percent of the country's plants are endemic and 22

percent of its amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. In 2005, researchers

confirmed the discovery of 35 new frog species inSri Lanka over the past decade. Sri

Lanka is known as a global biodiversity hotspot for its high number of species in a

relatively limited area. The island's frog diversity illustrates this point: despite covering

only 0.013 percent of the world's land surface, Sri Lanka is home to more than 2

percent percent of the world's known frog and toad species. The island is also home to

3,210 flowering plant species, of which 916 species are endemic.

While Sri Lanka may be known for its biodiversity, this biological wealth is highly

threatened—the same survey found that 17 of Sri Lanka's frogs have disappeared in

the past decade and another 11 species face imminent extinction unless their habitat

is protected. Habitat loss is the leading threat to Sri Lanka's native ecosystems.

Conservation International estimates that only around 1.5 percent of the island's

original forest remains (FAO figures are more optimistic). Much of this forest was lost

under British colonial rule, when large tracts of forest were cleared for rubber, coffee,

and tea plantations, but Sri Lanka's forests have also suffered dearly under years of

civil war which has led to large-scale forest clearing. During the 1980s and early 1990s,

government soldiers cleared the island's rainforests because they served as refuges for

rebel forces. At the same time, fighting destroyed homes and displaced small-scale

farmers who then sought new lands in forested areas. Government figures show that

the army and Tamil rebels felled more than 2.5 million palmyrah trees alone for

construction purposes. In the wake of the tsunami which killed some 31,000 people

ENVIRONMENT PROFILE



and caused more than $1.5 billion in property damage, reconstruction efforts have

only increased the pressure on Sri Lanka's forests.

Over the past 15 years (1990-2005), Sri Lanka has had one of the highest deforestation

rates of primary forests in the world. In that period the country lost more than 35

percent of its old-growth forest cover, while total forest cover was diminished by

almost 18 percent. Worse, since the close of the 1990s, deforestation rates have

increased by more than 25 percent.

Climate Seasons

The Climate of Sri Lanka is dominated by the above mentioned topographical features

of the country and the Southwest and Northeast monsoons regional scale wind

regimes. The Climate experienced during 12 months period in Sri Lanka can be

characterized in to 4 climate seasons as follows.

1. First Inter monsoon Season - March - April

2. Southwest monsoon season - May - September

3. Second Inter monsoon season - October - November

4. Northeast Monsoon season - December - February



Government. Sri Lanka is governed by a democratically elected president and a 225-

member parliament. The president serves for a term of six years and has the power to

dismiss the parliament, out of which the president selects cabinet members, a prime

minister, and a chief justice. Although regular elections at all levels of government

have been held since independence, there are increasing allegations of tampering and

violence. The current leadership is considering a new constitution in which greater

powers would be reserved for the provincial governments, a move calculated to

address the ethnic conflicts and end the nation's civil war.

Leadership and Political Officials. Although a spectrum of political parties campaign

within Sri Lanka, political leadership is almost exclusively drawn from the traditional,

propertied elite. Family lineage and caste affiliation figure prominently in selection of

candidates at all levels. Since independence, only two parties have drawn the majority

of their leadership from the lower classes and challenged the control of the elite: the

ultraleft Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, who staged armed insurrections that posed a

significant threat to the stability of the nation in 1971 and again between 1987 and

1989, and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

POLITICAL PROFILE



The Legal system of Sri Lanka is a highly complex mixture of several laws. In fact, it

exemplifies the absolute possibility for the coexistence of diverse elements of several

legal systems for it gather together with a common framework, laws as diverse in their

origin as those of Rome and England, Holland and South Africa, Arabia, South India and

old Ceylon .

The ethnic and religious diversity of the nation and the colonial history, which traced

back to 1505 – 1948 are the major factors which had contributed to this complexity.

Sri Lankan Legal system is influenced by English common law and Roman-Dutch owing

to it’s the colonial history. In addition, same is influenced by the ancient local system

of laws of Sri Lanka - customary and personal laws such Kandyan, Thesawalamai law

and Muslim law due to the varied character of the nation.

The Commercial Law of Sri Lanka is almost entirely based on the principles of English

Commercial Law. Roman-Dutch Law being the common law of Sri Lanka, basically

governs the general law of contract in Sri Lanka. Nonetheless, English Law has

displaced the Roman - Dutch law in number of special fields of law of contract as well.

Certain ordinances embody and incorporated the rules of English law and are in the

main reproductions of the corresponding statues. Sale of goods Ordinance and Bills of

Exchange Ordinance are such.

In addition, the criminal justice system, is based largely on the British principles.

However, it too has undergone drastic changes over the years.

Civil Law Ordinance No. 5 of 1852 introduces directly the Laws of England in Maritime

(by Sec. 2) and by Sec. 3 law of England in commercial matters unless there is contrary

statutory provisions in Ceylon.

LEGAL PROFILE



Sale of goods Act in Sri Lanka is based on the English law which was in force in UK at

the time of the enactment of the Act.

Furthermore, the ethnic and religious diversity of the nation has led following personal

laws to govern the various sections of its community:-

(i) the Kandyan law; ( This applies as a personal law to Kandyan Sinhalese )

(ii) the Thesawalamai ; ( which is a system of personal law, applicable to

“Malabar inhabitants of the Province of Jaffna” and was codified by the

Dutch in 170 . and, Thesawalamai is, essentially, a customary law which is

both territorial and personal in character.)

(iii) the Muslim law.- applies to Muslims as their personal law.

Nonetheless, Persons subject to any of the above three personal laws are governed in

other respects by the Roman Dutch Law, which is the Common Law of the country.



This code of practice which is binding on all Press institutions and journalists, aims to

ensure that the print medium in Sri Lanka is free and responsible and sensitive to the

needs and expectations of its readers, while maintaining the highest international

standard of journalism.

Those standards require newspapers to strive for accuracy and professional integrity,

and to uphold the best traditions of investigative journalism in the public interest,

unfettered by distorting commercialism or by improper pressure or by narrow self-

interest which conspires against press freedom. Newspapers and journalists, while

free to hold and express their own strong opinions, should give due consideration to

the views of others and endeavor to reflect social responsibility.

Code of Ethics

Code of Professional Practice (Code of Ethics) of The Editors Guild of Sri Lanka and Free

Media Movement Adopted by the Sri Lanka Press Institute.

1. PREAMBLE

This code of practice which is binding on all Press institutions and journalists,

aims to ensure that the print medium in Sri Lanka is free and responsible and

sensitive to the needs and expectations of its readers, while maintaining the

highest international standard of journalism.

Those standards require newspapers to strive for accuracy and professional integrity,

and to uphold the best traditions of investigative journalism in the public interest,

unfettered by distorting commercialism or by improper pressure or by narrow self-

interest which conspires against press freedom. Newspapers and journalists, while

free to hold and express their own strong opinions, should give due consideration to

the views of others and endeavor to reflect social responsibility.

This code both protects the rights of the individual and upholds the public’s right to

know. It should be honored not only to the letter but in the spirit – neither interpreted

ETHICAL PROFILE



so narrowly as to compromise its commitment to respect the rights of the individual

nor so broadly as to prevent publication in the public interest.

2. ACCURATE REPORTING

2.1 The media must take all reasonable care to report news and pictures accurately

and without distortion.

2.2 Every reasonable attempt should be made by editors and individual journalists to

verify the accuracy of reports prior to publication. Where such verification is not

practicable, that fact shall be stated in the report.

2.3 Editors and their staff, including external contributors, shall not publish material in

such a way as to endorse any matter which they know or have reason to believe to be

false or inaccurate.

2.4 Publications are encouraged to engage in investigative journalism in the public

interest.

3. CORRECTIONS and APOLOGIES

Where it is recognized by the editor that a report was incorrect in a material respect, it

should be corrected promptly and with due prominence and with an apology where

appropriate, except where the correction or apology is against the wishes of the

aggrieved party.

4. OPPORTUNITY TO REPLY

4.1 A fair and reasonable opportunity to reply should be given to individuals or

organizations in respect of factually incorrect statements endangering their

reputation, dignity, honor, feelings, privacy and office. The reply should be confined to

the complainant’s version of the facts and no longer than necessary to correct the

alleged inaccuracy.

4.2 Newspapers or journalists who respond to a complainant’s reply other than to

apologize or regret the error, must then be prepared to offer the aggrieved party a

fresh opportunity to reply.



5. CONFIDENTIAL SOURCES

Every journalist has a moral obligation to protect confidential sources of information,

until that source authorizes otherwise.

6. GENERAL REPORTING and WRITING

6.1 In dealing with social issues of a particularly shocking or emotionally painful nature

– such as atrocity, violence, drug abuse, brutality, sadism, sexual salacity and obscenity

– the press should take special care to present facts, opinions, photographs and

graphics with due sensitivity and discretion, subject to its duty to publish in the public

interest.

6.2 In reporting accounts of crime or criminal case, publications shall not, unless it is

both legally permitted and in the public interest –

i Name victims of sex crimes

ii knowingly name any young person accused of a criminal offense who is below the

age of 16 and who has no previous convictions

iii Identify without consent relatives of a person accused or convicted of a crime

6.3 A journalist shall not knowingly or wilfully promote communal or religious discord

or violence.

6.4

i The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to a person’s race,

color, religion, sex or to any physical or mental illness or disability.

ii It must avoid publishing details of a person’s race, caste, religion, sexual orientation,

physical or mental illness or disability unless these are directly relevant to the story

6.5

i Even where the law does not prohibit it, journalists must not use for their own profit

financial information they receive in advance of its general publication, nor should

they pass such information for the profit of others.

ii They must not write about shares or securities in whose performance they know that

they or their close families have a significant financial interest, without disclosing the

interest to the publisher, editor or financial editor.



7. PRIVACY

7.1 The press shall exercise particular care to respect the private and family lives of

individuals, their home, health and correspondence. Intrusions on this right to privacy

without consent, could be justified only by some over-riding public interest.

7.2 The use of long-lens or other cameras to photograph people without consent on

private or public property where there is a reasonable expectation or privacy is

unacceptable, unless in the public interest.

7.3 Particular care should be taken to ensure that in cases involving grief or shock,

inquiries and approaches are handled with sensitivity and discretion.

7.4 Young people should be free to complete their school years without unnecessary

intrusion. Publication of material concerning a child’s private life would be acceptable

only if there was some exceptional public interest other than the fame, notoriety or

position of his or her family or guardian.

7.5 The restrictions on intruding into privacy are particularly relevant to inquiries

about individuals in hospitals or similar institutions, unless it serves the public interest.

8. HARASSMENT and SUBTERFUGE

Journalists, including photo-journalists, must not seek to obtain information or

pictures through intimidation or harassment or by misrepresentation or subterfuge.

The use of long-lens cameras or listening devices, must also not be used unless this can

be justified in the public interest and the material could not have been obtained by

other means.

9. DIGINITY

Every journalist shall maintain the dignity of his profession.

INTERPRETATION

The public interest includes:

Protecting democracy, good governance, freedom of expression and the fundamental

rights of the people and of keeping them informed about events that would have a

direct or indirect bearing on them, and that of their elected government, and

detecting or exposing crime, corruption, maladministration or a serious misdemeanor.



Population 21,675,648 (July 2013 est.)

Age structure 0-14 years: 24.8% (male 2,741,879/female 2,632,613)

15-24 years: 15.1% (male 1,659,566/female1,615,616)

25-54 years: 42.4% (male 4,484,738/female 4,697,355)

55-64 years: 9.3% (male 939,174/female 1,084,108)

65 years and over: 8.4% (male 778,629/female 1,041,970)

(2013 est.)

Dependency ratios total dependency ratio: 50.7 %

youth dependency ratio: 37.9 %

elderly dependency ratio: 12.8 %

potential support ratio: 7.8 (2013)

Median age total: 31.4 years

male: 30.3 years

female: 32.5 years (2013 est.)

Population growth rate 0.89% (2013 est.)

Birth rate 16.64 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Death rate 6.01 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Net migration rate -1.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Urbanization urban population: 15.1% of total population (2011)

rate of urbanization: 1.36% annual rate of change (2010-

15 est.)

Major cities - population COLOMBO (capital) 681,000 (2009)

Sex ratio At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE



0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female




65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Mother's mean age at

first birth

22.6

note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2000

est.)

Infant mortality rate total: 9.24 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 10.21 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 8.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

Life expectancy at birth total population: 76.15 years

male: 72.64 years

female: 79.79 years (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate 2.15 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Contraceptive

prevalence rate

68% (2006/07)

HIV/AIDS - adult

prevalence rate

less than 0.1% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living

with HIV/AIDS

2,800 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths fewer than 200 (2009 est.)

Drinking water source improved:

urban: 99% of population



rural: 90% of population

total: 91% of population

unimproved:



total: 9% of population (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access improved:



total: 92% of population

unimproved:



total: 8% of population (2010 est.)

Major infectious

diseases

degree of risk: high

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and

hepatitis A

vectorborne disease: dengue fever

water contact disease: leptospirosis

animal contact disease: rabies (2013)

Nationality noun: Sri Lankan(s)

adjective: Sri Lankan

Ethnic groups Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil

4.6%, Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10%

(2001 census provisional data)

Religions Buddhist (official) 69.1%, Muslim 7.6%, Hindu 7.1%,

Christian 6.2%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional

data)



Languages Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil

(national language) 18%, other 8%

note: English, spoken competently by about 10% of the

population, is commonly used in government and is

referred to as the link language in the constitution

Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 91.2%

male: 92.6%

female: 90% (2010 census)

School life expectancy

(primary to tertiary

education)

total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 14 years (2011)

Education expenditures 2% of GDP (2010)

Maternal mortality rate 35 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Children under the age

of 5 years underweight

21.6% (2009)

Health expenditures 3.4% of GDP (2011)

Physicians density 0.492 physicians/1,000 population (2006)

Hospital bed density 3.1 beds/1,000 population (2004)

Obesity – adult

prevalence rate

5.1% (2008)



Division of Labor by Gender. In Sri Lanka, there is a strong tradition of both men and

women working, with men focusing more on income opportunities and women

focusing on the household. Currently, women's participation in the paid labor force is

significant, although not evenly distributed, concentrated in professions such as

nursing, teaching, tea picking, and garment construction. In manufacture and

agricultural work, men are typically assigned tasks considered more physically

demanding, while women are assigned the more repetitive, detail-oriented work at

which they are thought to be better than men. Opportunity for foreign employment

for women, while relatively available and well-paying, is restricted to domestic work,

whereas opportunities for men are more varied, ranging from manual labor to

engineering. Within the home, regardless of their engagement in paid labor, women

and girls do all food preparation and most other domestic work.

Although most schools are segregated by gender, education has always been

important for both boys and girls in Sri Lanka. The literacy rates for men and women

are similarly high; the last census in 1981 found that 87 percent of females over the

age of ten years were literate, compared to 91 percent of males.

Leadership roles in Sri Lanka are largely held by men, with some important exceptions.

Sri Lanka elected the world's first female prime minister in 1960, Sirimavo

Bandaranaike, whose daughter is the current president of the nation. While this is not

indicative of the political power of women in general, it is true that Sri Lankan women

have held voting rights since they were instituted in 1931 and have long held certain

property rights. The large majority of religious leaders and officiants are also male,

while women tend to be overrepresented among their followers.

The Relative Status of Women and Men. It is a widely held position among social

scientists as well as lay people that the status of women is relatively high in Sri Lanka,

especially in comparison to other South Asian nations. There has never been the

practice of child marriage or the burning of widows in Sri Lanka. Even though most

groups on the island prefer for new brides to move into their husbands' homes,

women traditionally retain strong ties with their own natal families. Additionally,

although it is expected among most groups for the bride's family to give the groom a



dowry, in practice this property commonly remains in the possession of the wife until

she passes it on, typically to her daughters.

Despite these traditional practices and the full rights of citizenship that women in Sri

Lanka enjoy today, women consistently defer to men across all domains of life,

including the workplace and the home. Women also bear the greater weight of social

expectations and sanctions for noncompliance. In addition, sexual harassment and

assault, while seldom reported to the authorities, are common experiences.

Marriage, Family, and Kinship

Marriage. In all ethnic groups, marriages are traditionally arranged by the families of

the couple. "Love marriages" initiated by the couples themselves are, however,

increasingly common. Regardless of who initiates the marriage, the bride and groom

are expected to be of the same socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and, for Buddhists and

Hindus, caste status, although the groom is expected to be slightly older, taller, and

educationally and professionally more qualified than the bride. Additionally, there is a

preference among Tamil and Sinhala groups for cross-cousin marriage, which is

marriage with the child of one's father's sister or one's mother's brother. Among

Muslims, the preferred match is between parallel cousins, the children of two

brothers. It is also considered best if the couple are of similar ages.

The age at which people marry is on the rise, especially for women. According to the

1981 census, over a quarter of those over twenty have never been married. Divorce,

while increasingly common, still occurs in less than 1 percent of marriages. Remarriage

following divorce or the death of a spouse is possible for both men and women,

although it is uncommon for previously married women to marry never-married men.

Domestic Unit. Ideally, a husband and wife live in their own household with their

unmarried children, even if that household is actually a small section of an extended

family home. In Sri Lanka, individual households are identified by cooking practices, so

that, even within a larger house, a wife will cook for her husband and children



independently from others who may live within the structure, perhaps sharing the

same kitchen.

While women may have a great deal of power within a family, ultimate authority

belongs to the oldest male member of a household, whether that is the father,

husband, brother, or son. Sri Lankans express a preference that their first child be a

girl, whom they believe will help care for and be a disciplining influence on younger

siblings. While overall there is a preference for sons, this is not as strong as in other

South Asian countries.

Inheritance. The majority of Sri Lankan families practice bilateral inheritance, giving a

portion of the family possessions to all children in the family. In practice, fixed

property such as land and the family home go to sons and mobile property such as

cash and jewelry go to daughters, usually in the form of her dowry.

Kin Groups. In Sri Lanka, the notion of ancestral place and the kin group associated

with it is very important, even as people move to other areas because of employment

opportunities or displacement. This hereditary home is the site of life-cycle

A woman picking tea at a plantation in Sri Lanka. Approximately one-quarter of the

workforce is employed in the agricultural sector.

rituals as well as day-to-day interaction with extended kin. It is most common for this

kin group to belong to the father's family, as there is a preference for women to move

to the homes of their husband, raising their children among his relatives. It also

happens, however, that husbands join wives' families instead, particularly among the

matrilineal people of the island's east.

Infant Care. In Sri Lanka, young children are highly adored, fondled, and indulged by

everyone, both male and female. Infants are traditionally kept with their mothers or



female relatives. Babies are carried until they can walk and sleep with mothers until

they are school-aged, at which time they are encouraged to move into a bed with their

siblings. Nearly all mothers breast-feed their children, commonly through the first

year.

Child Rearing and Education. Throughout childhood, important rituals are conducted

around culturally significant milestones, such as the first feeding of solid food and the

introduction of the letters of the alphabet. The coming of age ritual following a girl's

first menstruation is an important marker of her entrance into the adult world,

although there is no such similar rite of passage for boys.

As children grow, they are expected to develop a sense of lajjawa, a feeling that

combines shyness, shame, modesty, and fear. It is cultivated early in childhood and

used to teach self-control, beginning with bowel-control training, which starts at one

year, then with weaning and nudity, and later with school performance.

Although mothers perform most of the child rearing, they are more responsible for

their daughters' discipline and tend to be more indulgent with their sons. Fathers tend

to indulge all of their children under five, at which point they take on a stricter

disciplinary role, particularly with their sons whom they are responsible for controlling.

Corporal punishment is quite common, especially from older males to boys.

In Sri Lanka, education has always been highly valued and encouraged. School

attendance is compulsory between the ages of six and fourteen, although children

often attend preschool and typically continue until the completion of the secondary

level. Academic competition starts early, as parents scramble to place their children in

the better primary schools, and continues with three sets of standardized exams that

determine access to subsequent



Stilt fishermen in the waters near Weligama, Sri Lanka. Fish are a large part of the Sri

Lankan diet.

educational privileges. To prepare for these exams and other academic challenges,

almost all children attend private tutorial sessions in addition to their regular

schooling.

Higher Education. All of Sri Lanka's universities are government sponsored and

attendance is free. Admission is determined by exam, so that only 2 percent of Sri

Lanka's children eventually are enrolled in the universities, although children from

affluent families frequently gain admittance to foreign universities. Of those who enter

the Sri Lankan university system, the majority go into the arts, which includes

humanities and social sciences, a course of study taught in the vernacular languages.

Unemployment following graduation is high for these students, reflecting a disjuncture

between market needs and university education. Those who attend the

technical/professional schools, which are taught in English, tend to be more

employable. Opportunities for postgraduate education are quite limited within the

country.

Protests against authorities are well established among university students at all

levels. New entrants to the university student community are routinely subjected to

"ragging," a form of collective harassment by the senior students in an effort to create

a sense of common identity and an anti-establishment consciousness.


STEEPLED ANALYSIS: SRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRY

Introduction

The fisheries sector is an important sector in the Sri Lankan economy of the country as

it:

� Contributes to the GDP; 1.179 % (2009)

� Provides employment; 2.4 Million direct & indirect

� Contributes 70 percent to the animal protein intake of the masses

� Contributes to foreign exchange earnings. Rs 21,015 Mn (2009)

The sector can be divided into three sub sectors:

� Coastal fisheries; which take place

by the fishing crafts in single day operations. The total area of the continental

shelf is about 30,000km2.

� Offshore fisheries; which take place outside the continental shelf and beyond

extending up to the edge

seas by multi-day boats.

� Inland fisheries.

Inland fisheries take place in perennial and seasonal tanks and reservoirs expanding

economic activities which provide cheap protein, incomes and employment for

rural mass. Aquaculture is still in its infant stages and is limited to coastal shrimp

(Penaeus spp) culture and the production of fish seed for stocking/farming of food fish

in seasonal tanks and perennial tanks. The freshwater fisheries potential of




Contributes to the GDP; 1.179 % (2009)

employment; 2.4 Million direct & indirect

Contributes 70 percent to the animal protein intake of the masses

Contributes to foreign exchange earnings. Rs 21,015 Mn (2009)

The sector can be divided into three sub sectors:

Coastal fisheries; which take place within the continental shelf and undertaken

fishing crafts in single day operations. The total area of the continental

30,000km2.

Offshore fisheries; which take place outside the continental shelf and beyond

extending up to the edge of the Exclusive Economic Zone and even in the high

day boats.


activities which provide cheap protein, incomes and employment for

Aquaculture is still in its infant stages and is limited to coastal shrimp

and the production of fish seed for stocking/farming of food fish

perennial tanks. The freshwater fisheries potential of

SRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRYSRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRYSRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRYSRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRY

Page 30


Contributes 70 percent to the animal protein intake of the masses

Contributes to foreign exchange earnings. Rs 21,015 Mn (2009)

within the continental shelf and undertaken

fishing crafts in single day operations. The total area of the continental

Offshore fisheries; which take place outside the continental shelf and beyond

of the Exclusive Economic Zone and even in the high


activities which provide cheap protein, incomes and employment for the

Aquaculture is still in its infant stages and is limited to coastal shrimp

and the production of fish seed for stocking/farming of food fish

perennial tanks. The freshwater fisheries potential of Sri Lanka

SRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRYSRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRYSRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRYSRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRY


STEEPLED ANALYSIS: SRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRY Page 31

consists of nearly 260,000 ha while brackish water potential contain 120,000 ha of

lagoons, river estuaries, mangrove swamps and salt marshes.

Resource Base:

Sri Lanka’s marine fisheries resource base has a total extent of 538500 km2 and is rich

in species diversity.

Sri Lanka also has extensive fresh water and brackish water resources for carrying out

fishing activities. According to National Aquaculture Development Authority (NAQDA)

fresh water bodies comprise of around 260,000 ha of large irrigation reservoirs,

Medium irrigation reservoirs, Minor Irrigation reservoirs, seasonal village tanks, flood

lakes, upland reservoirs/estate tanks and Mahaweli river basins.

On the basis of their size and fishery management norms the reservoirs in the country

can be grouped under three broad categories:

1. Large (over 800 ha) and medium (200-800 ha) which are used for capture fisheries);

2. Small (1-200 ha) irrigation reservoirs for culture-based fisheries

3. Seasonal tanks which hold water for 6 - 8 months a year for culture fisheries





Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR) is

the Preview of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development as its

main implementation body.

Resources is Management

Aquatic Resources of Sri Lanka.

The Department continues its process of updating its legal provisions such as the

introduction of 1996 Fisheries Act No

fisheries management practices in line with the regional and int

and regulations.

Objectives of the Department

• To manage, regulate, conserve and develop fisheries activities in a sustainable

manner in conformity with national and international laws and conventions

• To promote local and foreign

• To introduce new technology for the exploitation of fishery resources in

national and international waters

• To uplift the socio

• To ensure quality and safety of fish and fishery

with international standards

• To minimize post




Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR) is

of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development as its

main implementation body. Mandate of the Department Fisheries and Aquatic

Management, Development and Conservation of the

of Sri Lanka.


introduction of 1996 Fisheries Act No-2, as well as the declaring of various related

fisheries management practices in line with the regional and international conventions

Objectives of the Department

To manage, regulate, conserve and develop fisheries activities in a sustainable


To promote local and foreign investment in the fishing sector

To introduce new technology for the exploitation of fishery resources in

national and international waters

To uplift the socio-economic status of the fishing communities

To ensure quality and safety of fish and fishery product exports in conformity

with international standards

To minimize post-harvest losses and improve the quality of local fish products

Page 33

operating under

of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development as its

Mandate of the Department Fisheries and Aquatic

of the Fisheries and


2, as well as the declaring of various related

ernational conventions

To manage, regulate, conserve and develop fisheries activities in a sustainable


investment in the fishing sector

To introduce new technology for the exploitation of fishery resources in

economic status of the fishing communities

product exports in conformity

harvest losses and improve the quality of local fish products.



Our Vision and Mission

Our Vision

To provide an optimum contribution to the national economy through

the socio–economic status of the fisher communities while maintaining the fisheries

and aquatic resources in a sustainable manner.

Our Mission

Management of fisheries and aquatic resources by adopting new technologies in

compliance with the national and international laws and treaties for the productive

contribution to the Sri Lankan economy through sustainable development of fishing

industry.



Our Vision and Mission

To provide an optimum contribution to the national economy through

economic status of the fisher communities while maintaining the fisheries

and aquatic resources in a sustainable manner.


national and international laws and treaties for the productive


Page 34

To provide an optimum contribution to the national economy through strengthening

economic status of the fisher communities while maintaining the fisheries


national and international laws and treaties for the productive




Organizational structure

Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources is functioning under Director General in

accordance with the Fisheries & Aquatic Resources act No. 02 of 1996.

The Head Office is divided to six important Divisions for the efficient discharge of the

Departmental functions.

Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources is functioning under Director General in

accordance with the Fisheries & Aquatic Resources act No. 02 of 1996.

The Head Office is divided to six important Divisions for the efficient discharge of the

Departmental functions.

Fisheries Management Division

Fisheries Industries Division

Monitoring, controlling and surveillance Division

Fishery product Quality control Division



Finance Division

Administration Division

In addition to Head Office, there are fifteen (15) District Assistant Directors’ Offices

along the coastal districts of the island. There are one hundred and forty eight (148)

Fisheries Inspectorate Divisions under the District Offices, covering all fisher’s villages.



Common Commercial Fish Types of Sri Lanka

Commercial

group

English Name

(Common Name) Scientific Name Sinhala Name

Seer

Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus

commersoni Thora

Wahoo Acanthocybium

commersoni Sawara

Paraw Jack, Trevallies

Carangoides

gymnostethus Vattiya

Carangoides

fulvoguttatus Thumba parawa

Caranx ignobilis

Atanagul Parawa

Caranx hebiri Guru parawa

Balaya Skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis Balaya

Kelawalla yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares Kelawalla

Other Blood

fish

Sail fish Istiophorus platypterus Thalapath

Marlins

Makariya indika Kalu koppara

Makariya mazara Nil koppara

Tetrapturus audax Iri koppara

Sword fish Xiphias gladius Sappara

Big eye tuna Thunnus abesus Esgedi kelawalla/Kenda

Bullet tuna Auxis rochei Ragodu/kombaya

Frigate tuna Auxis thazard Alagoduwa

Kawakawa Euthynnus affinis Attawalla

Sharks

Mackerel shark Isurus sp. Mee mora

Thresher shark Alopias sp. Kasa mora (Banned)

Requiem

sharks-silky shark

Carcharhinus

Falciformis

Honda mora/Bala

maora

Ocean white

strip shark

Carcharhinus

Longimanus Polkola mora

Blue shark prionace gluaca Seeni mora/Hudja Mora

Hammerhead

shark Sphyrna sp. Udalu mora

Skate

Batoid Fisher

shovelnose rays Rhinobatos sp. Baloliya

String rays Dasyatis sp. Welli maduwa

Spotted eagle

rays Aetobatus narinari Vavoi maduwa



Javanees

cownose rays Rhinoptera javanica valuvadi cownose ray

Numbfishers Narcine sp. Electric ray

Manta and devil

rays Mobula sp.

Ali maduwa and Anga

maduwa

Rock

Fish/Galmalu

Spangled

emperor Lethrinus nebulosus Meewetiya/Atissa

Longface

emperor Lethrinus olivaceus Uru hota

Sharptooth

jobfish Pristipomoides typus Kalamee

Blubberlip

snapper Lutjanus rivulatus Badawa

Mangrove red

snapper

Lutjanus

argentimaculatus Thabalaya

Blackspot

snapper Lutjanus fulviflamma Ranna

Malabar grouper Epinephelus

malabaricus Gas bola/Gal kossa

Rock

Fish/Galmalu

Wavylined

grouper Epinephelus undulosus Lawaya

Coral hind Cephalopholis miniata Thabuwa

Sri Lanka

sweetlips

Plectorhinchus

ceylonensis Boraluwa

Threadfin

breams Nemipterus sp. Suddaha

Parrotfishes Scarus sp. Girawa

Rabbitfsh Siganus so. Orawa

Barracudas Sphyraena sp. Jeelawa

Shore Seine

Mullets Liza sp. Godaya

Trenched

sardinella Amblygaster sirm Hurulla

Bleeker’s smooth

belly

Amblygaster

clupeoides Gal Hurulla

Smoothbelly

Sardinells

Amblygaster

clupeoides Keeramin

Rainbow sardine Dussumieria acuta Thondaya

White sardine Escualosa thoracata Wella sudaya

Shad Nematalosa nasus Koiya

Goldstripe

sardinella Sardinella gibbosa Kalawenna/Salaya

White sardinella Sardinella albella Sudaya



Bigeye scade Selar

crumenophtthalamus Bolla

Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta Kumbala

Anchovy Stolephorus sp. Halmessa

Ribbon fish Lepturacanthus

savalaa Savalaya

Gar fisher Belonidae Habarali

Thryssa Thryssa sp. Lagga

Silverbiddies Gerres sp. Thirali

Pony fish Leiognathus sp. Karalla

Ilishas Ilish sp. Puvali

Half beaks Hemiramphus sp. Moralla

Flying fish Cheilopogon sp. Piyamessa

Prawns

Giant river

prawn

Macrobrachium

rosenbergii Karadu issa

Indian white

shrimp Penaeus indicus Kiri issa

Giant tiger

prawn Penaeus monodon Karawandu issa

Green tiger

prawns Penaeus semesulsctus kurutu issa

Lobster

Scalloped spiny

lobster Panulirus homorus Weli issa

Ornate spiny

lobster Panulirus ornatus Devi issa

Pronghorn spiny

lobster Panulirus penicillatus Gal issa

Painted spiny

lobster Panulirus versicolor Bathik issa/Raga issa

Slipper lobster Panulirus polyphagus Mada issa

Slipper lobster Scyllarus sp. Sapathuwa

Squids

Loligo singhalensis Bothal della

Loligo duvauceli Ahin della

Cuttle fish

Sepia pharaonis Gebi della/Pothu della

Sepia aculeata Pothu della

Sea Cucumber

(Beach de mer)

Holothuria fucogilva Ham attaya/White

tearfish

Holothuria scabra Welli attaya/Sand fish

Holothuria nobilis Polon attaya/Black



teatfish

Bohadschia

marmorata Nul attaya/Chalky fish

Actinopygs miliaris Kalu attaya /Black fish

Holothuria edulis Rathu attaya/Pinkfish

Holothuria atra Nari attaya/Lolyfish

Theienota ananas Annasi attaya/Prickly

redfish

Thelenota anax Punattaya/Amberfish

Srichopus chloronotus Dabalaya/Green fish

Crabs

Portunus pelagicus Seenakali/Blue

swimming crab

Scylla serrata

Kalapu

kakuluwa/mangrove

crab

Portunus spp. Mudu kakuluwa

Source – Statistic Unit, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development

Institutions overlooking the Fisheries & Ocean Resources in Sri Lanka:

Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development

New Secretariat, Maligawatta, Colombo 10

T.P.:+94-11-2446183-5

Fax :+94-11-2541184


3rd Floor, New Secretariat, Maligawatta,

Colombo 10

Phone: 011-2446183, 011-2446184

Fax: 011-2449170

Department of Coast Conservation

New Secretariat

Maligawatta



Colombo 10

Tel: 94-11-2449754

Fax: 94-11-2438005

Ceylon Fisheries Corporation

15, Rock house lane

Mutwal

Colombo 15

Tel: 94-11-2523227-8

Fax: 94-11-252338520

Ceylon Fisheries Harbours Corporation

15, Rock house lane

Colombo 15

Tel: 94-11-2522947/94-11-2523051/94-11-2529394

Fax: 94-11-2522217

National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA)

Crow Island

Mattakkuliya

Colombo 15

Tel: 94-11-2521000/94-11-2521006

Fax: 94-11-2524430

National Aquaculture Development Authority of Sri Lanka

No.41/1,

New Parliament Rd,

Pelawatte, Battaramulla

Tel: 94-11-2786495/94-11-2786677

Fax: 94-11-2786493



National Institute of Fisheries and Nautical Engineering (NIFNE)

15, Crow Island

Mattakkuliya

Colombo 15

Tel: 94-11-2529861/94-11-2529868

Fax: 94-11-2529867

Ceynor Foundation Ltd (fishing nets and gear)

335, D R Wijewardane

Mawatha

Colombo 10

Tel: 94-11-2448040/2445690

Fax: 94-11-2445582



STEEPLED ANALYSIS OF SRI LANKA FISHING INDUSTRY

S – Social

T – Technology

E – Environment

E – Economic

P – Political

L – Legal

E – Ethical

D - Demographic



Sri Lankan society is a socio-cultural heterogeneity with complex group diversities

based upon distinctions in language, religion and caste. The three dominant ethnic

groups, the Sinhalese, Tamils and Muslims make up more than 99 percent of the

population. The Sinhalese comprising 74 percent of the population are differentiated

into low-country and up-country (Kandyan) Sinhalese. The Tamils comprising 18.3

percent of the population consist of Ceylon Tamils (12.7 percent) in the north and east,

who are socially and culturally distinct from the Indian Tamils (5.6 percent), living

mainly in the central regions of the country. Muslims comprising approximately 7.5

percent of the population also have regional allegiances. Other communities (including

the burghers of mixed European descent) constitute less than 1 percent

of the population.

The Diyawara Diriya Low interest Fisheries Development Loan Scheme are been

successfully implemented by BOC and Department of Fisheries according to the

allocations made by Budget-2010.

� Interest for the loans less than 2 Million Rupees is 5.5%

� Interest for the loans larger than 2 Million Rupees is 8.0%

� 4% Interest subsidy is granted by the government for each loan issued

Fishermen Insurance Scheme

Insurance scheme for Fishermen were introduced in order to reduce the risk involve in

the sector and facilitate them with more financial stability options.

Fishermen are permit to join the insurance scheme through two cost effective

schemes. Mentioning below is some of the benefits provide.

SOCIAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY



Beneficiary type » Scheme 01 Scheme 02

Annual payment Rs.750.00 Rs.1500.00

Payment to the family members due to

the death or permanent disable of the

fishermen due to a accidents (including

terrorism)

Rs.100,000.00 Rs.300,000.00

Payment to the family members for 12

month due to the displacement of the

fishermen

Rs.5000 per

month

Rs.5000 per

month

Payment to the family members made

after the 12 month of displacement. Rs.100,000.00 Rs.300,000.00

Hospital extensors for fisherman, wife

or 02 children

Rs.200.00 per

day.

Rs.300.00 per

day.

Expenses for the Funeral of the

fisherman Rs.10,000.00 Rs.10,000.00

National of Fisheries Federation

The concept of Hon, minister of fisheries and Aquatic resources Development, is that

the fisher community and should join hands together to form one new Organization so

that the required assistance both to the fisher community and the officials covered the

obtained, with a view to work out the Hon. Minister’s concept into a action a national

Fisheries conference was formed on 17-08-2010 to create awareness among the

(Fisheries) officials.

Happy to state that as a result of this, more than 1000 fisheries organizations were set

up in the fifteen (15) Districts of the Island and there are, now, more than 1,02,000

fishermen holding the membership.



Fishing Technology

The application of fisheries technology starts from culture and ends to export of the

product. Post Harvest Fisheries Technology involves processing, preservation,

handling, harvesting, marketing etc. Developing countries, where tropical weather and

poorly developed infrastructure contribute to the problem, losses are sometimes

staggering proportions. Losses occur in all operations from harvesting through

handling, storage, processing and marketing. Many developing country producers

were marginalized from global supply chains due to their poor maintenance of quality

standards. In general, low tech developing country suppliers earn less for their

resources while industrial nations earn extra premiums. Marketing information

systems, supply chain management, quality assurance regimes, transport and handling

technologies and post harvest and production technologies.

Depending on ethnicity and religion, and the targeted resources, diverse of craft-gear

combinations are used by fishers. Given the open access nature of marine fisheries,

access to technology determines fish workers’ access to a particular resource.

According to the size of capital investment and the area of operation types of the craft

will vary.

The common indigenous crafts exploiting coastal fish resources of Sri Lanka are beach

seine craft, the log raft and the outrigger canoe. Fishing techniques commonly

employed by these craft are small meshed gill netting and cast netting. Those who use

the above craft-gear combinations are called artisanal fishermen and the technology

used by them are considered eco-friendly and sustainable.

The mechanized fleet consists of mechanized traditional craft fitted with outboard

engines, the 17-23 feet fiber reinforced plastic boat with outboard motor, the 28-32

TECHNOLOGY PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY



feet day boat with inboard engine and the multi-day boat with crew cabin, ice and fuel

holds and equipped with communication and navigation equipment. Gill netting and

trawling are the most common fishing techniques employed by the small mechanized

craft. Recently, a ring seine has become quite popular among the coastal fishermen

who use craft with outboard motors.

The day boat with inboard engine was introduced into the offshore fishery in late

1950s’ and became quite popular due to its ability to exploit fish resources that remain

under utilized until then. It operates in offshore waters employing techniques such as

large –meshed gill netting, long lining, single hook and multi hook trolling, and purse

seine. However, this boat is not equipped with facilities to ice the fish catch and,

therefore, the fishers are forced to confine their fishing activities to one day fishing

trips. Some fishermen have modified this craft by inserting an ice hold which fishers

engage in fishing trips of 4-5 days.

Boat type Number Number

Inboard multi-day 2,934

Inboard one-day 958

Out board FRP 17,193

Non-motorized traditional 18,243

Motorized traditional 2,126

Inland crafts 6,820

Total 48,274

Today, the offshore and deep sea resources are being exploited both by Sri Lankan

fishermen using day boats with inboard engines and multi-day boats and by foreign

fishing vessels permitted to land fish in Sri Lankan harbors.

Deep sea fishing is of fairly recent origin in Sri Lanka. In fact, exploitation of deep sea

resources commenced in late 1980s’ with the introduction of the multi-day boat which

was large in length and equipped with ice hold, fuel and water tanks, and cabin for the



crew. Some of these crafts operated today are 45-50 feet in length and are powered

by >50HP engines. These boats are generally equipped with radio communication

equipment and satellite navigators. Large meshed gill netting and long lining are the

common techniques of fishing employed by these crafts.

Fish production

Marine fish production of Sri Lanka is dominated by coastal fish production. Fisheries

statistics of the last four years demonstrates that the contribution from coastal

fisheries is always exceeding the deep sea/ off shore production.

Vessel Monitoring System(VMS)

Under the fisheries sector development strategy, a modern and technically improved

Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) will be established in order to curtail IUU fishing,

disseminate warnings; communicate during distress situation and to provide

information on fishing grounds to the fisher folk.

One of the main objectives of the Vessel Monitoring System is to enhance the

sustainability of fisheries sector by introducing the latest available technology.

Accordingly it is required to install "transponder" equipment to each multiday vessel,

operated under satellite technology which allows the monitoring center to observe the

location of that particular vessel. Advantages of vessel monitoring system as follows:



o Prevention of Illegal fishing. (poaching)

o Drifting of the vessels beyond Sri Lankan Exclusive Economic Zones can be

prevented due of the availability of the data related to the locations, speed and

direction.

o Fishing ground can be identified.

o Accident in the deep sea, warning on weather conditions can be brought to the

notice of the fishermen. The building and other office facilities requirement for the

formation of the system is almost completed.



Sri Lanka is officially a Democratic Socialist Republic having achieved independence in

1948. The country’s population consists of 16 million. Sri Lanka's Per Capita GDP is

presently US$1200 - the highest in South Asia and the literacy rate is 92 percent - the

highest in South Asia and second highest in Asia. According to the Economic

Intelligence Unit (EIU) Forecast 1998,

Sri Lanka's Business Environment ranks 11th in the region, and 42nd in the world,

ahead of India, China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Pakistan.

Fish trade and processing: Fish consumption is 16 kg / capita, with tunas and small

pelagic fish being the main species consumed. Fresh water species (carps and tilapia)

are consumed in inland locations. The Sri Lankan fish distribution system is reasonably

strong with marine fish sold in inland markets. Sri Lanka has 27 fish processing plants,

of which 22 are EU accredited including 3 shrimp processing factories. These factories

focus almost entirely on exports.

Table- Estimated per capita fish supply

ECONOMICAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY



fishery products. In 2009 per capita fish supply was 11.4 kg. It is intended to increase

up to 21.9 kg which would be the consumption level recommended by MRI and to be

achieved by at the end of the proposed period while maintaining a rate of 5 percent

fish exports from the total production. In addition it is envisage to gradual reduction of

import of wet fish and thereby saving valuable foreign exchange. As per the proposed

strategy the estimated per capita fish supply during the planned period is given below.

According to the estimated figures, it is expected to achieve the recommended target

of 21.9 kg by 2013. The action program formulated in consistent with this plan will be

expected to achieve 20 percent annual rate of growth production.



Environmental issues in fish processing industries primarily include the following:

Water consumption and wastewater generation, Solid waste generation and by-

products production, Emission to air and energy consumption.

Most seafood processors have a high baseline water use for cleaning plant and

equipment. Therefore, water use per unit product decreases rapidly as production

volume increases. Major sources of water consumption include: fish storage and

transport; cleaning, freezing and thawing; preparation of brines; equipment sprays;

offal transport;

cooling water;

steam

generation; and

equipment and

floor cleaning.

Water

consumption in

fish processing

operations has

traditionally been high to achieve effective sanitation. Several factors affect water use,

including: the type of product processed, the scale of the operation, the process used,

and the level of water minimization practices in place (Environment Canada, 1994a).

General cleaning contributes significantly to total water demand so smaller-scale sites

tend to have significantly higher water use per unit of production.

Seafood processing industries consumes large quantities of electrical energy. Most of

the power is used for magnetic induction equipment, such as electric motors

(compressors for freezers, cold stores, ice-making machines, water pumps, etc.) and

lighting that requires magnetic ballasts, air conditioning.

ENVIRONMENT PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY



Sri Lanka’s political system comprises a directly elected Executive President, a Cabinet

of Ministers, 54 in number, a Legislature comprising a 196-member unicameral

Parliament having power to pass laws by simple majority and amend the Constitution

by two-thirds majority. Each representing a separate Ministry, and elections to

representative political institutions at all.

levels: National (Parliament), provincial (Provincial Councils) and local levels (Municipal

Councils, Urban Councils and Pradeshiya Sabha) are based on proportional

representation. The governance structure is therefore a three-tiered one.

The electoral system based on proportional representation has strengthened small

parties resulting in a series of coalition governments in recent times. This has resulted

in post-election bargaining in the formation of the Cabinet of Ministers seriously

affecting policy coherence that is a basic requirement for effective governance.

Sri Lanka moved to a devolved system of government in 1987 (the Thirteenth

Amendment to the Constitution) establishing a new sub-national tier of government at

the provincial level (intended to give Tamil people in the North and East a greater say

in the management of their affairs at the regional level). Eight Provincial Councils were

established in 1988, with the Northern and Eastern Provinces being temporarily

merged, the merger being recently nullified by a Supreme Court decision.

POLITICAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY



Sri Lanka’s legal system is a mixture of several different laws. While being principally

governed by Acts of Parliament, a substantial element of “common law”, i.e., rules and

principles not laid down by statute are recognized and enforced by the Courts. Each of

the different ethnic communities (Sinhalese, Muslims and Tamils) has their own laws

which apply mainly in respect of marriage and transfer and inheritance of property.

Acts of Parliament have introduced new rights and duties while also codifying existing

common law.

The country’s Constitution is the supreme law. In terms of the Constitution legislative

power is exercised by Parliament and by the people at a referendum; executive power

is exercised by the President; and judicial power is exercised by Parliament through

Courts, Tribunals and Institutions created or recognized by the Constitution of by law.

Parliament can pass any law that is not inconsistent with the Constitution with a

simple majority, or where inconsistent with a two-thirds majority (including subjects

assigned to Provincial Councils). Any amendment to the Constitution also requires a

two-thirds majority and in specific cases being approved by a majority of voters at a

referendum. The Supreme Court determines as to whether a Bill requires a two-thirds

majority and/or a referendum. Any member of the public can petition the Supreme

Court for a ruling on any matter before the Bill becomes law. Usually the law making

process is set in motion with a decision by the Cabinet of Ministers approving the

drafting of legislation for the specific purpose.

The Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No. 2 of 1996, is the principal legal

instrument governing the fishing industry of Sri Lanka.

This Act replaced the Fisheries Ordinance of 1940 and all the amendments to it, and

provides for the management, regulation, conservation and development of fisheries

and aquatic resources in the country.

LEGAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY



Under this Act, 23 Regulations have so far been introduced, notably:

� Lobster Fisheries Management Regulations, 2000.

� Purse-seine Net Fishery Regulations.1995.

� Chank Fisheries Management and Export Regulations, 2001.

� Beach Seine Regulations, 1984

� Export and Import of Live Fish Regulations, 1998.

Management applied to main fisheries

Current fisheries management and administration has developed from the initial

creation of a Department of Fisheries in 1940, under the Fisheries Ordinance

promulgated that year. However, it proved inadequate to address the issues in the

comparatively more complex fisheries industry that had developed by the late 1970s,

and new legislation was introduced: the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No. 2 of

1996.

The main objectives of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act are the management,

conservation, regulation and development of the fisheries and aquatic resources of Sri

Lanka.

Under Sections 31 and 32 of the Act, fisheries management areas and fisheries

management authorities have been introduced to manage the fisheries resources of

the country. By 2004, seven management areas had been declared under the Act for

the management of fisheries resources through community participation.

In addition to the declaration of management areas and management authorities,

resource conservation and regulatory functions were also identified and regulations

introduced. Areas addressed included the following:

Registration of fishing craft Section 15 & 16 of the Act and Regulations imposed by

Gazette No. 109 dated 03.10.1980, No. 1055/13 dated 26.11.1998, and No. 948/24

dated 07.11.1996.



� Fishing operation licences Sections 6–14 of the Act and Regulation 948/25 dated

07.11.1996. Prohibition of destructive fishing practices and dynamiting of fish Sections

27–29 of the Act.

� Prohibition or Regulation of export and import of fish Section 30 of the Act.

� Declaration of closed and open seasons for fishing Section 34 of the Act.

� Declaration of fishing reserves Sections 36–37 of the Act.

� Aquaculture management licenses Sections 39–43 of the Act.

Important Regulations

• Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act Number 2- 1996

• Amendments

August -2006 | Part-1

August -2006 | Part-2

January -2004 | Part-1

January -2004 | Part-2

February -2000

� Fishing operation regulations -1996

� Mono-filament net Prohibition Regulation – 2006

� Lobster fishing operation regulations – 2009

� Local Fishing Boats (life Jackets) Regulation-2008

� Fishing import and Export Regulation – 2010

� Prohibition of Catching Tresher Shark Regulation (Kasa Mora) -2012



The ethnic conflict between the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE has had a

serious impact on the development on the nation’s fishery sector. Sector growth in

seven Northern and Eastern Districts has been stifled since 1983. These Districts

collectively accounted for 56 percent of marine supplies in the mid 1980s. Damaged

infrastructure (particularly the availability of ice) fisher migration away from these

areas, access restrictions and the resulting shortage in supplies has resulted in much of

the fish being dried and sold locally. In some cases, and specifically in Trincomalee and

the high security zones off Jafna, the security constraints imposed on fishers

(restricted operating times and distances) are severely affecting fisher income

prompting migration, or diversification to alternative livelihoods. Fishers in these

regions have become increasingly indebted to money lenders.

The conflict has also prevented exploitation of the inland reservoirs. Many of the

Government’s regional research and development establishments (NARA and NAQDA)

are now in a serious state of disrepair and in some cases, requisitioned by the Military.

ETHICAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY



Availability of seasonal labour, existence of a local market for seconds and an urban

market for export quality product.

VALUE CHAIN: Creating value chain for fish and fishery products

From

• Low yields

• Production scattered

over many small scale

fishermen, farms

• Outdated harvesting

technologies

• Inadequate

information and

market ignorance on

prices, trends and

customer needs

• Inadequate post-

harvesting facilities

(ice, cold storage

and cooler wagons)

• Traditional, agent-

driven, inefficient

procurement

system

• Extremely poor

transportation

(roads, harbors,

auction halls,

market places and

logistics)

• Infrastructure (lack

• Produce inconsistent

inequality

• Outdated,

inadequate

distribution of

infrastructure

• Limited organized

fresh produce

retailing

• High degree of

wastage

• Exports constrained

by inadequate cold

storage

infrastructure and

DEMOGRAPHICAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY

Production

(From: Farm

or water

bodies)

Distribution

(Transporta

tion and

logistics)

Marketing

(To: Final

consumer)



of ice production,

very limited cold

storage facilities)

• High degree of

wastage (poor

handling and

grading)

high costs

To

• Significantly higher

yields

• Stronger linkages

with the market

• High awareness

levels on price

trends and customer

needs

• Use of modern

technology,

leveraging significant

extension work

• Improved post-

harvesting

technologies

available to most

fishers and

processors

• Efficient

procurement

system with few

middlemen

• Reduced wastage

due to better

road/rail and

refrigeration

infrastructure

• Widespread organized

fish retailing,

demanding higher

quality produce

• Upgraded distribution

infrastructure; cold

storages at wholesale

man (local markets)

• Exports facilitated

through provision of

adequate cold

storage/pre-cooling

infrastructure at

ports/airports



Indian fisheries and aquaculture is an important sector of food production, providing

nutritional security to the food basket, contributing to the agricultural exports and

engaging about fourteen million people in different activities. With diverse resourc

ranging from deep seas to lakes in the mountains and more than 10% of the global

biodiversity in terms of fish and shellfish species, the country has shown continuous

and sustained increments in fish production since independence. Constituting about

4.4% of the global fish production, the sector contributes to 1.1% of the GDP and 4.7%

of the agricultural GDP. The total fish production of 6.57 million metric tonnes

presently has nearly 55% contribution from the inland sector and nearly the same

from culture fisheries. Paradigm shifts in terms of increasing contributions from inland

sector and further from aquaculture are significations over the years. With high

growth rates, the different facets of marine fisheries, coastal aquaculture, inland

fisheries, freshwater aquaculture, coldwater fisheries to food, health, economy,

exports, employment and tourism of the country.


households especially located in the coastal areas. These hous



prawns. Thus from the point of view of employment and income generat

international trade has considerable significance as well. It is the trade aspect of the





engaging about fourteen million people in different activities. With diverse resourc




% of the global fish production, the sector contributes to 1.1% of the GDP and 4.7%



re fisheries. Paradigm shifts in terms of increasing contributions from inland



reshwater aquaculture, coldwater fisheries to food, health, economy,

exports, employment and tourism of the country.


households especially located in the coastal areas. These households can generate



prawns. Thus from the point of view of employment and income generat


INDIA FISHING INDUSTRYINDIA FISHING INDUSTRYINDIA FISHING INDUSTRYINDIA FISHING INDUSTRY

Page 60




engaging about fourteen million people in different activities. With diverse resources




% of the global fish production, the sector contributes to 1.1% of the GDP and 4.7%



re fisheries. Paradigm shifts in terms of increasing contributions from inland



reshwater aquaculture, coldwater fisheries to food, health, economy,


eholds can generate



prawns. Thus from the point of view of employment and income generation,


INDIA FISHING INDUSTRYINDIA FISHING INDUSTRYINDIA FISHING INDUSTRYINDIA FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 61

sector that would be the focus of the current paper. Including India, indeed in many

developing countries prosperity of the fisheries sector relies largely on the

international trade. The total volume of world export of fisheries products which was

U S $ 64 billion in 2003, witnessed a 54% increase from the volume of export recorded

in 10 years back. Around half of the world’s exports of fish and fish products originates

from the developing countries.

This is higher than the combined exports of the important cash crops and rice from

these developing nations. In particular by considering India we observe that even

though India’s trade share in this sector is only 2.64% in 2006–07 to the total global

trade (with total global trade amounting to about US$ 70 billion1), in rupee terms it

constitute a non trivial amount of Rs 83630 million. Also an increasing trend being

prominent shows further relevance of trade for the sector.

Fish production in India

Fish production in India (1950-2010)


Page 62

The country has 429 Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs) and 39

Brackishwater Fish Farms Development Agencies (BFDAs) for promoting freshwater

and coastal aquaculture. The annual carp seed production is to the tune of 20 billion

and that of shrimp about 8 billion, with increasing diversification in the recent past.

Along with food fish culture, ornamental fish culture and high value fish farming are

gaining importance in the recent past. With over 2.4 lakh fishing crafts operating in the

coast, six major fishing harbours, 40 minor fishing harbours and 151 landing centres

are functioning to cater to the needs of over 3.5 million fisherfolk.

Resources

Coastline 8129 kms

Exclusive Economic Zone 2.02 million sq. km

Continental Shelf 0.506 million sq. km

Rivers and Canals 1,97,024 km

Reservoirs 3.15 million ha

Ponds and Tanks 2.35 million ha

Oxbow lakes and derelict waters 1.3 million ha

Brackishwaters 1.24 million ha

Estuaries 0.29 million ha

Some Facts

Present fish Production 6.4 mmt

Inland 3.4 mmt

Marine 3.0 mmt

Potential fish production 8.4 mmt

Fish seed production 21,000 million fry

Hatcheries 1,070

FFDA 422

BFDA 39


Page 63

Fishing is a diverse industry in India. The table below presents the top ten fish

harvesting states in India, for the 2007-2008 agriculture year.

Leading fish producing states in India, 2007–2008

Rank State Total production (metric tonnes)

1 West Bengal 1,447,260

2 Andhra Pradesh 1,010,830

3 Gujarat 721,910

4 Kerala 667,330

5 Tamil Nadu 559,360

6 Maharashtra 556,450

7 Orissa 349,480

8 Uttar Pradesh 325,950

9 Bihar 319,100

10 Karnataka 297,690

Between 2000 and 2010, the freshwater prawn farming in India has grown rapidly. The

state of Andhra Pradesh dominates the sector with over 86 percent of the total

production in India with approximately 60 percent of the total water area dedicated to

prawn farming, followed by West Bengal. Mixed farming of freshwater prawn along

with carp is also very much accepted as a technologically sound culture practice and a

viable option for enhancing farm income. Thirty five freshwater prawn hatcheries, at

present producing about 200 million seed per annum, cater for the requirements of

the country.


Page 64

The coastal communities in India follow multiple fishing and non-fishing activities and

most of their income is generated from open access/common property resources. The

coastal poor are not confined to any one sector and change occupations as and when

necessary. Most coastal people in rural areas also work as seasonal labourers in

agriculture or as part-time farmers or occasional wage earners in order to supplement

their family incomes. Working as labour in tourism, industries, ports, mining and other

industries is a relatively new occupation and it is mostly confined to specific areas from

where these industries have come up. As pointed out by many authors, the

employment generation potential of many of these industries is often much less than

the livelihoods that are adversely affected by them. The issue of some of the social and

environmental costs of economic reforms and growth has received considerable

attention from the policy makers and researchers. Many studies have shown that

during the process of liberalization and structural adjustments the vulnerable groups

suffer more than the others. There are ample evidences to believe that the common

pool resources of coastal regions, which provide substantial part of the income of the

coastal poor communities is declining and degraded.

The industrialization on the one hand and developmental projects on the other such

as ports, tourism, aquaculture have led to decline of coastal biodiversity and thereby

deprived the poor people of the common benefits which they used to get from such

resources otherwise. According to Central Water Commission (1996) 16,935 hectares

of fertile land was lost and 51,105 people have been displaced in three coastal districts

of Karnataka. The CRZ notification relating to coastal protection explicitly states that

all estuaries, fish-breeding centres, mangroves etc. are to be declared CRZ-I areas. The

coastal zone management plans are yet to be considered as an approved document by

the state authorities.

SOCIAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 65

The decline of traditional community management institutions and the absence of a

strong legal framework are some of the other reasons, which made the poor

stakeholders more vulnerable.


Page 66

Technology, innovation and Research and Development (R&D) are widely recognized

as the most important factors in eradication of poverty which is the prime objective of

economic growth and development in any developing country. It has been

documented that long-term poverty eradication programs and strategies should be

designed by incorporating the technology, innovation and R&D aspects. Many

developed countries had achieved their economic growth, development and industry

competitiveness by paying due attention to technology, innovation and R&D aspects

while formulating development strategies.

The inland fisheries in India include both capture and culture fisheries. Capture

fisheries have been the major source of inland fish production till mid eighties. But, the

fish production from natural waters like rivers, lakes, canals, etc., followed a declining

trend, primarily due to proliferation of water control structures, indiscriminate fishing

and habitat degradation (Katiha 2000). The depleting resources, energy crisis and

resultant high cost of fishing, etc., have led to an increased realization of the potential

TECHNOLOGY PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 67

and versatility of aquaculture as a viable and cost effective alternative to capture

fisheries.

During past one and half decade, the inland aquaculture production has increased

from 0.51 to 2.38 million tonnes, while for inland capture fisheries the same has

declined from over 0.59 to 0.40 million tone. The percentage share of aquaculture has

also increased sharply from 46.36 to 85.65 per cent. It is primarily because of

tremendous 4.5 fold increase in freshwater aquaculture. Its share in total inland fish

production has also increased from 27.95 percent to 66.4 per cent (Anonymous

1996a,b; Anonymous 2000). Still, it has greater scope for enhancing fish production.

In India, aquaculture witnessed an impressive transformation from highly traditional

activity to well developed industry. With rich resource base both in terms of water

bodies and fish species, the investments in this sector are the recent estimates of

freshwater aquacultural production around 2.0 million tonnes contributed over one

third of total fish production of India. This outcome is primarily propelled by the

appropriate technologies, financial investments and entrepreneurial enthusiasm. The

success stories of intensive fish culture started from Kolleru lake basin in Andhra

Pradesh in mid-eighties and virtually replicated in states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar

Pradesh and so on.

Aquaculture: (Freshwater, Brackishwater, Mariculture & Coldwater)

• Developing sustainable technologies for mariculture, open sea culture.

• Diversification in aquaculture by bringing more potential fin/ shellfish species

and varied culture systems in fresh and brackishwater farming.

• Breeding and culture of high value fin-fish and shell-fishes.

• Organic aqua-farming

• Fish health management, immuno-prophylaxis and therapeutic against

common diseases.

• Ornamental fish breeding and farming


Page 68

• Up-scaling of breeding and culture technologies for potential coldwater fish

species.

• Technology development for aquaculture inland saline water areas.

• Up-scaling pen and cage culture technology in reservoirs and wetlands.

• Fish nutrition, feed development and technology for live feed organisms.

• Water budgeting in inland aquaculture

• Development of water re-circulating units for different aquaculture systems.

• Genetic improvement in existing finfish and shellfish species for growth and

disease resistance.

Fish Genetics & Biotechnology:

• Cataloguing fish germplasm resources for developing biodiversity repository.

• Developing technologies for post-mortem sperm preservation and genome

conservation.

• Exotics and quarantine, import risk analysis and disease diagnostics

• Genotyping of fish and shellfishes and allied taxonomic groups across different

ecosystems.

• Genetic cataloguing of microbes

• Cytogenetics and genotoxicity studies in fish and shellfish.

• Developing standards and certification norms for primary fish produce and

products.

Harvest & Post- harvest:

• Design of new generation (fuel efficient) fishing vessels and gears.

• Eco-friendly and responsible fishing techniques for EEZ.

• Energy conservation in fish harvesting, processing and transportation.

• Technologies for utilization of fish by-catch

• Develop eco-friendly fishing techniques for harnessing sustainable fishery from

the rivers and reservoirs.

• Processing, value addition, packaging and marketing of fishery products.

• Minimize post harvest losses and effective utilization of fishing waste.


Page 69

• Extraction of Bioactive substances of pharmacological importance.

• Protocols for sanitation, hygiene and quality control

• Quality management and food security

Fishery Engineering:

• Development of on board and on shore equipment for fishing and fish

processing.

• Bioinformatics and IT based solutions to fisheries harvest and post harvest

issues.

• Development of techniques to control seepage in ponds for aquaculture.

• Develop techniques for fish farm construction in porous and loose soils.


Page 70

Fishing in India contributed over 1 percent of India's annual gross domestic product in

2008.

Catch fishing in India employs about 14.5 million people. The country's rich marine and

inland water resources, fisheries and aquaculture offer an attractive and promising

sector for employment, livelihood, and food security. Fish products from India are well

received by almost half of world's countries, creating export-driven employment

opportunities in India and greater food security for the world. During the past decades

the Indian fisheries and aquaculture has witnessed improvements in craft, tackle and

farming methods. Creation of required harvest and post-harvest infrastructure has

been receiving due attention of the central and state governments. All this has been

inducing a steady growth.

To harvest the economic benefits from fishing, India is adopting exclusive economic

zone, stretching 200 nautical miles (370 km) into the Indian Ocean, encompasses more

than 2 million square kilometers. In the mid-1980s, only about 33 percent of that area

was being exploited. The potential annual catch from the area has been estimated at

4.5 million tons. In addition to this marine zone, India has about 14,000 km² of

brackish water available for aquaculture, of which only 600 km² were being farmed in

the early 1990s; about 16,000 km² of freshwater lakes, ponds, and swamps; and nearly

64,000 kilometers of rivers and streams.

In 1990, there were 1.7 million full-time fishermen, 1.3 million part-time fishermen,

and 2.3 million occasional fishermen, many of whom worked as saltmakers, ferrymen,

or seamen, or operated boats for hire. In the early 1990s, the fishing fleet consisted of

180,000 traditional craft powered by sails or oars, 26,000 motorized traditional craft,

and some 34,000 mechanized boats.

ECONOMIC PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 71

Growth of Fisheries Sector in India

Fisheries sector plays an important role in the Indian economy. It contributes to

the national income, exports, food and nutritional security and in employment

generation. This sector is also a principal source of livelihood for a large section of

economically underprivileged population of the country, especially in the coastal

areas. Share of agriculture and allied activities in the GDP is constantly declining. It has

been observed that agriculture sector is gradually diversifying towards high value

enterprises including fisheries. It is evident from the contribution of fisheries sector to

the GDP, which has gone up from 0.46 per cent in 1950-51 to 1.16 per cent in 1999-00

(at current prices). The share of fisheries in Agricultural GDP (Ag.GDP) has increased

more impressively during this period from mere 0.84 per cent to 4.19 per cent. This is

largely due to a sustained annual growth rate of well over four per cent in the fisheries

GDP during the last five decades. The fisheries sector has recorded faster growth as

compared to the agricultural sector in all the decades. The growing production of fish

suggests that fisheries sector is booming and contributing to the economic growth of

the nation. More than 6 million fishermen and fish farmers are totally dependent on

fisheries for their livelihood in India.

Indian Fisheries

Global position 3rd in Fisheries 2nd in Aquaculture

Contribution of Fisheries to GDP (%) 1.07

Contribution to Agril. GDP (%) 5.30

Per capita fish availability (Kg.) 9.0

Annual Export earnings (Rs. In Crore) 7,200

Employment in sector (million) 14.0


Page 72

The total area of EEZ of India is estimated at 2.02 million sq. km against its land area of

about 3.2 million sq. km. The continental shelf area between 0 and 50 m depth is

estimated at 191.97 thousand sq. km and that between 0 and 200 m depth as 452.06

thousand sq. km. There are general top hydrographical differences in the features of

the coastline and adjacent seas, distribution and abundance pattern of the species and

their fishery characteristics along the west and east coasts. The primary and secondary

productivities are higher on the west coast compared to the east coast, mainly due to

the strong upwelling process, which therefore supports a more abundant fishery. The

northwest coast (15o-23oN latitude) has extensive

fishing grounds and the sea bottom is generally muddy while the southwest coast (8o-

15oN latitude) has a narrow continental shelf with less extensive fishing grounds. The

southeast coast (10o-15o N latitude) is characterized by coral and rocky grounds while

the sea bottom of the northeast coast (15o-21oN latitude) is predominantly muddy

and suitable for bottom trawling.

The northern Indian Ocean, together with its two major bays, the Arabian Sea and the

Bay of Bengal, is landlocked in the north by the Asian continent which separates the

northern Indian Ocean from the deep-reaching vertical convection areas of the Arctic

seas and the cold climate regions of the northern hemisphere. This geographic

separation is a major factor, which determines the oceanographic conditions of the

northern Indian Ocean. Circulation of waters in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal is

influenced by the pattern of winds associated with the summer and winter monsoons

and comprise the monsoon current, the equatorial current and the equatorial counter

current (Varadachari and Sharma 1967; Pillai et al. 1997). The monsoon current which

is westerly during the northeast monsoon period (October-December) and easterly

during the southwest monsoon season (May-October) has significant impact on the

coastal fisheries. Average salinity value ranges between 34 and 37% in Arabian Sea and

30-34% in the Bay of Bengal. Both sea and land breezes are common in this area

ENVIRONMENT PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 73

except during the southwest monsoon (along the west coast) and the northeast

monsoon season (along the east coast).

Exclusive economic zone of India

In the Arabian Sea, temperature ranges between 23 and 29°C and in the Bay of Bengal,

it is 27 to 29°C. With regards to vertical distribution of temperature in the Bay of

Bengal, the thermocline is usually below 50-55 m, occasionally going down to 100-125

m, while in the Arabian sea, it fluctuates a great deal, showing definite seasonal trends

(Rao1973).


Page 74

The Central government policy on fisheries in India is informed by two key policy

documents; the Five Year Plans developed by the Planning Commission and the CMFP

2004 developed by the Ministry of Agriculture. As noted above, the former defines the

fiscal contributions that the Union Government makes to fisheries each year. The Five

Year Plan is not however silent on policy as it also sets out strategies and objectives

and defines various schemes on which these funds are to be spent. In addition to this,

the CMFP 2004 was developed as a guiding document to inform the Union and state

governments more generally on policy development for the “conservation,

management and sustainable utilization” of India’s fisheries resources.

The Fisheries policy at the state / union territory level ranges from an absence of any

guiding policy, in the case of Gujarat, to the development of a relatively

comprehensive policy in the state of Orissa which was developed in partnership with

the Union Government and the support of international aid agencies. From the outset

in 1951, the Five Year Plans have included specific reference to fisheries which is a

reflection of their perceived economic and social importance to India. Until the advent

of the 2004 CFMP, the Five Year Plans were the only policy framework for fisheries in

India.

All ten of the Five Year Plans established so far have focused fisheries policy on

increasing fish production through technological and infrastructure development

(mechanization, building new port and landing facilities, etc), aquaculture

development, and through the expansion of fishing into relatively under-utilized

offshore fisheries. The Tenth Five Year Plan began in 2002 and expired in 2007.

This Plan did recognize that the marine fisheries in India were facing increasing

sustainability problems and emphasized the need for a greater focus on sustainability

measures, particularly in stressed inshore fisheries. The schemes funded through the

Tenth Plan nonetheless still targeted fisheries development with the aim of increasing

POLITICAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 75

fish production from an estimated 6.12 million tonnes (in 2000-01) to a target of 8.19

million tonnes by 2007. Most of this increase was expected to come from inland

fisheries and aquaculture production but some increased marine harvests were also

envisaged through exploitation of ostensibly “un-fished” offshore resources. The Tenth

Plan continued to focus government expenditure in fisheries on technological and

infrastructure development. The Eleventh Five Year Plan is currently midway through

implementation.

The aspects of this Plan that relate to fisheries are being informed by a specially

appointed Working Group of 52 members, largely consisting of officials from the

states, Union and international fisheries agencies.

The Working Group report proposes seven objectives for fisheries over the next five

years and identifies these objectives as current government policy. To implement

these objectives, the Working Group has recommended that various schemes detailed

in the last Five Year Plan are continued. They have also recommended several new

schemes targeted largely at fisheries development; principally aquaculture

development, deep-sea vessel construction, mariculture and value addition activities.

A central government budget of Rs. 4,013 crores (US$ 1.0 billion) is proposed, which is

a significant increase over the previous Five Year Plan budget for fisheries of Rs. 2,497

crores (US$ 640.5 million). A large part of this increased expenditure has accompanied

the operations of the newly established National Fisheries Development Board (Rs.

2,069 crores). As in the past years, some of these centrally sponsored schemes are

designed specifically to support the state activities and are expected to be co-financed

by the states.


Page 76

India has three levels of government. The central government, or the Union, operates

as a parliamentary democracy with a bicameral legislature. Below the Union there are

28 states and seven Union Territory governments (for example Puducherry). Members

of Parliament are directly elected to the lower house of the Union Government and to

the state /union territory legislatures. Members of the upper house, known as the

Council of States, are elected through state electoral colleges.

In addition there are 3,682 municipal entities and nearly 250,000 local bodies. Policy-

making across Union and state / territorial governments is consequently a complex,

demanding and often extended process.

Provisions within the Indian Constitution help guide the policy making process

between the states, union territories and the Union by defining the functions of the

various arms of the government.

Schedule VII of the Constitution contains lists setting out these mandates and areas

where concurrent powers exist. While the function of administering fishing and

fisheries beyond territorial waters is listed as a Union responsibility (which means that

the central government is competent to legislate on this item) fisheries generally is

listed as a State responsibility (which means that the state governments have the

exclusive power to make laws with respect to fisheries within their jurisdiction). Thus,

while the state has a jurisdiction over fisheries in territorial waters within 22 km (12

nautical miles), the central government regulates fishing and fisheries beyond 22 km.

Five major legal instruments of the central Government directly govern marine

fisheries activities:

LEGAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 77

The Indian Fisheries Act, 1897.

Marine Products Export Development Authority Act 1972 (No. 13 of 1972).

The Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of fishing by foreign vessels) Act, 1981 (No. 42

of 1981). The Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of fishing by foreign vessels) Rules,

1982.

The Operation of Deep Sea Fishing Vessels, 20m OAL and above, Notifications dated 14

December 2006. This legal framework is far from comprehensive; it contains a number

of gaps, is outdated in many areas, not fully consistent with India’s international

obligations, and focused on foreign access and development, with less emphasis on

fisheries management. At the same time however, the plethora of Acts makes it

difficult for a coordinated approach towards improved fisheries management.

In particular, the Wildlife Conservation Act is used by the implementing agency

(Ministry of Environment and Forests) to enforce bans on fishing for certain species

including sharks, sea cucumbers, etc. This authority can extend to a total ban on all

fishing in certain areas during breeding seasons for rare or endangered species (see

Box 14), leading to potential interdepartmental conflicts.

The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of 1991 entered into force under the

Environment Protection Act, 1986, and was designed to protect coastal areas from

unregulated development for industry, tourism, and urban development. The

Notification recognized the customary rights of traditional coastal fishing communities

by restricting development for up to 200 meters from the high-tide level. A more

recent development has been the requirement of all states to prepare coastal zone

management plans. However, these are being developed as a new Notification and

could weaken the earlier protections given to coastal fishers from other forms of

development.


Page 78

Protecting democracy, good governance, freedom of expression and the fundamental

rights of the people and of keeping them informed about events that would have a

direct or indirect bearing on them, and that of their elected government, and

detecting or exposing crime, corruption, maladministration or a serious misdemeanor.

This code both protects the rights of the individual and upholds the public’s right to

know. It should be honored not only to the letter but in the spirit – neither interpreted

so narrowly as to compromise its commitment to respect the rights of the individual

nor so broadly as to prevent publication in the public interest.

ETHICAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 79

Fishing communities in India are not homogenous, as they belong to different castes.

These communities have their distinct social, cultural governance structures and

traditional practices, depending on the coast, where they inhabit. Atleast 2-3 castes

are exclusively involved in marine fishing in each maritime State, and are not related

to the mainstream agrarian system.

The community institutions, (such as the caste panchayats, peddalu, padu system

etc.,)mostly organized along caste, kinship or religious lines, play an important role in

resolving conflicts, besides regulating and allocating resource use, ensuring equitable

access to resources and providing some form of social insurance. Most communities

have evolved their own management systems over time to regulate human interaction

with the resource especially when large number of people bank on a limited resource

to avoid conflicts. The evolution of traditional management system depended on the

resource and the environment in which the resource existed and the interactions

between people to extract these resources (Kurien, 1998).

Besides the traditional caste-based organization of fishing communities, they are also

organized into various sectors such as the mechanized sector – boat owner

associations, trade unions, cooperatives (both State-run and private), associations

based on gear type, self help groups, federations etc.

Some of the important fishing castes State-wise includes:

• Tamil Nadu: Pattinavars, Mukkuvars, and Paravas

• Andhra Pradesh: Vadabalijas, Jalaris, Pattapu, and Palles

• Orissa: Jalaris, Vadabalijas, Kaibartas, Khandayats, and Rajbhansis.

• West Bengal: Kaibartas

• Gujarat: Kharvas, Kolis and Macchiyaras

• Maharashtra: Kolis

• Karnataka: Mogaveeras

DEMOGRAPHICAL PROFILE OF FISHING INDUSTRY


Page 80

• Kerala: Mukkuvar, Anjootty, Dheevera, and Pooislan


Page 81

India’s trading in fishing industry:

India’s trading partners are from across the world including USA, countries from EU

and Asia. In export the highest share however, is that of USA (above 20%), followed by

Japan, Belgium, China and UK. Many argue that India is largely dependent on

specificexport markets, which reduce the Indian exporters to the position of price

takers, andthey are unable to charge higher prices in spite of rising costs of fuel,

labour, maintenance andbasic necessities (Kulkarni, 2005).

TRADE RELATIONS


Page 82


Page 83

To begin with Japan however had the highest share in India’s exports followed by USA.

India’s export to USA over the years increased substantially by about 3 folds to have

the top position. Amongst the exporters Norway has the lowest share.

As mentioned above India is a net fish exporting country and imports have not been

very important to the economy. Though there was a small surge in imports in the mid-

1990s (which accounted for a little under 1 percent of the net exports), this was mainly

to address the under-utilisation of processing factories in some states (notably in

Kerala), and when this did not work out to be viable, the share of imports slid back

once again. While India’s imports are much lower that exports highest share is that of

USA closely followed by Norway. There has been a significant jump in India’s import of

fishery items from Norway.


Page 84

If we look over the years Norway in fact started with no imports in 1997–98 and over

the years have been able to strengthen its position.


Page 85

Sri Lanka’s trading in fishing industry:

Sri Lanka’s main fishery export products include tuna, fresh chilled and frozen form,

shrimps & prawns, crabs and lobsters. Other than the above shark fins, fish maws,

beche-de-mer, cuttle fish & squid, sprats are also exports mostly to the Asian markets.

United Kingdom is the main market for Sri Lankan tuna followed by France, Italy,

Netherlands, Germany etc. In recent years Sri Lanka has been steadily increasing its

share in the international market. Annual exports of tuna increased from US$ Mn. 50

in 2000 to US$ Mn. 195.31 in 2011.


Page 86

HS

Code

Product Definition

Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates

0304 Fish fillets and other fish meat

0303 Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 03.04

0306 Crustaceans, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted

or in brine; crustaceans, in shell, cooked by steaming or by boiling in water,

whether or not chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine; flours, meals and

pellets of crustaceans, fit for human consumption.

0302 Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fish fillets and other fish meat of heading

03.04.

0307 Molluscs, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in

brine; aquatic invertebrates other than crustaceans and molluscs, live, fresh,

chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine; flours, meals and pellets of aquatic

invertebrates other than crustaceans, fit for human consumption.

0305 Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish, whether or not cooked before or

during the smoking process; flours, meals and pellets of fish, fit for human

consumption.

HS No.

Total Exports in US$ Mn.

Main Destinations

(Top 10 importing markets)

2008 2009 2010 2011

0304 58.79 76.94 66.76 71.99 UK, Germany, Italy, France,

Netherlands, Japan, USA,

Denmark, Belgium, Ireland

0303 54.75 50.08 59.94 42.99 Netherlands, Italy, UK, France,

Switzerland, Germany, Denmark,

Taiwan, Japan Israel


Page 87

0306 19.72 26.03 31.14 36.36 Japan, USA, Singapore, Hong

Kong, Maldives, china, Canada,

Taiwan, UK, Korea South

0302 22.15 11.18 18.39 17.69 Japan, USA, Canada, Switzerland,

France, Italy, Netherlands,

Pakistan, Israel, Germany

0307 5.58 3.29 12.85 1.77 Hong Kong, Vietnam, Japan,

Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan,

Maldives, Canada, USA, Thailand

0305 3.63 3.07 3.09 4.46 Hong Kong, Australia, Kuwait,

Maldives, Korea South, UAE,

USA, Canada, Malaysia

Singapore

Total

Exports

164.62 170.59 192.17 175.26

Here, no trading of fishery product exists between India and Sri Lanka. India and Sri

Lanka – both the countries are having trade relation with other countries like USA,

Hong Kong, Australia, Kuwait, Maldives, Korea South, UAE, Japan, Norway etc. No

trade relation between India and Sri Lanka in fishing industry because they are

neighbors and they have their own products and they have very large coverage area of

sea shore.

BUSINESS POTENTIALITY:

After observing the positive effects of trade India is currently making extensive efforts

to enhance the trade opportunities to improve it competitiveness in the world trade

scenario. Consequently, a comprehensive Foreign Trade Policy (2004–2009) has been

developed to improve the trading system. The objective of the new Foreign Trade

Policy is the overall development of India’s foreign trade.


Page 88

Two major objectives of the foreign trade policy 2004–2009 are (1) to double India’s

percentage share of global merchandise trade by 2009 and (2) to act as an effective

instrument of economic growth by giving a thrust to employment generation,

especially in semi-urban and rural areas. To enhance growth in trade, India is taking

various pro-active measures such as reduction of controls, bringing in transparency

and simplifications in bureaucratic procedures, and reducing duties. Special attention

is given to attract foreign direct investment. Sectors with significant export prospects

and potential for employment generation in semi-urban and rural areas have been

identified as thrust sectors, and specific sectoral strategies have been prepared.

In its effort to enhance export India also realizes the need to open up its economy for

imports. Thus unilaterally India has been relaxing several of her earlier import

restrictions.

Amongst various sectors opened up agriculture and animal husbandry sector is slow to

open up. This is mainly because still a large proportion of rural poor population (above

60%) depends on this sector. Prices of these essential commodities are also a major

concern. However, the scenario is changing even for these sectors if not as fast as the

manufacturing and services sectors. Concentrating on the fisheries sector we observe

from the above analysis that in India import of fish is still minimal. Currently Norway is

one of the major exporters to India and import from Norway as well as total imports in

fisheries sector is steadily rising from last 5 years or so. .

Since fishing is the occupation of a large number of poor households especially in the

coastal region, import is always considered as a threat to their livelihood. This

however, need not be always true. While a rapid growth may not take place

immediately, situation is expected to change over time. This can be also seen from our

field level experiences with the exporters associations and MPEDA officials who are

strongly in favour of certain imports. At 35 this hour therefore, it is necessary to

identify products, trade of which are not going to have detrimental effect on the

business of the poor fishermen. Collaboration in technology concerning

the fisheries sector can be an area of interest for both Norway and India. Similarly

equipments and peripherals for ornamental fish is another area. India in fact has a


Page 89

good demand for ornamental fish but due to strict restrictions, importers find

tremendous difficulty to import (as revealed by importers during our survey). This is

one area which during EU negotiation one may highlight.

With liberalization and opening up of the market, the economy is undergoing

significant changes. There is now a large group of population that can afford exotic

seafood and other marine items, which India does not produce. There is substantial

demand for these items from hotel industry as well. Processed semi-cooked product

market is also not yet developed fully in India. These are certain product groups that

may be explored initially. As our survey shows current knowledge of the consumers is

very limited. Thus information needs to be enhanced.

However, to reach a sizeable population, price has to be competitive as the purchasing

power of the mass is still not high in India. Thus, though trade in this sector is not

expected to increase manifolds in the near future, there are definite chances of new

opportunities of trade to come up.

Fishing opportunities in Sri Lanka:

Given the extensive ocean area and numerous fresh water and brackish water reserves

there is great potential for the development of game fishing sector in Sri Lanka. Inland

fishing can be carried out through-out the year owing to the constant smoothness of

the water in inland waterways and reservoirs. However deep sea fishing is dependent

on the monsoon, with western and southern coasts accessible during North- East

monsoon (from October to April) and the East Coast favored during the South –West

monsoon (May to September). The seas around Sri Lanka hold an abundance of game

fish for the keen angler. Close to the coast Grouper, Snapper Emperor, Bonefish are

found. Deep in the seas game fish ranging from Barracuda, Barramundi, Skipjack tuna,

yellow fin tuna, blue fin tuna, sword fish and marlin, shark are found in abundance.

Although Sri Lanka’s hardly exploited seas holds an excellent opportunity of game

fishing, Sri Lanka is not a popular game fishing hot spot due to inadequate facilities

available for anglers. Ceylon Fisheries Harbors Corporation (CFHC) and few other

private game fishing tour operators are organizing game fishing expeditions for the


Page 90

anglers at the moment. There is a need and also opportunity for private sector

investment in popularizing Sri Lanka as a game fishing hot spot.

With a number of large, medium and minor irrigation reservoirs, seasonal village tanks

and flood lakes, upland reservoirs and Mahaweli river basins there is huge potential to

develop inland game fishing. Nevertheless at present only Nuwaraeliya has a

reputation for inland trout fishing. Apart from that Madhu Ganga and Bolgoda Lake

are ideal for inland game fishing, where some inland game fishing tour operators

arrange convenient tours for anglers. Madhu Ganga is famed as the Ceylon Anglers

Club holds their annual fishing competition. Game fish spotted in these fishing grounds

are Barramundi, Barracuda, Mangrove Jack, Bull eyed Mackeral etc. There is ample

opportunity for private sector to invest in game fishing sector, both marine and inland.

At present only a few operators are into the inland game fishing tour operating, and

the activities are concentrated to Madhu Ganga, Bolgoda Lake and a few other lakes

and rivers in Nuwaraeliya. Therefore private sector is urged to invest in game fishing

and popularizing Sri Lanka as a game fishing hot spot utilizing the inland water bodies

found in abundance.

i

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.fisheriesdept.gov.lk

http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/LKA/profile.htm

http://www.reportlinker.com/ci02030/Fish-and-Seafood.html

http://www.climatechange.lk/ccs_index.html

http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20srilanka.htm

http://www.fisheriesdept.gov.lk/fisheries_beta/

http://www.ylanka.com/lankalegal/legal_system.htm

http://www.celkau.in/Fisheries/CaptureFisheries/indian_seafood.aspx

http://www.celkau.in/Fisheries/CultureFisheries/Cul_fisheries.aspx

http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y3872e/y3872e08.htm

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/3002/542590ESW0w

hit0ries0Report00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1

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http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/multimedia/archive/00245/100151310_Fire_fish_245

803b.jpg

http://www.trade-seafood.com/directory/seafood/country/sri-lanka.htm

http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/52.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/india/

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/india/

http://indianfisheries.icsf.net/

http://fsi.gov.in/LATEST-WB-SITE/fsi-main-pg-frm.htm

http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/72857/sri-lanka-fishing-industry-still-lacks-large-

tonnage-boats

ii

http://www.srilankaexpo.com/index.php/products-a-services/agriculture-and-

fisheries/fish-a-fisheries-products

https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=136

6&bih=598&oq=+fishery+export+products&gs_l=img.3...2628.2628.0.4012.1.1.0.0.0.0.

0.0..0.0....0...1ac.1.32.img..1.0.0.uxcuc0YeO-M&q=fishery%20export%20products

http://www.responsiblefisheries.is/images/content/bolungarvik-hofn2.jpg

http://www.srilankabusiness.com/find-sri-lankan-suppliers/product-profiles/fish-a-

fisheries-products

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_India

https://forum.oaps.eu/index.php

PDF...SRI LANKA _project_ New_final_fishing

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