Residential Sprinkler System Design • In 2006, 66 percent of fire deaths and more than 25 percent of firefighter on-duty deaths occurred in one- and two-family dwellings. 1 • e available time to escape a flaming fire in a home has been reduced significantly, from an average of 17 minutes in 1975 to as few as three minutes in 2003. 2 Modern furnishings burn fast, and smoke alarms no longer may sound in time for occupants to escape. • Lightweight construction endangers occupants and firefighters. Sprinklers protect lightweight construction. • When both fire sprinklers and smoke alarms are present in a home, the risk of dying in a fire is reduced by 82 percent when compared to a residence without either. 3 • In almost 2,000 fire incidents in homes protected with fire sprinklers, no fire-related deaths were reported during the 2002–2005 period. 3 By Marshall A. Klein, PE, and Julius Ballanco, PE Made Easy WHY ARE RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS SUCH A BIG ISSUE? 12 Plumbing Systems & Design SEPTEMBER 2008 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
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Residential Sprinkler System Design sy Residential Sprinkler...Residential Sprinkler System Design • In 2006, 66 percent of fire deaths and more than 25 percent of firefighter on-duty
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CodeProposalRP3-07/08providesasimple,prescriptive,andcost-effectiveapproachtoresidentialfiresprinklersystemsthatisfullycontainedintheIRC.Thistextwillallowacontractororhomebuildertoinstallaresidentialsprinklersystemwithoutreferencinganothercodeorstandard.TherequirementsareintendedtobefullyconsistentwithNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)13D:Standard for the Installation of Sprin-kler Systems in One- and Two-family Dwellings and Manufac-tured Homes,buttheyaresimplified.Homebuildersstillhavetheoptionofusingthenationallyrecognizedstandard,NFPA13D,whichallowsanengineereddesignoptionandotherpipingcon-figurations.Theapproachofincludingprescriptivetablesinthe
P2904.6.2.1 Available pressure equation. Thepressureavail-abletooffsetfrictionlossintheinteriorpipingsystem(Pt)shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithEquation29-1:
Pt=Psup–PLsvc–PLm–PLd–PLe–Psp
where Pt= PressureusedinapplyingTablesP2904.6.2(4)through
Step 7: Calculate Pt. UsingEquation29-1,calculatethepres-sureavailabletooffsetfrictionlossinwaterdistributionpipingbetweentheservicevalveandthesprinklers.
Step 8: Determine the maximum allowable pipe length. UseTablesP2904.6.2(4)throughP2904.6.2(9)toselectamaterialandsizeforwaterdistributionpiping.Thepipingmaterialandsizeshallbeacceptableifthedevelopedlengthofpipebetweentheservicevalvethemostremotesprinklerdoesnotexceedthemaximumallowablelengthspecifiedbytheapplicabletable.InterpolationofPtbetweenthetabularvaluesshallbepermitted.
3. Benefit-Cost Analysis of Residential Fire Sprinkler Systems. NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.2007.
Marshall Klein is president of Marshall A. Klein and Associates Inc., an engineering consulting firm that specializes in national building and fire code issues. He is an active participant in the ICC code change cycles. Julius Ballanco is president of JB Engineering and Code Consulting, a firm specializing in code and standard consulting in the areas of plumbing, mechanical, life safety, and fire protection engineering. For more information or to comment on this article, e-mail [email protected].
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FEATURE: Residential spRinkleR system design made easy
TABLE P2904.6.2(2)MINIMUM WATER METER PRESSURE LOSS (PLM)A
NP - Not permitted unless the actual water meter pressure loss is known.a. Table 2904.6.2(2) establishes conservative values for water meter pressure loss or
installations where the water meter loss is unknown. Where the actual water meter pressure loss is known, Pm shall be the actual loss.
b. Flow rate from Section P2904.4.2. Add 5 gpm to the flow rate required by Section P2904.4.2 where the water-service pipe supplies more than one dwelling.
TABLE P2904.6.2(3)ELEVATION LOSS (PLE)
ELEVATION (FEET)
PRESSURE LOSS (PSI)
5 2.210 4.415 6.520 8.725 10.930 1335 15.240 17.4
TABLE P2904.6.2(1)WATER SERVICE PRESSURE LOSS (PLSVC)a, b
NP - Not permitted. Pressure loss exceeds reasonable limitsa. Values are applicable for underground piping materials listed in Table P2904.4 and are based on an SDR of 11 and a Hazen Williams C Factor of 150.b. Values include the following length allowances for fittings: 25% length increase for actual lengths up to 100 feet and 15% length increase for actual lengths
over 100 feet.c. Flow rate from Section P2904.4.2. Add 5 gpm to the flow rate required by Section P2904.4.2 where the water-service pipe supplies more than one dwelling.
TABLE P2904.6.2(4) ALLOWABLE PIPE LENGTH FOR ¾ INCH TYPE M COPPER WATER TUBING(Underlining of table omitted for clarity)
1 Psup Sec. P2904.5.1: Pressure available from the water source 2 PLsvc Table P2904.6.2(1) 3 PLm Table P2904.6.2(2) + 4 PLd Sec. P2904.4.2 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on devices) + 5 PLe Table P2904.6.2(3) + 6 Psp Sec. P2904.4.1 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on sprinkler being used)
From the Manufacturer’s Specs the Flow Rate for the Single sprinkler design is = _____ gpm
+
7a
Pt
Sum the Pressure Losses in Column D Column D = (PLsvc + PLm + PLd + PLe + Psp)
Column D
=
7b Subtract: (Value in Column C/Step 1) - (Value in Column D @Step 7a)
Pt=
8 Maximum Allowable Pipe
Length
Table P2904.6.2(4) for ¾” Cu Type M Table P2904.6.2(5) for 1” Cu Type M Table P2904.6.2(6) for ¾” CPVC Table P2904.6.2(7) for 1” CPVC Table P2904.6.2(8) for ¾” PEX Table P2904.6.2(9) for 1” PEX
1 Psup Sec. P2904.5.1: Pressure available from the water source 2 PLsvc Table P2904.6.2(1) 3 PLm Table P2904.6.2(2) + 4 PLd Sec. P2904.4.2 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on devices) + 5 PLe Table P2904.6.2(3) + 6 Psp Sec. P2904.4.1 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on sprinkler being used)
From the Manufacturer’s Specs the Flow Rate for the Two sprinklers design is = _____ gpm
+
7a
Pt
Sum the Pressure Losses in Column D: Column D = (PLsvc + PLm + PLd + PLe + Psp)
Column D
=
7b Subtract: (Value in Column C/Step 1) - (Value in Column D @Step 7a)
Pt=
8 Maximum Allowable Pipe
Length
Table P2904.6.2(4) for ¾” Cu Type M Table P2904.6.2(5) for 1” Cu Type M Table P2904.6.2(6) for ¾” CPVC Table P2904.6.2(7) for 1” CPVC Table P2904.6.2(8) for ¾” PEX Table P2904.6.2(9) for 1” PEX
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FEATURE: Residential spRinkleR system design made easy
Blank Worksheet #3: Step-by-Step Description of Input Information
Inputs for Steps: 1. Public Water Supply/ Well Water Supply Psup= ___ psi 2. Water Service Flow Rate (Taken from input Step #6) = _____ gpm ¾”/ 1”/ 1¼” Water Service, Actual Length of Water Service = _____feet
Table Lookup Length 40’/ 41’- 75’/ 76’- 100’/ 101’- 150’ Pick value from Table P2904.6.2(1) PLsvc= ___ psi
3. Water Meter Pressure Loss Based on Flow Rate for Input for Step #2 and 5/8”/ ¾”/ 1” Meter Pick value from Table P2904.6.2(2) PLm= ___ psi 4. Additional pressure losses from other devices taken from Manufacturers’ specifications for such devices: a. Type of device:___________________= ________psi loss b. Type of device:___________________= ________psi loss c. Type of device:___________________= ________psi loss
PLd= ___ psi [which is the (“a” through “c”) of all the above devices] 5. Elevation between water service and highest sprinkler =_______feet x 0.433 = PLe = _________psi loss (or pick value from Table
P2904.6.2(3)) 6. From Manufacturer’s Sprinkler Specifications and the maximum spacing used for the sprinklers in your layout, the Sprinkler Flow Rate is ____
gpm for a single sprinkler, or is _____ gpm for two sprinklers, at a minimum required pressure (Psp) of ________psi Outputs for Steps: 7a. The first part of Step 7 to determine Pt is to add up all the pressure losses in Column D from Steps 2 through 6:
Sum of the pressure losses = _____ psi 7b. The second (and last) part of Step 7 to determine Pt is to then subtract Psup (The value in Column C of Step 1) from the sum of the pressure
losses in Step 7a (Value in Column D @Step 7a): Pt = (Value in Step #1) minus (Value in Step #7a) = _____ psi
8. Maximum Allowable Pipe Length for the water distribution piping inside the building is looked up in Tables P2904.6.2(4) through P2904.6.2(9)
based on the Single Sprinkler Flow Rate ( __ gpm) or the Two Sprinklers Flow Rate ( ___ gpm) from Step #6, the available pressure calculated in Step #7 (Pt= ___ psi), the piping material (Cu Type M, CPVC or PEX) and its pipe diameter (3/4” or 1”).
SEPTEMBER 2008 PlumbingSystems&Design 21
FEATURE: Residential spRinkleR system design made easy
Public Water Example #1 (Design Analysis #1) Given for Examples #1: Two story house as shown on public water with a static supply pressure at the street connection of 55 psi. Using Viking sidewall sprinklers (Model VK453) on the 2nd floor, and Viking pendent sprinklers (Model VK435) on the 1st floor. Underground is a minimum 1” water service with a ¾” meter, 50’ in length. Please note that a 1” water service is used since a preliminary review of the house’s floor plans and preliminary sprinkler layout shows that we will need to perform, as one of the minimum designs, a two sprinkler flow design on both the 1st and 2nd floors. We know that the best minimum flow for the low flow sprinklers on the market today is 8 gpm/sprinkler. Therefore, if we need a minimum 2 sprinkler design the minimum flow through the underground water service would be 16 (2 x 8) gpm. In addition, in our case where a single sprinkler design with a sidewall sprinkler is going to be used on the second floor, we know that for the Viking Model VK453 at the minimum spacing of 16’ x16’ required for this sprinkler layout, we need a minimum of 16 gpm per Viking’s specs. Reviewing Table P2904.6.2, a pressure loss for any water flow > 14 gpm flow rate in a 3/4” water service between 41’ and 75’ in length, is not permitted (NP). Therefore, we then need to increase the water service to a minimum of 1” to obtain a pressure loss value in Table P2904.6.2 for a 50’ run of underground when over 14 gpm sprinkler demand is flowing through the underground pipe.
1 Psup Sec. P2904.5.1: Pressure available from the water source 55 2 PLsvc Table P2904.6.2(1) (1” service loss for 41’-75’ flowing 16 gpm) 9.1 3 PLm Table P2904.6.2(2) (3/4” meter flowing 16 gpm) +3.0 4 PLd Sec. P2904.4.2 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on devices) +0.0 5 PLe Table P2904.6.2(3) (Vertical Elevation Loss from street is 20’) +8.7 6 Psp Sec. P2904.4.1 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on sprinkler being used)
From the Manufacturer’s Specs the Flow Rate for the Single sprinkler design is = 16 gpm (Master Bedroom is 14’-8” x 11’, therefore use the minimum 16’ x 16’ spacing for minimum flow and pressure for the Viking Model VK453 sidewall sprinkler specs)
+16.0
7a
Pt
Sum the Pressure Losses in Column D Column D = (PLsvc + PLm + PLd + PLe + Psp)
Column D
=36.8
7b Subtract: (Value in Column C/Step 1) - (Value in Column D @Step 7a)
Pt=18.2 (Use 15)
8 Maximum Allowable Pipe Length > Actual
Inside Water Pipe Length of
28’ horizontal + 20’ vertical =
48’
Table P2904.6.2(4) for ¾” Cu Type M 60’ OK Table P2904.6.2(5) for 1” Cu Type M 224’ OK Table P2904.6.2(6) for ¾” CPVC 97’ OK Table P2904.6.2(7) for 1” CPVC 291’ OK Table P2904.6.2(8) for ¾” PEX 26’ NO
1 Psup Sec. P2904.5.1: Pressure available from the water source 55 2 PLsvc Table P2904.6.2(1) (1” service loss for 41’-75’ flowing 22 gpm) 16.5 3 PLm Table P2904.6.2(2) (3/4” meter flowing 22 gpm) +5.0 4 PLd Sec. P2904.4.2 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on devices) +0.0 5 PLe Table P2904.6.2(3) (Vertical Elevation Loss from street is 20’) +8.7 6 Psp Sec. P2904.4.1 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on sprinkler being used)
From the Manufacturer’s Specs the Flow Rate for the Two sprinklers design is = 22 gpm (The Hallway space is “t” shaped, about 8’ x 8’ (& its hallway width is 3’). However, the sprinkler at the top of the stairs in the hallway also protects the top three steps of the stairs that can not be covered by the sidewall sprinkler that is located in the hallway outside the bathroom. Therefore,. to be conservative use the minimum 12’ x 12’ spacing for minimum flow for 2 sprinklers and minimum pressure for one sprinkler flowing using the Viking Model VK453 sidewall sprinkler specs)
+7.6
7a
Pt
Sum the Pressure Losses in Column D: Column D = (PLsvc + PLm + PLd + PLe + Psp)
Column D
=37.8
7b Subtract: (Value in Column C/Step 1) - (Value in Column D @Step 7a)
Pt=17.2 (Use 15)
8 Maximum Allowable Pipe Length> Actual
Inside Water Pipe Length of
24’ horizontal + 20’ vertical =
44’
Table P2904.6.2(4) for ¾” Cu Type M 33’ NO GOOD
Table P2904.6.2(5) for 1” Cu Type M 124’ OK Table P2904.6.2(6) for ¾” CPVC 54’ OK Table P2904.6.2(7) for 1” CPVC 161’ OK Table P2904.6.2(8) for ¾” PEX NP: NO
GOOD Table P2904.6.2(9) for 1” PEX 48’ OK
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FEATURE: Residential spRinkleR system design made easy
1 Psup Sec. P2904.5.1: Pressure available from the water source 55 2 PLsvc Table P2904.6.2(1) (1” service loss for 41’-75’ flowing 20 gpm) 13.8 3 PLm Table P2904.6.2(2) (3/4” meter flowing 20 gpm +4.0 4 PLd Sec. P2904.4.2 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on devices) +0.0 5 PLe Table P2904.6.2(3) (Vertical Elevation Loss from street is 10’) +4.4 6 Psp Sec. P2904.4.1 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on sprinkler being used)
From the Manufacturer’s Specs the Flow Rate for the Two sprinklers design is = 20 gpm (The Living Room space is 12’ x 18’ x 1” but the Kitchen/Dining is a minimum 12’-1” wide so to be conservative use the minimum 14’ x 14’ spacing for minimum flow for 2 sprinklers and minimum pressure for one sprinkler flowing using the Viking Model VK435 pendent sprinkler specs)
+10.4
7a
Pt
Sum the Pressure Losses in Column D: Column D = (PLsvc + PLm + PLd + PLe + Psp)
Column D
=32.6
7b Subtract: (Value in Column C/Step 1) - (Value in Column D @Step 7a)
Pt=22.4 (Use 20)
8 Maximum Allowable Pipe Length> Actual
Inside Water Pipe Length of
31’ horizontal + 10’ vertical =
41’
Table P2904.6.2(4) for ¾” Cu Type M 53’ OK Table P2904.6.2(5) for 1” Cu Type M 197’ OK Table P2904.6.2(6) for ¾” CPVC 85’ OK Table P2904.6.2(7) for 1” CPVC 257’ OK Table P2904.6.2(8) for ¾” PEX 23’ NO
GOOD Table P2904.6.2(9) for 1” PEX 77’ OK
Well Water Example #2 (Design Analysis #1)
Given for Examples #2: Two story house as shown on private well water with the well pump’s pressure at the building’s entrance set at a minimum 45 psi. Using Viking sidewall sprinklers (Model VK453) on the 2nd floor, and Viking pendent sprinklers (Model VK435) on the 1st floor. Because the pump pressure setting is at the building’s entrance there is no need to calculate PLsvc and there is no meter loss (PLd).
Pt= Psup - PLe - Psp (Available Pressure Equation 29-1 adjusted for Private Well Design)
Sing
le S
prin
kler
Des
ign
for
2nd F
loor
Mas
ter
Bed
room
16
gpm
Columns A B C D E F Steps Determine Use Psup
Value Total
Pressure Losses Value
Pt Value Maximum Allowable
Pipe Length
1 Psup Sec. P2904.5.1: Pressure available from the water source 45 2 PLsvc Table P2904.6.2(1) N/A 3 PLm Table P2904.6.2(2) +N/A 4 PLd Sec. P2904.4.2 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on devices) +0.0 5 PLe Table P2904.6.2(3) (Vertical Elevation Loss from street is 20’) +8.7 6 Psp Sec. P2904.4.1 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on sprinkler being used)
From the Manufacturer’s Specs the Flow Rate for the Single sprinkler design is = 16 gpm (Master Bedroom is 14’-8” x 11’, therefore use the minimum 16’ x 16’ spacing for minimum flow and pressure for the Viking Model VK453 sidewall sprinkler specs)
+16.0
7a
Pt
Sum the Pressure Losses in Column D Column D = (PLsvc + PLm + PLd + PLe + Psp)
Column D
=24.7
7b Subtract: (Value in Column C/Step 1) - (Value in Column D @Step 7a)
Pt=20.3 (Use 20)
8 Maximum Allowable Pipe Length > Actual
Inside Water Pipe Length of
28’ horizontal + 20’ vertical =
48’
Table P2904.6.2(4) for ¾” Cu Type M 80’ OK Table P2904.6.2(5) for 1” Cu Type M 298’ OK Table P2904.6.2(6) for ¾” CPVC 129’ OK Table P2904.6.2(7) for 1” CPVC 388’ OK Table P2904.6.2(8) for ¾” PEX 34’ NO
GOOD Table P2904.6.2(9) for 1” PEX 116’ OK
SEPTEMBER 2008 PlumbingSystems&Design 23
FEATURE: Residential spRinkleR system design made easy
Well Water Example #2 (Design Analysis #2)
Pt= Psup - PLe - Psp (Available Pressure Equation 29-1 adjusted for Private Well Design)
Tw
o Sp
rink
lers
Des
ign
for
2nd F
loor
Hal
lway
22
gpm
Columns A B C D E F
Steps Determine Use Psup Value
Total Pressure Losses Value
Pt Value Maximum Allowable
Pipe Length
1 Psup Sec. P2904.5.1: Pressure available from the water source 45 2 PLsvc Table P2904.6.2(1)) N/A 3 PLm Table P2904.6.2(2) +N/A 4 PLd Sec. P2904.4.2 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on devices) +0.0 5 PLe Table P2904.6.2(3) (Vertical Elevation Loss from street is 20’) +8.7 6 Psp Sec. P2904.4.1 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on sprinkler being used)
From the Manufacturer’s Specs the Flow Rate for the Two sprinklers design is = 22 gpm (The Hallway space is “t” shaped, about 8’ x 8’ (& its hallway width is 3’). However, the sprinkler at the top of the stairs in the hallway also protects the top three steps of the stairs that can not be covered by the sidewall sprinkler that is located in the hallway outside the bathroom. Therefore,. to be conservative use the minimum 12’ x 12’ spacing for minimum flow for 2 sprinklers and minimum pressure for one sprinkler flowing using the Viking Model VK453 sidewall sprinkler specs)
+7.6
7a
Pt
Sum the Pressure Losses in Column D: Column D = (PLsvc + PLm + PLd + PLe + Psp)
Column D
=16.3
7b Subtract: (Value in Column C/Step 1) - (Value in Column D @Step 7a)
Pt=28.7 (Use 25)
8 Maximum Allowable Pipe Length> Actual
Inside Water Pipe Length of
24’ horizontal + 20’ vertical =
44’
Table P2904.6.2(4) for ¾” Cu Type M 56’ OK Table P2904.6.2(5) for 1” Cu Type M 207’ OK Table P2904.6.2(6) for ¾” CPVC 89’ OK Table P2904.6.2(7) for 1” CPVC 269’ OK Table P2904.6.2(8) for ¾” PEX 24’ NO
GOOD Table P2904.6.2(9) for 1” PEX 80’ OK
Well Water Example #2 (Design Analysis #3) Pt= Psup - PLe - Psp (Available Pressure Equation 29-1 adjusted for Private Well Design)
Tw
o Sp
rink
lers
Des
ign
for
1st F
loor
Liv
ing
Roo
m
20 g
pm
Columns A B C D E F Steps Determine Use Psup
Value Total
Pressure Losses Value
Pt Value Maximum Allowable
Pipe Length
1 Psup Sec. P2904.5.1: Pressure available from the water source 45 2 PLsvc Table P2904.6.2(1)) N/A 3 PLm Table P2904.6.2(2) +N/A 4 PLd Sec. P2904.4.2 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on devices) +0.0 5 PLe Table P2904.6.2(3) (Vertical Elevation Loss from street is 10’) +4.4 6 Psp Sec. P2904.4.1 (Manufacturer’s Specs. on sprinkler being used)
From the Manufacturer’s Specs the Flow Rate for the Two sprinklers design is = 20 gpm (The Living Room space is 12’ x 18’ x 1” but the Kitchen/Dining is a minimum 12’-1” wide so to be conservative use the minimum 14’ x 14’ spacing for minimum flow for 2 sprinklers and minimum pressure for one sprinkler flowing using the Viking Model VK35 pendent sprinkler specs)
+10.4
7a
Pt
Sum the Pressure Losses in Column D: Column D = (PLsvc + PLm + PLd + PLe + Psp)
Column D
=14.8
7b Subtract: (Value in Column C/Step 1) - (Value in Column D @Step 7a)
Pt=30.2 (Use 30)
8 Maximum Allowable Pipe Length> Actual
Inside Water Pipe Length of
31’ horizontal + 10’ vertical =
41’
Table P2904.6.2(4) for ¾” Cu Type M 80’ OK Table P2904.6.2(5) for 1” Cu Type M 296’ OK Table P2904.6.2(6) for ¾” CPVC 128’ OK Table P2904.6.2(7) for 1” CPVC 385’ OK Table P2904.6.2(8) for ¾” PEX 34’ NO
GOOD Table P2904.6.2(9) for 1” PEX 115’ OK
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FEATURE: Residential spRinkleR system design made easy
Residential Sprinkler Layout for Examples #1 (Public Water) & #2 (Well System) Under the Prescriptive Sprinkler Design Method
Water service entrance
Hydraulically remote area for two sprinkler design for first floor. See Worksheet Examples #1-3 (Public Water) & #2-3 (Well Water)
Jeffrey
Text Box
This drawing has been revised from the originally published article to improve clarity and correct an error
Hydraulically remote area for two sprinkler design for 2nd floor. See Worksheet Examples #1-2 (Public Water) & #2-2 (Well Water)
Hydraulically remote area for single sprinkler design for 2nd floor. See Worksheet Examples #1-1 (Public Water) & #2-1 (Well Water)
Jeffrey
Text Box
This drawing has been revised from the originally published article to improve clarity and correct an error
Sidewall sprinklers will be used on the 2nd floor.
Need to use minimum 12’ x 12’ design criteria for the two sidewall sprinklers protecting the 2nd floor hallway.
Need to use minimum16’ x 16’ design criteria for the single sidewall sprinklers protecting the 2nd floor bedrooms.
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FEATURE: Residential spRinkleR system design made easy
Pendent sprinklers will be used on the 1st floor.
Need to use minimum 14’ x 14’ design criteria for the two hydraulically remote sprinklers protecting the 1st floor Living Room.
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FEATURE: Residential spRinkleR system design made easy