1 Selected plant parts and their “reasons for being” Botany for Master Gardeners Part II What you should know by the end of today’s session How to tell a stem from a root How to recognize a simple and compound leaf How to describe how water gets to the top of trees How to tell a monocot from a dicot What does a stem do? Physically support leaves, flowers & fruits Transport water, minerals & nutrients Provides storage in some plants Parts of the stem Note: Stem parts are important in plant identification! node = place where leaf is (or was) attached to the stem internode = distance between nodes terminal bud axillary or lateral bud leaf scar bud scale scar node bud scales One year of growth from one bud scar to another http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/images/trees/twigs/fraspcm.jpg A closer look at buds
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Selected plant parts and their
“reasons for being”
Botany for Master Gardeners Part II
What you should know by the end of today’s session
How to tell a stem from a root
How to recognize a simple and compound leaf
How to describe how water gets to the top of trees
How to tell a monocot from a dicot
What does a stem do?
Physically support leaves, flowers & fruits
Transport water, minerals & nutrients
Provides storage in some plants
Parts of the stem
Note: Stem parts are important in plant identification!
node = place where leaf is
(or was) attached to
the stem
internode = distance
between nodes
terminal bud
axillary or lateral bud
leaf scar
bud scale scar
node
bud scalesOne year of growth from one bud scar to another
Answer. Photosynthesis is the process whereby plant use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water to sugars
Sugars produced through photosynthesis are the building blocks of life as we know it
carbon dioxide,
water
sugars
oxygen
water
In Out
The photosynthesis factory
What is respiration?Answer. Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis
In respiration, sugars, water, and oxygen are used and carbon dioxide and water are released
True or False ?Only plants photosynthesize and only animals respire
Answer: Only plants photosynthesize but both plants & animals respire
Epidermis
What is the leaf epidermis?
Answer: The epidermis is the top and bottom layer of cells on a leaf
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Leaf model
mesophyll
open closed
What do stomates do?
Stomates are small pores on the leaf epidermis used for gas exchange
What is transpiration?
Answer: Transpiration is water loss (as vapor) from a plant
Transpiration rate is controlled by opening and closing of the stomates, which is influenced by humidity, temperature, and light
Finally!Putting it all together
?How does water get from
the soil to the top of a tree?
The Elements . . .
Stomates control evaporation which creates a lower pressure in the vascular system
Root hairs (often with the help of mycorhizzae) absorb water from the soil
Xylem cells transport water via capillary action and cohesive force of water
Let’s review
Name three critical processes carried out by leaves
Answer: photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration
What role does transpiration play in water movement in plants?
Answer: transpiration creates a lower pressure in the vascular system which draws water from the soil
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What do flowers do?
o reproduce – It’s all about sex
o if fertilization occurs, seeds are produced and carried in cones (conifers) or fruits (flowering plants)
flower
It is not always what it seems!
Parts of a flower
stigma
anther
filament
style
Lily
Flower parts
anther
stigma
sepal
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Flower Types
• Complete – Has all floral parts present (sepals, petals, stamens, pistils)
• Incomplete -flower lacks 1 or more of the 4 parts
Flower Types, Continued
• Perfect – Has both stamens and pistils (male and female parts)
• Imperfect – Lacks either stamens or pistils
Complete or Incomplete?
“male” flower
(staminate)
“female” flower
(pistillate)
begonia
New Question.
Perfect or Imperfect?
begonia
Answer: These are imperfect flowers. Perfect flowers have both male and female parts in the same flower
poplar alder
Kinds of plants with catkins are usually imperfect. Can you think of more examples? Remember, It’s
All About Sex!
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Ovary
cross-section of ovary
pollen on sticky surface of stigma
Fertilization pollen grains
ovary
pollen tube
ovule
The old birds and bees thing
beetles wind hummingbirds
Guess the pollinator
big leaf maple cape fuchsiawillow
butterflies flies bees
Guess the pollinator
yarrow skunk cabbage cat’s ear
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One More Thing to Learn
Question: What is the floral difference between monocots and dicots?
Answer: Monocots have flower parts in multiples of 3; Dicots are in multiples of 2, 4 or 5
Summary of differences, monocots & dicots
Time to practice with pictures!
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Fun Activity
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Capon B, 1990. Botany for gardeners, Timber Press, Portland OR, 220 pp. ISBN 0-88192-258-7 (paper).
Resources
Elpel, Thomas. 1967. Thomas J Elpel’s herbal field guide to plant families, 4th ed., HOPS Press, Pony, MT, 196 pp. ISBN 1-892784-07-6.
Resources
Baumgardt, John Philip. 1992. How to identify flowering plant families: a practical guide for horticulturists and plant lovers. Timber Press, Portland, OR, 269 pp. ISBN 0-917304-21-7.
ResourcesAcknowledgements
Web Sources
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Many photographs by Linda R McMahan, OSU Extension, Yamhill County
Some slides from an original presentation prepared by Ann Marie VanderZanden