Impact Assessment of Lift Irrigation and Rainwater Harvesting in the Tribal Villages of Jharkhand State, India AND Insight into the CSR Activities of Tata Motors, Jamshedpur. Rosalynne Sophie Watt Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge Tata International Social Entrepreneurship Scheme July‐ August 2009 Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
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Manmade irrigation did not exist in Kanikola previous to the lift irrigation system. Although there is a river nearby manpower alone was not sufficient carry water for irrigation required hence the need for lift irrigation.
Due to the pond structures alternative transplanting method of paddy was employed rather than broadcasting. Area of cultivable land has increased (see Table 4).
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The planting style of paddy was changed from broadcasting to a more efficient technique called transplanting. This technique is likely to achieve a greater yield than the previously employed, broadcasting method. Area of cultivable land has increased (see Table 4). In some households people from outside the village are employed to work on the fields hence creating employment and further income generation for not just their own community.
Growing Season
Before the irrigation system was introduced the growing season was just during the rainy season, i.e. June to September. Vegetables could only be harvested around 10 days/year before lift irrigation. Now, however, crops can be grown all year round.
Previous to the pond structure, the growing season was just the rainy season. Now however the growing season is all year round as vegetables can be grown in 10 months of the year. In previous years, paddymayhavebeenlostbetweenthefirstandsecondrainduelack of rainfall. Now, thewatersavedinthepondscanbe employed to top up thepaddy water and thereforeloss of paddy is unlikely aslong as there is sufficientwaterintheponds.
Crops grown The type and yield of crops allowed to grow have increased significantly. The basic crops which used to be grown were rice, potatoes, brinjal (aubergine), repree, fruits (e.g. mango, jamoon). The crops which are now grown include paddy, tomatoes, ladies finger, bottle guard, wheat, brinjal (aubergine), repree, full gram. Less fruit is grown as the fruit trees have been chopped down to make way for farmland. Crop yield has increased by around 3 fold.
Previous to the pond structure, paddy was the only crop grown. Now, vegetables can also be grown such as Thurso,pisparo,ladiesfinger,maize.
Environmental Soil moisture has improved. Soil moisture has improvedand underground water
Average annual income increased(see Table 4) .The main reasonbeing,greatercropyieldtobesoldat market. Preference of cropsgrownisgiventooneswhichhavea higher value atmarket.Manuallabouralsobringsinextraincomeand is carriedoutbymembersofthefamilywhodonotworkinthefields.
Previous to the pondstructure all the paddy cropwaskeptforconsumptionbythe family. Vegetables arenow sold at markettherefore increasing theannual income of a villagefamily(seeTable4).Some vegetables are sold atmarket. Ladies finger sellsfor 15‐20 R/kg. Manyvillagers sell their vegetabletoothervillagersratherthantakingthemtomarket.Inparticular,onevillagerMrJagannath Deogam (seeAppendix C) owns a shop.Last year the income was4000Rs.Thisyear,5000Rs.MrDeogamdoesnotthinkthatthischangeinincomeisrelatedtothenewpondstructures.
Expenditure The community is currentlyunsurewhat to dowith the extraincome generated. Eachhousehold have opened a bankaccount and will save the moneyuntiltheyknowwhattodowithit.In the future a possibility wouldbetobuymoreland.
Someextraincomeisnowusedtopurchase more food from themarket.TheirBPL(BelowPovertyLine) card can be used to obtaindiscountsatmarketanditisusedmorenowincomparisontobefore
The extra income is currently saved and it is hoped that it will be spent on the children’s education.
Loans Loans have never been taken out. In the past a loan has been taken out to buy fertilizer. This year, this has not be necessary.
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Most family’s have never take out a loan.
Migration for work/ manual labour
Manual labour is carried out bymembersofthefamilywhodonotwork on the land. Typically, 8hrs/day. Due to the closeproximity of Kanikola toJamshedpur manual labour isaccessible on a daily commute sovillagers do not need to migratefrom their village to find work.The number of hours of manuallabour carried out since theintroduction of the irrigationsystemhasnotchanged.
Migration for work has not been necessary in the Deogam family. Manual labour time has not changed but is still carried out. It is probably too early to tell the effect of this.
Employment Due to the irrigation system, thevillage now employ people fromother villages to work in theirfields.
Men are paid 50 Rs/day for jobsthataremorephysicallyintensivesuchasploughing.
Culture and traditions
Culture and traditions have not been affected.
Culture and traditions have not been affected.
Health As yet, health implications havenot been observed. The villagersexpect health to improve as theyhave more income to buy betterfood, e.g. apples. This summer,there have not been as manyillnesseswhich could be due to achange in weather conditionswhere monsoon rains have notbeenassevereasusual.
As yet, health implicationshavenotbeenobserved.
Education Children used to study until 10thclass. Now, they study until atleast 12th class. There is oneprimary school in the village,Assamani. For secondary schoolor college, children can either goto Jamshedpur or Gaharhuter.Theaddedextraincomehasmadethis possible however, income is
There is now more money to send the children to school. The aim is to send children to school until they are at least 17. The ability to send the child to school until this age is due to the extra income earned through cultivation.
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still not sufficient for furtherstudy after 12th grade. It isthought that if further educationopportunities were available thevillagers would take up theopportunity
Social status Thesocialstatusofthevillagehas
increased as other villagecommunities now come toKanikola to ask for advice onirrigationandfarmingpractises.
Other villages now have more respect for the village of Jaskhandih due to the success of the pond structure. Other villages are keen to learn about carrying out similar projects in their village.
Diet There is more variety in diet asnew crops are grown such aswheat. Rice is the favourite andmostimportantcrop.Alcohol consumption hasdecreasedduetobettereducationwith respect to understandingprioritiesinlifeandeducation.
More variety in their diet
Table 3: Impact table for irrigation structures introduced to the villages of Kanikola and Jaskhandih.
Village Cultivableareabeforeirrigation
Cultivableareaafterirrigation
Incomebeforeirrigation
Incomeafterirrigation
Kanikola 3.125acres 6.1acres 13,750Rs 22,500Rs
Jaskhandih 4.5acres 5.5acres 7,250Rs 18,250Rs
Table 4: Impact on cultivable area and income in the villages of Kanikola and Jaskhandih due to the introduction of irrigation.
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1.4.4KanikolaDiscussion
Photos 7: Photographs depicting the impact of irrigation in the village of Kanikola. Column1:
Top:Kanikola Paddy fields. Bottom:Vegetables grown in Kanikola.
Column2:Atribalvillagersurroundedbyvegetables grown in Kanikola.
The majority of the information gained in Kanikola village was via PRA and 5
questionnaires (see appendix A for the names of the beneficiaries questioned). The
main impacts of the irrigation system was found to be the extension of the growing
season in that vegetables can be grown all year round – thus increasing family income
by selling vegetables at market. Another major impact is the increase in cultivable land
and hence income. It emerged that the villagers were currently unsure as to what they
should do with their extra income. I would suggest that the villagers invest the
QuestionnaireThis questionnaire aims to understand the impact of a……………………irrigationsystemintroducedtothevillageof…………………………....……………………………..,nearJamshedpur,India.GeneralInformationNameofBeneficiary Age Gender Mainprofession MainSourceofincome Household Number of familymembers (Adults/children)
Literate/illiterate AgriculturalInformation Before AfterTypeofCropgrown Crop kept for the familyofsoldatmarket?
Cultivablearea Growingseason Does conflict arisebetween past methodsandtimescales?
EconomicInformation Before AfterAnnualIncome What are the mainreasons for the changeinincome,ifany?
Have loans ever beenrequired?
Migrationforwork? What gadgets do youown? E.g. Mobilephones,TV,bicycles...
What was/ is moneyspent on? What do youhope to spend yourextraincomeon,ifany?
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LifestyleInformation
Before AfterEducation
Number ofchildrengoing toschoolandtowhatage
Health Dominantdiseases andnumber ofcases?
Woman Man Son(s)
WorkingHours & onwhat
Daughter(s) Hashappinessofthefamilychanged?
Main problems of thevillage
Have dynamics betweenvillagerschanged?
Tableofbeneficiariesinterviewedforquestionnaire:Village Name Age MainOccupation
JagdishSoren 44 Secretary of the irrigation system,farmer
ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)ExercisesIn this work social and resource mapping, preference ranking and generaldiscussion points were employed for the PRA study. If time permitted otherexerciseswouldhavebeenemployedsuchasaseasonalcalendarandhistoricaltransect [Asia Forest Network, 2002]. The PRA discussion points are only aguideline as towhat could be discussed if the point did not arise through theinitialexercises.
Exercisesemployedinthiswork:Socialmapping
Thiswillmapoutthevillagegivinginformationonpopulation,numberofhouseholds.Ifthevillagealreadyhasamapdrawntakeapictureandletthevillagersdiscussaroundthemap.SeeTable1:Villageprofile.Different castes/ tribes/ income level living on different areas of thevillage.
ResourceMapping
Map the rivers/ anything and any other natural resources important tothevillage.Mapwherelowland/uplandlies.
PreferencerankingPreference ranking involves ranking a specific element of society in importance allowing for discussion and insight into how certain elements of village lifestyle may have changed.
Illustrateorganisationalstructureand individualswhocontribute to thecommunity. This can reflect indigenous organisations including villagechiefs, council of elders, healers, watermanagement organisations, andleadershippositions.
2. What is the cost of the irrigation system/pondbased irrigation systemand how is itmanaged and funded? Financial cost to villagers – is thismanageable?
3. Ifthereareanyproblemshowisthatsolved.
4. Ifthereislackofwater–howisthewaterdistributed.
5. ImpactonAgricultural
a. Cropvolumeandtype,growingseasonb. Changeinthefoodhabits?c. Agriculturalpractice/irrigationpracticed. Landcoverage:cultivableareae. Idlemonths–hasthegrowingseasonchanged?f. Couldanynewtechnologiesassistincropcollection/growth?g. Istheirrigationsystemsufficientforcurrentneeds?h. Futureofcropgrowth?
a. Surfacerun‐offb. Soilerosionc. Soilmoistured. Groundwaterrecharge–doyounoticeadifferenceinthewells.e. Were the fields already there or were trees cut down to make
fields
8. Impactonnaturalresources:a. Impactonnaturalresources.E.g.availabilityofwater?b. Are theyusing thesamewater forother jobs…e.g.washingbody,
utensils,andclothes?c. How have things changed ‐ do you nowwash your hands after
toiletduetogreateravailabilityofwater.
9. Economicimpact:
a. Howhasincomelevelchangedandwhy?b. Migrationofworkers?c. Loans?d. Foodhabitschangede. Newshop inthevillage. Inthevillageshop,howlonghas itbeen
openfor?Hasincomeoftheshopincreased?f. Seedseller–increaseinbusiness?g. Anychangeinthepriceoftheland?h. Fragmentation: how is land divided between children? Has this
OneyearagothetribalvillageofJaskhandihdidnothaveanyformofirrigation.Thevillagerssubsistedonmeagerearningsascasuallaborers.Cropsfrequentlyfailed, often due to inadequate rain and the rocky terraine. Mono‐cropping ofpaddywas only possible. Today, one can see a transformation in Jaskandih tovast stretches of paddy fields alongside vegetable cultivation. The reason: theimplementationofarainwaterharvestingprojectentitled“Improvedagriculturewith 5%model and seepage tanks”. Gram Vikas Kendra, Jamshedpur initiatedtheprojectinthevillageinJune2006.
Initially, itwasagreatchallengetoconvincevillagersto introducepondstructures.Theconceptoftakingawaypreciouslandfromalreadyunproductivecultivation area to make way for ponds seemed to them more negative thanpositive. Mr. Jagannath Deogam, a villager from Jaskhandih has beeninstrumental in pushing forward the project resulting in the rapidtransformationofthevillage.
Jagannathcouldseepastinitialfearsofthevillagetowardsthebenefitsofsuch an irrigation project. Jagnnath took the initiative to motivate his fellowvillagers and to explore the benefits of the project in his own farmland. Theresultofwhichhasraised thesocio‐economicconditionof thevillager throughimproved agriculture practices by creating rainwater harvesting structures intheformofponds.
A ‘GramVikas Samity Jaskhadih’ constituting of 60 farmer familieswasformedasabeneficiarygrouptocarryouttheproject.Thecommitteeundertookthejobofimplementingtheproject,makingproperuseofallresourcesavailable.JagannathtookontheroleofPresidentusinghispersuasivepowerstoeducatevillagersonthebenefitsofrainwaterharvesting.
The first pondwas dug on Jagannath’s land demonstrating it’s positiveeffects thus leading to thecreationofotherponds in thevillage. Jagannathhasselflessly acted as a great community facilitator, making change possible.Whetheritwasorganisingvillagemeetingsbymakingdoor‐to‐doorcontactsorconvincinghisneighbourstocontributelabor,hehasalwaysgivenhisvaluabletimefortheupliftmentofJaskhandih.
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Jagannathhasalsorunsmallgroceryshopinhisvillageandasmallricehaulingmachinewhoseclientsmainlycamefrompaddygrowersofothervillage,demonstrating theenergy Jagannathhas. Jagannathhopes that thepaddynowgrown inhisvillage,after the rainwaterharvestingprojectwillbehauledwithhis machine. Thanks to the MESO officer of the District Rural DevelopmentAgency(DRDA)forgivingGVKJtheopportunitytowork,thefundingsupport,itsEngineers and the District Soil Conservation Officer for extending all theguidance and help in the projectwithoutwhich this development could neverhavebeenpossible.
Upuntilnow,GVKhasbeenable to create157ponds in thevillageandhasbeeninstrumentalinbringingmanychanges:anincreaseinincomelevel,thepromotion of newer agriculture methods, and better health and educationalstandards. The village outlook has been transformed under the leadership ofwherethewatermanagementprojecthasprovedtobethecatalysttore‐shapethevillageforthebetter.
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AppendixD:CaseStudy
MrJagdishSoren
Photo17:JugeshwarSingh
Bee keepingwas introducedbyMr. Jagdish Soren in collaborationwithGramVikas Kendra, Jamshedpur in 1981. Trained as an expert on bee keeping forhoneyinKhadiGramUdyog,hehadavisiontocreatebeekeepingasaprofitableventureforfarmers.Initially,peopledidnotbuyhisconceptwithease,ifatall.However,ahandfulofpeoplebelievedinhisideaandtookupbeekeepingasadomesticactivityonanexperimentalbasis. Slowly,thewordofsuccessspreadwiththepossibilityofharvestingfreshandpurehoneyofseveralvarietieswithverylittleinvestment,riskoreffort.
Today Jugeshwar finds his dream come true as these bee‐rearers,commonlyknownas ‘palaks’movearoundon trucks loadedwithbeeboxes toseveralorchards,gardens&forestsofmanydistrictsofBihar&Jharkhand.Thepalaks know the detailed nature of bees, their attractions, their reasons formigrationand,ofcourse, theseasonalityfactorssuchasthedifferentfloweringand pollination timings of different plant species such as Lichi, Karanj, Neem,Jhamun andMango. Movement of the palaks is verymuch governed by thesefactorstohavetheoptimumcollectionofhoney.
Sofar,600bottlesofpurehoneyfromthepalakshavebeensoldthroughtheVikasShowRoom,afacilitycreatedbyGVKforsaleofruralproductsforthevillagers. The producers have also sold an additional 800 bottles of honeyindependently. The honey has a unique brand image due to its purity andvariety.
Jagdish’spassionforfarmingcametotheattentionofTataMotorswhenGramVikasKendraimplementedasocialforestryprojectinKanikolaafewyearsago.GVKsubsequentlyexposedhimtoagriculturetraininguponrecognisinghisenergetic attitude. It became apparent agricultural productivity in the villagewashinderedduetotheabsenceofanassuredirrigationfacilitythatcouldcaterto the large tractsofpaddyandvegetablecropping.GVKthereforeset‐upa liftirrigationprojectlastyearwiththehelpfromRotaryInternational.JagdishwasnominatedbythevillagerstobecometheSecretaryofLiftirrigationcommitteein the village. Following on from this the idea of combining lift irrigation andpond structures formed water could be lifted from the nearby river ofSubarnarekhatoapondstructureanaddedsourceofirrigationcouldbeformed.An integrated villagedevelopment planwasprepared in full consultationwiththe villagers: three ponds, one lift irrigation unit, agriculture training, piscine‐culture,formationandpromotionofselfhelpgroups(SHGs)andafforestation.Adetailed layout for construction of ponds and the lift irrigation unit wasconstructed alongside experts of Pradan, an organization specializing inwatermanagement. Resourcesweremobilized fromwilling donors: Telcon providedanexcavatorandtheRotaryInternationalprovidedfurtherfunding.
The villagerswerewilling labourers; digging 641m of trench lainwithpipelines. An 8 HP diesel motor pump having 6 discharge outlets capable ofirrigating40acresoflandpoweredtheirrigationsystem.Twopondswerealsocreatedallowingirrigationofafurther15acresofland.
Jagdish says: “When I found agriculture to be not only profitable but aprofoundlydignifiedvocation,Ionlywonderedwhenwouldmyvillagersbeabletofightoutthevagariesofmonsoonandthinkthesameway.ButnowwiththeliftirrigationsystemandtwopondscreatedinthevillagethroughGVKandmanyotherdevelopmentsintheoffing,itismydreamcometrue.”.Jagdish’sleadershipqualities are immense, he has motivated all villagers to contribute to theirrigationproject.
Prior to the introductionof the irrigationsystems, Jagdishearntaround8000Rsfromrain‐fedagriculture,providingtwosquaremealsadayandlimitedpossibilities to think past this. Training provided to villagers by GVK haschallengedthevillagerstothinkbeyondtheirboundariesandexploremoreforthemselvesandtheirfamily.
Takingadvantageoftheknowledgeinputsonmultiplecropping,hebegangrowing cabbage, cauliflower, ladies’ finger and different varieties of gourds,apartfromtherainfedpaddy,whichnowfetcheshimRs40,000/‐perannum.Heismarket sensitive and grows and sells his vegetables on time directly at themarkets of Dorkasai, Jadugada, Narwa, Govindpur and TataMotors colony. AllthishasmadeJagdishamodelfarmerinhisvillage.
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AppendixF
PersonalStatement
ForaslongasIcanremember,Ihavebeenextremelyinterestedinlearningmoreabout life in India. This curiosity began at a young age, sparked by themanystoriesIheardofthetimemyGreatGrandfatherspentworkingforthejutemillsof theEast IndiaCompanyandthetimethatmyGrandfatherspentworkingonan Indian teaplantation in the1930's.TISESprovided theperfect opportunityfor me to experience working in India, to learn about its contrasting culturewhileatthesametimetotakeabreakfrommycareerinscienceanddevelopmysocial and communication skills. With no previous experience in the field ofwatermanagement or in social research I was very excited to take on a newresearchtopicandusemypreviousexperiencesofproblemsolvingtoaddanewperspectiveonthewatermanagementissuesofthetribalvillagesofIndia.
Mostof all, theTISESprojecthas allowedme to see, firsthand that theworld has a dilemma: there are not enough resources to sustain the currenthuman population for generations to come.With a thriving human populationrelyingonwaterforsurvivalandanever‐decreasingsupplyofaccessiblewatersources,theabilitytomanagewaterefficientlyisessentialforfuturesurvivalofour race. India’s population is booming and it’s land over cultivated. It istherefore evident thatwemust find away of livingwith theworld in amoreecologically balanced way. This must either be done by changing the way inwhichwe live or by developing new technologies tomaintain our standard oflivingwithoutcausingadetrimentaleffecttooursurroundingenvironment.
IhaveenjoyedtheTISESprojectimmensely,IhavenotonlylearntaboutwatermanagementbutIhavealsobeenprivilegedenoughtolearnabouttriballifestyle,aculturevastlydifferenttomyown.Talkingtopeoplesocontentwiththeirliveswithoutagreatnumberofmaterialpossessionsprovidedarefreshingchange.Thevibrancyof the Indiancultureandtheopen, friendlynatureof themanyIndiansIhavemetandworkedwithhasbeenwonderful‐theIndianstreattheirguestswithgreatrespect.ThemainchallengeIfaced,asascientistwastherealisation that in social work, there is no perfect solution to a problem ‐compromisesmustbemadealongtheway.
When deciding on my next career step, the social entrepreneurshipactivitiesofacompanywillbeakeyfactorinwhoIdecidetoworkfor.TISEShasenabledme toobservehowa largecompanycanmakeapositive impactupontheworldwith its drive tomake a difference in the communities surroundingTataindustries.MytimeinIndiahasalsogivenmeagreaterperspectiveontheworldasawholeandhasconfirmedtomethatmyactionsandlifestyleintheUKaffect theentireworld, inparticular, the fragilityof theweather forecast,mostlikely due to the effects of global warming. I will therefore make the upmostefforttoleadamoreenvironmentallyconsciouslifestyleonmyreturntotheUK.
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AcknowledgementsAlthough I only spent twomonths in India, there are an incredible number ofpeopleIwouldliketothank.ManyaredepictedinPhotos18.
SandeepKumarprovidedmewithexcellentguidancethroughoutmytimein the Community ServicesDivision (CSD) of TataMotors. Although extremelybusy,healwaysprovidedthepatiencefordiscussionandtaughtmeagreatdealabout water management. Alongside Sandeep in the rural affairs team R. P.GuptaandSunilKumarMahtoandC.MSinghwereinstrumentalinallowingmetocarryoutmyfieldresearchbothofwhomexhibitedmuchpatience.
Jayanti Datt is an excellent leader of CSD, she most of all, providedstraightforwardandproductiveadvicewhenrequired.IadmireherandIwouldlike to thank her for welcoming me into her team and making my stay inJamshedpurverycomfortable.
Nishi Strivistava was a wonderful friend to me throughout my time inJamshedpur. Nishi initially introduced me to the education activities in TataMotors,everyvisitalwaysleftmewithawarmfeelinginsidefromwhichIfeltIalwaysgainanewperspectiveontheworld.Nishicontinuedtobeawonderfulfriend throughoutmy time in Jamshedpur: givingmeadvicewhat towearandtransporting me to and from Tisco Guesthouse when required in her newmaroon car. Most importantly she introduced me to her family from whom IgainedinsightintothewonderfulfamilycultureforwhichIndiaisrenowned.
ManythankstoKamlahforaidingmeinmyattemptstospeakHindiandfor herwelcoming smile every time I entered the office. Thanks also to Ila forwearing incrediblybeautifulsariseverydayandfor theopportunity toseehercharmingfamilysinganddance. Iwouldalso liketothankthemanydriversofCSDandotherstaffwhomademefeelextremelywelcomeinJamshedpur. AunindoRoyandDr.R.RoywerewonderfulinwelcomingmetotheirhealthinitiativesatPKS.
IwouldliketothankDrHelenHaughfororganisingtheTISESprogrammefrom Cambridge, her patient manner and ease of conversation are admirable.Helen alsoprovided to extremelyhelpful advice and aidwhenproblems arosethroughoutmyinternshipexperience.
Thank you to my family (David, Rhona and Robyn) and friends (Mica,JasonandSimonandKatherine)forsupportingmeinmyendeavourtocometoIndiawhileatthesametimesupportingmeinmyattempttocompletemyPh.Dstudies.
Top:NishiSrivistava,SandeepKumar,R.P.Gupta,myself,JyanttiDatt.2nd row: On the tour of the Tata Motors plant: Nishi Srivistava ,driver, Dev Das, SianHerschel,AndyPanton.3rdrow:Ilateachinggirlstoknitataknittingworkshop.Bottom:Nishi’sfamilyandmyself.
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