PCP Day PortulacaceaeCaryophyllaceaePolygonaceae.

PCP DayPCP Day

PortulacaceaePortulacaceae

CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae

PolygonaceaePolygonaceae

HaikuHaikua form of Japanese poetry with 17 syllables in three unrhymed a form of Japanese poetry with 17 syllables in three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables, often describing nature lines of five, seven, and five syllables, often describing nature or a season. Some of these poems below are written in the or a season. Some of these poems below are written in the

style of haiku.style of haiku.

• First Day of SpringFirst Day of Spring• I keep thinking aboutI keep thinking about• The end of AutumnThe end of Autumn•

• That seed is so smallThat seed is so small• Making roots below dark Making roots below dark

earthearth• Green shoots taste cold Green shoots taste cold

windwind

• Glacier grinding Glacier grinding • Slowly approaching oceanSlowly approaching ocean• Does it fear the sea?Does it fear the sea?

• A caterpillar,A caterpillar,this deep in fall--this deep in fall--still not a butterfly.still not a butterfly.

• "When the bold branches"When the bold branchesBid farewell to rainbow Bid farewell to rainbow leaves leaves Welcome wool sweaters."Welcome wool sweaters."- B. Cybrill - B. Cybrill


• PortulacaceaePortulacaceae is a family of is a family of angiosperms (flowering plants,) angiosperms (flowering plants,) comprising about 20 genera with 450 comprising about 20 genera with 450 species, ranging from herbaceous species, ranging from herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family has been plants to shrubs. The family has been recognized by recognized by mostmost taxonomists, taxonomists, and is also known as the and is also known as the purslanepurslane family. family.


• This family has a cosmopolitan This family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the highest diversity distribution, with the highest diversity in semi-arid regions of the Southern in semi-arid regions of the Southern Hemisphere in Africa, Australia, and Hemisphere in Africa, Australia, and South America, especially in the South America, especially in the Andes mountains. A few species also Andes mountains. A few species also extend north into Arctic regions. This extend north into Arctic regions. This family is also especially diverse in family is also especially diverse in western North America. western North America.


• The APG II system (2003; unchanged The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998) from the APG system of 1998) assigns it to the order Caryophyllales assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots.in the clade core eudicots.


• Usually succulent in habit with mucilage Usually succulent in habit with mucilage cells common. cells common.

• Leaves are opposite or alternate and sprial, Leaves are opposite or alternate and sprial, simple, entire with pinnate venation.simple, entire with pinnate venation.

• Stipules usually present.Stipules usually present.• Inflorescences determinate.Inflorescences determinate.• Flowers usually bisexual and radial.Flowers usually bisexual and radial.• Ovary superior to inferior.Ovary superior to inferior.• Fruit usually a loculicidal or circumscissile Fruit usually a loculicidal or circumscissile

capsule.capsule.

PortulaceaePortulaceae

• Major genera worldwide include:Major genera worldwide include:

• PortulacaPortulaca (125 spp.), (125 spp.), Cistanthe Cistanthe (35), (35), Phemeranthus Phemeranthus (30), (30), ClaytoniaClaytonia (30), (30), LewisiaLewisia (16), and (16), and TalinumTalinum (15). (15).

PortulaceaeaePortulaceaeae

• Genera in Montana (Dorn 1984):Genera in Montana (Dorn 1984):

• ClaytoniaClaytonia (6 spp.), (6 spp.), LewisiaLewisia (4 ), (4 ),

• MontiaMontia (2), (2), MontiastrumMontiastrum (2), (2), PortulacaPortulaca (1), (1), SpragueaSpraguea (1). (1).

Claytonia lanceolataClaytonia lanceolata Pursh. Pursh.Family: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Western spring beauty of moist foothills to alpine in Montana.

Claytonia megarhizaClaytonia megarhizaFamily: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Alpine spring beaty of talus slopes of mid to high mountainsand alpine areas of Montana.

Claytonia sibiricaClaytonia sibirica L. L.Family: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Siberian springbeauty of moist, usually shady places, lowlands to mid-elevations in the mountains of Montana (native).

Lewisia redivivaLewisia rediviva Pursh PurshFamily: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Bitter-root (Montana State Flower) Gravelly to dry, heavy soil, commonly on lithosol, from sagebrush plains to mid-elevations in the mountains

LithosolLithosol

• thin soil consisting of rock thin soil consisting of rock fragments: fragments: a soil with poorly a soil with poorly defined layers defined layers horizonshorizons that consists that consists mainly of partially weathered rock mainly of partially weathered rock fragmentsfragments

Lewisia triphylla Lewisia triphylla (Wats.) (Wats.) Robins.Robins.

Family: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Three-leaf bitterroot of open, usually sandy areas where vernally moist; ponderosa pine forests to sub-alpine meadows

Vernally Moist Means???Vernally Moist Means???

• Vernal ponds, otherwise known as Vernal ponds, otherwise known as ephemeral wetlands, do not contain ephemeral wetlands, do not contain fish yet provide critical habitat to wood fish yet provide critical habitat to wood frogs, spotted salamanders, fairy frogs, spotted salamanders, fairy shrimp, and many other animal and shrimp, and many other animal and plant species including plant species including Lewisia triphyllaLewisia triphylla (three-leaf bitterroot). Vernal ponds (three-leaf bitterroot). Vernal ponds usually contain water only during a usually contain water only during a portion of the year.portion of the year.

Lewisia pygmaeaLewisia pygmaea (Gray) (Gray) Robins.Robins.

Family: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Alpine bitterroot - Open, often gravelly, moist to rather dry areas, mid- to high elevations in the mountains.

Lewisia columbianaLewisia columbianaFamily: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Columbia bitterroot - Exposed gravelly or rocky slopes and rock crevices

Montia chamissoiMontia chamissoiFamily: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Water miners’-lettuce - Wet areas, often in water, from the lowlands to mid-elevations in the mountains

Portulaca oleracea Portulaca oleracea L. L. Family: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Common Purslane is an annual weed in the garden.It is edible.

Spraguea umbellataSpraguea umbellata Torrey TorreyFamily: PortulacaceaeFamily: Portulacaceae

Umbellata pussy paws occurs in Ponderosa pine woods to sub-alpine ridges. Syn Cistanthe umbellata

Circumscissile CapsuleCircumscissile CapsuleCommon in PortulacaceaeCommon in Portulacaceae

• Splitting or opening Splitting or opening along a along a circumference, circumference, with the top with the top coming off as a lid: coming off as a lid: a circumscissile a circumscissile seed capsule.seed capsule.

Loculicidal capsuleLoculicidal capsuleLess common in PortulacaceaeLess common in Portulacaceae

• A A LoculicidalLoculicidal CapsuleCapsule is a dry dehiscent is a dry dehiscent fruit, splitting along the locule (midrib of fruit, splitting along the locule (midrib of each ovary). each ovary).


• The Pink FamilyThe Pink Family This is quite a large plant This is quite a large plant family with about 2200 species in 70 genera. family with about 2200 species in 70 genera. They are mainly temperate herbaceous They are mainly temperate herbaceous plants, and include many popular garden plants, and include many popular garden plants - the Pinks, Carnations and Sweet plants - the Pinks, Carnations and Sweet William (William (DianthusDianthus), Baby's Breath ), Baby's Breath ((GypsophilaGypsophila), Campions and Catchflies (), Campions and Catchflies (SileneSilene and and LychnisLychnis) and Sandworts () and Sandworts (ArenariaArenaria), as ), as well as a number of weeds, including several well as a number of weeds, including several types of Chickweed (types of Chickweed (StellariaStellaria), Mouse-Ear ), Mouse-Ear ((CerastiumCerastium) and Pearlwort () and Pearlwort (SaginaSagina). ).


• Widespread, but especially Widespread, but especially characteristic of temperate and warm characteristic of temperate and warm temperate regions of the Northern temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, mostly of open habitats Hemisphere, mostly of open habitats or disturbed sites.or disturbed sites.

• They seem to do particularly well on They seem to do particularly well on alkaline soils. alkaline soils.

• The plants of this family are relatively The plants of this family are relatively uniform, so are easily recognized.uniform, so are easily recognized.


• The family is best known for The family is best known for ornamentals such as carnations, ornamentals such as carnations, baby’s breath, soapwort, and baby’s breath, soapwort, and campion.campion.

CaryphyllaceaeCaryphyllaceae

• Leaves and stems -Leaves and stems - The stems are usually The stems are usually herbaceous, dying back to a crown in herbaceous, dying back to a crown in winter, although some are evergreen, and winter, although some are evergreen, and some are shrubby with persistent woody some are shrubby with persistent woody rootstocks. The leaves are almost always rootstocks. The leaves are almost always undivided and opposite, and the stem is undivided and opposite, and the stem is swollen and easily broken at the nodes. The swollen and easily broken at the nodes. The leaf bases are often joined around the joints leaf bases are often joined around the joints to make them perfoliate, but there are to make them perfoliate, but there are usually no stipules. usually no stipules.

CaryphyllaceaeCaryphyllaceae

• Flowers -Flowers - The flowers are regular, The flowers are regular, with a calyx of four or five free or with a calyx of four or five free or joined lobes. There are also bracts joined lobes. There are also bracts under the flowers, particularly in under the flowers, particularly in DianthusDianthus. The flowers have four or . The flowers have four or five free petals, often notched or five free petals, often notched or deeply cut. There are usually twice deeply cut. There are usually twice as many stamens as petals. as many stamens as petals.


• Seeds -Seeds - The ovary is superior, and The ovary is superior, and the fruit is a capsule containing the fruit is a capsule containing many seeds. The seeds are variable. many seeds. The seeds are variable. In some species they are round balls, In some species they are round balls, and in others they are more like flat and in others they are more like flat discs. discs.


• Members of this Family usually have: Members of this Family usually have:

• Swollen leaf joints Swollen leaf joints Simple undivided leaves Simple undivided leaves A calyx with five lobes A calyx with five lobes No stipules No stipules Flowers with four or five petals Flowers with four or five petals White, pink or red flowers - rarely yellow, but White, pink or red flowers - rarely yellow, but never blue never blue

• and are usually short annual or perennial and are usually short annual or perennial herbs herbs

But I’ve Seen Blue But I’ve Seen Blue CarnationsCarnations

• Various colors are created in carnations by Various colors are created in carnations by dyeing. This is how florists achieve blue and dyeing. This is how florists achieve blue and green shades. There are two ways green shades. There are two ways carnations are colored, they are stem dyed carnations are colored, they are stem dyed or sprayed. Stem dying involves cutting the or sprayed. Stem dying involves cutting the stems on the carnation and placing them in stems on the carnation and placing them in a bucket of dye with the desired color. The a bucket of dye with the desired color. The white flowers drink the dye and the flower white flowers drink the dye and the flower exudes the color. Occasionally carnations exudes the color. Occasionally carnations are sprayed with a floral dye as another are sprayed with a floral dye as another coloring technique. coloring technique.

Blue CarnationsBlue Carnations


• In this Family, the superior ovary usually has In this Family, the superior ovary usually has only one chamber, and contains many seeds. only one chamber, and contains many seeds.

• The capsule usually opens with several points, The capsule usually opens with several points, like an icing nozzle. like an icing nozzle.



• Agrostemma, ArenariaAgrostemma, Arenaria (12 spp.), (12 spp.), Cerastium, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Cerastium, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Holosteum, Lychnis,Paronychia, Holosteum, Lychnis,Paronychia, Sagina, Saponaria, Silene, Spergula, Sagina, Saponaria, Silene, Spergula, Spergularia, Stellaria, VaccariaSpergularia, Stellaria, Vaccaria

Agrostemma githagoAgrostemma githagoFamily: CaryophyllaceaeFamily: Caryophyllaceae

Common corncockle - Introduced and well established in Washington and Oregon, less common in Idaho and Montana Roadsides and wasteland.

Arenaria obtusilobaArenaria obtusilobaFamily: CaryophyllaceaeFamily: Caryophyllaceae

Alpine sandwort – Sub-alpine to alpine ridges and talus slopes

Syn Minuartia obtusiloba

Cerastium arvenseCerastium arvense L. L.Family: CaryophyllaceaeFamily: Caryophyllaceae

Field chickweed – plains to alpine throughout the state.

Dianthus barbatusDianthus barbatus L. L.Family: CaryophyllaceaeFamily: Caryophyllaceae

Sweet William - Introduced ornamental that ocassionally escapes from gardens in western Montana.Habitat: Wasteland and disturbed soil.

Gypsophila paniculataGypsophila paniculata L. L.Family: CaryophyllaceaeFamily: Caryophyllaceae

Baby’s breath - Introduced in the northern half of the United StatesNoxious weed in eastern Washington and Idaho.

Lychnis coronariaLychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. (L.) Desr.Family: CaryophyllaceaeFamily: Caryophyllaceae

Rose campion - Introduced ornamental that occasionally escapes and persists in Montana and Wyoming. Roadsides, railroads and wastelands.

Saponaria officinalisSaponaria officinalis L. L.Family: CaryophyllaceaeFamily: Caryophyllaceae

Soapwort - Introduced throughout the United States; Roadsides and waste ground.

Silene menziesiiSilene menziesii Hook. Hook.Family: CaryophyllaceaeFamily: Caryophyllaceae

Menzie’s campion – native to woods, slopes, and stream banks.


• The Buckwheat Family - a family of The Buckwheat Family - a family of flowering plants also known as the flowering plants also known as the "knotweed family" or "smartweed "knotweed family" or "smartweed family". The name is based on the family". The name is based on the

genus genus Polygonum.Polygonum. Some well known Some well known members include members include Eriogonum Eriogonum

(buckwheat), (buckwheat), RumexRumex (sorrel), (sorrel), Rheum Rheum (rhubarb), and (rhubarb), and Polygonum Polygonum (Knotweed).(Knotweed).


• The family is named for the many The family is named for the many swollen node joints that some swollen node joints that some

species have; species have; polypoly means many and means many and gonigoni means knee or joint, though means knee or joint, though

some interpret some interpret gonigoni to mean seed, to mean seed, and the name then would refer to the and the name then would refer to the

many seeds these plants often many seeds these plants often produce. produce.


• According to our text, the family consists According to our text, the family consists of 43 genera, totaling about 1100 species. of 43 genera, totaling about 1100 species. Numerically the most important are Numerically the most important are EriogonumEriogonum (250 species), (250 species), PolygonumPolygonum (200 (200 species), species), RumexRumex (200 species), (200 species), CoccolobaCoccoloba (120 species), and (120 species), and CalligonumCalligonum (80 (80 species).species).

• The family is present worldwide, but are The family is present worldwide, but are most differentiated in temperate regions.most differentiated in temperate regions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriogonum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumex

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccoloba

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligonum


• Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines, the Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines, the nodes are often swollen. Usually nodes are often swollen. Usually with tanins, often with oxalic acid. with tanins, often with oxalic acid. Leaves usually alternate, simple, and Leaves usually alternate, simple, and spiral. Leaves usually entire, with spiral. Leaves usually entire, with pinnate venation and with a peculiar pinnate venation and with a peculiar pair of sheathing stipules known as pair of sheathing stipules known as ocreaeocreae..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochrea


• The flowers are normally bisexual, The flowers are normally bisexual, small in size, radial (actinomorphic) small in size, radial (actinomorphic) with calyces of 3 or 6 imbricate with calyces of 3 or 6 imbricate sepals. After flowering the sepals sepals. After flowering the sepals often become membranous and often become membranous and enlarge around the developing fruit. enlarge around the developing fruit. Flowers lack a corolla and the sepals Flowers lack a corolla and the sepals are petal-like and colorful. are petal-like and colorful.


• The androecium is composed of 3 to The androecium is composed of 3 to 8 stamens that are normally free or 8 stamens that are normally free or united at the base. Flowers with united at the base. Flowers with compound pistils composed of three compound pistils composed of three united carpels with one locule - united carpels with one locule - producing a single ovule. The ovary producing a single ovule. The ovary is superior with basal placentation, is superior with basal placentation, and 2 to 4 stigmas are produced. and 2 to 4 stigmas are produced.



• Erigonum, Koenigia, Oxyria, Erigonum, Koenigia, Oxyria, Polygonum,Polygonum,

• RumexRumex

Rheum Rheum xx cultorum cultorum Family: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Garden rhubarb

Erigonum annuum Erigonum annuum Nutt.Nutt.Family: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Annual wild buckwheat

Eriogonum umbellatulm Eriogonum umbellatulm TorreyTorreyFamily: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Sulfur flower buckwheat - sagebrush deserts to alpine rocky ridges

Eriogonum pauciflorumEriogonum pauciflorum PurshPursh

Family: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Few flowered buckwheat

Koenigia islandicaKoenigia islandica L. L.Family: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Iceland purslane

Oxyria digynaOxyria digyna (L.) Hill (L.) HillFamily: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Alpine mountain-sorrel - Moist, usually rocky ground, alpine to subalpine. Native.

Polygonum douglasiiPolygonum douglasii Greene GreeneFamily: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Douglas’ knotweed - Common in dry to moist areas, lowlands to mid-elevations in the mountains

Polygonum cuspidatumPolygonum cuspidatum Family: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Japanese knotweed – introduced noxious weed

Rumex venosusRumex venosus Pursh PurshFamily: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Veined dock/wild hydrangea – dry, sandy orgravelly places. Native.

Rumex crispusRumex crispus L. L.Family: PolygonaceaeFamily: Polygonaceae

Curly dock – introduced and weedy.

PhytoremediationPhytoremediationPossible subject for further study and careerPossible subject for further study and career

• Phytoremediation consists in depolluting Phytoremediation consists in depolluting contaminated soils, water or air with plants contaminated soils, water or air with plants

able to contain, degrade or eliminate able to contain, degrade or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, and various crude oil and its derivatives, and various

other contaminants, from the mediums that other contaminants, from the mediums that contain them.contain them.

• It is clean, efficient, inexpensive and non-It is clean, efficient, inexpensive and non-environmentally disruptive, as opposed to environmentally disruptive, as opposed to processes that require excavation of soil. processes that require excavation of soil.

Thlaspi arvenseThlaspi arvenseFamily: BrassicaceaeFamily: Brassicaceae

Field pennycress

Thlapsi arvenseThlapsi arvenseFamily: BrassicaceaeFamily: Brassicaceae

• Can be used for phytoremediation in a Can be used for phytoremediation in a process commonly called phytomining.process commonly called phytomining.

• Has the ability to extract toxic metals Has the ability to extract toxic metals from contaminated soils, and is from contaminated soils, and is especially good at concentrating nickel especially good at concentrating nickel and cadmium in its stems and leaves and cadmium in its stems and leaves and seed pods.and seed pods.

• Crop can be harvested and the metals Crop can be harvested and the metals processed out of the plant material.processed out of the plant material.


• Researchers in Illinois believe they have the answer Researchers in Illinois believe they have the answer to the continuing food versus fuel debate and high to the continuing food versus fuel debate and high commodity prices that challenge the biodiesel commodity prices that challenge the biodiesel industry: pennycress. Their excitement stems from industry: pennycress. Their excitement stems from the ability of the plant to be transformed from a the ability of the plant to be transformed from a weed into a biodiesel feedstock. “It’s off season weed into a biodiesel feedstock. “It’s off season from corn and soybeans, has high seed yield and from corn and soybeans, has high seed yield and high oil,” says Terry Isbell, lead researcher in the high oil,” says Terry Isbell, lead researcher in the new crops and processing technology group at the new crops and processing technology group at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research at Peoria, Ill. “This plant wants somebody to pay at Peoria, Ill. “This plant wants somebody to pay attention to it.” attention to it.”


• Field pennycress isn’t considered a big weed Field pennycress isn’t considered a big weed problem because it completes its life cycle in problem because it completes its life cycle in late spring and doesn’t compete with newly late spring and doesn’t compete with newly planted corn or soybeans. Pennycress is a planted corn or soybeans. Pennycress is a member of the mustard family. Its heart-member of the mustard family. Its heart-shaped, flat seed packets carry the tiny shaped, flat seed packets carry the tiny oilseed that yields 36 percent oil when oilseed that yields 36 percent oil when crushed. That kind of oil yield, plus seed crushed. That kind of oil yield, plus seed yields in wild stands that approach 2,000 yields in wild stands that approach 2,000 pounds per acre, make pennycress pounds per acre, make pennycress comparable with canola as an oilseed crop. comparable with canola as an oilseed crop.


• The glucosinolates in pennycress meal restrict The glucosinolates in pennycress meal restrict its use as an animal feed, but also contain the its use as an animal feed, but also contain the chemical sinigrin, which in the presence of chemical sinigrin, which in the presence of water disintegrates into allyisothiocyante—a water disintegrates into allyisothiocyante—a bio-fumigant. A bio-fumigant could provide an bio-fumigant. A bio-fumigant could provide an eco-friendly alternative to methyl bromide. eco-friendly alternative to methyl bromide. Methyl bromide is a soil fumigant, which Methyl bromide is a soil fumigant, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. It is contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. It is used in high-value crops such as strawberries. used in high-value crops such as strawberries.


• Besides killing weed seeds in the soil prior to Besides killing weed seeds in the soil prior to planting high-value crops, pennycress meal would planting high-value crops, pennycress meal would have value as a organic fertilizer. have value as a organic fertilizer.

• In the wild, pennycress seed is produced in the In the wild, pennycress seed is produced in the spring and lies dormant until daylight hours spring and lies dormant until daylight hours shorten in the fall when it germinates. Its leaves shorten in the fall when it germinates. Its leaves grow low to the ground, providing good winter grow low to the ground, providing good winter cover and preventing soil erosion. When warm cover and preventing soil erosion. When warm spring days arrive in late April and May, field spring days arrive in late April and May, field pennycress bolts and flowers reaching heights of pennycress bolts and flowers reaching heights of 30 inches or so. It can be harvested in early June 30 inches or so. It can be harvested in early June just in time to plant a full-season soybean crop. just in time to plant a full-season soybean crop.


• Field pennycress appears to be a low-input Field pennycress appears to be a low-input crop and will likely require little fertilization. crop and will likely require little fertilization.

• Researchers are also searching for herbicides Researchers are also searching for herbicides that could be used to help establish optimal that could be used to help establish optimal pennycress stands in the fall, although it is pennycress stands in the fall, although it is predicted that the crop’s vigorous spring predicted that the crop’s vigorous spring growth will make further herbicides growth will make further herbicides unnecessary. unnecessary.

• Pennycress tends to shatter in mid-summer, Pennycress tends to shatter in mid-summer, well after the early June period when the well after the early June period when the plant is dried down sufficiently to combine, plant is dried down sufficiently to combine, yielding seeds dry enough to store. yielding seeds dry enough to store.

• In the hope of reaching the moonIn the hope of reaching the moonmen fail to see the flowersmen fail to see the flowersthat blossom at their feet.that blossom at their feet.

- Albert Schweitzer- Albert Schweitzer

PCP Day PortulacaceaeCaryophyllaceaePolygonaceae.

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