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Wind Power - A Technology enabled by power electronics
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Prof. Frede Blaabjerg
Professor, IEEE Fellow
[email protected]
Aalborg University Department of Energy Technology
Aalborg, Denmark
CORPE
www.corpe.et.aau.dk
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Outline
2 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
► Aalborg University and Department of Energy Technology
► Power Electronics for Wind Turbines
► Reliability Challenge of Power Electronics
► Power Converter Operation in Wind Turbines
► Conclusions
Wind Power -
A Technology enabled by power electronics
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3 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Aalborg University and
Department of Energy Technology,
Denmark
Page 4
Aalborg University - Denmark
4 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
PBL-Aalborg Model (Project-organised and problem-
based)
Inaugurated in 1974
19,000 students
2,500 faculty
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Aalborg University - Campus
5 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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Department of Energy Technology
6 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Energy production - distribution - consumption - control
HEAT
LOADS POWER STATION
SOLAR CELLS
WIND TURBINE
MOTOR
PUMP
ROBOTICS
REFRIGERATOR
TELEVISION
LIGHT
TRANSFORMER
INDUSTRY
=
POWER SUPPLY
ac dc
TRANSFORMER
COMPEN - SATOR
FUEL CELLS
FUEL [
COMMUNICATION
COMBUSTION ENGINE
SOLAR ENERGY
TRANSPORT
3 3 3 1 - 3
3
DC
AC
~
POWER STATION
SOLAR CELLS
WIND TURBINE
MOTOR
PUMP
ROBOTICS
REFRIGERATOR
TELEVISION
LIGHT
TRANSFORMER
INDUSTRY
=
POWER SUPPLY
ac dc
TRANSFORMER
COMPEN - SATOR
FUEL CELLS
FUEL [
COMMUNICATION
COMBUSTION ENGINE
SOLAR ENERGY
TRANSPORT
3 3 3 1 - 3
3
DC
AC
~
DC
AC
DC
AC
PRIMARY
FUEL
CHP
Energy
Storages
Energy
Storages
FACTS/CUPS
Page 7
Department of Energy Technology
7 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Strategic Networks
• EMSD
• CEES
• ECPE
• VE-NET
• DUWET
• WEST
• VPP
• REN-DK
• HUB NORTH
• Energy Sponsor
Programme
Fluid Power and
Mechatronic
Systems
Fluid Mechanics
and Combustion
Electric Power
Systems
Power Electronic
Systems
Electrical
Machines
• 50+ VIP
• 70+ PhD
• 10+ Guest Researchers
• 10+ Research Assistants
• 22 TAP
Smart Grids and Active Networks
Wind Turbine Systems
Fluid Power in Wind and Wave Energy
Biomass
Photovoltaic Systems and Microgrids
Modern Power Transmission Systems
Fuel Cell and Battery Systems
Automotive and Industrial Drives
Efficient and Reliable Power Electronics
Thermoelectrics
Green Buildings
Multi-disciplinary Research Programmes Lab. Facilities
• Power Electronics
Systems
• Drive Systems Tests
• Fluid Power
• Power Systems & RTDS
• Micro Grid
• High Voltage
• DSpace
• PV Converter &
Systems
• Laser Systems
• Fuel Cell Systems
• Battery Test
• EMC
• Vehicles Test Lab
• Biomass Conversion
Facilities
• Proto Type Facilities
Thermal Energy
Systems
Department of Energy Technology
Page 8
8 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Power Electronics for Wind Turbines
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Energy and Power Challenge
9 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Four main challenges in energy
Sustainable energy production (backbone, weather based, storage)
Energy efficiency
Mobility
Infrastructure
EU Set-plan (20-20-20) and beyond
Danish Climate Commision – Independent in 2050 of fossil fuel
Germany – no nuclear in the future
Globally large activity
Different initiatives
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Renewable Electricity in Denmark
10 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Key figures for proportion of renewable electricity
Key figures 2010 2011 2020 2035
Wind share of net generation in year 21.3% 29.4% 50%*
Wind share of consumption in year 22.0% 28.3%
RE share of net generation in year 32.8% 41.1% 100%*
RE share of net consumption in year 33.8% 39.0%
(Data source: Energinet.dk)
(Data source: Energinet.dk) (*target value)
2011 Renewable Electricity Generation
in Denmark
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11
Energy and Power Challenge in DK
Very high coverage of distributed generation.
Bri
ef
Tech
no
logy
De
velo
pm
en
t
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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Development of Electric Power System in Denmark
12 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
From Central to De-central Power Generation
(Picture Source: Danish Energy Agency) (Picture Source: Danish Energy Agency)
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Renewable Energy System
13 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Important issues for power converters Reliability/security of supply
Efficiency, cost, volume, protection
Control active and reactive power
Ride-through operation and monitoring
Power electronics enabling technology
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Global Wind Turbine Capacity
14 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Large investment a critical factor
New wind turbines development cost is expensive
Globally it changes from country to country annually
Worldwide wind power capacity
(Giga Watts)
…
…
Page 15
Wind Turbine Development
15 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Bigger, cheaper and more efficient
3.6-7 MW prototypes running (Vestas, GE, Siemens Wind, Enercon)
2-3 MW WT are still the “best seller” on the market
Global installed wind capacity (up to 2012): 282 GW, 2012: 44 GW
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011
50 kW
D 15 m
100 kW
D 20 m
500 kW
D 40 m
600 kW
D 50 m
2 MW
D 80 m
5 MW
D 124 m
7~8 MW
D 164 m
Soft starterRotor
resistanceRotor
power
Full generator
power
≈ 0% 10% 30% 100%
Role:
Rating:Power
Electronics
2018 (E)
10 MW
D 190 m
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Grid Codes for Wind Turbines
16 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Conventional power plants provide active and reactive power, inertia
response, synchronizing power, oscillation damping, short-circuit
capability and voltage backup during faults.
Wind turbine technology differs from conventional power plants
regarding the converter-based grid interface and asynchronous
operation
Grid code requirements today
► Active power control
► Reactive power control
► Frequency control
► Steady-state operating range
► Fault ride-through capability
Wind turbines are active power plants
Page 17
Power Grid Standards – Normal Operation
17
Part of frequency control Reactive power capability
Designed for all ratings
Set-point may be given by power system operator
Requirements to be a power station
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
100%
Available power
fg (Hz)
48 49 5251
51.350.15
75%
50%
25%
50
49.8548.7
With full
production
With reduced
production
P/Prated (p.u.)
Q/Prated (p.u.)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.4OverexcitedUnderexcited-0.3
Underexcited
Boundary
Overexcited
Boundary
Page 18
Power Grid Standards – Ride-Through Operation
18
0
25
75
90
100
150 500 750 1000 1500
Voltage(%)
Time (ms)
DenmarkSpain
Germany
US
Keep connected
above the curves
Grid voltage dips vs. withstand time
100%
Iq /Irated
Vg (p.u.)
0.5
0
Dead band
0.9 1.0
20%
Reactive current vs. Grid voltage dips
Withstand extreme grid voltage dips.
Contribute to grid recovery by injecting Iq.
Higher power controllability of converter.
Requirements during grid faults
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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Wind Turbine Concepts
19 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
► Wound-rotor induction generator
► Variable pitch – variable speed
► ±30% slip variation around
synchronous speed
► Power converter (back to back/
direct AC/AC) in rotor circuit
► Variable pitch – variable speed
► With/without gearbox
► Generator
Synchronous generator
Permanent magnet generator
Squirrel-cage induction generator
► Power converter
Diode rectifier+boost DC/DC+inverter
Back-to-back converter
Direct AC/AC (e.g. matrix,
cycloconverters)
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20
Back-to-back two-level voltage source converter
Proven technology
Standard power devices (integrated)
Decoupling between grid and generator (compensation for
non-symmetry and other power quality issues)
Need for major energy-storage in DC-link (reduced life-time and
increased expenses)
Power losses (switching and conduction losses)
Back-to-back VSC
Power Electronic Converters
Transformer
2L-VSC
Filter Filter
2L-VSC
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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21
Power converters
Proven technologies today
Boost and Voltage Source Converter to grid
Power Electronic Converters
Transformer
Filter Filter
Transformer
Filter Filter
Current Source Inverter to grid
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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22
Parallel of low voltage power converters
Power Electronic Converters
Multi-winding low voltage
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
...
Multi winding
generator
AC
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
DC
AC
...
...Transformer
2L-BTB
2L-BTB
Grid
...
...
Transformer
AC
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
DC
AC
...
Generator
2L-BTB
2L-BTB
Grid
Also proven technologies today
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23
Multi-level topologies +6 MW
Transformer
3L-NPC
Filter Filter
3L-NPC
Transformer
open windings
Filter Filter
3L-HB 3L-HB
Three-level NPC
Half-bridge and open-winded transformer
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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24
5L-HB
Transformer
(open windings)
5L-HB
Filter Filter
3L-NPC
Transformer
(open windings)
5L-HB
Filter
Filter
Half-bridge, five-level
Three-level and five-level
Multi-level topologies +6 MW
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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25
...
Cell 1
Cell N
...
AC
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
DC
AC
...
AC
DC
DC
AC
AC
DC
DC
AC
MFT
MFT
...
...
To grid
DC
DC
DC
AC
DC
DC
DC
AC
Rectifier
MVDC
To generator
Medium frequency transformer
Stacked output converter
Multi-level topologies +6 MW
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Page 26
Control Structure for a Wind Turbine System
26 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Gear-box
LCLLow pass
filter
Vgenerator
Igenerator
Grid fault ride through
and grid support
Igrid
Vgrid
Vdc
Power Maximization
and Limitation
Inertia
Emulation
Power
Quality
Extra functions
WT specific functions
Basic functions (grid conencted converter)
Current/Voltage
Control
Vdc
Control
Energy
Storage
Grid
Synchronization
AC
DC
DC
AC
Xfilter
Pitch actuator
Wind speed
Superviosry commmand from TSO
wgenerator
SG
IG
DFIGlocal
load
utility
micro-
grid
Braking
Chopper
Pulse Width Modulation
Power has to be controlled by means of the aerodynamic system and has to
react based on a set-point given by a dispatched center or locally with the goal to
maximize the power production based on the available wind power.
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Current Development Example
27 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Vestas V164 offshore turbine
Rated power: 8,000 kW
Rotor diameter: 164 m
Hub height: min. 105 m
Turbine concept: medium-speed gearbox,
variable speed, variable pitch, full-scale
power converter
Generator: permanent magnet
Vestas Wind Systems A/S Denmark
Target market: Big offshore farms
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28
Vestas V80–2.0 MW
Horns Reef I 160 MW, Horns Reef II 209.3 MW • 80 x 2MW (Vestas V80, in
operation Dec 11, 2002)
• 91 x 2.3MW (Siemens SWT-2.3-93, in operation Sep 17, 2009)
Rotor Diameter 80 m Hub Height 60-100 m Weight 227-303 tons Min/Max rotation speed 9/19 rounds/minute Min/Nom/Max Wind 4/16/25 m/s Gear box Yes (1:100.5) Generator DFIG (4 pole – slip rings)
Current Development Example – Wind Farm
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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Improved performance of Wind Turbines
Integration with a battery storage system
Take part in primary and secondary control
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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WBG devices
30
Wide-Band-Gap Devices: Ways to Higher Power Density
January 27, 2012 DB-4
WBG
devices
≤ 200 400 ~ 600 ≥ 1200 Voltage (V)
Power (W)
10
100
1k
10k
GaN HEMTs MHz switching
Low conduction loss
Conduction
loss
Switching
loss
High-temp.
operation
Smaller cooling
system size
High-freq. passive
components
Smaller
passives sizes Improved
power
density
GaN diodes & transistors
SiC Schottky diodes
Better FOM, Competitive cost
No reverse recovery
SiC BJTs / IGBTs
MOSFETs / JFETs
Schottky / PiN diodes
High voltage
High temperature
Source D, Boroyevich - CPES
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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SiC Devices
31 June 18, 2013
Source D, Boroyevich - CPES
Major SiC Device Developers
January 27, 2012 DB-23
600 V 1200 V 1700 V 3-7 kV 10 kV
Schottky
Blocking
Voltage
JFET Normally-on/-off
JFET Normally-off
Schottky diode
Schottky diode JFET
Normally-on
Schottky diode Super-junction
BJT
Thyristor 6.5 kV
BJT
MOSFET
Schottky diode
Schottky MOSFET MOS
MOSFET
Mainstream: 1.2 kV switches
A lot of research
going on for high-
voltage SiC devices
MAINSTREAM
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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32 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Wind Turbine – power electronic components
Emerging devices soon ready for wind power processing
IGBT module IGBT Press-pack IGCT Press-pack SiC MOSFET module
Power Density Low High High Low
Reliability Moderate High High Unknown
Cost
High High High
Failure mode Open circuit Short circuit Short circuit Open circuit
Easy maintenance + - - +
Insulation of heat sink + - - +
Snubber requirement - - + -
Thermal resistance Large Small Small Moderate
Switching loss Low Moderate Moderate Low
Conduction loss Moderate Moderate Moderate Large
Gate driver Moderate Moderate Large Small
Major manufacturers Infineon, Semikron, Mitsubishi,
ABB, Fuji Westcode, ABB ABB Cree, Rohm, Mitsubishi
Medium voltage ratings 3.3 kV / 4.5 kV /6.5 kV 2.5 kV / 4.5 kV 4.5 kV / 6.5 kV 1.2 kV
Max. current ratings 1.5 kV / 1.2 kA / 750 A 2.3 kA / 2.4 kA 3.6 kA / 3.8 kA 100 A-180 A
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33 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Wind Turbine system cost – Off-shore
Not only Wind turbine cost
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34 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Wind Turbine system cost – before and future
Different trends
But the Cost of Energy will be reduced
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35 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Reliability Challenge of Power Electronics in
Renewable Energy Systems
Page 36
Failures of Power Electronic Systems
36 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Power module
Rotor
module
Control
& Commons
NacelleDrive
trainAuxiliary system Structure
Power
converter
13%Pitch
system
21.3%
Yaw system
11.3%Gearbox
5.1%
Field Experience of Wind Turbines – Normalized Failure Rate
(Source: Reliawind, Report on Wind Turbine Reliability Profiles – Field Data Reliability Analysis, 2011.)
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37 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Semiconductor 21%
Capacitor30%
PCB26%
*Data sources: Wolfgang E., “Examples for Failures in Power Electronics Systems,” in EPE Tutorial ‘Reliability of Power Electronic Systems’,
April 2007.
Failure root causes distribution for power electronic systems*
(% may vary for different applications and designs)
Critical Components in Power Electronic Systems
(http://www.alibaba.com)
(www.abb.com)
Page 38
Availability Impact on Cost-of-Energy (COE)
38 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
(source: MAKE Consulting A/S)
CAPEX OPECOE
X
AEP
CAPEX – Capital cost
OPEX – Operation and maintenance cost
AEP – Annual energy production
Lower downtime
Lower OPEX and higher AEP
Higher reliability and better maintenance
Lower COE
Page 39
Reliability basics
39
Life time models for switching devices
(Source: Semikron)
Thermal cycling parameters ΔTj and Tm are important for device life time.
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Page 40
Reliability basics
40
Thermal models for switching devices
IGCT Diode
ZT(j-c) ZD(j-c)
ZT(c-h) ZD(c-h)
TA
TA TA
Switch
Diode
TA
Clamped Diode
ZD(j-c)
ZD(c-h)
Z(h-a)
TA
Z(h-a)
TC
TH
TC TC
TH
Tj Tj Tj
Note:
Tj: junction temperature, TC: case temperature, TH: heat sink temperature, TA: ambient temperature
Z(j-c): thermal impedance from junction to case, Z(c-h): thermal impedance from case to heat sink, Z(h-a): thermal impedance from
heat sink to ambient
ZT/D(j-c)TA TC
Tj
Rth1 Rth2 Rth3 Rth4
τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4
Thermal model of the impedance ZT(j-c) or
ZD(j-c) from junction to case.
Thermal models are important for ΔTj and Tm .
(Source: ABB)
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Page 41
Reliability basics
41
Reliability evaluation tools for converter
Wind Profiles
Turbine-
Generator
Models
Loss ModelLoss Life time
Model
Thermal
Model
thermal impedance
ΔTj
TmMTTF
turbine, drive, generator topologydevice
vw
Wind speed
IG
VG
Mission Profiles
Wind Profiles
Turbine-
Generator
Models
Loss ModelLoss
Life time
Model-1
Thermal
Model-1VG
ΔTj Tm
CthermCost
turbine, drive, generator topology, devices
vw Chip Size
Model
Wind speed
MTTF
RthermIG
Mission Profiles
From mission profiles to Life time
From life time to cost
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
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42 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Power Converter Operation in Wind Turbines
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43 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
MW Configurations I
Promising LV configurations
DFIG
Rotor-side
Converter
Filter
Transformer
Grid-side
Converter
C
T1 D1
T2 D2
T1 D1
T2 D2
PMSG
Generator-side
Converter
Filter Transformer
C
T1D1
T2D2
T1D1
T2D2
Grid-side
Converter
2L DFIG
2L PMSG
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44 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Normal operation
2L DFIG 2L PMSG
Generator-side
Converter
Grid-side
Converter
Power loss profile
Page 45
45 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Thermal cycling
Normal operation
Generate-side converter Grid-side converter
Page 46
Grid faults operation
46
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P
Q
Grid Voltage Vg (p.u.)
Active
/ r
ea
ctive
po
we
r (M
W / M
Va
r)
8 m/s
10 m/s
>12 m/s
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Grid Voltage Vg (p.u.)
Cu
rre
nt a
mp
litu
de
(A
)
Ph
ase
an
gle
I - Vg (d
eg
ree)
8 m/s
10 m/s
>12 m/s
Current amplitude (3L-HB, 3L-NPC)
Phase angle
P/Q power vs. Grid voltage Current amplitude & position vs. Grid voltage
When Vg<0.5 p.u. is regardless of wind speeds (100% Iq , no Ip).
When Vg>0.5 p.u. is referring to the generated power/wind speeds (some
room for Ip).
Operation status under balanced LVRT
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Page 47
Grid faults operation
47
Voltage
dips
Normal
operationNormal
operation
Tjmax=116℃
Ju
nctio
n te
mp
era
ture
(℃
)
Time (s)
Dnpc
Tout
TinDout
Din
Voltage
dips
Normal
operationNormal
operation
Tjmax=94℃
Ju
nctio
n te
mp
era
ture
(℃
)
Time (s)
Dnpc
Tout
TinDout
Din
With normal modulation With optimized modulation
Thermal optimized modulation under LVRT
(for 3L-NPC grid inverter)
Junction temperature dynamic response
(wind speed 8 m/s, 0.05 p.u. LVRT, dip time 500 ms)
Center of Reliable Power Electronics
Page 48
Summary
48 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
► A solution for the long term future in society
► Smart grid also pushed by renewable
► Coordinated control of production and consumption – better integration
► Systems should be able to run in on-grid and off-grid modes
► Wind turbines have been the fastest growing but PV will come
► Wind turbine technology – better performance
- Full scale power electronics
- New generator concepts (e.g. PM, gearless)
- Larger size – lower cost per kWh
- Reliability – a key to lower Cost of Energy
Power Electronics for Wind Power
Page 49
49 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
► A solution for the long term future in society
► Smart grid pushed by renewable
► Increased power production close to the consumption place
► Coordinated control of production and consumption
► Future grid configurations may be different – but intelligent
► Systems should be able to run in on-grid and off-grid modes
► PV-plants will get same specifications as wind turbines
► Wind turbines have been the fastest growing but PV will come
► Wind turbine technology – better performance
- Full scale power electronics
- New generator concepts (e.g. PM, gearless)
- Larger size – lower cost per kWh
► A university-industry collaborated center has been established to advance
the research progress in reliability of power electronic, especially for the
applications in renewable energy systems.
Power Electronics
enabling wind power into an intelligent grid
Page 50
50 Center of Reliable Power Electronics
References 1. H. Wang, M. Liserre, and F. Blaabjerg, “Toward reliable power electronics - challenges, design tools and opportunities,” IEEE Industrial
Electronics Magazine, Jun. 2013 (in press).
2. H. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, and K. Ma, “Design for reliability of power electronic systems,” in Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the IEEE
Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), 2012, pp. 33-44.
3. F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, “Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power
Electron., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1184-1194, Sep. 2004.
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719, Mar-Apr. 2012.
5. S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, “A review of single-phase grid connected inverters for photovoltaic modules,” IEEE Trans. on Ind.
Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292-1306, Sep. 2005.
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through”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 909-921, Mar./Apr. 2013.
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Appl., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 922-930, Mar./Apr. 2013.
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Electronics, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 325-335, Jan. 2013.
10. K. B. Pedersen and K. Pedersen, “Bond wire lift-off in IGBT modules due to thermo-mechanical induced stress,” in Proc. of PEDG’ 2012, pp.
519 - 526, 2012.
11. S. Yang, D. Xiang, A. Bryant, P. Mawby, L. Ran and P. Tavner, “Condition monitoring for device reliability in power electronic converters: a
review,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2734-2752, Nov., 2010.
12. M. Pecht and J. Gu, “Physics-of-failure-based prognostics for electronic products,” Trans. of the Institute of Measurement and Control , vol. 31,
no. 3-4, pp. 309-322, Mar./Apr., 2009.
13. Moore, L. M. and H. N. Post, “Five years of operating experience at a large, utility-scale photovoltaic generating plant,” Progress in
Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16(3): 249-259, 2008.
14. Reliawind, Report on Wind Turbine Reliability Profiles – Field Data Reliability Analysis, 2011.
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Management Symposium, pp. 70-80, 2004.
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