PCD—Birth Defects

Objective 3.01Heredity and Environment

Influences on Prenatal Development

& Long-term Effects on the Health of Children.

PCD—Birth Defects

FACTSAbout 150,000 babies are born each year with birth defects.

1 out of 28 parents receive frightening news that their baby has a birth defect.

There are over 4,000 known birth defects

Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life.

What is a Birth Defect?

An abnormality of structure, function or body metabolism present at birth that results in physical or mental disability or is fatal (deadly).

Prenatal DevelopmentInfluenced by conditions brought on by the environment and hereditary traits.

For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child.

A birth defect is an abnormality that is present at birth that affects the structure or functions of the body and may threaten a baby’s health and/or welfare.

Environment vs. Hereditary

Prenatal Development is influenced by conditions brought on by the Environment & Hereditary Traits.

For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child.

Potential Causes of Birth Defects

Directions: Read Chapter 4. Complete the chart on the handout provided using Chapter 4 Section 3 in the textbook, page 124-125.

Pick 8 of the 10 Birth DefectsList the following in the rectangle:

CausesDetectionsTreatments

EnvironmentComplete the next slides on the bubble map labeled: Environmental Influences

Inadequate (not enough) Nutrition of

Mother

Stunt brain dev.Mental retardationIncreased risk:multiple birth defectslow birth weight

Rubella, or German measles

1st trimester of pregnancy can cause severe birth defectsBlindnessDeafnessHeart diseaseMental retardation

ToxoplasmosisParasite causes:BlindnessHearing lossLearning disabilitiesDeath

Found in cat litter and some raw meats

Chicken PoxDuring 1st half of pregnancy:Scarring of baby’s skinLimb (arms, legs) defects

Eye problemsMiscarriage (death before 20th week)

STD’sCan be passed to unborn child and can lead to:Serious illnessesPhysical disabilitiesDeath

Nicotine Smoking Tobacco

OR Secondhand Smoke

Smaller than average babiesMiscarriages and premature deliveries

Respiratory infections or allergies

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

(FAS)20% of infants die Facial deformitiesDelayed physical growthHeart defectsHyperactivityMental retardation or disabilitiesPoor coordinationDifficulty controlling behavior

FAS

Drugs: Over-the-counter & illegal

Nothing should be taken during pregnancy without doctor’s

permissionPass on drug addition to the baby

Makes it necessary for baby to go through painful withdrawal period after birth

Produces severe, long-term learning and behavioral problems

Large amounts of caffeine increase risk of miscarriageLow birth-weight babiesInfant death

Cocaine increases risk of miscarriageProduces strokes that lead to brain damageHeart attackBirth abnormalitiesDeath

Causes tremors, irritability, sleep problems, and developmental delays

Exposure to hazardsChemicals

paint, pesticides, lead-based chemicals, carbon monoxide, mercury, solvents, paint thinners, and formaldehydePotentially cause physical and mental abnormalities in unborn baby

X rays can cause childhood cancer, miscarriages, and mental retardation

Toxoplasmosisextreme high blood pressure

Accidental Injuries

Cerebral palsyCaused by damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth

Damage to the developing embryo and fetus from accidental injuries of all types can potentially cause a wide range of birth defects

Hereditary Influences on Prenatal Development & Birth Defects

Complete the next slides on the bubble map labeled:

•Hereditary Influences•Label left side of the paper:

•Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents

•Label right side of the paper: •Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

Cystic FibrosisCaused by inheritance of recessive genes

More likely to affect Caucasians than African or Asian-Americas

Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents

Tay-Sachs Disease

Inherited disease most common among eastern European families of Jewish descent


Sickle Cell AnemiaMalformed red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen and prevalent in African-Americans


HemophiliaPassed on from mothers to sons only

Prevents blood from clotting

Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

Huntington’s Disease

Manifests in adulthood males

Leads to dementia


Duchene Muscular DystrophyTransmitted by female carriers

Usually affects only males


Color Blindness

Usually affects only males


Errors in ChromosomesProblems with the number or structure of

chromosomesDown syndrome

Associated with mental retardationIncreased risk of heart defectsLeukemiaPoor muscle toneDistinctive physical characteristics


Hereditary & Environmental Birth Defects

Heart Defect

InheritedDrug useVirus during pregnancy

Cleft lip/cleft palate

Gap in upper lip or palate

Cleft Palate

Sometimes the roof of the mouth does not completely close, leaving an opening that extends into the nasal cavity.

The cleft may include either side of the cavity.

The abnormality may be associated with cleft lip or other syndromes.

Cleft Lip

Incomplete formation of lips during fetal development leads to Cleft Lip abnormality.

The extent varies from mild to severe.

The clefts can be distinguished into unilateral clefts and bilateral clefts

Spina Bifida and HydrocephalusRisk can be reduced by taking folic acid during pregnancy

Multiple BirthsThe hyper-ovulation gene may be inherited from the motherLeading to fraternal twins

Primarily influenced by environmentTwin-to-twin syndrome (TTTS)

Result of one twin taking nourishment from the otherFertility drugs

Identifying Birth Defects

Birth Defects Symptoms

_____1. Cerebral palsy ______

_____2. Cleft palate ______

_____3. Cystic fibrosis ______

_____4. Down syndrome ______

_____5. Hydrocephalus ______

_____6. Muscular dystrophy ______

_____7. PKU ______

_____8. Sickle cell anemia ______

_____9. Spina bifida ______

.

A. Tiredness, lack of appetite, and painB. Gap in the roof of the mouthC. Incompletely formed spinal cordD. Progressive weakness and shrinking of the musclesE. Child slow to develop motor skillsF. Overly rapid growth of the headG. Very salty sweat and a cough that doesn’t go awayH. Affects the body’s ability to properly use proteinI. Has an extra chromosome

Answers Birth Defects Symptoms

E 1. Cerebral palsy E

B 2. Cleft palate B

G 3. Cystic fibrosis H

I 4. Down syndrome H

F 5. Hydrocephalus B

D 6. Muscular dystrophy H

H 7. PKU H

A 8. Sickle cell anemia H

C 9. Spina bifida B

.

A. Tiredness, lack of appetite, and painB. Gap in the roof of the mouthC. Incompletely formed spinal cordD. Progressive weakness and shrinking of the musclesE. Child slow to develop motor skillsF. Overly rapid growth of the headG. Very salty sweat and a cough that doesn’t go awayH. Affects the body’s ability to properly use proteinI. Has an extra chromosome

POP QUIZ time

What potentially causes birth defects?

•Genetic and environmental factors•60% of birth defects are currently unknown•A single abnormal gene

Can birth defects be prevented?

Potential causes of most birth defects are not known, there are a number of steps a woman can take to reduce her risk

Help Reduce Risk

Visit a health care provider for a pre-pregnancy check up especially if you have health problems

When pregnant, take daily multi-vitamins, containing B-vitamin folic acid.

Avoid: Alcohol Drugs Smoking prescription or over-the-counter medications

without Dr. permission!

Can some birth defects be diagnosed before birth?

•Prenatal tests that can be administered:•Ultrasound•Amniocentesis •Chronic villus sampling

Preventing Birth Defects

Avoid…oPoor nutritionoAlcoholoSmokingoDrugsoSTDsoRubellaoParasitesoRadiation

Experiment

Crack an egg in a glass jar. Fill jar halfway full of rubbing alcohol.Observe changes to the egg. Write on a sticky note how seeing the

changes affects their thinking. Discussion what each item represents and

how it relates to a birth defect.

Simon Birch1 hour and 53 minutes

A movie about a very small person; he has a lot of faith and self-confidence in spite of the fact that he is physically "different", he has little family support and he has health problems.

Birth Defect Group ProjectDirections

You will receive a birth defect to investigate Make aware your findings using a blog on the Internet.

https://www.blogger.com/start References can come from your notes, textbook, and

Internet to find your references. DO NOT COPY YOUR INFORMATION = PLAGERISM!!!!!

Classify your birth defect: “Environmental” “Hereditary” “Both”

Blog should describe the following: Description Causes Detection Treatment How it affects the person who has it

Reminders

No plagiarismNot too wordyNeed at least 3 references

The Developing Child, Page ______www._____________.comThird choice is your choice (can be another website

or notes)Post 3 pictures to illustrate your birth defectEmail me your final BLOG

Good websites to use:www.kidshealth.org

PCD—Birth Defects

Documents