PC Operating Systems Hardware

PC Operating Systems Hardware

Guide to Operating Systems Third Edition

Guide to Operating Systems, Third Edition 2

Objectives

After reading this chapter and completing the exercises you will be able to:

• Explain operating system hardware components

– design type, speed, cache, address bus, data bus, control bus, and CPU scheduling

• Describe basic features and system architecture

• Identify the basic features and characteristics of popular PC operating systems

• Understand how hardware components interact with operating systems


Understanding CPUs• System architecture

– number and type of CPUs in the hardware

– communication routes – buses

• The CPU

– performs the computational and logic work

– Most modern PCs have one such chip - single-processor computers

• There are computers that have multiple CPUs

– Two to 64 or more

– multiprocessor computers


Understanding CPUs (continued)

• CPU hardware elements:

– Design type – Speed

– Cache – Address bus

– Data bus – Control bus

– CPU Scheduling


Design Type

• Two general CPU designs:– CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

– RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

• Main difference– number of different instructions the chip can

process

• Instruction set– the list of commands the CPU can understand and

carry out


Design Type (continued)

• This type of processor is called a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) CPU

• The CISC CPU offers advantages and disadvantages

• Advantage

– need only general-purpose hardware to carry out commands


Design Type (continued)• Disadvantages

– CISC design includes the complexity of hardware needed to perform many functions

– the complexity of on-chip software needed to make the hardware do the right thing

– the need to continually reprogram the on-chip hardware

– complex operations that a CISC CPU carries out slow it down because all sorts of hardware on the chip must be set up to perform specific functions


Design Type (continued)

• The RISC CPU design

– requires very little setup because it has hardware on the chip that is specially designed and optimized to perform particular functions

– pipelining - allows the processor to operate on one instruction at the same time it is fetching one or more subsequent instructions


Design Type (continued)• Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)

– joint project by Intel and Hewlett Packard

– processor handles massive numbers of operations simultaneously

– enables a single processor to execute as many as 20 operations at a time

• Advantage

– using three instructions per word, EPIC enables the processor to work much faster

– instructions can be combined into instruction groups


Speed

• Internal clock speed is the most obvious indicator

– clock provides this to make sure that all the chips know what to expect at what time

– tells you how many clock pulses, or ticks, are available per second

• External clock speed

– chips also must be able to communicate with the other chips in the computer

– lower clock speed to communicate with the rest of the computer


Cache

• Cache memory built into the CPU chip

– extremely fast—it typically runs at the same speed as the processor—and therefore expensive

– If processor needs a number stored in the cache memory on the CPU, it probably won’t have to wait to obtain that number

– referred to as Level 1 (L1) cache


Cache (continued)

• Some CPUs have one or two more levels of cache memory, which are typically on a separate chip

– Level 2 (L2) cache

– Level 3 (L2) cache

• Cache controller

– predicts what data will be needed, and makes that data available in cache before it is needed


Address Bus

• Address bus

– internal communications pathway It is instrumental in the transfer of data to and from computer memory

– runs at the external clock speed of the CPU


Data Bus

• Data bus

– allows computer components to share information

– number of bits indicates how many bits of data can be transferred from memory to the CPU, or vice versa, in one clock tick

– external clock speed of 1 GHz will have 1 billion ticks per second to the external bus


Control Bus

• The CPU is kept informed of the status of resources and devices connected to the computer

• The most basic information is whether or not a particular resource is active and can be accessed

• Memory read and write status is transported on this bus

• Interrupt Requests (IRQs) are also transported on this bus


Control Bus (continued)

• An IRQ

– request to the processor for a current process, such as a read from a disk drive, to be interrupted by another process, such as a write into memory


CPU Scheduling

• Determine which process to start given the multiple processes waiting to run

• Allows for multithreading

– Ability to run two or more processes at the same time


Popular PC Processors

• These CPUs are:

– Intel

– Intel Itanium

– AMD

– Motorola

– SPARC

– Alpha


Intel

• Most popular CPUs are designed by Intel

• First in this line of processors was the 8088, the CPU found in the original IBM PC

• Next Intel released the Multimedia Extension (MMX)

• Pentium 4 is the presence of two math coprocessing units, called arithmetic logic units (ALUs)


Intel Itanium

• The Intel Itanium processor is a significant departure from previous Intel processors in two aspects:

– built on the RISC-based EPIC architecture and it is a 64-bit chip

– intended for very large-scale operations that match powerful mainframes


AMD and Cyrix

• Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) and

VIA Technologies (Cyrix)

– compete with Intel


Motorola

• Chips are typically found in Macintosh computers

• Line of CISC CPUs is used in many older Macintosh computers, as well as in many UNIX computers


PowerPC

• Developed jointly by IBM, Motorola, and Applet Computer

• These are RISC chips known as the PowerPC line

• Newest chip in the PowerPC line is the G5 (for

5th generation


SPARC

• SPARC processor designed by Sun Microsystems

• SPARC CPUs have gone through many incarnations

– RISC processor is the most popular on the market today

• The UltraSPARC III is the current version of the SPARC processor at this writing


Alpha

• Originally designed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

• Today, the Alpha CPU is found in high-end HP servers

• 64-bit data bus and a 64-bit address bus

• The internal clock speed can be as high as 1 GHz


Popular PC Operating Systems

• Many operating systems available for today’s computers.

• Following slides will briefly describe


MS-DOS and PC DOS

• Microsoft’s original operating system

• DOS is a 16-bit, single-tasking, single-user operating system


Windows 3.x• GUI interface to compete with the Apple

Macintosh

• Released in 1985

• Not well accepted until Windows 3.0 released

• Windows 3.11 is also referred to as Windows for Workgroups (WFW

• WFW is a peer-to-peer network operating system

– each computer on a network can communicate with other computers on the same network


Windows 95

• True 32-bit operating system

• Does not rely on MS-DOS to provide

underlying functionality

• Requires more CPU speed and memory


Windows 95 (continued)

• More advanced functions:– A new GUI

– Plug and Play

– ActiveX and the Component Object Model (COM) capability

– The Registry

– Multitasking

– Enhanced network capabilities


The Windows Desktop

• Windows 95 introduces the GUI, now called the desktop, see Figure 2-3

• Backward compatibility to run old MS-DOS and Windows 3.x programs


Plug and Play

• Plug and Play (PnP)

– automatically detect newly installed hardware


ActiveX and the Component Object Model (COM)

• ActiveX, along with its parent, the Component Object Model (COM)

– standardized way for objects, such as programs, files, computers, printers, control panels, windows, and icons, to communicate with each other

• The COM and ActiveX technologies enable an object to “sense” when it is interacting with other objects

– Mouse, printer, desktop, trash can, or Start menu

• The COM and ActiveX allow you to drag files from one place to another


The Registry

• Database that stores information about hardware and software configurations

• In Windows 95, the Registry is the only correct way to store configuration information


The Registry (continued)• The Registry is a hierarchical database that

provides the following information:– Operating system configuration

– Service and device driver information and configuration

– Static tuning parameters

– Software and application parameters

– Hardware configuration

– Performance information

– Desktop configuration


Multitasking

• Multitasking still performed on a cooperative basis for 16-bit applications, uses preemptive multitasking for 32-bit applications

• Task supervisor

– detects tasks that appear stuck


Enhanced Network and Internet Capabilities

• The networking functionality was completely rewritten

• Network drivers are part of the Windows operating system

• Networking code is written as a 32-bit application

• Integrated with the Internet

• Extensive Internet support, in Web browsers, Web server software

• Dial-Up Networking (DUN)

– used to make connections to remote networks or computers


Windows 98/Me

• Similar to Windows 95

• Many of the problems of Windows 95 are solved

• Includes Registry checks and automatic Registry repair


Windows 98

• The backup mechanisms greatly enhanced

• Changes from Windows 95 to Windows 98 are listed on page 66

• Universal Serial Bus (USB)

– high-speed input/output port

• Uses improved cooperative multitasking for 16-bit applications and preemptive multitasking for 32-bit applications



• ActiveX technology deployed as a standard feature in Windows 98Windows 98 can be updated over the Internet

• Setting up dial-up connections and configuring the computer to use the Internet are simpler


Windows Millennium Edition (Me)

• Windows Millennium Edition (Me) is the last in the 95/98 track

• Windows Me was developed for home computer users

• Infrared Data Association (IrDA)

– support, and implements the enhanced PnP standard, called Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)

• UPnP provides better discovery of new devices


Windows NT• Windows NT 3.1 was released in 1993 and version

3.5 was released in 1994

• Windows NT was an extension to IBM’s high-end operating system, OS/2

– intended to support a client/server networking environment

• Windows NT has gone through many iterations

• Windows NT prior to version 3.51 were not stable or reliable


Windows NT (continued)

• Uses preemptive multitasking

• Employs multithreading

– ability to run two or more program code blocks as threads, at the same time

• NT Workstation can use up to two CPUs

• NT Server can use up to four CPUs

• Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

– All CPUs carry out actions at the same time


NT Server and NT Workstation

• Windows NT Workstation is the operating system for a person who needs a high-end, stable, and secure graphical operating system

• Windows NT Server is designed as a multi-user, server operating system for access over a network


NT Server and NT Workstation (continued)

• The Registry plays an equally important role in Windows NT

• Used as the central repository for configuration, hardware, software, and user information

• Windows NT is designed as a multi-user system


Networking Support

• Supports network connectivity protocols

– IBM mainframes, UNIX computers, Macintosh computers, all Windows-based computers, Novell NetWare servers, etc


Security

• A C2 rating means the Server network operating system provides security:

– File and folder protection

– User accounts and passwords

– File, folder, and account auditing

– File server access protection on a network

– File server management controls


Security (continued)

• The domain is an integral part

• One primary domain controller (PDC)

• The PDC is responsible for keeping usernames and passwords for all users

• Remote Access Service (RAS)

– user information in a PDC can be used to grant or deny various levels of network access


Windows 2000

• More robust operating system

• Significant rewrite of the Windows NT kernel

• Runs about 30% faster than Windows NT

• More advanced networking support, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

• A VPN is a private network that is like a tunnel through a larger network



• Windows 2000 incorporates a wide range of new features, including:

– Active Directory

– Distributed network architecture

– Kerberos security

– IntelliMirror

– Power Management

– International Language Compatibility


Windows 2000 Server and Windows 2000 Professional

• Lower total cost of ownership (TCO)

– total cost of owning a network, including hardware, software, training, maintenance, and user support costs

• Active Directory—a database of computers, users, groups, shared printers, folders, and other network resources



(continued)

• Server supports up to four processors

• Professional supports up to two

• Windows 2000 Server

– offers more services and user connectivity

options



(continued)• These services include the following:

– The capability to handle virtually unlimited numbers of users simultaneously

– Active Directory management

– Network management

– Web-based management services

– Network-wide security management

– Network storage management


Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server,

and Datacenter Server• Windows 2000 Server provides a comprehensive

set of server and Web services

– up to four processor systems

– supports up to 4 GB of RAM

• Advanced Server

– intended for high-end enterprise networks

• Clustering

– technique in which two or more servers are linked to equally share the server processor load


Windows XP and Windows Server 2003

• Windows 2000 evolved into:

– Windows XP

– Windows Server 2003

• New desktop GUI


Windows XP Versions

• Versions:

– Windows XP Home

– Windows XP Professional

– Windows XP Tablet PC

– Windows XP Media Center

– Windows XP 64-bit


Windows XP Home and Professional Editions

• Windows XP stands for “Windows Experience”

– Windows XP Professional

– Windows XP Home Edition

• Windows XP Professional is the upgrade to Windows 2000 Professional

• Ability to create accounts for different users who might use the operating system

• Programs written for Windows 95 may not run in Windows XP


Windows XP Home and Professional Editions

(continued)

• “Experiential” look and feel Control Panel

– designed to reflect the user’s experience of a particular setting

• Windows Classic is another theme that uses the Windows 2000 GUI look


Windows XP Home and Professional Editions (continued)

• New experiential categories are:

– Appearance and Themes

– Network and Internet Connections

– Add or Remove Programs

– Sounds, Speech, and Audio Devices

– Performance and Maintenance

– Printers and Other Hardware

– User Accounts (in Windows XP Professional)

– Date, Time, Language, and Regional Options

– Accessibility Options


Windows XP Tablet PC Edition

• New features:

– Customization

– Tablet PC Input Panel

– Microsoft Windows Journal


Windows XP Media Center Edition

• Enhancements:

– Set-top box Learning Mode

– Build and play your digital music library

– View and share your digital pictures

– Internet and FM radio


Windows XP 64-Bit Edition

• Runs on Intel Itanium processors

• Used for mathematical calculations


Windows Server 2003

• Minor upgrade of Windows 2000, but offer a new desktop GUI

• Capabilities for keeping photo albums, playing music, running video and audio files, playing games, and using other multimedia applications

• Better Internet security

– built-in firewall

– ability to remotely control the computer


UNIX System V Release 4

• Two main design standards

– Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)

– System V Release 4 (SVR 4)

• Linux is a version of UNIX

– free of charge, but some enhanced versions of Linux must be purchased

• Runs on almost any hardware platform

• True multitasking, multi-user operating system

• UNIX typically presents you with a request for a login


UNIX System V Release 4 (continued)

• Username and password determine what privileges you will be granted on the system

• Shell

– levels of functionality

– series of built-in commands

• External commands

– at the command line



• Main commands are the same across the shells

• To see the path of the directory you are in, use pwd command

• GUI interface

– X Windows

– GNOME



• TCP/IP is used on UNIX computers

• Standard UNIX does not provide many network functions

– provided by add-ons

• Standard functions:

– login services

– network connections

– file transfers using File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

– e-mail service, usually the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)



• In Linux, additional standard services include:

– Network File System (NFS)

– support for other network systems

• UNIX is also compatible with databases such as Oracle and Informix


Mac OS

• Unique approach to operating systems

• Mac OS X desktop

• Built on Unix foundation

• Hardware architecture different from other platforms

• Mac OS prior to 8.0 was not multitasking

– task switching with the aid of MultiFinder


Mac OS (continued)

• Network functions in Mac OS are fairly evolved

• Peer-to-peer networking

– standard feature since the beginning

– Uses AppleTalk

• Desktop operating system

– no extended security features


Mac OS (continued)

• Known for its support of graphics, video, and sound capabilities

• Mac OS 9.x

– introduces features for better hardware and Internet access


Mac OS (continued)

• Mac OS X

– X means Version 10

– new interface called the “Aqua” interface

• Some programs and utilities were replaced


NetWare

• Evolved steadily since the late 1970s

• Originally, a time-sharing system

• Now, a full-service server OS

• Most shops run NetWare 5.x or 6.x

• Download screen


NetWare (continued)

• NetWare 6.0

– released late 2001

– server can be added easily to network with Microsoft, UNIX, and other NetWare servers


NetWare (continued)

• NetWare 6.5

– shipped in mid 2003

– open-source enhancements

– includes Apache Web server, MySQL, Tomcat

– Novell’s Virtual Office

– NetWare Administrator console


Summary

• Hardware and operating systems are interrelated

• Processors are much faster and more efficient

• Early computer operating systems were well suited to the early processors, which included the 8088, 8086, and 80286


Summary (continued)

• 32-bit processors provide a foundation for operating systems like Windows XP

• New 64-bit processors have emerged

• Diagnosing computer problems

– know the hardware and operating system requirements

PC Operating Systems Hardware

Documents

operating systemsguide

hardware componentsdesign

type of cpus

complexity of hardware

generalpurpose hardware

sorts of hardware

cisc complex instruction

chip single