Factors contributing to the resilience of subsistence and semi-subsistence farms: evidence from Greece Pavlos Karanikolas Assistant Professor AUA, Dept. of Agr. Economics & Rural Development May 4-8, 2014, Montpellier, France ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ AGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENS Department of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
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Pavlos Karanikolas Assistant Professor AUA, Dept. of Agr . Economics & Rural Development
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ AGRICULTURAL UN Ι VERSITY OF ATHENS Department of Agr. Economics & Rural Development. Factors contributing to the resilience of subsistence and semi-subsistence farms: evidence from Greece . Pavlos Karanikolas Assistant Professor - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Factors contributing to the resilience of subsistence and semi-subsistence farms:
evidence from Greece
Pavlos KaranikolasAssistant ProfessorAUA, Dept. of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
May 4-8, 2014, Montpellier, France
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
Presentation Outline
1. Informal food networks in Greece
2. The incidence of subsistence (SFs) and semi-subsistence farms (SSFs) in Greece
3. Farm-level data from a local field survey
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
1. Informal food networks in Greece
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
Type of Network (An initial mapping) Broader Athens
The rest of Greece
1 Organized Direct Sales 39 76
2 Food Networks Without intermediaries 64 101
3 Urban vegetable gardens 63 84
4 Social Groceries 66 102
5 Agricultural Cooperatives [new type co-ops]
34
6 Recycling – Re-use of Food 9 4
Source: www.enallaktikos.gr, April 2014
In response to the crisis, since 2011:
2. How many Subsistence & Semi-Subsistence farms in Greece?
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
Source: Household Budget Surveys, Elaborated Data
Farm Households Non-Farm House-holds with some
income + subsidies from agriculture
Non-Farm Households with some subsidies
from agriculture
Retired Farm Households
Non-Farm House-holds with agr.
production for self-consumption
Non-Farm Households
Total0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
30%
19%
34%
55%
19% 18%21%
24%
11%
17%
42%
11%15%
Without agricultural self-consumptionWith agricultural self-consumption
2012, Poverty Rates
3. A Field Survey in Municipality of Ancient Epidaurus
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
• Detailed farm-level data in 2006
• historical data (1950’s-2006)
• A follow-up survey in 2011
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
• Population: 1733 inhabitants
• Average farm size: 2,4 ha
• Total number of farms/farm households: 410
• Our representative sample:
70 farms
The local agro-system and rural economy
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
Dimensions
1950’s-1960’s 1970’s-2000’s
Technical
• Inadequate Infrastructures • Traditional farming techniques and methods of production
• Improved infrastructures• Farm modernization • The productive system has changed: Tree Cultivations for: Olive Oil [dry & irrigated], Oranges, Mandarins Small vegetable gardens for self- consumption
Social • no co-operation among farmers
• no co-operation among farmers
Economic
• Farms producing mainly olive oil, vegetables and some animal products for self-consumption• small quantities of oranges for sale • fishing
• After the initiation of the Annual Cultural Festival at the Ancient Theatre, the area became a popular tourist destination• the driving force for the local economy is services for tourists • the local farm products are sold:
in Athens, directly from the famers in Athens and elsewhere, through informal family
networks through commercial networks
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
How many SFs and SSFs in this area?
1. All farms have a market participation rate >= 50% [None SF or SSF]
2. Four farms (5,7%) have an economic size < 1 ESU
3. Sixty-five farms (93%) with Utilized Agr. Area =< 5 ha,
therefore we use the 3rd criterion to distinguish
semi-subsistence farms
Let’s focus on these 65 ‘semi-subsistence’ farms:
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
These Farms/Farm Households follow various Livelihood Strategies:
Changes in UAA over time (ha) [1950's -
2006]
Number of Farms
Hired Labour/ Total Labour
Direct Marketing of farm products
(hours per farm per year)
Diversification Off-farm employment of household members
(hours per household per year)
Enlargement 10 56% 471 1 farm converted to organic in 2000 3084
Contraction 12 42% 5672 farms converted to organic (2000, 2002) 1 with hotel (in 1975) 1 with tavern (in 2000)
3029
No change 43 56% 833 with Rooms to Rent (1990, 1996, 2001) 2 with Taverns (1995, 1999) 2 with Hotels (1982, 1992) 1 with Restaurant (1975)
4438
………………
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
A specific structure of the cost of production
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 90000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Olive Oil, Dry Cultivation,Average Total Cost (€/Kg)
Eu-ros/Kg
Production per Farm (Kg)
ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development