Paul Nicolae BORZA Domotics2014Final

8/18/2019 Paul Nicolae BORZA Domotics2014Final

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/paul-nicolae-borza-domotics2014final 1/118

New trends on homeautomation systems

First course

Prof.dr.ing. Paul Nicolae [email protected]

4

th

Renewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY

22.01.2015



What means Domotics or HomeAppliances Systems

…a technological science which

studies all devices in the house or the building,facilitating the work and increasing the comfortof peoples,

is focused on the integration of all automationswithin the house,

creates an ideal environment for the human lifethe DREAM HOUSE !

4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015



Which are common automation systems?

In our homes

In public buildings such as:

airports,

railways stations,

cultural cities – theaters, cinema halls;

sport arenas, etc.

In industrial buildings

As zero emission buildings or “green houses”




In what ways we might view automationsystems?

STRUCTURAL point of view that means: image of all elementsincluded in house automations with their links (systems, elements andtheir links)

FUNCTIONAL point of view that means: the capacity of subsystems toimplement useful functions in house (activities)

INFORMATIONAL point of view that reflect the communicationnetworks and what kind of data them carry inside building (dataexchanged)

BEHAVIORAL point of view that reflect the models (mathematical,logical, workflows or physical) that reproduce the real elements thatare integrated into the buildings

Functionalityactivities

Structuresystem architecture

Behaviourcontrol model

Information syst.data/information model

Functionalityactivities

Structuresystem architecture

Behaviourcontrol model

Information syst.data/information model




Classification function of nature ofsystem’s elements

Hardware: the physical part of home’s integrated

elements that are interconnected together and that formself or supervised controlled systems

Soft programmed systems

Hard programmed systems

Software: collection of workflows implemented asprograms that running on hardware elements




Functionality of the Home automationSystems 1/2

Temperature (thermal comfort) Lighting (level of illumination)

White goods (electric refrigerators, freezers and theircombinations, household washing machines, electric tumbledryers, combined washer-dryers, dishwashers, household lamps,room air conditioners, ovens, vacuum cleaners, etc.)

Home Entertainment System: TVs, multi-media devices, etc.

Management of utilities: gas, water, electrical energy

Communication

Home monitoring, surveillance, access and security

Assistive Systems




Functionality of the Home automationSystems 2/2




Home automation systems aredeveloped hierarchically

PABX

COs

ISDN...

direct link

(e.g. RS232)

LAN (e.g.

Ethernet)external accesses

(gateways,modems,...)

High level controlLow level control(real-time constraints)(monitoring andsupervisioning)

...

CCTV

Intrusion

user interface

dedicated workstation

...

dedicated network

(e.g. RS485)

video cabling

PLC

PLCSensors

Actuactors

PABX

COs

ISDN...

direct link

(e.g. RS232)

LAN (e.g.

Ethernet)external accesses

(gateways,modems,...)

High level controlLow level control(real-time constraints)(monitoring andsupervisioning)

...

CCTV

Intrusion

user interface

dedicated workstation

...

dedicated network

(e.g. RS485)

video cabling

PLC

PLCSensors

Actuactors




Signal pathway in data acquisitionsystems

Acquisition of signals (sensing) Processing (data collections)

Actuators (Acting systems)

Communications

Correlation of home automation sub-systems (inter

processing) Monitoring of principal signals and home security and

surveillance (supervising)

Producing storing and consuming energy (energymanagement)




Signal pathway in data acquisitionsystems and delays on

Actuators

Processor/Processors

Sensors/Transducers

Informal Bus

S u p e r v i s o r s y s t e

m

Energysource

Тs Sensing time

тCAD Conversion analog-to digital time

тprog

Processing time (run program with acquireтDAC Conversion digital to analog time

тa Actuator time constant

4th

Renewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY22.01.2015



Computer Integration Building

Isolated equipments

Secu-

rity

Access

control HVAC

Electric

Energy

control,

Lifts,

water, ...

ImageVoice

Data

and

Text

HVAC

and other

Integrated

controls

TV,

Image

Commun.

Voice

Commun.

Text

Commun.

and

Faxes

Data

Commun.

Security

and access

control

Building

Automation

Systems

Integrated

Communication

Systems

ComputerIntegrated

BuildingXXI Century

90’s

80’s

Early 80’s

Before 80’s

Market

development

periods

Market

development

periodsIntegration

Average Level

Integration

Average Level

Computer Integrated Building

Integrated Systems

Multi-functions systems

Dedicated systems/

one-function

Isolated equipments

Secu-

rity

Access

control HVAC

Electric

Energy

control,

Lifts,

water, ...

ImageVoice

Data

and

Text

HVAC

and other

Integrated

controls

TV,

Image

Commun.

Voice

Commun.

Text

Commun.

and

Faxes

Data

Commun.

Security

and access

control

Building

Automation

Systems

Integrated

Communication

Systems

ComputerIntegrated

BuildingXXI Century

90’s

80’s

Early 80’s

Before 80’s

Market

development

periods

Market

development

periodsIntegration

Average Level

Integration

Average Level

Computer Integrated Building

Integrated Systems

Multi-functions systems

Dedicated systems/

one-function




Main processing topologies in HomeAutomations

7/2/2014

Sensor Processor

Actuator

Network bus/Protocol Supervisor

Distributed control:

Centralized control:

SensorPre-

processing

AdapterActuatorController

SensorPre-

processing

AdapterActuator…




Components of Home AutomationSystems

Intelligent/Smart Sensors Smart Actuators

Data concentrators / Signal Dependent Processing

Integration Processor

Communication Processors and Networks Aggregation Processors

Presentation Processors implementing human-machine interfaces (HMI)




What is a Smart Sensor? A device able to convert into an electric signal another one frequently having a different “nature” and able toimplement one or more functionalities such as:

Amplification, Filtering, Limitation or Logarithm of the signal

Making decisions about level, shape of converted signal, or apparition of signalon its inputs, detection of artifacts or noises, etc.

Able to self switch between more signal’s inputs

Able to auto calibrate, adjust

Able to self detect his status and to compare it with normal or abnormalstages

Able as result of self status detection capacity to react by compensating missfunctionalities or mal functioning, replacing self elements with existingredundant elements

Able to find out solution in case of mal functioning stages, etc.




Which are the principal signals acquiredby smart sensors

Electric Signals:

Voltage

Current

Frequency

Phase

Non Electric Signals:

Temperature

Humidity

Light flow and/or intensity

Mechanical signals: presence, displacements, velocity, acceleration, position,etc.

Chemical signals: CO2 , N2, CH4 etc. concentrations in air




Structure of a Smart Sensor

Reference/CalibrationControl multiplexor

Gain Settings

Wired /WirelessCommunication protocol

[Human Machine Interface]




Sensors Examples


“Mote” systems

Mica 2 “smart dust”

sensor

Structure & Functionality ofsensors:

•Sensors;•Processors;•Energy sources

Topology of the networks:

•Mesh•Star

Support for design and operatinOperating systems - TinyOSEnergetic autonomy

Infineon eyesIFX2.1 SDK



Smart Sensors – Local processing

Structure & Functionality of

sensors:

•Sensors;

•Processors;•Energy sources

Communication networks:

topologies &

protocols:

•Mesh

(mesh based)

•Star(node based)

•Bus

To measure:TemperaturePressurePresence, movement

HumidityAir compositionLightElectromagnetic fields

To process:One-dimensional signalsImages (bi-dimensional)Complex signals (correlat

To supply:Locally generatedMixed generatedCentral generated and transmit




An example: MSP430 Family

Advantages:Include all the function16th bits RISC architectVery low consumptionA large number of inteI2CFlash memory until 62Include A/D and D/A co

From Texas Instrument site




Other System on Chip – comparison -




Other System of Chip

daVinci Image Processor

MEGA2560 Microcontroller




Other System of Chip

• Single cycle 8051 processor• DC to 67MHz• Multiply &Divide• Flash up to 64 KB 100kcycles WR• Up to 8KB SRAM• 24 channels DMA (Direct Memory

Access)• AHB architecture (Advance

Microcontroller Bus Architecture)• Many A/D and D/A converters with

variable resolution

Cypress Inc PSoC 3®




Main 8 bits Microcontrollers Families

Family MCS51

Family PIC

Family AVR8

Families Cypress PSoC0x

Families MSP430Fxxx




Family MSC51 1/3 CPU on 8 bits

4 Kbytes ROM memory

128/256/512Bytes SRAM memory

32 general registers divided in fourbanks

2 I/O ports

2 Timers 8 & 16 bits

1 full duplex USART

An Interrupt Controller with 5th vectored sources: T0,T1,USART,INT0&INT1

Two level of priorities

Maximum 64Kbytes external memory




Family MSC51 2/3

A Accumulator

B Indexer (8th bits)

DPH&DPL Data Pointer (16th bits)

PC Program Counter (16th bits)

PSW Program Status Word 8th bits

SP Stack Pointer




Family MCS51 3/3

Instruction set is the most reliable and well-tested of all thefamilies of microcontroller is present (it appeared in 1974-1975,and implemented in billions of units)

Has 4 banks of general registers making it extremely easy andquick change of context by simply pointing to another benchgeneral registers selectable using two selection bits (RS1, RS0);

Operating at high frequencies and thus in conjunction with thereduction to a single clock cycle an instruction duration achievedsignificant performance computing.

Finally it is very cheap and can be made in most circuits hascurrent semiconductor technologies.




Family PIC –Microchip 1/4




Family PCI Microchip 2/4 (PIC10Xxxx) A relatively reduced number of

pins

SRAM memory 16 till 24 bytes Instruction Word Length 12bits

Power consumption 100nW-1uW

32 Instructions

1 Serial Interface

1 Timer




Family PIC Microchip ¾ (PIC16Fxxx) Number of pins between 8 and 64

SRAM memory is up to 386 bytes

Instruction word length is 14 bits Power consumption Approx. 100nW-

1μW

35 instructions

Two or more timers

1 Synchronous and Asynchronous

serial interface circuit basedcommunication

For generating an interrupt to thesingle entry point and identify thesource soft switches


Family PIC Microchip 4/4



Family PIC Microchip 4/4Comparison between different PIC circuits




Atmel ARV Family 1/2

Has a structure of records and advanced instructionset:

32 general registers usable for all 8-bit operations

3 pairs of registers that allow indexed addressing

A set of instructions (instruction 120 according to theabove embodiment)

Has facilities system troubleshooting

Serviceable and opening hours can be uploadeddirectly into the system (ISP In System Programming)

Ports GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) haveadditional records that specify the direction ofpropagation of the signal through the port




Atmel AVR Family 2/2ATMEGA 128

8-bit Controller

Harvard architecture Width 16-bit program word

Memory 128Kbytes

Instruction number 133

Number 53 GPIO lines Themaximum frequency 16MHz

Array of timers with 16channels

Has "watch-dog"

In System Programming (ISP)




Families PSoC 0x (Cypress) (1/4)PSoC03




Families PSoC 0x (Cypress) (2/4)PSoC03 Integrate on the same chip a hardware and software programming

device

Allow a better adaptation of pins and functionalities function ofsystem requirements and characteristics

Performance is mainly offered by the central processing unit (areseveral implementations ST8, MCS51, ARM solutions

Maximum clock frequency 50MHz (PSoC03)

Includes a very flexible variety of analog to digital converters thatcould be customized from 12 till 16th bits resolutions (SAR/sigma-delta)

All digital and analogic lines could be multiplexed by appropriateprogramming




Family PSoC (3/4)Universal Digital Block Array (UDBA)




Family PSoC03 (4/4)Routing circuit pins




Comparison between different CypressPSoC families




Mixed signal processors MSP430Fxxx 1/2

16th bits microcontroller

Has a reduced instruction set ISA includes a powerful mathematics

instruction set

Clock frequency is generated from abase frequency 32.768kHz bymultiplication

Internal flash memory variablefunction of device between 8kBytes till64kbytes


Mixed signal processors MSP430Fxxx 2/2



g p

They have an extremely low (about 0 μA);

Wake-up duration from power down extremely low;

The number of peripherals includes GPIO lines differ from one circuit to

another;

ADCs 10, 12 or 16 bits, maximum sampling frequency and resolution aredifferent from one circuit to another (eg 10-bit frequency sampling can reach200KSPS);

It features an integrated voltage reference source and two digital-to-analogconverters 12-bit;

Has a variable number of 16-bit timers depending on the circuit;

Has general registers ("file registers") wide that streamlines processing;The instruction set is optimized for microcontroller's programming in C;

Is a vectored interrupt system, the Assign at least one vector for eachperipheral function circuit element.


Analog to Digital Circuits



Analog to Digital Circuits

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

V o l t a g e

( V o l t s )

Analog Voltage

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 LSBNumber of Bits (N) Resolution (1/2N) Increment (5V)

6 1/64 78.18 1/256 19.6

10 1/1024 4.9

12 1/4096 1.2

14 1/16384 0.3

16 1/65536 0.07

= /2N*Vin




Characteristic of converter

D I G I T A L O U T P U

T

1 LSB

ANALOG INPUT

1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

From Analog-Devices presentation


Main parameters of analog to digital



Main parameters of analog to digitalconverters Aperture error is defined as the amplitude and time errors of the sampled data

points due to the uncertainty of the dynamic data changes during sampling

The quantization error represents the incertitude as result of dividing of inputinterval by integer values, normally power of 2. The minimum value ofuncertainty or quantization error is ±1/2LSB

The resolution represents the number that is use to divide the input domain andnormally is given as 2 exponent (N) LSB=VFS/2N.

Linearity error can’t be corrected or compensated. The single method consist incalibration and development of a Look Up Table

“Noise free” effective resolution (ER) is done by: ER=log2 (FSR/RMS noise) [bits]and Noise free=log2(FSR/6.6RMS noise)[bits]. Effective number of Bits (ENOB) isdefined as: ENOB=(SINAD-1.76dB)/6.02.




Example ADC161S626 (TI) 1/2

16-bit resolution with no missingcodes

Guaranteed performance from 50 to250 kSPS

±0.003% signal span accuracy

Separate Digital Input/Output Supply

True differential input

External voltage reference range of+0.5V to VA

Zero-Power Track Mode with 0 μsecwake-up delay

Wide input common-mode voltagerange of 0V to VA


Example ADC161S626 (TI) 2/2



Example ADC161S626 (TI) 2/2 Conversion Rate 50 kSPS to

250 kSPS

DNL + 0.8 / − 0.5 LSB

INL ± 0.8 LSB Offset Error Temp Drift 2.5

μV/°C

Gain Error Temp Drift 0.3ppm/°C

SNR 93.2 dB

Power Consumption

10 kSPS, 5V 0.24 mW

200 kSPS, 5V 5.3 mW

250 kSPS, 5V 5.8 mW

Power-Down, 5V 10 μW

Ideal Conversion Characteristics

Timing of SPI interface




Circuits for analog signal processingLMP8358 (TI) 2/2

Falling edge represent thechanging moment of digitalvalues on inputs

The circuits could be connected

in:

Parallel

Series


f l l



Circuits for analog signal processingLMP8358 (TI) 1/2

Supply voltage: 2.7-5.5V Supply current: 1.8mA

Max. Gain error: 0.15%

Max drift error: 16ppm/K

Min CMRR: 110dB

Max Offset voltage 10uV

Bandwidth: 0-8MHz

Max non linearity: 100ppm

SPI Inteface


A li i E l



Applications -Example


Application Example Explanations



Represents a board used for identification of State of Charge ofBatteries using Impulsive method

Includes:

2 precision digital programmed oscillators: 0-50MHz, resolution 11mHz

2 precision data acquisition channels: 16 bits, sampling rate ≤250KSps, power

management facilities, single reference voltage, mono or bi polar input voltage,result is done in 2 complement

2 programmable gain amplifiers with automatic drift compensation; gain between1x, 10x,20x, 50x, 100x, 200x, 500x, 1000x.

SPI Interface

char read_CAD(char address){char tmp,lo,hi;

zero_bufspi();pspi=&bufspi[0];

contor_r_spi=2;spidir=1; SPCR = 0x00; //Dezactivea//necesare esantionarii pePORTB=0xF7; //init switch (address){..\DATA ACQUISITION SYSTcase 0:

PORTB

case 1:PORTB

}asm("cbi $18,1\n sbi $18,1\SPCR = 0xD8; //Activeaza SSPDR=0x00;


Sensors and Actuators Energetic

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/DATA%20ACQUISITION%20SYSTEM/Program%20C%20ATmega128/final-v3.c






Sensors and Actuators EnergeticRequirements

Telco applications Overall

power

consumption

Autonomy

From Super capacitor

Stored

energy

Typical Voltage Typical

Courant

SensorAnd / or wireless

sensor node

50 mW to 100 mW 24 hours 50mJ to 100mJ x24 hours

1.8 V up to 2.7V 20 mA

Mobile supply a few W

5 to 10 W

1 week 1 W in 1 hours

=3600J

4.8 V 1 to 3 A

Electromechanical

converters

Supplied from

battery

A few minutes 1000A in a second 12 or 14 V 1000 A

Telco applications Charging time Super capacitorcapacity

Request Volume/packaging

REMARKS

Sensor 1 hour 1to10 Farad a few mm3 Super capacitors are used as storage and

batteries

Mobile supply 1 minute 30 to 40 Farad a few cm3 Super capacitors are used as an energy

buffer

Engine starting /

actuators battery

1 hour 100 to 1000 Farad not important Super capacitors are used for starting

current impulse


P i St f E b dd d



Programming Steps for EmbeddedSystems Developments Analyzing of process or system that will be implemented

Hardware design Software design

Developing the corresponding of flow diagrams

Editing the source program (assembler, C, Pascal, etc)

Compiling

Linking

Converting in Intel HEX format to be transfer to the system Transfer to target system

Testing

Validating


T l d t d l g



Tools used to develop programs

Editors: notepad++, notepad, integrated editors into IDEs

Compilators C: gcc Linkeditors

Debuggers

System Development Kits SDKs


Type of embedded Applications



Type of embedded Applications

Event Drive Systems

Programmed Actions Systems

Event: a marked stage of the system that request an specific action

Interrupt: Change the context of program execution, Stop the currentprogram execution, save the status of CPU, recognize the interruptsource, jump to

Interrupt service routine: A sub-routine that describe the specific actiontriggered by an event

Features of interrupt system:

fast response,

specific and

able to prioritizes the service of events


Main type of Embedded Systems 1/2




Update

status

Interrupt Vectors

Table

Commands Vectors

Table

Updatestatus

Cycling

Automata with finite number ofstages






igital Regulator

ADC

DAC

ControlledprocessMicro-controler P

r o g r a m

M e m o r y

Commands

Senzori


Principal Integrated Development Environments



Principal Integrated Development Environmentsdedicated to Embedded Systems

AVR Studio for Atmel AVR8, ATxMEGA an

AVR32 products (free) MPLAB for all PIC 10, 12, 16, 18, 24, an

32F/Cxxxx (free)

Cypress for all Cypress products (free)

Keil Software DS-5 for majoritymicrocontrollers families, MCS51,AVR8/32, AtxMEGA, ARM, Tegra, AtmelSama, Renesas etc.

Eclipse for a large group ofmicrocontroller families

ImageCraft IDEs for different familiessuch as: ARM, AVR8/AtxMEGA/AVR32


Interfaces & Protocols



Interfaces & Protocols

An interface represents a section into a system that implement acommunication task

Interfaces present two facets: hardware & software

A protocol represents a set of rules that refer hardware & softwareinterface properties & features

Open Systems I nterconnection (OSI) is a set of internati onal ly recognized,

non-propr ietary standards for networking and f or operating system involvedin networking functions.


How Systems Communicate?



How Systems Communicate?

See on Internet OSI Model2


OSI Model



OSI Model

See on Internet OSI Model2


Wired Interfaces



Wired Interfaces

RS232 UART/USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous ReceiverTransmitters

RS485 serial

SPI

I2C

TWI

CAN

Parallel Interfaces (complete conditioned handshaking)

Specific for some applications


RS232



RS232

Voltage level ±5 to ±15V; -5÷ -15V represents 1 logic (data) and +5÷ +15V represents 0 logic (data)

Maximum distance 15m

Standard baud rates=bits per second (bps) 921600bps

Synchronous & Asynchronous modes

Asynchronous mode involve eachbyte is framed by some additional

information, as following:1 bit START1, 1&1/2, or 2 bits STOP


RS485



RS485

Communication using differential voltage modulation (Voa-Vob < -200 mV) for1 logic OFF and ((Voa-Vob > +200 mV)) for 0 logic ON

Working modes: semi-duplex & full duplex

Maximum distance 1,2km and maximum speed 10Mpbs (the maximum distancewill be in correlation with the maximum desired frequency)


Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)



Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Used for inter-devices communication with very high speed and data

efficiency

Limitation due to the distance between devices (several mm till tens of cm)

Two/three lines;

Protocol type “master-slave” , the master assuring the transmission clock;

Main elements that are in connection: shift registers and afferent logicassuring the hand-shaking process

Maximum speed ½ of minimum frequency clock of both systems







I2C protocol



I2C protocol

2 wires connection with a simplified protocol.

Start / Stop Transmission

Data communicationon clock pulse


Wireless transceivers



Wireless transceivers

Bluetooth 802.11 ZigBee 802.15

RuBee

Wi-Fi 802.11 a, b, g, n, ac

WiMAX

RFM different frequencies domains: 430, 868, 915MHz, or others from 300÷1000MHz.


Bluetooth standard



Frequency domain for Bluetooth is the domain 2,4 GHz band(2,402÷2,480GHz), with maximum 79 different channels – replace thewired connection

Distance is between 10 and 100m and till now 4 standard version exist Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) links for data transmission

Synchronous Connection oriented (SCO) links for audio/voicetransmission.

The gross Bluetooth data rate is 1 Mbps while the maximum effectiverate on an asymmetric

ACL link is 721 Kbps in either direction and 57.6 Kbps in the returndirection

A symmetric ACL link allows data rates of 432.6 Kbps.

Bluetooth supports up to three 64Kbps SCO channels per device.


Example of a system (TmoteSky)



See Anastasi and Co Wireless Sensor Networks


Breakdown TmoteSky Energy



y gyConsumption

Nakyoung Kim, Sukwon Choi, Hojung Cha,

Automated Sensor-specific Power Management

for Wireless Sensor Networks, Proc. IEEE MASS

2008, Atlanta, USA, Setp. 29 – Oct. 2, 2008

Mode CurrentPower

Consumption

Reception 19.7 mA 35.46 mW

Transmission 17.4 mA 31.32 mW

Idle 0.426 mA 0.77 mW

Sleep 20 m A 36 mW


How are measured the flows? (water,gas oil etc) Methods



gas, oil, etc). Methods

69

).(cos

cos

coscos123

222

222

v c

Lv

v c

L

v c

Lt

).(

).(cos

).(cos

113

1032

942

1221

2112

t t t

v c

Lt

v c

Lt

).(cos

).(cos

cos

1432

1332

2

2

2

2

t L

c S v S

t L

c v

c

Lv t


Flowmeters

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/animatii/DOMO_ani4.6.swf



cos0

22

244 f

f c d v

d


Main features of Energy Meters




Sensitivity

Accuracy

Stability

Power consumption

Standard Interfaces:

Unidirectional IEC1107

Bidirectional

Standards used:IEC60850-5-102, IEC81850 (Industrial Ethernet),


Energy Meters

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/contor_avansat_b5.swf




Main Energy Meter Components

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/contor_avansat_b5.swf



Voltage & Current Sensors (normally insulated: highprecision transformers, and Hall elements).

High resolution & stability analog to digital Converter (16bits minimum, normally 18th or 24th bits resolution)

Microcontroller coordinating the IC meter activities

Memory and Perennial Calendar

Interfaces Power supply


Components –IC meter ADE7758




Detailed Structure (Hardware&Software) 1/2




Detailed Structure (Hardware&Software) 1/2



From real values to virtual values Every software process will generate anew virtual value

Data basis is essential to be processedwithout any losses of data!


Energy Management in house 1/2



Means to find out a balance between the necessary energy

for all appliances existing in buildings and thepossibilities to provide this energy from local sources orby transferring the energy using the power lines of thedistribution grid.

Means also to implement an intelligent switching theconsumers of generators in order to southing the variation

of load in time


Energy management in house 2/2



To schedule the consumption

when that is possible

To measure, to switchon/off the consumersfunction of a optimizedcontrolling function


What we need?


http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/scheduling_energy.swf



To measure or evaluate the needs To control the locally generation of energy To store the energy when this is locally generated in

excess To inject this supplementary energy in case when the

storage devices are full To receive and use the energy carried using the

distribution grid To adapt the parameters of energy at the requirements ofconsumers: necessary power, voltage form,




Elements of an Energy ManagementSystem




Electrical Energy Cycles




Grid IntegrationIntegrative Controller

Connected to DSO




Generation of Electrical Energy fromprimary energy sources



primary energy sources

Conversion of fossil energy in electricity or co-generation (CHP)

from: Coal Petrol Natural gas Atomic

Capture of Sun energy by renewable: Direct solar radiation conversion by PV cells

Thermal cells Wind mills and wind farms power Water by hydro-electric power Wave energy Biomass based power plants


Energy Storage



Rapid release electric storage buffers:

Superconducting electromagnetic energy storage

Supercapacitors

Medium and slow release energy storage buffers:

Potential mechanical storage (accumulation lakes)

Kinetic energy stored by flywheels

Air compressed buffers Chemical storage in batteries

Hydrogen vector (electrolyses & fuel cells)


Exchange of Energy



Transfer of electric energy through grids: Transport of energy Distribution of energy

Insulated generation & consumption

Conversion of electrical energy in other forms ofenergy:

Thermal Mechanical Radiant

Chemical


Characterization of electrical energy



Type of power flow variation in time: Alternative current:

Mono phase

Three phase

Multi phase

Direct current Electrical parameters:

Voltage Current Power Frequency Phase

Qualitative parameters: Noise spectrum Availability of power supplies Reliability of providing process


Matching processing



Types of systems that implement the matching processes: Electrical transformers

Voltage control rectifiers

Inverters

Noise cancellers (quality of power flow variation)

Management of energy (time oriented matching processes)

Active Filters (Power quality assurance)

Electronic power commutation devices implement themajority of matching processes

Types of commutation processes: Forced

Natural (or crossing zero / resonant converters)


Facets from ontological point of viewrelated to the energy



related to the energy

Energetic capacities & Power flows ( finite)

Information flow (essential to optimize the efficiency ) Effects of energy (“usage value”)

Environmental concerns (“eco- footprints”)

Economical effects (“smart systems”)

Societal effects (rules, regulations, contracts for

providing, consumption and quality of energy supplied) Opportunity of generation, consumption & conversion

(generation characteristics, load characteristics, load“demands” - matching phenomena -)

Other characteristics



Granularity of the system (from power and informationembedded into the system elements)

Capacity and speed reaction of the system Stability of the system assured:

In the past: by over-generation and central control ofthe power flow

In the present and more in the future: by embedded ofcontrol at very low level in order to find out theequilibrium at the level of elementary groups (e.g.case of Distributed Generation most remarkableexample: Renewable Energy Sources RES) thatminimize the power flow circulation and successiveconversions


Steps toward to maximize efficiency ingeneration, transport, conversion and



g , p ,consumption of electrical energy

The problem is a COMPROMISE Wisdom in choosing oftargets/objectives for optimal

Uniform definition of the multidimensional problem

Adoption of the optimal granularity for the system elements

Choosing of the appropriate model and developing of virtualmodels to easier the control process that assure the masteringof the system complexity

Choosing of the right informational system attached at theenergetic system able to process, communicate and real timecontrol of the system. The common languages, the appropriateprotocols used for communication represent premises to reachan optimal control


Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy 1/4



Base load (production of electric energy quasi constant intime)

Peak shaving (procedure to increase the production ofenergy and to shift the maximum of load profile in orderto smooth the load curve)

Standby power (minimum power necessary to maintain infunction a system)

Spinning reserve (The spinning reserve is the extragenerating capacity that is available by increasing thepower output of generators that are already connected tothe power system.)





Reactive power supply (generation in order to compensate the load factor

into the grid)

Ancillary services (those services necessary to support the transmission ofelectric power from seller to purchaser given the obligations of control areas andtransmitting utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of theinterconnected transmission system, and consists in the following services:

1) Scheduling, System Control and Dispatch

2) Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Sources

3) Regulation and Frequency Response

4) Energy Imbalance

5) Operating Reserve - Spinning

6) Operating Reserve – Supplemental see Federal Energy Regulation

Commission order888 and 1995)4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY 22.01.2015


l



Power quality (is the result of an incompatibility between the power delivered into the

grid and the loads that consume this power; This notion reflect how much differ the form of voltage

relative at sinusoidal form)

Type of disturbances that affect the power quality:

Voltage sags (dips) are brief reductions in voltage, typically lastingfrom a cycle to a second or so, or tens of milliseconds to hundredsof milliseconds.

Voltage swells are brief increases in voltage in the same range oftime

Transient overvoltage are variation of voltage in the range from 10to 80% of nominal voltage



H i i d d i i l b ifi d i



Harmonics induced in special by rectifiers and invertersas result of circuit commutation by electronic powerdevices (involve important values for 3rd, 5th , 7th harmonics

Frequency variation of voltage supplied could be theresult of over load of the network or poor network,high frequency noise produced by arch of motorbrushes or radio transmitters, extremely fast transient

overvoltage result of arches appeared into thenetwork, unbalance three phase systems


Storage Devices and performances




Investments in Power Generation 1/2




Investments in Power Generation 2/2




SC Applications in the field of RenewableEnergy Sources –wind power (1)



Role of SC in case of wind

power mills:• to compensate rapid

variation of powergenerated or of the rapidvariation in time of load;

• to adapt and control the

power generation bymodifying the angle ofblades against the winddirection.


Wind generators Power versus RotationSpeed



p


Wind resource classification with windclasses of Power Density



y

Retrieved from: Mukund R. P., “Wind and Solar Power Systems - Design, Analysis, and Operation”, CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group, 2006


Solar radiation variation and the LoadCurve (residential record –summer)



( )

Variation of load demand recordedduring 24 hours /day depend on:

• Type of consumer : residential,commercial, industrial, social,administrative, etc

• Seasons: summer / winter• Weather: rainy, sunny, windy• Region, country.


Variants of Combined Wind Generators




Evolution of photovoltaic cells NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory US - Study




Energy Sources –solar PV principle andcharacteristic




Insertion of photovoltaic sources intothe grid




SC Applications in the field of assuranceof electrical power quality



The SC role is to provide a rapid

release energy in order tocompensate the voltage and loadvariation and to increase thesupplied electric power

From: Stan G. D., D.B Doniga, R. Magureanu, L. Asiminoaei, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, “Controactive filters in the context of power conditioning”, EPE Dresden, Germany, 2005, R

http://www.iet.aau.dk/~las/personal_files/atash_Control%20strategies%20of%20active%20filters%20in%20the%20context%20of%20power%20co

15th


http://www.iet.aau.dk/~las/personal_files/atash_pdf/EPE2005-Control%20strategies%20of%20active%20filters%20in%20the%20context%20of%20power%20conditioning.pdf






Proposed scheme for a VirtualGenerator



Information network

Wind Farm area Consumers area

Electricity market

Local power grid

LC

S P

WF 1 WF 2… …WF n

SW

P

Consumer

1

…Cons.

n

SW

P

Consumer

1

P

Storage

LC

S P

Protection (P)

Contr

ol

unit

Local Control

System (LCS)

SW -

Switch

The DIAWEPI proposed architecture:

Wind Farm Virtual Power Plant (WF-ViP)


Hardware premises for the development ofgeneric Management of Energy



Development of powerful processors that can implement complex

embedded systems Development of communication systems specially the wireless

communications

Development of RES that present a large distribution in space and alarge variety of generation conditions

Development of Intelligent Consumers inclusive at the building level

Important advances in the field of Storage & Converter devices andsystems that make sense to introduces at all levels managers ofenergy


Example:SiMMONSys Siemens Modular MonitoringSystem 1/8 configuration(coordinated by Eng. Lazar Laszo Siemens PSE)



System 1/8

Modular architecture Flexible

Base modules running on LINUX

Fast development of new communication modulesand graphical elements for HMI (based on templates)

Scalability

Full customer support

Easy to implement expert system modules


Example: SiMMONSys Messages/Application layer 2/8




Example: SiMONSysInternal organization 3/8



HMI

ARCHIVE

SIGNAL4

SIGNAL3

DEVICE 2

SIGNAL2

SIGNAL1

DEVICE 1

Communication Module 1

Using protocol x

SIGNAL8

SIGNAL7

DEVICE 4

SIGNAL6

SIGNAL5

DEVICE 3

Communication Module 2

Using protocol yCORE


Example: SiMONSys Messages 4/8

Binary messages for values transmitted from



Binary messages for values transmitted fromcommunication modules to the Core and instant events

that need to be transmitted to HMIs and archives XML messages for communication module and HMI

configuration and for historical data read from archive

Message structure: [ HEADER ] [ PAYLOAD ]

[ HEADER ] [TYPE] [DATA] [AUX] [LENGTH]

[ TYPE ] tells to the CORE or modules what to do with the message

[ PAYLOAD ] binary or ASCII data

Binary format is used to send simple messages with constant structure, as fastas possible. ASCII format is used to send complex and variable structuredmessages in XML format that needs processing.


Example:SiMMONSys CORE Configurator 5/8




Example:SiMMONSys HMI Configurator 6/8




Example:SiMMONSys HMI main window 7/8




Example:SiMMONSys HMI event view 8/8




Paul Nicolae BORZA Domotics2014Final

Documents