Patterns and Processes of World Tourism. Learning objectives : Discuss factors influencing tourism Describe the historical development of travel and tourism.

Patterns and ProcessesPatterns and Processesof World Tourismof World Tourism

Patterns and Processes of World Patterns and Processes of World TourismTourism

Learning objectives :

• Discuss factors influencing tourism

• Describe the historical development of travel and tourism

• Understand the character of international tourism

• Identify the different impacts of tourism

Patterns and Processes of World Patterns and Processes of World TourismTourism

• In 1979, famed futurist Herman Kahn predicted that tourism would be the world’s largest industry by the year 2000

• 1986 – exceeded 2 trillion dollars, 64.3 million jobs

• 1999 – exceeded 3.6 trillion dollars, employment 200 million

Patterns and Processes of World Patterns and Processes of World TourismTourism

Defining tourism

1) Movement of people between two or more places (origin and destination)

2) Length of time of movement (temporary)

3) Purpose

Patterns and Processes of World Patterns and Processes of World TourismTourism

UN’s divided visitors into two categories :-

1. Tourists are temporary visitors

2. Excursionists staying less twenty-four hours in the country visited

Factors influencing tourismFactors influencing tourism

• Leisure Time

• Affluence

• Mobility

Historical development of travel Historical development of travel and tourismand tourism

Ancient times

• People did not travel in ancient times

• 3 elements :- a) money b) ability to communicate c) transportation

• Transportation is the most important among the three factors

Historical development of travel Historical development of travel and tourismand tourism

Roman era

• Height of early tourism

• Factors emerged a) common coinage b) language c) legal system

Early International TourismEarly International Tourism

• Growth of a middle class

• Achievements in art and thought of the Renaissance

• Forerunner of modern tourism – The Grand Tour

Early International TourismEarly International Tourism

• Late in the 1800s and early 1900s, seaside and mountain resorts became fashionable places for the wealthy

• Coastal areas in France and Britain became havens for the wealthy in terms of spa

Current International Patterns of Current International Patterns of TourismTourism

• Increased steadily since the end of WWII

• 1960s, number of world tourist arrivals more than doubled

• 1970 – 183 million, 2000 – 700 million

• Growth in number of arrivals has been greatest in the low-income nations of the world leading to better economy, higher standard of living etc. China

Character of international Character of international tourismtourism

• Interaction between places (tourism) function of time and cost

• Distance increases lead to tourism interaction between places decreases

• Costs increase tourism interaction decreases

Character of international Character of international tourismtourism

Destination regions :-

a) Primary

b) Secondary

Character of international Character of international tourismtourism

Primary Destination (2-35 days) :-

a) Friends and Family e.g. stay longer and visit frequently

b) Exotic e.g. perception of the potential visitor based on historical, environment, culture, mega events and sun-sea-sand varies from person to person

Character of international Character of international tourismtourism

Secondary Destination (1 – 10 days)

a) Shadow Effect e.g. near other major

destinations

b) Grand Tour e.g. Usually shorter in length compared to sixteenth to nineteenth century Europe, Eurail pass leads to multiple country visits in Europe

Character of international Character of international tourismtourism

c) Path Destinations e.g. located between popular destinations on transportation paths, attract tourists that are travelling from an origin to a destination

Character of international Character of international tourismtourism

d) Transit Destinations :- revolves around point of change, type of carrier, major change in route e.g. promoting

Singapore as a SE Asia hub

Travel PatternsTravel Patterns

• Proximity

• Presence or absence of international connectivity, including business, political, military and other ties

• Type and degree of service offered

• General attractiveness

• Cost of travelling

Influence of TourismInfluence of Tourism

A) Economic

B) Social and cultural

C) Environmental

Economic ImpactEconomic Impact

• Providing foreign exchange and tax revenues needed by many nations

• Raise standard of living of their citizens

• Help a country’s balance of payments

Economic ImpactEconomic Impact

Tourism income benefits countries in many

ways :-

• Money flows into the economy

• Generated for the governments e.g. taxes

• Creates employment e.g. Tourism & Hospitality industry

Economic ImpactEconomic Impact

Negative economic impacts :-

• Seasonal

• Inflation e.g. too many Singaporeans visiting JB, Malaysia

• Demand for “hard currency” is so high

Social and Cultural impactSocial and Cultural impact

• Development of cultural understanding

• Traditional folk costumes and customs are reestablished to benefit tourists

• Return of immigrants or their descendants that bring them closer to ancestral homeland

• Patterns of food consumption

Social and Cultural impactSocial and Cultural impact

Responsibilities of a good visitor :-

• Never compared your home country with the host country

• Make efforts to understand its local culture

• Appreciate what the local culture can offer

• Be patient and tolerance

Environmental impactEnvironmental impact

• Tourists attracted to scenic harbors, waterfalls, large lakes surrounded by high mountains or volcanoes

• May threaten the natural beauty

• Increased visits may lead to damaging the environment e.g. Great Barrier

• Ensured effective plans to balance tourism and the environment

Environmental impactEnvironmental impact

• Preexisting forms characterize an area’s human and physical environment before being “discovered” as a major tourist destination area e.g. development of coastal resorts and cities

• Concerned with pollution of surrounding areas e.g. East Coast Park, Singapore

Environmental impactEnvironmental impact

• Location and development can be controlled carefully by the local and federal governments

• Carrying capacity :- level of tourism development that can occur in the destination

• Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to natural areas that helps to preserve the area being visited

Environmental impactEnvironmental impact

Includes :-

a) Pollution e.g. automobiles, taxis, buses, and aircraft

b) Vegetation e.g. large number of visitors that overwhelm an area and physical abuse to the vegetation

Environmental impactEnvironmental impact

c) Wildlife e.g. wildlife changes result from the killing of animals or birds

and the disruption

d) Natural Landscapes e.g. construction results in the encroachment of

facilities or buildings

SummarySummary

• Different impacts of tourism will occur whenever a country welcomes foreign and local tourists.

• Those who work in the industry will understand the various factors in influencing tourism better.

• We will understand how travel and tourism evolves over time during western civilization