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Computer Person doing Arithmetic• CPU: executes computer
instructions.
• RAM: Short term storage.
• Hard drive: Long-term storage
• I/O: Keyboard, mouse, monitor,
• Brain (minus memories)
• Paper to write on.
• Textbook - has problems.
• Eyes, hands, pencil…
Random Access Memory◦ Form of memory◦ Volatile : loss of power wipes away data◦ Short term memory.
To run a program (saved on your hard drive). It must first be copied to RAM, to be ‘fetched’ by the CPU.
Magnetic storage has mechanical components
Non-Volatile: Permanent storage (without power memory remains).
Large (1GB= 1 billion bytes, 1TB = 1 trillion bytes) but slow-er.
Input-Output: Ways to move data into and out-from.
Monitors, keyboard, mouse, network (modem), USB devices, speakers, printer,
Programs are binary, executable files run by the CPU.
A program is a sequence of binary (1/0) instructions that are interpretable by a CPU.
Common program examples: Internet Explorer, Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel; ITunes, etc.
Operating System (Mac OS, Windows, Linux, Unix)
Operating System (Mac OS, Windows, Linux, Unix)
All ProgramsAll Programs
System CallsSystem Calls
HardwareHardware
Operating systems are special programs that have direct access to a computer’s hardware.
Operating Systems are in charge of running programs.
A program being run by the OS that needs to use hardware uses system calls.
Programming Languages can be divided into two different classes:
◦ High Level Language: C (what we will be learning), Java, C++, C#, Cobol, Pascal.
High level languages are designed to be “readable” for humans.
◦ Assembly Language: Binary computer instructions for the CPU.
Assembly level languages are designed to be readable to the machine.
An algorithm is a series of steps which solve a problem or perform a particular task.
Source code is an implementation of an algorithm.
Algorithm for checking my email:1)Turn on my computer2)Login to my computer3)Open an internet browser4)Enter the URL for my online mail5)Hit enter to go there6)Enter my user name and password7)Select OK
Form groups of 2 or 3 and write an algorithm for one of the following tasks:◦ How to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.◦ How to tie your shoelaces. ◦ How to write a letter.
• Try to get at least 10 steps. We’ll take 10 – 15 minutes.
A compiler is a program takes as input a high level language document and outputs assembly level documents.
SourceCode
SourceCode
Assembly Code
Assembly Code
Compiler
Compiler
A linker is a program that takes assembly documents and combines them into a single executable file.
Assembly
Assembly
Linker
LinkerAssem
blyAssem
bly
Executable
Executable
Syntax Error: An error that breaks our syntax rules is caught during compilation:
“She; was I friend”
Semantics Error: An error that breaks common sense may not be caught until the program runs:
“The pink nose flew to the country.”
Syntax: Defines the structure of a source code document. Is a set of rules that outline what are acceptable combination of symbols.
Semantics: reflects the meaning of programs.
“Jack kicks a red ball.”
Syntax: “Jack” “kicks” “red”Subject verb adjective“ball”.object.
Semantics
Get together with your groups of 2 or three and create sentences which are:◦ Syntactically incorrect.◦ Semantically incorrect, but syntactically correct.
Start
Start
Edit Source
File
Edit Source
FileCompileCompile
Syntax
Errors?
Syntax
Errors?
YesLinkLink
ExecuteExecute
No Correct?
Correct?
DoneDoneYes
No
source.csource.c
source.osource.o
source.exe
source.exe
#include <stdio.h>int main (void){ //A comment printf(“Welcome to CPS 196! \n”); return 0;}
File: cps196.c
1234567
1. #include <stdio.h>
This is called a preprocessor directive. stdio.h tells the compiler about the printf command on line 5 in our program.
As the course progresses we will learn about more preprocessors.
2. int main(void) This marks the opening of our program. It tells the
compiler that what follows between { and } is our code.
All executable programs in C will have an “int main (void)”
The “int” stands for integer. It implies that at the end of this program we will return a whole number.
The void tells the compiler that this program takes no parameters (inputs).
3. {
This is the opening bracket for our program.
4. // A comment
Sometimes it is useful to write notes in our programs.
These notes are ignored by the compiler. Usually these notes are for ourselves so we
can remember what we did if we have to come back and look at our source code again.
5. printf(“Welcome to CPS 196! \n”);
The printf command displays messages to the user of our program.
printf takes a String as a parameter (input). The string is displayed. “\n” is a special character that means put a
new line here.
6. return 0;
Here we mark the end of our program by returning an integer to the operating system.
0 indicates a successful execution Other integers can be used to indicate
errors that may have arose.
#include <stdio.h>int main (void){ int value;
printf(“Please enter a number: ”); scanf(“%d”, &value); printf(“You entered a: %d! \n”,
value); return 0;}
File: cps196.c
1234567
int value;• “int” here again means integer (whole
number).• value is a container called a variable that
can hold an integer. We say that value has type integer.
scanf(“%d”, &value);• “scanf” is the opposite of “printf()”.• “printf” displays a data to the screen.• “scanf()” gets input from the keyboard.
• “%d” is a special character that tells scanf to try and get an integer from the keyboard.
• &value is a way of saying store the result from the keyboard in variable value.
Compiler High level language Assembly language Program Operating System CPU RAM Hard drive Input/output
Lecture 1 Terms & Concepts
Linker Syntax & Semantics Algorithm General work flow “int main(void) “printf” Variable
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