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Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

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Page 1: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the
Page 2: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Patient: RG

DOB: 09.26.1959

NKDA

RG presented to the ED complaining of new onset generalized weakness

Difficulty walking, fatigued with exertion, feeling off balance, dry mouth, and dysphasia

Page 3: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

HPI: approximately two days

PMH: Chronic back pain, remote heroin addiction (possible current addiction based on patient exam), positive for Hepatitis B and C

FH: unavailable

SurH: Cataract surgery

SH: Admits to 10 cigarettes per day, denies alcohol use, and denies current illicit drug use

Page 4: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Home Medications

› Dolophine® (methadone)

› Bactrim DS (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim)

› Vibratab® (doxycycline)

Hospital Medications

Review of Systems

Page 5: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Vitals

BMP

› Renal Function

CBC

Electrolytes

LFT’s

Miscellaneous

Cultures

Radiology

Neuro Labs

AchR Antibody

MuSK Antibody

EMG

Physical Exam

Page 6: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Aspiration Pneumonia

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Wound Abscesses

Page 7: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Myasthenia Gravis › Generalized weakness spreading in an

ascending fashion

› Per review of neurologist, noted classic signs of MG

› RG quickly progressed to a proposed myasthenic crisis (involving respiratory failure)

› Goals:

Confirm diagnosis with tests

Begin therapy for MG based on severity of symptoms

Manage further complications, if needed

Page 8: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Myasthenia Gravis

› Pyridostigmine 90mg q6h

› Plasmapheresis

› Monitor for improvement of symptoms

› Potential adverse effects

DUMBBELSS

Page 9: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

› Despite prophylaxis, RG developed a PE

Possibly too low of a dose

› Goals

Increase anticoagulation (possible filter

insertion)

Consider warfarin therapy upon discharge

Monitor for signs of recurrent PE

SOB

Swollen lower extremity

Page 10: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

› Enoxaparin 60mg q12h (60kg patient)

› Monitor for signs of bleeding

RG developed bleeding from an unknown

source.

Counsel on use of filter (patient denied use)

› Continue heparin

› Ambulate RG as soon as clinically safe

Page 11: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Aspiration Pneumonia

› Developed secondary to barium swallow

Most likely due to dysphasia

› Goals

Manage with broad spectrum antibiotics

Especially anaerobes

Reduce risk of progressing infection

Page 12: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Aspiration Pneumonia

› Vancomycin 1250mg IV QD

› Pipercillin/tazobactam 4.5g IV q8h

› Therapy changed to ampicillin/sulbactam 3g IV q6h

› Monitor for adverse reactions and symptom improvement

Page 13: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

(ARDS)

› RG quickly developed ARDS

› Can exacerbate already proposed MG crisis

› Goals

Increase oxygenation

Reduce inflammation

Provide respiratory support (intubation)

Page 14: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

(ARDS)

› RG should be placed in a pronator bed

Sedate patient with midazolam (1-2mg PRN)

and fentanyl (4mg QD)

Paralytics are inappropriate

Corticosteroids are inappropriate during MG

crisis

Maintain pronation until symptoms improve

Page 15: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Wound Abscesses

› Significant on the inner right and left thighs

Possibly secondary to heroin injections

› Home regimen of antibiotics did not improve

› Goals

Begin empiric antibiotic therapy

Obtain wound cultures

Narrow antibiotics when appropriate

Page 16: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Wound Abscesses › Vancomycin 1250mg IV QD

› Pipercillin/tazobactam 4.5g IV q8h

› Metronidazole 500mg IV q8h was started after vancomycin was discontinued

› Therapy changed to ampicillin/sulbactam 3g IV q6h (targeted therapy)

› Negative for botulinin toxin

Not indicative of absence of disease

Page 17: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Summary

› RG was discharged to the general medicine

floor

› After a few days, he developed suspected

HCAP

› Transferred back to the ICU for treatment

› Antibiotic therapy was changed

Tobramycin 420 mf QD

Pipercillin/tazobactam 4.5g q8h

Page 18: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Introduction

› Autoimmune

› Presentation

› Broad range of symptoms

Epidemiology

› Prevalence

› Gender

› Age

Page 19: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Risk Factors › Family History

› Female

› Exacerbating disorders

Etiology › Three mechanisms of receptor destruction

Accelerated turnover

Blockade

Damage

› Thymus involvement

Page 20: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Signs and Symptoms

› Weakness

› Fatigability

› Ocular issues

Ptosis

Diplopia

› Cranial Issues

› No sensory impairment

Page 21: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Diagnostic Procedures

› Acetylcholinesterase Test

› Electrodiagnostic test (EMG)

› Pulmonary Function Test

› MuSK Antibody Test

› Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Test

Page 22: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Treatment

› Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Cholinergic agents may be inappropiate

› Thymectomy

› Immunosuppression

› Plasmapheresis

› Management of crisis

Page 23: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Follow-Up

› Monitoring

Signs and Symptoms

Number of receptors

› Prognosis

Page 24: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the
Page 25: Patient: RG NKDA RG presented to the ED complaining ofjonmanocchio.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/8/8978432/case_presentation.pdf · Patient: RG DOB: 09.26.1959 NKDA RG presented to the

Chaudhuri A and Behan PO. Myasthenic Crisis. Q J Med. 2009; 102: 97-107.

Drachman Daniel B, "Chapter 381. Myasthenia Gravis and Other Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://0-www.accesspharmacy.com.polar.onu.edu

Jamal BT and Herb K. Perioperative Management of Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment. OOOE. 2009; 107 (5): 612-615.

Lexi-Comp Online. 2011.

Taylor Palmer, "Chapter 10. Anticholinesterase Agents" (Chapter). Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e: http://0-www.accesspharmacy.com.polar.onu.edu/content.aspx?aID=16660859.

Witoonpanich R, et al. Electrophysiological and Immunological Study in Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Sensitivity and Correlation. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011; Epub ahead of print.