Pathways

The Stories of Immigrants

Coming to America

The Journeys of Refugees

Hijabs Worldwide

A System of Change

May 2016PATHWAYS

Table of Contents

Letter from the Editor 04About the Authors 05 Pathway to Success 06 One family’s journey 7,133 miles across the world

Make Your Way to the U.S.A 10 Put yourself into one of the many paths of immigration to America

A Broken System 12 The story of a system that needs to change

Immigration Illustrated 16 Basic facts about U.S. immigration.

The Ongoing Battle 18 The results of the Syrian refugee crisis

Immigration by the Numbers 22 The number of sylum-seekers and migrants entering Europe in 2015

Refugees and Renewal 24 Pathways to acclimation by refugees

Where Our Refugees Live 28 A map of where refugees in each state are originally from

Refugees by the Numbers 29 The facts on refugees and asylees in America

American Mipster 30 The newest fashion style for Muslims

Hijab Styles Across the Globe 34 Differentcountries,differentstyles

2 | Pathways

Letter from the Editor 04About the Authors 05 Pathway to Success 06 One family’s journey 7,133 miles across the world

Make Your Way to the U.S.A 10 Put yourself into one of the many paths of immigration to America

A Broken System 12 The story of a system that needs to change

Immigration Illustrated 16 Basic facts about U.S. immigration.

The Ongoing Battle 18 The results of the Syrian refugee crisis

Immigration by the Numbers 22 The number of sylum-seekers and migrants entering Europe in 2015

Refugees and Renewal 24 Pathways to acclimation by refugees

Where Our Refugees Live 28 A map of where refugees in each state are originally from

Refugees by the Numbers 29 The facts on refugees and asylees in America

American Mipster 30 The newest fashion style for Muslims

Hijab Styles Across the Globe 34 Differentcountries,differentstyles

Pathways | 3

Letter From The Editor

Hi there. I’m Emily, the Editor-in-Chief of Pathways Magazine. When I shrugged and said “I guess I’ll be the editor,” that second week of the semester, I didn’t really understand what it meant. Sure, I’d get to write this letter, and of course, I’d get to make small decisions, but I did not realize the mass of my responsibilities. As far as being a leader for my group as well as the comic relief, it’s been one heck of a ride.Ourgroupconsistsoffivegirlswhoarefascinatedwiththeworld.Whilethismagazineiswhatunitesus,weallcomefromdifferentanddiversebackgrounds.FromacrosstheworldtojustacrossAustin,ithas been so fun learning about each other this semester. This issue of the magazine contains stories about topics such as religion, immigration, and while we mightnotlookinformed,wedefinitelyare.Wearesoexcitedtoreleasethisissueofthemagazineandhope you enjoy reading!

Sincerely,

Emily Kolodneyauthor and editor-in-chief

4 | Pathways

Dear Readers,

Chiara Torrini, born and raised inAustin,Texas,isthedaughterof an Italian immigrant. Torrini enjoys learning and writing about immigration because much of her family is in Italy. In her free time she enjoys learning Japanese, speaking Italian with herfamily,andfinearts.

Anika Singh was born in Agra, IndiaandraisedinAustin,Texas.Being an immigrant herself, she likes to educate people on the differentaspectsofimmigrationand being an immigrant. Singh enjoys speaking Hindi with her family, playing violin and would like to pursue a career in science.

Ellis Prater-Burgess was born andraisedinAustin,Texas.Growing up in the capitol city ofTexas,Prater-Burgessenjoysfollowing politics. She especially enjoys how immigration relates to politics. Prater-Burgess is of Norwegian, Scottish, and Irish descent, and enjoys learning “hidden languages” such as Pig Latin. She hopes to go into politics as a career.

Emily Kolodney was born in Kfar Saba, Israel to a South African-Israeli Mother and a Polish-IsraeliFather,andimmigratedto America at the age of two. Kolodney was raised in Austin, TexasandcurrentlyattendstheLiberal Arts and Science Academy wheresheisastaffwriterfortheLBJ Liberator. Kolodney speaks fluentHebrew,enjoyspoliticsandsocial media, and hopes to be an ER surgeon one day.

Mallory Conely was born in Amarillo,TexasandraisedinAustin,Texas.Conelygrewup in a multiracial family, her mother is of Scottish descent and her father is African American. Conely enjoys learning languages, culture, and following politics. She enjoys speakingFrenchandArabicwithher friends and would like to pursue a career in international relations.

Ciao Il mio nome è Chiara(Hi my name is Chiara!)

Ihay ymay amenay isyay Ellisyay(Hi my name is Ellis!)

Meet the C o n t r i b u t o r s

(Hi my name is Mallory!)

(Hi my name is Emily!)

नमस्ते मेरा नाम अनिका है(Hi my name is Anika!)

Pathways | 5

6 | Pathways

As they walked into the Delco Convention Center in Austin, Texas,theywereoverwhelmed

withthecolorsoftheworld.Flagswereflying,cameraswereclicking,unidentifiablelanguageswerespokenwith ease. The walls were covered with directions on how to get to their seats. As they sat, they observed the masses of people in the room. Although everyone wasdifferent,theywereallunitedasonegroup for a singular reason. To become a citizen of the United States. Before they decided to immigrate to the U.S., my parents, Uri Kolodney and SusanSlomowitz,livedinsixcountriescombined. After deciding to immigrate in 2002, they were unaware of how long their stay would be, but they would eventually land up in the situation above, near to becoming permanent citizens of the U.S. They spent a long 13 years going through themanydifferentstagesofnaturalization,citizenship, and passport holding, but today they are full citizens.

The story starts with Susan Slomowitz, my mother, who was born in Dartford, Kent, England. She moved to Zambia when she was 3 years old with her parents and younger sister. She then moved to Tel Aviv, Israel when she was 12 years old with the addition of two new younger sisters. She lived there until it was time for her to attend university at Witwatersrand University of Johannesburg in South Africa. The other side of this journey comes from my father, Uri Kolodney. He lived in Israel his whole life, taking small trips around the world, but never fully lived in another place. After my parents met, married, and I was born, my father wanted to return to his studies, but this time in America. “I wanted to change my professional career and study in the US,” says Kolodney. “Also, after living for 40 years in Israel, I felt that I needed a change due to the political, social, and economic climate in Israel in the late 1990’s.”.

Many immigrants see America as the‘landofgold’.Myfatherwasextremelymotivated to come to the United States in the sense that he was ready for a change in his surroundings. Israel’s politics were getting complicated and he was determined to make the move. “[We came to America] because I always liked the American way of life, socially and culturally, and I thought it would be easy for me to assimilate and feel comfortable in this kind of immigrant society,” says Kolodney. “Also, there was the question of language, as I mentioned above;mywifeisBritishandI’mfluentinEnglish, so I assumed this would not be a barrier.”. In contrast to my father, my mother was not as ready as he to move here. Having moved around a lot as a child, she may have been used to it, but she always thought of Israel as her home.“Immigrating to USA as a parent of a youngchildwasmoredifficult,”saysSlomowitz. “I had always thought of the

Pathway to Success

One family’s journey 7,133 miles across the world

By Emily Kolodney Anairplaneflieshighabovetheocean,makingitswaytothefinaldestination.

Pathways | 7

USA as a temporary arrangement and that one day I would return to my home country, Israel.”. Picking up completely from one place and moving to another just to resume normal business is not as simple as it sounds. The immigration process, often difficultandlogistical,andalthoughitwasnot meant to be that way, is most often very long. My family was sponsored through theUniversityofTexasatAustinbecausemy father was coming to study there, so we traveled on a student visa. “...[S]o I had to prepare all kinds of paperwork for UT and for the immigrationoffice,formerlyknownas“INS” – “Immigration and Naturalization Service”,” says Kolodney. “Now it’s called USCIS – “U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.”.”. The plans to travel continued on building up, with more things to do before they could actually do them. This particular part of the immigration processincludedinterviewsandproofing,

making sure that things would be set up in America when we arrived. This involved meeting with American ambassadors and UT representatives. “We had to interview at the American embassy in Tel Aviv in order to get our visas and before we could travel,” says Kolodney. “We had to prove that I was accepted to UT, and also show that we have enough money to support ourselves in the US. Once we got the approval and the visa, I had to close my business in Tel Aviv, sell all of our belongings, and get tickets to Austin.”. Picking up everything from one placeandmovingisverydifficult.Someof the problems my parents ran into when itcametothatwerehousingandfindinga job. Neither of my parents could work legally yet, as they had just arrived, so they had to make do with what they had from Israel. “We sold his apartment in Tel Aviv sothatwecouldfinanceforhisschoolingand living (as we could not work legally),”

8 | Pathways

says Slomowitz. “Once the apartment was sold we sold/gave away the majority of our household belongings and packed up and traveled to Northern Italy for 10 days prior toarrivinginAustin,Texas.”. Although many people take the route of immigrating to America, not as many usually move to Austin, especially in the times my parents did. Most foreigners dream of moving to New York City or Los Angeles, but my father made a decision that the university he went to would determine where we could live. When he applied for school to get a Master’s degree in Information Science, he applied to three schools and got accepted to all of them. The three options were Syracuse University, NY, Rutgers University, NJ, and UT at Austin. “Thefirsttwolocationsweretoocoldasfarasweather,andtooexpensive.Austin was a perfect match, both in itswarmclimateandfinancially,”saysKolodney. “I liked the idea of “going to Texas”asitwasallnewtome,andwe

ThefamousUniversityofTexasatAustinclocktower,setinthemiddleofthecampus.Itchimesthenumberofthehoureveryhour.

MartinHaleinhisofficeinAustin,Texas.Heregularlyworks on cases of immigra-tion within the area and in consultation with his part-nerfirminDallas,Texas.

“You have to know the basic history and government of the

United States.” -Hale

Pathways | 9

heard many good things about Austin.”. Paperwork can be one of the easiest parts of immigration, but it can also be one of the hardest. Many immigrants choose to get assistance and advice from alawyerorlegalofficialsothattheymake sure everything is right. My parents received legal help from two sources to assure that no problems would occur. “We worked with both a lawyer for advice and legal assistance from the internationalofficeattheuniversity,”saysSlomowitz. The immigration process is long anddifficultandhasmultipledifferentstages. Although my parents started out withnoknowledgeofthis,extensiveresearchleadthemtofindingthattheprocess is not what it looks like on the surface. They found that the intricate difficultieswithcitizenshipareoftennotwell known. An immigration attorney basedinAustin,Texas,MartinHale,helped them with this. “I think it’s important to understand you can’t simply go from being a foreigner in the United States to being a citizen,” says Hale. “There’s severaldifferentpathwaystocitizenship,butwhattheyhaveincommonisfirstyoubecome what’s called a “non-immigrant” in the United States and then when you naturalize you are a full immigrant, you’ve actually come to the country and become a citizen.” Not many people need a lawyer to help them, but since my parents got legal help from the university, Mr. Hale worked more of a background job. He gave advice onwhattodonextintheprocessand

supported my family’s case on the side of his regular work. “My relationship with your parents was really more just kind of like in the background, giving a little bit of advice here and there,” says Hale. “It was really the attorneys at UT that were able to progress your family’s case”. The time frame for citizenship canvarybetweenaboutsixto28years.My parents were somewhere in between. Although they were simply going from Israel to America, my father was sponsored by UT, so the time to get citizenship was pretty medium.

“The most quick way to become a permanent resident is marriage to a U.S. citizen,” says Hale. “Or, possibly, asylum seeker. The longest journey is usually for employees who are sponsored by U.S. companies. Once you become a permanent resident there are some built-in delays before you can become a citizen. Then, even once you reach that threshold waiting period, you have to go through the administrativewaitingprocessoffilinganapplication, getting it reviewed, getting yourfingerprintstaken,theydoacriminalbackground check. Then, if all that goes well, they schedule a ceremony where you complete an oath of allegiance to the

Constitution.” Every step of immigration and citizenship has reason, but some people must take more steps than others. My parents managed to evade some of the more time-consuming steps because they already spoke English well and learned American history in school. “I didn’t even mention most people, but not all, but most people have to take an English language test and a basic history civics test,” says Hale. “You have to know the basic history and government of the United States”. The immigration process is differentineachcase.Myfamily’scasehighlights one of the common procedures taken in regards to immigration from a foreigncountry.Atfirstitwasnotdifficult,but when the background checks and legal paperwork begin, it becomes more labor intensive than ever imagined. Afterthewholeprocess,wefinishat the end of January 2016. My parents, after completing the citizenship process, were invited to the Delco Convention Center in Austin to participate in a citizenship ceremony. After living in America for 13 years, my parents decided to become citizens. “I lived here with a work visa and later a green card for 13 years, and it was important for me to get naturalized and become a citizen, so I could vote and take part, even a small one, in shaping the American politics,” says Kolodney. “I also wanted my daughter to be a citizen, and I could not have done that without me being acitizenfirst.”. My family would not have been where they are today without the process of citizenship. I would not have all the opportunities I have if not for the lawyers at UT and Martin Hale. Although when they arrived they were uncertain, my parents are now happy to be here and are looking to the future.

MAKE YOUR WAYWelcome to a game called “Make Your Way To The USA” where you can role-play yourself intodifferentsituationsofimmigrantsacrosstheworld.Thisflowchartshowyouthefourpaths to the U.S. through immigration.

Instructions:1.Chooseyourstartingbox2.Followthepathtotheresult!

Do you have family in the USA?

Is your family a U.S. citizen or permanent resident?

If they are a US Citizen, are you the relatives parent, spouse, or minor-aged child?

You’re about to immigrate quick-er than everyone else! It will take about 12-18 months for you to get your green card.

If they are a law-ful permanent resident: are you their spouse or child?

Sorry, you’re outta here!


Do you already have a job in the USA? So your employer willing to file paperwork for your labor certifi-cation?

Do you have $500,000 to $1,000,000 or extremely special skills?

10 | Pathways

TO THE U.S.A.

phot

o co

urte

sy o

f Wik

iped

ia

After your green card you can get citizenship in 5-6 years.

TOTAL TIME TO IMMIGRATE AND ACQUIRE CITIZENSHIP: 6-7 YEARS



Great! You are now waiting for your green card for six-10 years.

After your green card, you now wait for an-other 5-6 years for citizenship.

You have a 50% chance of getting one because they are capped at 85,000 every year. If you are lucky and you get one, you can start working in the USA while you employer continues to file all your paperwork.


If your employer doesn’t want to wait, they can apply for your temporary work visa! Would they do that?

You can apply for a green card!

Single adult child: 6-14 year waitMarried adult child: 7-15 year waitSibling of a U.S. citizen: 11-22 year wait

After 3-5 years you can be-come a citizen.

After you have your green card, you can become a citizen in 6 years.

The citizenship process with take between 6-12 months.

Are you single?

Spouses and minor children can apply for green card! Wait 5-7 years.

With a green card, you can be a citi-zen after 6 years.

You can wait for 9-14 years for your green card and citizenship.

TOTAL TIME TO IMMIGRATE AND ACQUIRE CITIZEN-SHIP: 11-13 YEARS

TOTAL TIME TO IMMIGRATE AND ACQUIRE CITIZEN-SHIP: 14-20 YEARS


TOTAL TIME TO IMMIGRATE AND ACQUIRE CITI-ZENSHIP: 12-28 YEARS

Congrats! You’ve found possibly the easiest way to acquire your green card! You can receive it in mere months.

If you’re the child, are you a minor?

Pathways | 11

“Our immigration system is broken,” says Paul Parsons, a veteran of the

U.S. immigration system. He knows better than most about the overcrowded system that should help people come to our country, but has become a hulking beast of paperwork and garbled laws, restricting foreign nationals from legally entering our country and tearing families apart. Our immigration system has

changed a myriad of times since it was created. This antiquated system keeps getting amended, creating a problematic, inefficientprocess.Ittrapspeople,takesaway their options, and forces thousands toleavetheirfamilies.Theconstantflowof people trying to enter the country is bottled up and backlogged. Women and children are detained. People are calling for change. In our current immigration system, there is almost no easy way to

immigrate. The easiest way to immigrate is being a relative of a citizen; otherwise, if you’re an educated professional, you might have a chance. There’s almost no chance for the thousands of people who try to come here for work It can take up to a decade, and while workers are waiting for their application to process, they can’t work here. Illegal immigrants

A Broken System

12 | Pathways

The story of a process that needs to change.

The Statue of Liberty in New York, where all immigrants historically came through. The sight

is synonymous with the idea of immigration to America, and the freedoms there.

By Chiara Torrini

who marry U.S. citizens often encounter avarietyofextrachallenges.Evenifthey have citizen children together, and they have lived here for almost all their lives, there is almost no legal way for the illegal spouse to become a citizen. In this scenario, all possible options require them to leave their families. This wasn’t always the case. “[20 years ago], if [a man] had comefromMexicoandmarriedaU.S.citizen,wewouldfileapetitionwithimmigration here, it would be approved and sent directly to the U.S. consulate, and his penalty for having come across was he would have to leave, go back to hiscountry,andhaveamedicalexam,interview, make sure it’s a real marriage, and within a matter of days he would be approved to come live with is family again,” says Parsons. An immigration lawyer in Austin for 38 years, he hasexperiencedthechangestothefluctuatingsystemandseenfirsthandhowtheyhaveaffectedthosetryingtoimmigrate. “We’ve had major changes to the immigration laws that were negative.” Over time, the immigration system has become more and more restrictive, a somewhat inevitable development as the number of immigrants rises. But the system has failed to change in ways reflectingthecurrentsituation,aswellasfailing to make immigration accessible to everyone who wants to come to America. Changes in immigration law are complicated, and they can be passed bymultitudinousdifferentinstitutions.They are written by the Senate and the House of representatives, but they can also be written by individual state legislatures. Laws can vary by state and the changes have added up over the years,creatingaverycomplexsystemthat’s very hard to understand. Some changes were more major than others, and a plethora had major consequences. “[In 1996] they came up

with [a] ten year penalty,” says Parsons. “Prior to that, if someone had lived here without permission, they would have to leave and go to the U.S. Consulate and then they could come back if they were eligible. [But now] if they’ve been

in the U.S. without permission for more than just 1 year, the minute [they] leave, [they] start a ten year penalty”This change in law completely changed

the way people came to our country illegally, mostly for the worse. “We used to have circular immigration,” says Parsons.“ForeignnationalsfromLatinAmerica and other countries would come,theywouldworkforsix,eight,10months a year, then they would go back to their families for several months per year,comebackthenextyearandworkagain, usually for the same employer, go back to their families in the home country. Well now, if they come here and they leave, it starts a ten year penalty. Not only did [the ten year penalty] stop them from going back, they bring in their families because if they leave, then they have this ten year bar over their head. So it stopped the old traditional immigration. [The government] thought this would

be a deterrent, but people come here for a better life, some to escape violence, and so instead of going back, it essentially makes people remain within our country” Some would say this law hasn’t helped; if anything, it’s provided encouragement for foreign nationals to stay more permanently. Sadly, that’s only one of copious problems; workers who come here illegally and then try to legalize their status have almost no legal way to stay in the country, even if their children orspousesarecitizens.“For[them]toqualify for papers, [there is] a ten year penalty and [they have] to return to [their] home country,” says Parsons. The practice often splits up families. “And in my opinion, that’s too harsh. We should try to keep families together.” There are numerous reasons why the immigration system is so convoluted. “We’re dealing with the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952,

and they keep adding layersof[excluding]this group, or [not giving pardons] for this group, add[ing] new requirements, like [the] ten year penalty,” says

Parsons. “It wasn’t written for modern times. It was written for 1952 and amended and amended and amended. They say the immigration laws are as complicatedasthetaxlaws.They’reso

“We’ve had major changes to the immigration laws

that were negative.” -Parsons

Pathways | 13

“People come here for a better

life.” -Parsons

Anexampleofhowpaperworkforimmigrationwouldlook;itisoftenverycomplexandhardtounderstand.

took something insane, like one to two years longer. But that was after the attacks.” Of the people trying to immigrate, countless are educated professionals with college degrees. But even the process for highly educated individuals who would greatly aid our countryisdifficult.“Ifanemployerwantsto sponsor [an educated professional] when they graduate from one of our universities or from another country, we only allow 85,000 of those from the whole world,” says Parsons. “In 2015, duringthefivedayswhentheyopened

the door to accept applications, they received233,000timelyfiledcasesforthese highly educated professionals wanting to work mostly for technology companies, but also shortage areas. [We do] a random lottery of the 233,00 [applicants], and only about a third got accepted. And the rest returned to their home countries or went to Canada, or another country that recognizes the value of having these foreign workers helping get patents, start new companies and invent new ideas. They bring so much to our country, and we’re losing those workers.” A lottery system is impartial, but it’s also unfair; chance should not decide who gets to work in America and who cannot. Peoplefleeingviolencealsoexperienceproblemswiththesystemfor applying for asylum This matter is of growing relevance, with refugees from the Syrian Civil War. The current systemmakesitverydifficulttoapplyforasylum.Womenandchildrenfleeingfrom Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, where there is widespread violence, travel far to reach the U.S. “And when women that are desperate,

confusingandit’ssodifficult.” The trend is clear; “They’re making it tougher. Immigration lawyers work really hard, long hours daily to try to keep up with the changes. We get memos from the government, we get new regulations, we get proposed rules, wegetfinalrules,wegetnewlawsfromCongress, but not the comprehensive immigrationreformweneedtofixthewhole system.” The system is changing, but the changes aren’t helping. Shifts keep families apart, instead of keeping them together. They bar people from entering. Statutory changes make for an even harder time for potential immigrants. “In immigration law, part of the confusion is sometimes it’s a law passed by Congress, [sometimes by another legislature] and there have been many statutory changes,” says Parsons. “There have also been a lot of changes just to regulations where the

government says, ‘Okay, this is how we’re going to interpret this law.’ It’s getting more and more restrictive. The applications themselves are getting longer, so it’s harder for people to

figureoutwhattheyneedtodototrytolegalizetheirstatus.Forexample,[theapplicationforcitizenship].Foralongtimeit

was eight pages, then 10 pages, and then they said we’re [going to improve it]. The ten

page form suddenly changed to a 21-page

form.” While a longer form can seeminsignificant,itrepresentstheincreaseindifficultyofimmigrating.Forsomeonewho

already doesn’t speak perfect English,fillingouta21-pageformissignificantlyharder.“Congress, for over twenty years, keeps saying they’re going to do something, and they’re afraid to do anything,” elucidates Parsons. “But they need to address it because our country would be stronger andmoreunifiedifwehadasystemthan would work for employers, and for families.” 9/11 caused a wave of change. The fear of terrorists forced a stricter system: our airport security, our background checks for visas, and our

immigration system all toughened. In the panic after the tragedy, everything became much stricter.

There was good reason, but the changes did not necessarily have a positive effect.“Iactuallygotluckybecause[mynaturalization] got started before the September 11th attacks,” says Antonio Torrini, who immigrated from Italy in 1998. “Everything became much harder after that. [My friend’s] naturalization

14 | Pathways

“Our country would be stronger and more unified if we had a system than would work for employers, and for families.”

-Parsons

“It reminds me of when we detained the

Japanese, in World War II.” -Parsons

A representation of the idea of immigration; immigrants become American, regardless of theirspecificrace.

big deal.” Good lawyers can be the key to successful immigration, but they are pricey and even they don’t always win their cases. Immigrants who have been through the process often feel, since they had to work hard to get through the complicated system, that they have been mistreated instead of assisted. Although people often agree thatourimmigrationsystemisflawed,the current process for creating new legislation seems to only resolve small issues, not the overarching problems that needfixing.AccordingtoParsons,ifthecountry can create a system that allows foreffectiveimmigration,amoreunitedcountry will be created. Changing the way people come to the U.S. will change the country itself and strengthen the foundation of our legal system.

battered, beaten, starved, and they have youngchildren,crossMexico,sometimes

they’re raped, they get to the United States, and they turn themselves in,” says Parsons. Instead of having a chance to apply for asylum, women and children are often detained. “It reminds me of when we detained the Japanese, in World War II,” says Parsons. “We had no business locking them up. And we’re

going to look back in our history and regret that we were detaining mothers and children. Children should never be detained.” Over the years, the varied personalexperiencesofthosewhohaveimmigratedhavereflectedacommontheme; a system needing improvement. “I found the system was simply not that good,” says Torrini. “Actually, at some point[s] I was close to giving up.” Torrini’sexperiencesmirrorsthoseofthe vast group of other immigrants. This straining and convoluted system has put overwhelming stress onto those who can’t keep up with the process. [If you don’t hire a skilled lawyer], “you just spend money,” laments Kana Allcock, who immigrated in 2013. She had an experiencedlawyer,butnotallaresolucky. “You cannot get the green card. So I think that the money you pay is a really

The United States Congress house is where most laws are made, including those pertaining to immigration.

“Chi

ldre

n sh

ould never be detained.” -Parsons

Pathways | 15

42.1 Million foreign-born people live in the U.S.

Immigrants are 13.3% of the total U.S. population

Most immigrants (28%) are from Mexico

16% of immigrants speak only English at home

12.1millionMexicanimmigrants

Almost 47% of immigrants are naturalized citizens

These graphics demonstrate basic facts about immigrants and foriegn workers living in the U.S.

Information from the Center for Immigration Studies, the Pew Research Center, and the Migration Policy Institute

16 | Pathways

By Chiara Torrini

2000 2015

31.1 million people

42.1 million people

35.3% Increase in foriegn-born people

4.7 millionundocumented adults

have children

48.3% of immigrants

are men.

51.7% of immigrants are women.

64% of U.S. born

children of immigrants are homeowners

There is an estimated 904,000 LGBTQ

adult immigrants in the U.S.

36% of U.S. born children of

immigrants are college graduates

31% of U.S. born children of natives are

college graduates

Pathways | 17

18 | Pathways

The Ongoing Battle

It seems like a never-ending battle. Youkeepfighting,hopingtoseeanuncertain yet a bright future. The

increase of tension of immigration since the Syrian Refugee Crisis create a new obstacle. Some immigrants see their hopes slowly slipping away.Immigration becomes a sensitive topic, accompanied by heartfelt stories of journeys and struggles. With the rise of the Syrian Refugee Crisis, a wave of anti-immigration protests strike countries in Europe. Political parties who support anti-immigration start to dominate European politics. Ordinary immigrants like Shilpa Kelkar, Shyam Reddy and Shilpa Reddy personally experiencethetoughchangeinsociety. The United States has also noticed an increasing amount of problems with immigration, but what about other countries? Across the globe, countries face this problem, and it keeps increasing. The immigration situation of Sweden varies from other European countries. “I was treated very well you know Sweden is a good country and they were very open to new people,” says Shilpa Kelkar. “People are very liberal, but it was weird cause little immigrants were there.” Immigrants wish to migrate to Sweden for a better

future. Sweden is a generous country which provide food, shelter and free Swedish lessons to its immigrants. Swedish language help immigrants to adjust in new society and get jobs. Withtheexquisitecountrysideandastable economy, Sweden has evolved to become a fascinating country. About one-fifthofSweden’spopulationhavean immigrant background. About 15.4 percent of Sweden’s population includes foreign-born citizens in 2012. “I felt safe and happy being in Sweden,” says Kelkar. “They were very helpful to new people. One of the reasons I came here was so that my son could get good education that I don’t think he would have gotten in India.” Along with these superior characteristics, Sweden appeals to numerous refugees. An estimated 190,000 Syrian refugees will come to Sweden searching for a better future by the end of this year. The rising refugee numbers also creates a rising amount of tension among the people. “There is some empathy, but there are alsoalargeincreaseofextremists,”Ms.Kelkarexplains.“Peoplefeelkindof scared of so many people coming. People are making problems. There areextremistsbutthesecasesareveryvery rare. It is enough to

Pathways | 19

The results of the Syrian Refugee Crisis.

By Anika Singh

Sympathizers of the Sw

edish Dem

ocrats protesting in Stockholm

on May 24, 2014

make the media always overly highlight these events.” Sweden has met abundant instances of tension on immigration including incidences with throwing acid at immigrant owned stores, to immigrants being peppered sprayed. As more refugees pour into Sweden, these occurrences have increased. When Syrian refugees enter Sweden, they initially apply for a job and integrate themselves into the society. While back in Syria, several of those Syrian citizens are well-educated and were employed as teachers or clerks, and they were doing respectable jobs with high income , but when they immigrate, they got subjected to lower class jobs such as cleaning on railway station and sometimes they don’t even get job in Sweden. Sweden is good at accepting immigrants but they are not able to integrate them well in society. “Some refugees complain to me about how they used to be the manager of big companies and now we were giving them such degrading jobs,” says Kelkar. “They feel very frustrated and some might convert frustration into violence.”

Although the Syrian refugees face discriminationandviolence,theeffectsalsoindirectlyaffectotherimmigrants.Discrimination against immigrant citizens increases as the refugees increase. “One time I was sitting on the bus and I heard a conversation behind me,” Kelkar mentions.

“I heard a husband and wife talking about how their brother lost a job to some Indian person. They were getting angry that immigrants were getting higher than them. I think this is unfair. I mean immigrants, we, are working the hardest. So because

some one person did some violence, this shouldn’t be the new stereotype of all immigrants.” Kelkar mentions how the immigration tension keeps increasing in couple of last months. “[I was talking to a] friend of mine and she was telling about one time her son and his Indian friends were playing on the street near night time,” Kelkar mentions. “And then a drunk man comes and starts yelling at them, go back to where you are from we don’t want your kindhere!Butthenagainthistypeofstuffhappens in many countries.” Now a new question arises, how doesSwedendifferentiatefromothercountries? “I feel like Sweden probably is the most welcoming compared to other countries,” says Kelkar. “I don’t want that to change. I feel pride when I tell people I am from Sweden.” Discrimination isn’t an issue only in Sweden. Across the globe, problems due to race and immigration arise.

20 | Pathways

Thirteen thousand protesters in Germany, listening to speeches made by the anti-immigration party,

PEGIDA.

“I could only think about my kids and

what I would have to

do with my family.” -Shyam

“I think Germany has many immigrants too so I thought it wouldn’t bebad,”saysShyamReddy.For15yearsShyam has lived in Germany working in one of the largest software companies. Germany is one of the most popular countries in Europe to migrate to. About 12 percent of Germany’s population has immigrants. Germany ranks third in the most international migrants hosted worldwide. With the increasing migrant population, the number of protests has also increased. “I thought I worked so hard to come here and then I would end up having to go back,” says Shyam. “I could only think about my kids and what I would have to do with my family.”

The German media has countless stories regarding assaults of refugees. “I can sometimes notice when I am on the streets who is pro and anti-immigration,” Shyamexplains.“Thepeoplewhoare

“Sometimes I feel like immigration is a process where no

one wins.”-Shyam

anti-immigration will talk behind my back. Sometimes I get asked if I am from Syria. The anti-immigration people feel insecure around me.” Since the Syrian refugee crisis, the amount of discrimination has increased in subtle ways. “There will be heavy anti-immigration protests and the countries willbeverydividedandexcluded,”Shyammentions. “This is a world that I would be afraid of the progress goal we were looking for. But now everything seems to be backtracking. There has become an incorrect association of religion and terrorism.” Immigrants have adapted to sticking together to survive and prosper. They have formed communities where they live together. “We all live together and we all have each other,” describes Shyam. “The community all the immigrants have formed has made it easier for us to survive in foreign places.” “Sometimes I feel like immigration is a process where no one wins,” says Shyam. “But then I see my children’s future as a promising one and feel like I came here for good reasons.” Other countries like the UK faces similar problems like Germany and Sweden. “People see [Syrian refugee crisis] problem as being a distant problem,” says Shilpa Reddy, a citizen of the UK for 15 years. “It’s something people didn’t think they needed to know about or something you read about when you want to feel better about your own life.”

11.9 percent of UK’s population comprise of immigrants. About 1,000 Syrian refugees reside in the UK currently. “The racial tension has increased in my workplace since the Syrian refugee crisis,” explainsShilpa.“Mycoworkerswillseethe news and think that there are too many immigrants and they will feel awkward around us during work. The crisis definitelyhaschangedthemindsofmanypeople. Most of the people I met didn’t have a strong opinion on immigration,” describes Shilpa. “One thing that the Syrian refugee crisis have done is allow the citizens to develop opinions. It has shined a light on immigration and violence. ” Across the globe, the atrocities in the Syrian war has shocked everyone.People sympathize with Syrian people and wants to help. With the unprecedented numberofpeopleleavingSyriatofindsafe haven, it is hard to understand the complexsituation.Thisledtoriseofanti-immigration parties, and protests occur in countries throughout the world. The world has always been a cold place for immigrants to prosper.

Pathways | 21

The PEGIDA demonstration taking place in Germany. Apartments in Tensta, Sweden during the winter. The main housing center in Tensta, Sweden.Photo By Shilpa Kelkar Photo By Shilpa Kelkar

Origins of Asylum Seekers

Migrant Deaths while crossing the

Mediterranean

Syria

Afghanistan

Iraq

Other

Kosovo

AprilAugust

MayJuneJuly

September

October

NovemberDecember January

March

February

The following numbers and facts illustrate the amount of asylum seekers and migrants going to Europe as of the end of 2015.

MigrationBy the

NumbersBy Anika Singh

TotalApproximate:1046600 TotalApproximate:

3770

22 | Pathways

SwedenTotal Claims:

32215Asylum Application

per 1000:1667

GermanyTotal Claims:


per 1000:587

NetherlandsTotal Claims:


per 1000:266

UKTotal Claims:


per 1000:60

FranceTotal Claims:


per 1000:114

ItalyTotal Claims:


per 1000:138

Information by BBC

Pathways | 23

Every day, people get up, pack their bags, and leave their home. Fleeing the lives they’ve known forever, they start a journey to what they hope will be safety and

security. They leave because they have no other choice. Over barren desert and stormy sea, they travel to the United States, desperate for a better life. Refugees and asylum-seekers travel to the U.S. because they are unsafe in their own countries. At home, they are threatened or hurt. Here, they are offered help with the tough transition. The Refugee Services of Texas focuses on setting refugees up in new homes, and preparing them for a new life. The Multicultural Refugee Coalition provides a safe community center for refugees. Meanwhile, immigration lawyers are dedicated to assisting those who are combating legal troubles. This essential, intricate support network aids immigrants who come to the U.S. for aid. Kate Lincoln-Goldfinch, an Austin immigration attorney, works at Lincoln-Goldfinch Law, an immigration firm. Early on in her career, she took an immigration clinic where she was a student attorney. She interviewed a family of Iraqi Christians who were

detained in the Hutto detention center. In Iraq, the father was kidnapped and held for ransom, because their Christianity was seen as western. After the ransom was paid, they fled to the U.S. and were put in detention. She spoke to a mother with her infant child. “When I went there, the baby was wearing a little prison-issued baby onesie and the mom asked me if I would hold her baby because she said I smelled like the outside world; immigration jails have this smell to them,”

describes Lincoln-Goldfinch. “It’s institutional. At the end of the interview, she asked me if I could sneak her baby out with

24 | Pathways

By Ellis Prater-Burgess

Refugees and Renewal

Pathways to acclimation in the U.S.

RefugeesfromSyria,fleeingproblemsintheirhomecountry,arriveinaboat.

“When I went there, the baby was wearing a little prison-issued baby onesie and the mom asked me if I

would hold her baby because she said I smelled like the outside world.”

-Lincoln-Goldfinch

me. It was that day that I decided I could spend the rest of my career working on this one issue.” Refugees and asylum-seekers both come to the U.S. seeking protection. Once here, they are generally placed into detention centers. She explains refugees have extensive support by the government, because they come here with legal status. She provides asylum-seekers more help than she does refugees, because asylees come here without legal status. They leave their home country fleeing persecution or violence, which they have to prove once they arrive in the U.S. “[I]f they say “I’m afraid of returning to my country,” then they have to pass something called a Credible Fear Interview, where they tell their story,” she elucidates. The C.F.I. lasts about an hour, and if the asylum officer believes the person is eligible to be granted asylum, then they are usually let out of detention. Next, the final full-fledged asylum hearing. If the asylum officer doesn’t accept the asylee’s story, the court gives them one chance for appeal in front of a judge. “A lot of it is really based on the judge,” divulges Lincoln-Goldfinch. “There’s a judge in San Antonio who hears a lot of the family detention cases and he has an 8 percent

approval rating, meaning he grants fewer than one in 10 of his cases. He’s very tough. And then there’s judges who have 90-something percent of their cases approved.” If someone doesn’t pass their C.F.I. and the judge doesn’t grant their appeal, then they can be deported, or forcefully sent out of the U.S. Lincoln-Goldfinch’s aims to help her clients pass their C.F.I. and hearing, so they can be free of the persecution or

Pathways | 25

ManyviewtheUnitedStatesofAmericaasanunachievabledream,blockedoffbyhostility.

AccordingtotheMigrationPolicyInstitute,Texasacceptedthelargestnumberof refugees in 2015.

violence in their home country for good. Refugees are a slightly different story. Susan Stasney, Resettlement Program Supervisor for the Refugee Services of Texas, explains her organization is in charge of new arrivals of refugees, the first 90 days they are in the country. They perform a variety of services, from picking up at the airport to securing housing beforehand to putting bedding and toiletries in their apartment to providing groceries. They also take the newly arrived refugees to apply for Social Security, Medicaid, and enroll them in English language classes. After being referred to the refugee health clinic, refugees are referred to employment and enrolled in school. “It’s a lot of case management services that we provide when they need it, especially when they first come here in transitioning to the U.S.,” states Stasney. Texas is one of the top states for refugee resettlement in the U.S. Stasney describes the impact of having actual experiences with refugees. “It’s just an invaluable experience when you have interactions with refugees. “[It] makes you not think of it so much in a broader generalization, because we have a personal connection, a personal experience.” Resettlement agencies like the Refugee Services of Texas make a world of difference for foreign refugees, but their help can only go so far. “[W]hat we try to do is pick up where the resettlement agencies leave off and help the refugees through the next steps,” says Sarah Stranahan, co-founder of the Multicultural Refugee Coalition. The Multicultural Refugee Coalition, or M.R.C., is an organization devoted to empowering refugees towards self-sufficiency by providing opportunities for educational, professional and personal

“It’s really easy to dehumanize these people

and not realize that they’re our neighbors and they’re

just like us.”-Lincoln-Goldfinch

“[We give them] a safe place for them to come,

where they are comfortable with everybody and they’re meeting other people from their own culture and from

other cultures.”-Stranahan

growth. OpenArms, M.R.C.’s social enterprise, trains refugee women to sew. Their high-quality work then sells to provide the women with a living wage. OpenArms, just one part of M.R.C., contributes to the mission of the community center. “[O]ne of the underlying things about our center is the community building, giving them a safe place for them to come, where they are comfortable with everybody and they’re meeting other people from their own culture and from other cultures,” says Stranahan. Here, refugees gain confidence in their new life and home. Even with the wide acceptance of refugees in the U.S.,

the media continues to grow as a factor in the public’s opinion on immigration. According to Lincoln-Goldfinch, the last big changes in immigration law occurred in 1996. “Right before 9-11, President Bush was set to make some positive changes in the field of immigration,” says Lincoln-Goldfinch. “Then 9-11 happened, and

a sort of xenophobia took over,” she explains. Politicians are beholden to their voters, so “the politicians who are catering to that section of people just flat-out refused to do any immigration reform.” The Syrian refugee crisis has heightened the circumstances of the situation. Politicians, especially candidates of the 2016 presidential election, have maintained focus on the allowance of refugees into the U.S.

“[Now] the rhetoric in the media is, “Everybody who’s coming across the border are criminals or terrorists and they’re here to hurt us,”” says Lincoln-Goldfinch on the effect of the media’s “fear mongering”. This sentiment

of hostility has crept into the subconscious of many. “It’s really easy to dehumanize these people and not realize that they’re our neighbors and they’re just like us,” says Lincoln-Goldfinch. “They are a very, very strong people. They’ve lived through huge challenges,” says Stranahan. Many refugees have already faced enough trouble without the addition of hostility from Americans. “It was a long road to get here,” reiterates Stranahan. But with help, refugees and asylees can make fresh, new starts in the U.S.

“It was a long road to get here.”

-Stasney

26 | Pathways

Refugees come from all corners of the globe. Countries allow a certain number of foreign refugees in each year. Turkey currently shelters the most refugees, with about 2 million. The United States currently shelters the 14th highest amount of refugees in the world.

Pathways | 27

Iraq

IraqIraq

Iraq

Iraq

Iraq

Iraq

Iraq

Iraq

Iraq

Iraq

Cuba

Cuba

Bhutan

Bhutan

Burma

Burma

Burma

`Somalia

Burma

Burma

Eritrea Burma

Burma

BurmaIraq

`Somalia

Somalia

*No data

*No data

Burma

Iraq

52% of people granted asylum in the U.S. in 2013 were from China, Egypt, and Ethiopia

Burma

IraqBurma

Bhutan

Eritrea

Burma

Iraq

Bhutan

Burma

Bhutan

Bhutan

Iraq

Iraq

Cuba

IraqIraq

*No dataBurma

Eritrea/DRC

Where each state’s largest number of refugees arrived from in 2014

Top 3 countries of origin in 2015: Burma (Myanmar), Iraq, & Somalia

Other top 10 countries of origin: Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.), Iran, Syria, Eritrea, Sudan, & Cuba

Where are the refugees in your state from? Find out below.

28 | Pathways

Refugees by the Numbers

The People of Syria

>4.1 million seek refuge in other countries

>7.6 million internally displaced within Syria

Time taken to vet a proposed refugee:18-24 months

Since September 1, 2001# of U.S. refugees arrested for terrorism: 3

In 2015...# of U.S. resettled refugees: 69,933

In 2013...# of U.S. asylees: 25,199

By the end of 2014...# of refugees world-wide: 59.5 million

By mid-2015...# of asylum-seekers world-wide: >1.2 million

Syrian refugees in the U.S.:In 2012: 31In 2015: 1,682

Plans for # of refugees to be accepted into the U.S.:

2015: 70,0002016: 85,0002017: 100,000

10,000 Syrian refugees per year

At least

Pathways | 29

31 | Pathways

By Mallory Conely American Mipster

30 | Pathways

W hen you think of Muslims today, what do you think of? You probably wouldn’t

imagine fashion-savvy, trendy mil-lennials dancing to a Jay-Z songs, but that’s just what Mipsterz are. Mipsterz (a combination of the words Muslims and Hipsterz), are changing the idea of who Muslims are through music videos, social media and most notably fashion. In a majority of Islamic cultures, most Muslims believe women should covereverythingexceptfortheirhands,face,andfeet,whilenotexposingtheshape of their body and without attract-ing unnecessary attention to them-selves. Muslims around the world cover themselvesindifferentways,usuallyinaccordance to how strictly they follow Islam, what their cultural background is, and what that individual thinks is ap-propriate; some Muslims don’t cover at all. In America, it is often hard to follow the latest trends while staying modest, because American trends aren’t usually modest in the eyes of most Muslims. Mipsterz are a group of young Muslims who identify themselves as Hipsters with changing views/opinions on culture, religion and society. In the Mipsterz video, which helped popu-larize the term “Mipsterz”, it features trendy hipster fashion incorporated with hijab and modesty. So with all these factors coming into play, the ques-tion comes, what do American Muslims dowhentheyfindthemselvesconflict-ing fashion and faith? Chelsey Love, a convert to Islam who runs a very popular YouTube account where she talks about modest fashion, raising children in an Islamic household and other Islamic topics, firstheardaboutMipsterzwhenread-ing a Marie Claire magazine, “I saw the owner from Vela Scarves in an article in Marie Claire magazine and it was called ‘Mipsterz’ I was like ‘what the heck is that?’” Malak Abda, a fashion student, model and popular Tumblr blogger, firstheardaboutthevideowhenafriend was involved in making it, “I’ve only seen the video once and that was only because supposedly one of my friends was in it”, but considers Mip-sterz just another label to give to Mus-lims and women, “I think [Mipsterz] is just another label for women, like in the music video it was only girls, no guys.”

says Abda, “I don’t even really like the word ‘Hijabi’ because it’s just another thing that labelsandsexualizesMuslimwomenandgirls.” Being a Muslim in America can feel difficult,manygirlswhoareidentifiableasMuslim because of their hijab are subject to judgment and stereotypes, “I’ve heard so much. Maybe that I converted to Islam for my husband. I actually converted while in my previous marriage to a United States Marine. It wasn’t until my converting and my divorce that we got into a relationship.” Huma Munir, a high school teacher inAustin,Texas,isalsosubjecttopeopleusingstereotypestodefineher,“Peopleliketo think I am quiet and submissive. They are wrong. I am actually quite social and outgoing.” says Munir, “I love hiking! I hike in my hijab all the time. People are always surprised about that.” Being judged and stereotyped is hard for anyone, but growing up and having a differentfashionstylecanbehard,espe-cially when in America there isn’t really a style catered to Hijabi’s, “In the commu-nity I grew up in the girls I would say they weren’t really, I don’t know how to say it, there wasn’t really a fashion style associat-ed with the girls who wore hijab everybody did what was popular and incorporated hi-jab into it” says Abda, ”I didn’t get my sense of fashion until high school, it was tough.” In Pakistan, where Munir grew up, it was a differentexperience,

Traditional Pakistani South Asian shoes pictured above, traditional wedding dress, “Lehenga”, pictured below. Many traditional clothes are red, as red is considered a lucky color in South Asia cultures.

Malak enjoys modeling for “Fashion for a Passion” and various culture events

Mal

ak A

bda

Pathways | 31

“Growing up in Pakistan, we would wear hijabs that would loosely cover our heads. We never wore the tightly wrapped hijabs like Arab women. Wehadadifferentstyle.”

says Munir, “We also had more colorful hijabs than most of the other Islamic countries because ourcultureisveryinfluencedbyIndia,”when

MunirmovedtoAmerica,itwasadiffer-ent story, “It’s not always easy shopping as a Muslim woman,” says Munir, “because the clothes they make in the United States are geared more towards other American people.” In America, there’s plenty of fash-ion inspiration for the typical American woman, but very little for Muslim women and/or women who dress modestly. Many Muslim women draw their fashion inspira-tion from other cultures,

“I’m not really influ-enced by any person in particular although I love certain girls style. I tend to get my inspi-ration more from eras, trend, or culture. I just kinda like what I like and hope it works when

I put it together.”

32 | Pathways

Huma Munir enjoys teaching journalism at the Liberal Arts and Science Academy in Austin, Texas

says Love, “My style is so diverse that no onestylecanreallydefineme.OnedayIwillbesupergirly,thenextbohemianand another urban. I think [looking like a Mipster] only comes into play because itplaysoffofmymoderndayhippystylewhichisinfluencedbythe1960’s.Icanalsoget sucked into the whole ‘trendy’ thing so at times I may unintentionally look ‘hipster-ish’” Abda, a fashion student and model, talks about how art inspires her fashion, “I mean, I’ve always been into fashion, I never really had the means to get into it,” says Abda, “until I got into an art class with varietyandwasabletoexplorewhatIwasinterested in”. Munir’s response again addresses the problem with it being hard tofindmodestclothesinAmerica,“Iamnotveryinfluencedbytoomanypeopleinterms of fashion” says Munir, “In fact, my fashion choices are very limited as I cannot wear skirts, shorts and sleeveless dresses. Every time I buy a dress, I must pair it with a cardigan and tights or something like that to cover up.” The Muslim community has their own opinions on Mipsterz, each commu-nity’sopiniondiffersbasedonwhichsectof Islam they follow, how conservative they are what their cultural background is, among other factors. Chelsey, a convert to

Che

lsey

Love

Hum

a M

unir

Hum

a M

unir

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Islam, talks about her opinion on Mipsterz,

“ To me it’s a style, so more power tothem.Beingexpressivewithwhowe are through our clothing is a beautiful form of creativity. Now as a ‘Mipster’ with the word Muslim’ being involved, I think as long as they are following the code of mod-esty as closely as possible then it’s

perfectly okay. ” says Love, “Our religion comes before fashion. As Muslims who also want to be trendy we must work our trend around our faith and not vice versa.” Malak, who models at fashion and culture events, talks about her community’s opinion on modeling, “ I always did [modeling] within brown culture and within the Muslim com-munity” says Abda, “I enjoyed and really did like modeling I mean [ me modeling] was always within my community and my family always supported me in it.” Huma, who grew up in Pakistan and moved to America, talks about her opinion on Mipsterz, “ I think Mipsterz have the chance to dispel some stereotypes about the Islamic world, but at the same time, I don’t always agree with their fashion style.” says Munir, “ In Islam, you are supposed to dress as to not attract attention to yourself. Sometimes, Mipsterz and their fashion style can attract a lot of attention because they are so uniqueanddifferent.” At the end of the day, balancing fashion and faith isn’t easy for any Muslim. One thing everyone agrees on is keeping true to their faith and putting it before fashion. The idea of Mipsterz has certainly provided inspiration to Muslims, but differentcommunitieshavedifferentopinionsonMipsterfash-ion and whether it’s permissible to follow or not. Mipsterz and Mipster fashion has dispelled some stereotypes about Muslims, and given non-Muslims a better idea of modern Muslims.

Mal

ak A

bda

Hijab Styles Across the GlobeEvery country has a unique fashion aspect to them. In Japan it’s the Kimono, in India it’s the Saree, but across the Muslim world it’s Hijab. Hijab is the headscarf most Muslim women wear for modesty. Many girl’s style their hijab according to their culture and what’s popular. Look at the differentstylesofhijabaccrosstheglobe!

Morocco

United Arab EmiratesSyria

Sudan Egypt

EthiopiaSomalia

Azerbaijan

By: Mallory Conely

34 | Pathways

1

1 4

5

6

63

52

87

4

7

13

151112

2

33

10

Hijab Styles Across the Globe

Indonesia Oman

BangladeshSaudi Arabia

PakistanLebanon

IranIraqTurkeyAfghanistan

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17

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13 17

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