Pathophysiology GastroIntestinal Powerpoint

LWW PPT Slide Template MasterChapter 37
Disorders of
Gastrointestinal Function
Signs and Symptoms Common
Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding
Melena
May be occult (hidden)
Swallowing
Mechanism
Depends on the coordinated action of the tongue and pharynx
These structures are innervated by cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII.
Alterations
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Complaints Accompanying Esophageal Diverticulum
Gurgling
Belching
Coughing
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Evening onset
Pain in epigastric area that radiates to throat, shoulder, or back
Avoid large meals
Eat meals sitting up
Avoid bending for long periods
Sleep with the head elevated
Lose weight if overweight
Esophageal Cancer
Major Causes of Gastric Irritation
and Ulcer Formation
Irritate the gastric mucosa and inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
Infection with H. pylori
Thrives in acid environment of the stomach
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Types of Gastritis
Most commonly associated with local irritants such as bacterial endotoxins, alcohol, and aspirin
Chronic gastritis
Characterized by the absence of grossly visible erosions and the presence of chronic inflammatory changes
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Major Types of Chronic Gastritis
Helicobacter pylori gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
Colonizes mucus-secreting epithelial cells of the stomach
Produces enzymes and toxins that have the capacity to interfere with the local protection of the gastric mucosa against acid
Produces intense inflammation
C urea breath test using a radioactive carbon isotope
Stool antigen test
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Peptic Ulcer
Ulcerative disorders that occur in areas of the upper gastrointestinal tract that are exposed to acid-pepsin secretions
Spontaneous remissions and exacerbations are common
Causes
Complications of Peptic Ulcer
Hemorrhage
Caused by bleeding from granulation tissue or from erosion of an ulcer into an artery or vein
Obstruction
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Complications of Peptic Ulcer (cont.)
Perforation
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Treatment of Peptic Ulcer
Eradicate the cause and promote a permanent cure for the disease
Eradicate H. pylori
Relieve ulcer symptoms
Antacids
Risk Factors for Development
Risk Factors for Development of Gastric Cancer
Genetic predisposition
Autoimmune gastritis
Layers of the Small and Large Intestines
Outer serosal layer
Muscularis layer
Divided into a layer of circular and a layer of longitudinal muscle fibers
Submucosal layer
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Conditions Causing Altered Intestinal Function
Irritable bowel syndrome
Inflammatory bowel disease
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Characteristics of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Persistent or recurrent symptoms of abdominal pain
Altered bowel function
Nausea and anorexia
Constipation or diarrhea
Anxiety or depression
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn disease
A recurrent, granulomatous type of inflammatory response that can affect any area of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus
Ulcerative colitis
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Symptoms of Diverticulitis
Nausea and vomiting
Slight fever
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Common Causes of Constipation
Inadequate fiber in the diet
Inadequate fluid intake
Inactivity and bed rest
Fecal Impaction
A low-residue diet
Drug-induced colonic stasis
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Intestinal Obstruction
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Peritoneal Cavity and Peritonitis
Intestinal Malabsorption
Failure to transport dietary constituents from the lumen of the intestine to the extracellular fluid
Causes
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Manifestations of Classic Form
Colorectal Cancers
Flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy
Ischemic bowel disease
Cardiovascular disease
findings
Intestinal Infarction