Pathology Annual Progress Report: AICRP Sorghum Kharif 2018 fileAll India Coordinated Research Project on Sorghum, Hyderabad 6-Pathology-Kharif-Report-agm199 Page 1 of 25 Pathology

………………………………………………. All India Coordinated Research Project on Sorghum, Hyderabad

6-Pathology-Kharif-Report-agm199 Page 1 of 25

Pathology Annual Progress Report: AICRP Sorghum Kharif 2018

IK Das, SN Chattannavar, VM Gholve, Yogendra Singh, AR Gulhane, Mitalkumari Patel, A Sudha, Ashlesha Atri, DP Singh & SB Mallesh

C o n t e n t s

Executive summary ................................................................................................ .........................2 Detailed report.........................................................................................................................4

I. Disease situations ................................................................................................ ............................ 4 II. Evaluation of grain sorghum experimental varieties/ hybrids/ parental lines for resistance to major

diseases 51. Advanced Hybrid Trial (AHT-GS)................................................................................................ ........ 6 2. Advanced Varietal Trial (AVT-GS) ................................................................................................ ...... 7 3. Initial Hybrid Trial (IHT-GS)................................................................................................ ................ 9 4. Initial Varietal Trial (IVT-GS) ................................................................................................ ............ 11

III. Evaluation of forage sorghum experimental varieties/ hybrids/ parental lines for resistance to diseases .. 131. Initial and Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Multi-cut (IAVHT-MC) ................................ .................... 13 2. Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Single-cut (AVHT-SC) ................................................................ .. 14 3. Initial Varietal and Hybrid Trial Single-cut (IVHT-SC) ................................................................ .......... 15

IV. Evaluation of sweet sorghum experimental varieties/ hybrids/ parental lines for resistance to diseases .. 161. Initial and Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Sweet Sorghum (IAVHT-SS)................................ .......... 16

V. Bio-management of grain mold ................................................................................................ ........ 17 VI. National Grain mold Nursery ................................................................................................ ........... 18

1. NGN-I ................................................................................................................................ ........... 18 2. NGN-II ................................................................................................................................ .......... 18 3. NGN-III ................................................................................................................................ ......... 19

VII. Management of Anthracnose................................................................................................ ........... 19 VIII. National Anthracnose Nursery ................................................................................................ ......... 20 IX. Grain mold resistance in population breeding derivatives ................................................................ ... 21 X. Publications ................................................................................................................................ ... 21 XI. Recognitions................................................................................................................................ .. 22

Annexure I: Performance of the centres................................................................ ........................... 23 Annexure II: Details of collaborator ................................................................................................ .. 23 Annexure III: Disease resistant and susceptible checks ................................................................ 24 Appendix 1.1: Diseases and causal organisms ................................................................ .............. 24 Appendix 1.2: Grades for estimation of diseases................................................................ ............ 24



Pathology programme for the year 2018-19 consisted of applied as well as basic research components. Applied research dealt with multi-location testing of breeding materials for resistance against sorghum diseases at hot spot locations. A total 198 sorghum lines consisting of grain, forage and sweet sorghum entries were evaluated against panicle, foliar and systemic diseases in endemic areas (Dharwad, Coimbatore, Akola, Parbhani, Surat, Hagari, Pantnagar, Hisar and Ludhiana) spread over different sorghum growing zones. Basic and strategic research focused mainly grain mold and anthracnose.

Disease situations: Among panicle diseases grain mold was predominant in Maharashtra, Karnataka Telangana and Gujarat. Sugary disease (ergot) was reported from Karnataka and Gujarat. Downy mildew was noted in peninsular region in low to moderate form. Among foliar diseases anthracnose, zonate leaf spot appeared in moderate to severe form at Pantnagar, Hisar, Ludhiana, Hagari and Surat and rust at Dharwad. Leaf blight was severe at Hagari, moderate at Surat and sporadic in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Sporadic incidence of sooty stripe, rough and grey leaf spots was also noted in Parbhani and Akola, region. Most of the evaluated materials exhibited some degree of resistance against major diseases.

Grain mold: Location severity index for grain mold assessed over all the trials in the location indicated that grain mold pressure was severe at Surat (4.7), moderate at Parbhani (4.3), Akola (3.6), Dharwad (3.4) and low at Coimbatore (2.6). Among the advanced grain sorghum hybrids SPH1846 and SPH1886 and among the varieties SPV 2296, SPV 2433 and SPV 2438 were moderately resistant to grain mold. Most promising entries in initial grain sorghum hybrid were SPH1908, SPH1911 and SPH1912 and varieties were SPHV2568 and SPV2574. Promising sweet sorghum entries for grain mold resistance were SPV2528, SPV2599, SPH1880, SPV2596 and SPV2605.

Downy mildew: One hundred and forty-five grain, forage and sweet sorghum entries consisting of seven trials (AHT, AVT, IHT, IVT, AVHT-SC and IAVHT-SS) were evaluated for downy mildew resistance in sick-plot. Among the advanced entries (grain) the hybrid SPH1849 and SPH1846 and the variety SPV 2499 was moderately resistant. Most of the initial hybrids and varieties were promising for downy mildew resistance (≤10%). Most of the tested single- and multi-cut forage entries were promising for downy mildew resistance.

Sugary disease/ Ergot: Low to moderate incidence of sugary disease (ergot) was recorded from Dharwad and Surat. Incidence was highly sporadic and no significant differences were observed among the entries.

Executive summary

Foliar diseases: Anthracnose, zonate leaf spot, leaf blight, rust and gray leaf spot were common diseases on forage sorghum. Anthracnose was severe at Pantnagar (LSI 5.4 on 1-9 scale) and Hisar (5.2) and moderate at Ludhiana (3.4) and Surat (3.8). Leaf blight was reported from many places in low (Parbhani, Akola, Ludhiana, Coimbatore) to moderate (Surat 4.0) severity. Zonate leaf spot was severe at Pantnagar (4.2) and traces in Ludhiana (1.2). Rust was moderate at Dharwad (3.0) and traces at Coimbatore and Parbhani. Sooty stripe was recorded in traces from Akola (1.5). Most promising entries for foliar disease resistance were, Forage hybrids SPH1879, SPH1890, SPH1905 and varieties SPV2564, SPV2445; Sweet sorghum hybrid SPH 1880 and varieties SPV 2604, SPV 2605;



Grain sorghum hybrids SPH1846, SPH1888, SPH1885 and varieties SPV 2296, SPV 2433, SPV2504, SPV2566, SPV2567, SPV2572, SPV2578.

Multiple resistances: In grain sorghum combined resistance against grain mold and downy mildew, and grain mold and foliar diseases are important for different growing regions. Grain sorghum hybrids SPH1846, SPH1908, SPH1911 and varieties SPV2568, SPV2574 had combined moderate resistant to grain mold and downy mildew. Grain hybrid SPH1846 and varieties SPV2296 and SPV2433 had combined resistant to grain mold and leaf diseases. Sweet sorghum hybrid SPH 1880 and varieties SPV2528, SPV2599, SPV2596 and SPV2605 showed combined resistant to grain mold and downy mildew. For forage varieties leaf disease resistance is of utmost importance. Multi-cut forage hybrid SPH1879, SPH1905 and variety SPV2564 had combined resistant to anthracnose and zonate leaf spot.

Bio-management of grain mold: Non-pathogen or bio-agent fungal treatments on sorghum panicles at 80% flowering significantly reduced Fusarium and Curvularia infection and resultant mold score in sorghum hybrids in multiple locations. Trichoderma harzianum (liquid) and T. harzianum (pure culture) caused maximum reduction of fungal infection (~54%) followed by T. harzianum (powder) and Biomix (liquid) (~42%). Mold score reduction was maximum by T. harzianum (pure culture) (~40%) followed by T. harzianum (powder) (~39%) and Liquid (~34%). T. harzianum liquid and pure culture treatments were found to be most effective for mold management.

Grain mold nursery: In national grain mold nursery 13 entries were tested for the first year (NGN-I), 14 for second year (NGN-II), and eight for the third year (NGN-III). Promising entries were SR2914, AKSV383, KR125, AKSV393, SR2872 in NGN-I, IS21425, IS20956, AKSV394, IS21645, IS473, IS2379, GMN17-3 and ICSH28001 in NGN-II and GMN16-4, AKGMR117, AKGMR119, GMN16-3 and PVK1009 in NGN-III. These entries scored ≤3 field grade mold score in multiple locations. In KR125 mold resistance was combined with greater seed size in semi-compact panicle and medium duration. Resistance in AKSV394, ICSH28001, AKGMR117 and PVK1009 were combined with greater seed size (~3 g/100), compact panicles and medium plant height.

Anthracnose nursery: Seventeen entries including resistant and susceptible checks were evaluated at hot spot locations during kharif 2018. Disease pressure was moderate (LSI ~5.4 on 1-9 scale). Entries IS10302, ICSV12021, IS23521, IS20956, IS473 were resistant (~3) and all other entries were moderately resistant (~5).

Mold resistance in population breeding derivatives: Of the 35 test derivatives four (Gm8, Gm25, Gm32 and Gm34) were resistant to grain mold in multiple locations.

Publications and recognitions: The group was involved in publishing 18 different publications including 5 journal papers, 1 technical bulletin, 2 book chapters, 6 conference paper and two reports during 2018-19. Scientists from different centres participated in regional and national symposia. The research paper on “Bio-management of grain mold of sorghum authored by VM Gholve, IK Das and SP Mehtre received best poster award in National Symposium by Indian Phytopathological Society (West Zone), August 2018. Professor SN Chattannavar acted as Member, Board of Studies, UAS, Dharwad and external examiner of Ph. D thesis for MPKV, Rahuri apart from guiding M. Sc and Ph. D students as chairman.



Detailed report

I. Disease situations

Kharif sorghum is usually grown for grain, forage as well as sweet stalks in different parts of India that are mainly located in the states of peninsular India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka & Telangana), Central and Western India (Maharashtra, Parts of Gujarat Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan) and in parts of North India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab). Type of sorghum diseases and their severity differ based on the type of sorghum grown. Report of the survey conducted on disease incidence in farmers’ fields and in research plots at different sorghum growing regions in the country is given below. (A) Peninsular India Tamil Nadu: Major diseases observed in this region were downy mildew and incidence ranged from 3 to 16% in farmer’s field. Grain mold was severe on early crop but was low on normal sowing in that region. Among foliar diseases leaf blight, target and gray leaf spots appeared in moderate form especially on forage trials. Mite infestation was severe on some crops due to high humidity during vegetative growth period. Karnataka: This peninsular region generally attracts almost all the foliar and panicle diseases of sorghum. This season grain mold incidence was low to moderate (~5) and downy mildew was moderate to traces (2-10%). Rust was the major foliar disease followed by leaf blight that occurred on few cultivars sporadically. Telangana: Grain mold was common in this region and intensity was moderate to severe (5.0 to 8.0 on a 1-9 scale) in these areas. There was severe incidence of grain mold in the experimental trials as well. Incidence of foliar diseases viz., leaf blight, anthracnose and rust was low in local varieties. Moderate incidence of pokkah boeng was noted on few entries in the experimental plots. (B) Central & Western States Maharashtra: In Maharashtra grain mold severity was low to moderate and foliar disease incidence was low to moderate. In Vidarbha region including Akola, Buldana, Amravathi, and Wasim district grain mold incidence was moderate (~4). Among foliar diseases leaf blight appeared in moderate severity (~4). Other leaf diseases like anthracnose, zonate, gray leaf spots and sooty stripe were low and sporadic in nature (<2) on many local varieties and hybrids. In Marathawada region grain mold incidence was moderate to high (~5). Among foliar diseases leaf blight, rough leaf spot and anthracnose appeared in low to moderate severity (~2 - 4). Among other diseases low to moderate incidence of ergot was noted on many local varieties and hybrids in Parbhani, Latur and Hingoli districts. Gujarat: Disease incidence in the different sorghum growing areas of the state indicated that anthracnose (~5) was severe followed by grain mold (~4) and leaf blight. Sugary disease (~7) was severe where sowing was done late. Minor incidence of grain smut was also on farmers’ field. Under experimental conditions also these diseases appeared in moderate to severe form.

(C) Northern States Uttarakhand: Disease survey was conducted at farmers’ field in Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, Dehradun, and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand on improved and local cultivars, which were mostly grown for forage purpose. Anthracnose (~8) and Zonate leaf spot (~7) appeared in severe forms at farmers’ field. Severity of these diseases was more on local than improved cultivars. Leaf blight and bacterial stalk rot were also noticed in some of the fields. Punjab: The region is known for sorghum as forage crop and presence of high humidity attracts many foliar diseases on this crop. During kharif 2018 major leaf diseases observed were anthracnose, zonate leaf spot and grey leaf spot, where anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. was dominating. Grey leaf spot caused by Cercospora sorghi and zonate leaf spot were observed in moderate form. Sporadic incidence of leaf blight was also noted. Haryana: Disease survey was conducted at farmers’ field in Hisar district and adjoining areas in Haryana on improved and local forage cultivars. Anthracnose (~5) and Zonate leaf spot (~3) appeared in moderate incidence at farmers’ field.

In brief, among panicle diseases grain mold was predominant in Telangana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Downy mildew in low to moderate form was noted in peninsular region. Sugary disease (ergot) was reported from Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. Among foliar diseases anthracnose and zonate leaf spot appeared in moderate to severe form in Pantnagar, Hisar, Surat and Ludhiana on forage. Leaf blight was recorded in Gujarat, and sporadically in Marathwada region of Maharashtra. Rust was reported from Karnataka. Sporadic incidence of sooty stripe, rough, target and grey leaf spots was also noted in Parbhani, Akola, and Coimbatore region.



Table S1: Summaries of disease situation in sorghum growing states

States Grain mold Downy mildew

Sugary Disease

Leaf diseases Dominant foliar diseases

Maharashtra Moderate-severe nr nr Low-moderate Leaf blight, Anthracnose Sooty stripe

Karnataka Low-moderate Moderate Moderate Low-moderate Rust, Downy mildew, Sugary dis Tamil Nadu Low Moderate nr Low-moderate Leaf blight, Downy mildew Telangana Moderate-severe nr nr Moderate Anthracnose & Leaf blight Gujarat Moderate-severe nr Low Moderate Leaf blight & Anthracnose Uttarakhand nr nr nr Moderate-severe Anthracnose & Zonate leaf spot Punjab nr nr nr Moderate-severe Anthracnose & Gray leaf spot

Haryana nr nr nr Moderate-severe Anthracnose & Zonate leaf spot

II. Evaluation of grain sorghum experimental varieties/ hybrids/ parental lines for resistance to major diseases

Forty grain sorghum test entries (excluding checks) consisting of advanced and initial experimental hybrids and varieties in four trials (Advanced Hybrid Trial, Advanced Varietal Trial, Initial Hybrid Trial and Initial Varietal Trial) were evaluated for resistance to grain mold, downy mildew and foliar diseases in hot spot locations (Akola, Parbhani, Surat, Coimbatore & Pantnagar) under natural conditions along with susceptible and resistant checks for different diseases. Panicle grain mold score (PGS) and threshed grain mold score (TGS) were recorded using 1-9 rating scale, where 1 = no mold and 9= >75% mold infected grains in Zone I and Zone II. Location severity index (LSI) for grain mold assessed over all the trials in the location indicated that grain mold pressure was moderate across locations and foliar disease pressure was moderate at Pantnagar.

Table S2: Grain mold severity index for different locations (LSI)

Location AHT AVT IHT IVT LSI Max Score

Total observations

Akola 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 8.3 249 Parbhani 4.0 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.3 9.0 249 Dharwad 4.1 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.4 7.0 249 Surat 4.4 5.0 - - 4.7 6.7 111 Coimbatore 2.4 2.8 - - 2.6 4.7 111

0

2

4

6

8

10

Downy mildew Grain mold Leaf diseases

4.74.2

2.4

5

3.1

2.3Di

seas

e se

verit

y (1

-9)

North India Central & West Peninsular India



1. Advanced Hybrid Trial (AHT-GS)

AHT-GS trial was comprised of total 16 entries. They included six test entries, three hybrid checks, one local check from respective centre and six pathology checks for comparing disease reactions. Grain mold: Grain mold was recorded at five centres namely Akola, Parbhani, Dharwad, Surat, and Coimbatore. Location severity index (LSI) for grain mold were 3.6 (Akola), 4.3 (Parbhani), 3.4 (Dharwad), 4.7 (Surat) and 2.6 (Coimbatore). Grain mold data of Coimbatore centre was excluded from mean due to high CV and low disease severity. Panicle grain mold score (PGS): PGS is important for assessing genetic resistance against grain mold in an entry. Trials were laid at six locations including Pantnagar and disease pressure was moderate. All the locations reported PGS except Pantnagar. PGS ranged from 1.0 to 8.3 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 3.5 (Akola), 4.0 (Parbhani), 4.1 (Dharwad), 4.4 (Surat) and 2.4 (Coimbatore). Entries significantly differed in PGS scores in all the test locations (Table 1.1). At Akola PGS range was 2.0 to 5.0, disease severity was moderate and all the test entries were moderately resistant. At Parbhani PGS ranged from 1.0 to 8.3 and all the test entries were moderately resistant. At Dharwad PGS ranged from 2.3 to 7.3. Of the six test entries four (SPH1846, SPH1849, SPH186 and SPH1888) were resistant, one moderately resistant (SPH1883) and one susceptible (SPH1885). At Surat PGS ranged from 3.0 to 6.0 and the test entries were either resistant (SPH1846 & SPH1849) or moderately resistant. Pooled analysis of data showed that performance of test entries differed significantly from each other, SPH1846 and SPH1888 were resistant and rest were moderately resistance to PGS. Best performing hybrid CSH25 scored 3.6 and all the entries were at par with CSH25. Top ranked two test entries were SPH1846 and SPH1888 (3.3 to 3.7). Threshed grain mold score (TGS): TGS gives an indication of how much grain surface has been mold impacted and it is important to decide marketability of the grain. Trials were laid at six locations including Pantnagar and TGS was reported from Akola, Parbhani, Surat and Coimbatore locations. Dharwad did not report TGS. The grain surface damage was moderate to high. TGS ranged from 1.0 to 9.0 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 3.5 (Akola), 5.8 (Parbhani) 5.0 (Surat) and 1.9 (Coimbatore). Entries significantly differed in TGS scores in all the locations (Table 1.1). At Parbhani TGS ranged from 1.0 to 9.0 and all the test entries showed as susceptible (≥6). At Akola TGS range was 2.0 to 5.0 and all the test entries were moderately resistant (≥3). At Surat TGS ranged from 3.0 to 7.3 and all test entries scored moderately resistant except SPH1849 (TGS 5.7), which was susceptible. Pooled analysis of data showed that performance of test entries differed from each other and all the test entries were moderately resistant to TGS. Best performing hybrid CSH16 scored 4.4 and all the entries were at par with CSH16. Top ranked two test entries were SPH1886 and SPH1846 (4.4 to 4.6). Seed mycoflora: Studies of seed mycoflora of the harvested grain give an account of seed-borne microorganisms including grain mold fungi. These studies were carried out on harvested grains at Parbhani, Akola and Surat centres (Table 1.2). Frequency of infection of major grain mold fungi like Fusarium and Curvularia was estimated. Frequencies of Fusarium infection at different locations were 9.0% (Parbhani), 7.9% (Akola) and 4.7% (Surat) and that of Curvularia was 10.9% (Parbhani), 5.7% (Akola) and 21.9% (Surat). Fusarium and Curvularia infection significantly differed among the entries in Akola and Surat. On national average Fusarium infection ranged from 5.4% (SPH1883) to 9.9% (SPH1885) and Curvularia infection from 5.0% (B58586) to 23.0% (DMS652). Among the test entries Fusarium infection was less on SPH1883 (5.4%), SPH1886 (6.4%) and Curvularia on SPH 1886 (9.2%) and SPH1846 (9.7%). Data from two locations indicated that SPH1846 and SPH1886 were least affected by seed borne infection of mycoflora. Based on results of PGS, TGS and seed mycoflora studies SPH1846 and SPH1886 were found promising for grain mold resistance (Table 1.1). Downy mildew: Incidence of downy mildew was recorded in percentage. Standard method of resistance grading [i.e. R =≤5%; MR=6 -10%; S= 11-30%; HS=≥30%] was followed. Downy mildew was reported from peninsular India viz., Dharwad and Coimbatore with range 1 to 70% and mean incidence 21.8% (Dharwad) and 14.7% (Coimbatore) in sick plot. Disease pressure was high and susceptible line DMS652 showed highly susceptible and resistant line QL3 showed moderately resistant reactions in both the locations. Based on two location data the test entries SPH1849 and SPH1846 and the hybrid checks CSH25 and CSH30 were moderately resistant (≤10%) and rest were susceptible (≥11%, Table 1.3).



Sugary disease or ergot: Ergot Incidence was recorded in percentage (where, up to 10% resistant; 11-30% moderately resistant; 31-50% susceptible; and >50% highly susceptible) from Dharwad and Surat. Low incidence at Surat (6.2%) and moderate incidence at Dharwad (19.6%) was recorded. Entries differed significantly in both locations and CV was high at Dharwad (>50%). Data should not be considered because of high CV.

Foliar diseases: AHT entries were evaluated for foliar disease resistance under artificial/natural conditions in hot spots (Parbhani, Dharwad, Pantnagar, Surat and Coimbatore) locations. The disease severity was scored on a 1-9 rating scale. Anthracnose, zonate leaf spot and rust were moderate to high in incidence (Table 1.4). Minor and sporadic incidence of other leaf diseases including leaf blight, grey leaf spot and rough leaf spot was noted in one or other locations.

Anthracnose: Anthracnose was reported from Pantnagar and Surat (Table 1.4). Disease pressure was moderate at Pantnagar (5.5 on 1-9 scale) and low-moderate at Surat (2.8). Disease reactions of the entries significantly differed at both the locations. All test entries showed moderately resistant reactions at hot spot. Three top ranked test entries and hybrid checks were SPH1846, CSH25 and SPH1888 [3.0 to 3.5]. Zonate leaf spot: The disease was recorded in Pantnagar in moderate form (4.0), and at Dharwad in traces (Table 1.4). No other centre reported the disease this year. At Pantnagar the entries differed significantly. Except SPH1846 (3.0), which showed resistant reaction all other test entries were moderately resistant (3.5 to 4.3) to zonate leaf spot. Three top ranked test entries and hybrid checks were SPH1846, SPH1885 and CSH16 [3.0 to 3.5]. Leaf rust: Occurrence of leaf rust was reported from Dharwad in low to moderate form (2.2) (Table 1.4) and at Coimbatore in traces. No other centre reported the disease. All the entries behaved as resistant (<3.0) to leaf rust. Leaf blight: Occurrence of leaf blight was reported from Surat (3.8) in moderate incidence, Parbhani (2.7) in low (Table 1.4) and Akola, Dharwad and Coimbatore in traces. Among test entries SPH1846 recorded as resistant (3.0) and others as moderately resistant at Surat. Three top ranked test entries and hybrid checks were SPH1846, CSH 25 and CSH 16 [2.7 to 2.7]. Time to flowering: Days to 50% flowering was recorded at Parbhani, Akola, Surat, Dharwad and Coimbatore. Location means varied from 55.9 (Coimbatore) to 80.5 (Akola) days with national mean 71.0 days (Table 1.1). Data was significant at 5% level across locations except Coimbatore. Among the test entries and hybrid checks CSH30 was the earliest (64 days) and SPH 1885 was the latest (79 days) to flower.

Plant height: Plant height was recorded at Akola. Mean plant heights were 175 cm (Table 1.2). Data was significant at 1% level. Among the test entries and hybrid checks SPH1885 was the shortest (140 cm) and SPH1886 was the tallest (183 cm) in height.

Germination and seed weight: Germination ability of seed was tested in Parbhani, Akola and Surat centres (Table 1.2). Germination ranged from 72.5% (Surat) to 88.1% (Akola) with national mean 78.7%. Data was significant at 5% level across locations. Among the test entries and hybrid checks germination was highest in CSH25 (84%) and lowest in SPH 1885 (76%). Seed weight (g/ 100) was recorded at Parbhani (3.0), Akola (2.5), Surat (3.0) and Coimbatore (2.5) and entries differed significantly on pooled analysis (range 2.1 to 3.1). All the test entries wear at par with the checks.

2. Advanced Varietal Trial (AVT-GS)

AVT-GS trial was comprised of total 21 entries. They included 10 test entries, four varietal checks, one local check from respective centre and six pathology checks for comparing disease reactions. Grain mold: Grain mold was recorded at five centres namely Akola, Parbhani, Dharwad, Surat and Coimbatore. Location severity index (LSI) for grain mold were 3.6 (Akola), 4.3 (Parbhani), 3.4 (Dharwad), 4.7 (Surat) and 2.6 (Coimbatore). Grain mold data of Coimbatore centre was excluded from mean due to high CV and low disease severity. Panicle grain mold score (PGS): PGS is important for assessing genetic resistance against grain mold in an entry. Trials were laid at six locations including Pantnagar and disease pressure was moderate. All the locations



reported PGS except Pantnagar. PGS ranged from 1.0 to 9.0 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 3.5 (Akola), 4.1 (Parbhani), 3.1 (Dharwad) and 5.0 (Surat). Coimbatore data was not considered. Entries significantly differed in PGS scores in all the three locations (Table 2.1). At Akola PGS range was 2.0 to 5.0, disease severity was moderate and all the test entries were moderately resistant. At Parbhani PGS ranged from 1.0 to 8.3 and all the test entries were moderately resistant. At Dharwad PGS ranged from 2.0 to 5.3. Of the ten test entries eight were resistant and two moderately resistant (SPV2437 and SPV2499). At Surat PGS ranged from 3.3 to 6.7 and eight test entries were moderately resistant and two susceptible (SPV2437 and SPV2504). Pooled analysis of data showed that performance of test entries differed significantly from each other, SPV 2296, SPV 2438, SPV 2433 were resistant and rest were moderately resistance to PGS. Best performing hybrid CSV17 scored 3.8 and all the entries were at par with it. Top ranked three test entries were SPV 2296, SPV 2438, SPV 2433 (3.3 to 3.4). Threshed grain mold score (TGS): TGS gives an indication of how much grain surface has been mold impacted and it is important to decide marketability of the grain. Trials were laid at six locations including Pantnagar and TGS was reported from Akola, Parbhani and Surat and Coimbatore locations. Dharwad did not report TGS. The grain surface damage was moderate to high. TGS ranged from 1.0 to 9.0 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 3.5 (Akola), 5.8 (Parbhani) and 5.4 (Surat). Entries significantly differed in TGS scores in all the locations (Table 2.1). At Parbhani TGS ranged from 1.0 to 9.0. SPV2296 was moderately resistant and all other test entries including varietal checks were susceptible (≥6). At Akola TGS range was 2.0 to 5.0 and SPV 2437, SPV 2438, SPV 2504, SPV 2505 were resistant (3.0) and rest were moderately resistant. At Surat TGS ranged from 3.3 to 7.3 and among the test entries SPV 2433, SPV 2423, SPV 2296, SPV 2499, SPV 2438 were moderately resistant and rest were susceptible. Pooled analysis of data showed that performance of test entries differed from each other and all the test entries including varietal checks were moderately resistant to TGS (except SPV 2510, which was susceptible). Best performing varietal check CSV17 scored 4.2 and all the test entries were at par with it. Top ranked two test entries were SPV 2296, SPV 2438, SPV 2433 (4.3 to 4.8). Seed mycoflora: Studies of seed mycoflora of the harvested grain give an account of seed-borne microorganisms including grain mold fungi. These studies were carried out on harvested grains at Parbhani, Akola and Surat centres (Table 2.2). Frequency of infection of major grain mold fungi like Fusarium and Curvularia was estimated. Frequencies of Fusarium infection at different locations were 7.9% (Parbhani), 7.7% (Akola) and 10.8% (Surat) and that of Curvularia was 9.7% (Parbhani), 5.7% (Akola) and 20.3% (Surat). Fusarium and Curvularia infection did not differ significantly among the entries across locations due to high CV (>40%). On national average Fusarium infection ranged from 4.1% (B58586) to 17.2% (CSV17) and Curvularia infection from 6.3% (B58586) to 20.4% (SPV2504). Among the test entries Fusarium infection was less on SPV2510 (6.8%), SPV2505 (8.8%) and Curvularia on SPV 2433 (8.3%) and SPV2296 (8.7%). Data from two locations indicated that SPV 2499, SPV 2423, SPV 2437, SPV 2296, SPV 2433 were least affected by seed borne infection of mycoflora (<20%). Based on results of PGS, TGS and seed mycoflora studies SPV 2296, SPV 2433 and SPV 2438 were found promising for grain mold resistance. Downy mildew: Incidence of downy mildew was recorded in percentage. Standard method of resistance grading [i.e. R =≤5%; MR=6 -10% S= 11-30%; HS=≥30%] was followed. Downy mildew was reported from peninsular India viz., Dharwad and Coimbatore with range 3 to 57% and mean incidence 13.6% (Dharwad) and 24.5% (Coimbatore) in sick plot. Disease pressure was high and susceptible line DMS652 showed highly susceptible and resistant line QL3 showed moderately resistant reactions in both the locations. Based on two location data the test entries SPV 2499 and the varietal check CSV17 were moderately resistant (≤10%) and rest were susceptible (≥11%, Table 2.3). Sugary disease or ergot: Ergot Incidence was recorded in percentage (where, up to 10% resistant; 11-30% moderately resistant; 31-50% susceptible; and >50% highly susceptible) from Dharwad and Surat. Low incidence at Surat (6.0%) and moderate to high incidence at Dharwad (21.0%) was recorded. Entries differ significantly at both the locations. CV was high at Dharwad and data should not be considered (Table 2.3).

Foliar diseases: AVT entries were evaluated for foliar disease resistance under artificial/natural conditions in hot spots (Parbhani, Dharwad, Pantnagar, Surat and Coimbatore) locations. The disease severity was scored on a



1-9 rating scale. Anthracnose, zonate leaf spot and rust were moderate to high in incidence (Table 2.4). Minor and sporadic incidence of other leaf diseases including leaf blight, grey leaf spot and rough leaf spot was noted in one or other locations.

Anthracnose: Anthracnose was reported from Pantnagar and Surat (Table 1.4). Disease pressure was moderate to high at Pantnagar (5.6), low-moderate at Surat (3.8) and traces in Coimbatore. Disease reactions of the entries significantly differed at Surat but not at Pantnagar. All entries showed moderately resistant to susceptible reactions at Pantnagar with respect to the varietal checks. Three top ranked entries were SPV 2296, SPV 2433 and CSV 20 [~3.7]. Zonate leaf spot: The disease was recorded in Pantnagar in moderate form (4.2), and in Parbhani and Dharwad as traces (Table 2.4). No other centre reported the disease this year. Entries did not differ significantly, CV was high. Three top ranked entries were SPV2504, SPV2433 and SPV2423 [~4.0]. Leaf rust: Occurrence of leaf rust was reported from Dharwad (2.2) (Table 2.4) and at Coimbatore in traces. No other centre reported the disease. All the entries behaved as resistant (<3.0) to leaf rust. Leaf blight: Occurrence of leaf blight was reported from Parbhani (4.2) and Surat (1.4) (Table 2.4). Disease incidence was low to moderate in all the above locations and entries behaved as resistance to moderately resistant. Top three low scoring entries were CSV 17, SPV2433, SPV2510 [~2.0]. Time to flowering: Days to 50% flowering was recorded at Parbhani, Akola, Surat, Dharwad and Coimbatore. Location means varied from 58.2 (Coimbatore) to 89.8 (Akola) days with national mean 75.4 days (Table 2.1). Data was significant at 1% level across locations except Coimbatore. Among the test entries and varietal checks CSV 17 was the earliest (68 days) and CSV 27 was the latest (83 days) to flower.

Plant height: Plant height was recorded at Akola. Mean plant heights were 171 cm (Table 2.3). Data was significant at 1% level. Among the test entries and hybrid checks SPV 2296 was the shortest (133 cm) and SPV 2438 was the tallest (213 cm) in height.

Germination and seed weight: Germination ability of seed was tested in Parbhani, Akola and Surat centres (Table 2.2). Germination ranged from 64.6% (Surat) to 85.8% (Akola) with national mean 75.5%. Data was significant at 5% level across locations. Among the test entries and hybrid checks germination was highest in CSV 17 (83%) and lowest in SPV 2510 (68%). Seed weight (g/ 100) was recorded at Parbhani (3.2), Akola (2.4), Surat (3.1) and Coimbatore (2.5) and entries differed significantly on pooled analysis (range 2.0 to 3.2). All the test entries wear at par with the hybrid checks.

3. Initial Hybrid Trial (IHT-GS) IHT-GS trial was comprised of total 20 entries. They included nine test entries, four hybrid checks, one local check from respective centre and six pathology checks for comparing disease reactions.

Grain mold: Grain mold was recorded at five centres namely Akola, Parbhani, Dharwad, Surat, and Coimbatore. Location severity index (LSI) for grain mold were 3.6 (Akola), 4.3 (Parbhani), 3.4 (Dharwad), 4.7 (Surat) and 2.6 (Coimbatore). Grain mold data of Coimbatore centre was excluded from mean due to high CV and low disease severity.

Panicle grain mold score (PGS): PGS is important for assessing genetic resistance against grain mold in an entry. Trials were laid at five locations and disease pressure was moderate. PGS ranged from 1.7 to 9.0 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 3.6 (Akola), 4.5 (Parbhani) and 3.3 (Dharwad). Entries significantly differed in PGS scores in all the test locations (Table 3.1). At Akola PGS range was 2.0 to 5.0, disease severity was moderate and all the test entries behaved as resistant to moderately resistant. At Parbhani PGS ranged from 1.7 to 9.0 and most of the test entries (except SPH 1914 and SPH 1916, which were susceptible) were moderately resistant. At Dharwad PGS ranged from 1.7 to 6.7. Of the test entries six (SPH1912, SPH1911, SPH1915, SPH1914, SPH1908, SPH1910) were resistant, two moderately resistant (SPH1909 & SPH1913) and one susceptible (SPH1916). Pooled analysis of data showed that performance of test entries differed significantly from each other, SPH1908, SPH1911 & SPH1912 were resistant and rest were



moderately resistance to PGS. Best performing hybrid CSH35 scored 3.0 and all the entries were at par with it. Top ranked two test entries were SPH1912, SPH1908 and SPH1911 (3.0 to 3.3).

Threshed grain mold score (TGS): TGS gives an indication of how much grain surface has been mold impacted and it is important to decide marketability of the grain. Trials were laid at six locations and TGS was reported from Akola and Parbhani locations. Dharwad did not report TGS. The grain surface damage was moderate to high. TGS ranged from 1.0 to 9.0 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 3.6 (Akola) and 6.1 (Parbhani). Entries significantly differed in TGS scores in these locations (Table 3.1). At Parbhani TGS ranged from 1.0 to 9.0 and all the test entries showed as susceptible (≥6). At Akola TGS range was 2.0 to 5.0 and four test entries (SPH1908, SPH1911, SPH1912 and SPH1913) were resistant (<3.0) and rest were moderately resistant (≥3, <6). Pooled analysis of data showed that performance of test entries differed from each other and all the test entries were moderately resistant to TGS, except SPH1916, which was susceptible. Best performing hybrid CSH35 scored 4.2 and all the entries were at par with it. Top ranked three test entries were SPH1913 and SPH1912 (4.3 to 4.5).

Seed mycoflora: Studies of seed mycoflora of the harvested grain give an account of seed-borne microorganisms including grain mold fungi. These studies were carried out on harvested grains at Parbhani, Akola and Surat centres (Table 3.2). Frequency of infection of major grain mold fungi like Fusarium and Curvularia was estimated. Frequencies of Fusarium infection at different locations were 8.0% (Parbhani) and 6.6% (Akola) and that of Curvularia was 13.2% (Parbhani) and 6.5% (Akola). Fusarium and Curvularia infection significantly differed among the entries in Akola and Parbhani. On national average Fusarium infection ranged from 3.9% (B58586) to 13.8% (Pant Chari 5) and Curvularia infection from 6.3% (B58586) to 13.2% (Bulk Y). Among the test entries Fusarium infection was less on SPH1908 (4.3%), SPH1916 (7.8%) and Curvularia on SPH 1913 (6.3%) and SPH1915 (11.5%). Data from two locations indicated that SPH1913 and SPH1908 were least affected by seed borne infection of mycoflora.

Based on results of PGS, TGS and seed mycoflora studies SPH1908, SPH1911 and SPH1912 were found promising for grain mold resistance.

Downy mildew: Incidence of downy mildew was recorded in percentage. Standard method of resistance grading [i.e. R =≤5%; MR=6 -10%; S= 11-30%; HS=≥30%] was followed. Downy mildew was reported from peninsular India viz., Dharwad and Coimbatore with range 1 to 42% and mean incidence 11.6% at Dharwad in sick plot. Disease pressure was moderate and susceptible line DMS652 showed susceptible and resistant line QL3 showed resistant reactions. Among the test entries including hybrid checks SPH1909, SPH1911, SPH1908, CSH 30, CSH 25, SPH1913, SPH1915, CSH 35 and SPH1910 were resistant and rest were moderately resistant to sorghum downy mildew.

Sugary disease or ergot: Ergot Incidence was recorded in percentage (where, up to 10% resistant; 11-30% moderately resistant; 31-50% susceptible; and >50% highly susceptible) from Dharwad and Surat. Moderate incidence at Dharwad (15.7%). Entries differed significantly but CV was high at Dharwad (>36). Data should not be considered because of high CV.

Foliar diseases: AHT entries were evaluated for foliar disease resistance under artificial/natural conditions in hot spots (Parbhani, Dharwad, Pantnagar, Surat and Coimbatore) locations. The disease severity was scored on a 1-9 rating scale. Anthracnose, zonate leaf spot and rust were moderate to high in incidence. Minor and sporadic incidence of other leaf diseases including leaf blight, grey leaf spot and rough leaf spot was noted in one or other locations.

Anthracnose: Anthracnose was reported from Pantnagar (Table 3.4) and Surat. Disease pressure was moderate at Pantnagar (5.5 on 1-9 scale). Disease reactions of the entries did not differ significantly at this location. The test entries showed moderately resistant to susceptible reactions. Three top ranked test entries and hybrid checks were SPH1909, SPH1908, CSH 16 and CSH 25 [5.0 to 5.2].

Zonate leaf spot: The disease was recorded at Pantnagar in moderate form (4.2) (Table 3.4), and at Dharwad in traces. No other centre reported the disease this year. At Pantnagar the entries did not differ significantly. Among the test entries and hybrid checks SPH1908, SPH1909, SPH1913 and checks CSH16 and CSH25 were



moderately resistant (5.0 to 5.3) to zonate leaf spot others were susceptible. Three top ranked test entries and hybrid checks were SPH1908, SPH1909, SPH1913 and checks CSH16 and CSH25 [5.0 to 5.2].

Leaf rust: Occurrence of leaf rust was reported from Dharwad in moderate form (3.4) (Table 3.4) and at Coimbatore in traces. No other centre reported the disease. Except SPH1910 and CSH30, which were moderately resistant all the entries and checks behaved as resistant (<3.0) to leaf rust.

Leaf blight: Occurrence of leaf blight was reported from Parbhani (2.7) in moderate form and Akola in traces (Table 3.4). Due to low disease pressure all the entries showed resistant reactions. Three top ranked test entries and hybrid checks were SPH1911, SPH1912 and SPH1915 [1.5 to 1.8].

Time to flowering: Days to 50% flowering was recorded at Parbhani, Akola and Dharwad. Location means varied from 73.7 (Dharwad) to 80.2 (Akola) days with national mean 76.6 days (Table 3.1). Data was significant at 5% level across locations. Among the test entries and hybrid checks CSH30 was the earliest (69 days) and SPH1909 was the latest (81 days) to flower.

Plant height: Plant height was recorded at Akola. Mean plant heights were 168.1 cm (Table 3.1). Data was significant at 1% level. Among the test entries and hybrid checks CSH30 was the shortest (147 cm) and SPH1910 was the tallest (203 cm) in height.

Germination and seed weight: Germination ability of seed was tested in Parbhani and Akola centres (Table 3.2). Germination ranged from 73.3% (Parbhani) to 86.6% (Akola) with national mean 79.9%. Data was significant at 5% level across locations. Among the test entries and hybrid checks germination was highest in SPH1909 (85%) and lowest in SPH1916 (69%). Seed weight (g/ 100) was recorded at Parbhani (3.5) and Akola (2.3) and entries differed significantly on pooled analysis (range 1.6 to 3.5). All the test entries wear at par with the hybrid checks.

4. Initial Varietal Trial (IVT-GS)

IVT-GS trial was comprised of total 26 entries. They included 15 test entries, 4 varietal checks, one local check from respective centre and 6 pathology checks for comparing disease reactions. Grain mold: Grain mold was recorded at three centres namely Akola, Parbhani and Dharwad. Location severity index (LSI) for grain mold were 3.6 (Akola), 4.3 (Parbhani) and 3.4 (Dharwad). Panicle grain mold score (PGS): PGS is important for assessing genetic resistance against grain mold in an entry. Trials were laid at four locations and disease pressure was moderate. PGS ranged from 1.3 to 9.0 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 3.6 (Akola), 4.4 (Parbhani) and 3.0 (Dharwad). Entries significantly differed in PGS scores in all the test locations (Table 4.1). At Akola PGS range was 2.0 to 5.0, disease severity was moderate and all the test entries behaved as resistant to moderately resistant. At Parbhani PGS ranged from 1.3 to 9.0 and most of the test entries (except SPV2575, which were susceptible) were moderately resistant. At Dharwad PGS ranged from 1.7 to 6.7. Due to low pressure most of the test entries showed resistant reactions except SPV2575 and SPV2578, which were moderately resistant. Pooled analysis of data showed that performance of test entries differed significantly from each other. Most of the test entries were moderately resistant and at par with varietal checks. Top ranked few test entries were SPV2568, SPV2573, SPV2574, SPV2576, SPV2579 (~3.3).

Threshed grain mold score (TGS): TGS gives an indication of how much grain surface has been mold impacted and it is important to decide marketability of the grain. Trials were laid at four locations and TGS was reported from Akola and Parbhani locations. Dharwad did not report TGS. The grain surface damage was moderate to high. TGS ranged from 1.0 to 9.0 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 3.6 (Akola) and 6.2 (Parbhani). Entries significantly differed in TGS scores in these locations (Table 4.1). At Parbhani TGS ranged from 1.3 to 9.0 and all the test entries including varietal checks showed susceptible (≥6) reactions. At Akola TGS range was 2.0 to 5.0 and four test entries (SPV2567, SPV2571, SPV2572, SPV2575) were resistant (<3.0) and rest were moderately resistant (≥3, <6). Pooled analysis of data showed that performance of test entries differed from each other and all the test entries were moderately resistant to TGS,



except SPV2566 & SPV2569, which was susceptible. Best performing varietal check CSV20 scored 3.0 and all the entries were at par with it. Top ranked two test entries were SPV2568 & SPV2574 (~4.8).

Seed mycoflora: Studies of seed mycoflora of the harvested grain give an account of seed-borne microorganisms including grain mold fungi. These studies were carried out on harvested grains at Parbhani and Akola centres (Table 4.2). Frequency of infection of major grain mold fungi like Fusarium and Curvularia was estimated. Frequencies of Fusarium infection at different locations were 19.6% (Parbhani) and 9.3% (Akola) and that of Curvularia was 11.1% (Parbhani) and 7.5% (Akola). Fusarium and Curvularia infection significantly differed among the entries in Parbhani but not in Akola. On national average Fusarium infection ranged from 3.7% (B58586) to 21.8 (SPV2577) and Curvularia infection from 5.1% (B58586) to 13.0% (SPV2568). Among the test entries Fusarium infection was less on SPH2571 (11%), SPV2576 (12%) and Curvularia on SPV2578 (6.2%) and SPV2574 (6.7%). Data from two locations indicated that SPV2569 and SPV2574 were least affected by seed borne infection of mycoflora.

Based on results of PGS, TGS and seed mycoflora studies SPHV2568 and SPV2574 were found promising for grain mold resistance.

Downy mildew: Incidence of downy mildew was recorded in percentage. Standard method of resistance grading [i.e. R =≤5%; MR=6 -10%; S= 11-30%; HS=≥30%] was followed. Downy mildew was reported from peninsular India viz., Dharwad and Coimbatore with range 1 to 33% and mean incidence 9.6% at Dharwad in sick plot. Disease pressure was low to moderate and susceptible check DMS652 showed susceptible and resistant check QL3 showed resistant reactions. Among the test entries including varietal checks most were resistant to moderately resistant to sorghum downy mildew.

Sugary disease or ergot: Ergot Incidence was recorded in percentage (where, up to 10% resistant; 11-30% moderately resistant; 31-50% susceptible; and >50% highly susceptible) from Dharwad. Incidence was moderate at Dharwad (9.0%). Entries differed significantly but CV was high at Dharwad (>34). Data should not be considered because of high CV.

Foliar diseases: AHT entries were evaluated for foliar disease resistance under artificial/natural conditions in hot spots (Parbhani, Dharwad, Pantnagar, Surat and Coimbatore) locations. The disease severity was scored on a 1-9 rating scale. Anthracnose, zonate leaf spot and rust were moderate to high in incidence. Minor and sporadic incidence of other leaf diseases including leaf blight, grey leaf spot and rough leaf spot was noted in one or other locations.

Anthracnose: Anthracnose was reported from Pantnagar (Table 4.4) and disease pressure was moderate to high (5.6 on 1-9 scale). Disease reactions of the entries differed significantly at this location. The test entries showed moderately resistant to susceptible reactions. SPV2577, SPV2567, SPV2566, SPV2568, SPV2571, SPV2578, SPV2579 and CSV 27 were moderately resistant to anthracnose. Two top ranked test entries and varietal checks were SPV2577 and SPV2567 [4.5 to 4.8].

Zonate leaf spot: The disease was recorded at Pantnagar in moderate form (4.2) (Table 4.4), and at Dharwad in traces. No other centre reported the disease this year. At Pantnagar the entries did not differ significantly. Among the test entries and varietal checks all were moderately resistant. Three top ranked test entries and varietal checks were SPV2566, SPV2567, SPV2572 and SPV2578 [~4.0].

Leaf rust: Occurrence of leaf rust was reported from Dharwad in moderate form (2.4) (Table 4.4) and at Coimbatore in traces. No other centre reported the disease. Because of less disease pressure all the entries showed resistant reactions. Data should not be used due to sporadic incidence and high CV >44%).

Leaf blight: Occurrence of leaf blight was reported from Parbhani (2.5) in moderate form and Akola in traces (Table 4.4). Due to low disease pressure all the entries showed resistant reactions. Akola data was rejected due to high CV (>50%).

Time to flowering: Days to 50% flowering was recorded at Parbhani, Akola and Dharwad. Location means varied from 73.3 (Parbhani) to 89.7 (Akola) days with national mean 80.3 days (Table 4.1). Data was significant



at 5% level across locations. Among the test entries and varietal checks CSV17 was the earliest (69 days) and SPV2577 was the latest (87 days) to flower.

Plant height: Plant height was recorded at Akola. Mean plant heights were 168.5 cm (Table 4.1). Data was significant at 1% level. Among the test entries and varietal checks CSV17 was the shortest (92 cm) and SPV2570 was the tallest (212 cm) in height.

Germination and seed weight: Germination ability of seed was tested in Parbhani and Akola centres (Table 4.2). Germination ranged from 65.1% (Parbhani) to 80.5% (Akola) with national mean 72.8%. Data was significant at 1% level across locations. Among the test entries and hybrid checks germination was highest in CSV20 (79%) and lowest in SPV2577 (65%). Seed weight (g/ 100) was recorded at Parbhani (3.1) and Akola (2.2) and entries differed significantly on pooled analysis (range 1.8 to 3.3). All the test entries wear at par with the varietal checks.

III. Evaluation of forage sorghum experimental varieties/ hybrids/ parental lines for resistance to diseases

Thirty-two forage sorghum entries (excluding checks) consisting of advanced and initial experimental hybrids and varieties in three trials (Initial and Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Multi-cut, Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Single-cut and, Initial Varietal and Hybrid Trial Single-cut) were evaluated for resistance to, downy mildew and foliar diseases in hot spot locations under natural conditions in Coimbatore, Pantnagar, Ludhiana and Surat along with susceptible and resistant checks for different diseases. Foliar diseases destroy active leaf area required for photosynthesis, adversely affect accumulation of sugar in stalk and thus interfere with the quantity and quality of fodder. Most of the foliar diseases of grain sorghum also occur in forage sorghum. Anthracnose, leaf blight, rust, zonate leaf spot and few other leaf diseases occurs almost regularly either in moderate or severe form, in various parts of India. They are more seen on forage sorghum as they are purple type than grain sorghum which is mostly tan type. Foliar disease severity index for different locations are given below.

Table S3: Foliar disease severity index for different locations (1-9 scale) Trial Anthracnose Leaf blight Zonate leaf

spot Rust Sooty

stripe PAN LUD HIS SUR AKO LUD SUR COI PAR AKO PAN LUD DHR COI PAR AKO

IAVHT-MC

5.0 3.6 NA 3.2 NA NI 3.8 1.8 NA NA 4.3 1.2 NA NI NA NA

AVHT-SC 5.5 3.0 NA 3.9 1.6 1.3 4.2 1.8 2.4 1.6 4.2 1.2 NA 1.5 1.6 1.4 IVHT-SC 5.8 NA NA 4.4 1.5 NA 4.1 NA NA 2.5 4.2 NA NA NA NA 1.8 IVT 5.6 NA NA NA NI NA NA NA 2.4 1.5 4.2 NA 2.4 NA NI 1.3 IHT 5.6 NA NA NA 1.3 NA NA NA 2.4 1.8 4.2 NA 3.4 NA NI NI NAN 4.9 3.5 5.2 3.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Loc. sev Index(LSI)

5.4 3.4 5.2 3.8 1.5 1.3 4.0 1.8 2.4 1.9 4.2 1.2 2.9 1.5 1.6 1.5

Total obs 294 81 51 156 246 81 156 81 171 246 294 81 138 81 171 246 NA= trial not allotted; NI= No incidence reported Anthracnose, zonate leaf spot, leaf blight, rust and sooty stripe were common diseases in forage sorghum. Anthracnose was severe at Pantnagar (LSI 5.4), Hisar (5.2) and moderate at Surat (3.8) and Ludhiana (3.4). Zonate leaf spot was severe at Pantnagar (4.2) and traces in Ludhiana (1.2). Leaf blight was reported from many places in moderate (Surat 4.0) to low incidence (Parbhani 2.4, Akola 1.9, Coimbatore 1.8 and Ludhiana 1.3). Rust was moderate to low at Dharwad (4.0), Coimbatore (1.5) and Parbhani (1.6). Sooty stripe was recorded in traces at Akola (1.5). Gray leaf spot in low incidence was reported from Ludhiana (1.8) and Coimbatore (1.2) and rough leaf spot from Parbhani (2.0).

1. Initial and Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Multi-cut (IAVHT-MC) IAVHT-MC trial was comprised of total 16 entries. They included 10 test entries, 3 national checks (CSH24MF, CSV33MF, SSG59-3), one local check from respective centre and 2 pathology checks for comparing disease reactions.



Downy mildew: Downy mildew was reported from Coimbatore with location mean 10.8%. Standard method of resistance grading [i.e. R =≤5%; MR=6 -10% S= 11-30%; HS=≥30%] was followed. Incidence was highly sporadic and CV was high (>30%) and data should not be considered (Table 5.2). Resistance in the entries (SPH1840, SPH1877, SPH1904, SPH1905, SPH1906, SPH1907) were at par with the checks CSV33MF and SS59-3. Foliar diseases: IAVHT-multi cut entries were evaluated for foliar disease resistance under artificial/natural conditions in hot spots (Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Surat and Coimbatore) locations. The disease severity was scored on a 1-9 rating scale. Anthracnose, zonate, gray leaf spot and leaf blight were common diseases on forage sorghum.

Anthracnose: Anthracnose was recorded at Pantnagar, Ludhiana and Surat (Table 5.1). Disease pressure was moderate to high at Pantnagar (5.0) and moderate at Ludhiana (3.5) and Surat (3.2). Disease reactions of the entries significantly differed at all the locations. At Pantnagar all the test entries were moderately resistant except SPH1904, which was susceptible. Overall, all the test entries were moderately resistant and at par with the checks CSH24MF and CSV33MF. Top three test entries were SPV2564, SPH1879 and SPH1905 (<3.0).

Zonate leaf spot: The disease was recorded in Pantnagar in moderate form (4.3) (Table 5.1). The entries differed significantly on resistance and SPH1840, SPH1906, and SPV2563 were the best performing entry (≤4.0) when susceptible check was 4.7. Leaf blight: The disease was recorded in forage sorghum at Surat in moderate form (3.8) and at Coimbatore in traces (1.8) (Table 5.2). Because of low-moderate disease pressure the entries did not differ significantly at Surat. Top five test entries and checks were SPH1879, SPH1881, SPH1905, SPV2564 and CSV33MF [2.7 to 3.3]. Gray leaf spot: The disease was recorded in forage sorghum in traces at Ludhiana (1.9) (Table 5.2). Because of low and sporadic disease pressure the entries did not differ significantly and all the entries showed resistant reactions. Time to flowering: Days to 50% flowering was recorded at Coimbatore and Surat. Location means were 57.0 (Coimbatore) and 71.6 (Surat) days with national mean 64.3 days (Table 5.1). Data were significant at 5% level at Surat but not at Coimbatore. Among the test entries SPH1905 was the earliest (61 days) and SPV2563 was the latest (68 days) to flower.

Plant stand: Plant stand was recorded at Coimbatore and Surat. Mean and range in these two locations were 37.1 and 30.5 and 27-43 and 24-37 respectively. Overall plant stand was around 33.8 plant/plot of 3.9 m2

2. Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Single-cut (AVHT-SC)

.

AVHT-SC trial was comprised of total 11 entries. They included 4 test entries, 4 national checks (CSH13, CSV21F, CSV30F, CSV32F), one local check from respective centre and 2 pathology checks for comparing disease reactions.

Downy mildew: Downy mildew was reported from Coimbatore with location mean 14.6Standard method of resistance grading [i.e. R =≤5%; MR=6 -10% S= 11-30%; HS=≥30%] was followed. Incidence was highly sporadic and CV was high and data were not considered (Table 6.2). All the test entries recoded <10% incidence and was showing resistant reactions. Foliar diseases: AVHT-single cut entries were evaluated for foliar disease resistance under artificial/natural conditions in hot spots (Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Surat and Coimbatore) locations. The disease severity was scored on a 1-9 rating scale. Anthracnose, zonate, gray leaf spot and leaf blight were common diseases on forage sorghum.

Anthracnose: Anthracnose was recorded at Pantnagar, Ludhiana, Surat, Coimbatore and Akola (Table 6.1). Disease pressure was moderate to high at Pantnagar (5.0), moderate at Ludhiana (3.5) and Surat (3.2) and traces at Akola (1.6) and Parbhani (1.1). Disease reactions of the entries significantly differed at these locations. At Pantnagar the test entries were either moderately resistant (SPH1890, SPV2451) or susceptible (SPH1891,



SPV2445). Overall, all the test entries were moderately resistant and at par with the checks. Top three test entries were SPV2445 and SPH1890 (≤3.0).

Zonate leaf spot: The disease was recorded in Pantnagar in moderate form (4.2) (Table 6.1) and at Ludhiana, Akola and Parbhani in traces (≤1.6). At Pantnagar the entries did not differ significantly on resistance and all was moderately resistant (≤5.0). Leaf blight: The disease was recorded in forage sorghum at Surat in moderate form (4.2) and at Coimbatore (1.8), Parbhani (2.4) and Akola (1.6) in traces (1.8) (Table 5.2). Because of low-moderate disease pressure the entries did not differ significantly and CV were high. Data should be considered. Gray leaf spot: The disease was recorded in forage sorghum at Ludhiana (1.6) (Table 6.1), Coimbatore (1.1) and Akola (1.2) in traces. Because of low and sporadic disease pressure the entries did not differ significantly and all the entries showed resistant reactions. Rust: Rust was reported from Parbhani (2.7) and Coimbatore (1.5) (Table 6.2). Incidence was highly sporadic and CV was high. Time to flowering: Days to 50% flowering was recorded at Coimbatore, Surat, Parbhani and Akola. Location means ranged from 60.9 (Coimbatore) to 93.6 (Akola) days with national mean 75.8 days (Table 6.1). Data were significant at 5% level at all the locations except Parbhani. Among the test entries and checks SPH1891 was the earliest (68 days) and CSV30F was the latest (83 days) to flower.

Plant height: Plant height was recorded at Akola with mean heights 182.1 cm (Table 6.2). Height differences were significant at 5% level. Among the entries CSV30F was the shortest (133 cm) and SPH1890 was the tallest (213 cm) in height.

3. Initial Varietal and Hybrid Trial Single-cut (IVHT-SC) IVHT-SC trial was comprised of total 25 entries. They included 18 test entries, 4 national checks (CSH13, CSV21F, CSV30F, CSV32F), one local check from respective centre and 2 pathology checks for comparing disease reactions.

Foliar diseases: IVHT-single cut entries were evaluated for foliar disease resistance under artificial/natural conditions in hot spots (Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Surat and Akola) locations. The disease severity was scored on a 1-9 rating scale. Anthracnose, zonate, gray leaf spot and leaf blight were common diseases on forage sorghum.

Anthracnose: Anthracnose was recorded at Pantnagar, Surat, and Akola (Table 7.1). Disease pressure was moderate to high at Pantnagar (5.8) and Surat (4.4) and traces at Akola (1.5). Disease reactions of the entries significantly differed at Surat and Akola but not at Pantnagar. At Pantnagar the test entries were either moderately resistant (SPH1918, SPV2590 and SPV2593) or susceptible (all other entries including checks). Overall, all the test entries were moderately resistant and at par with the checks. Top four test entries including checks were CSV21F, CSV32F, SPV2592 and SPV2593 (≤4).

Zonate leaf spot: The disease was recorded in Pantnagar in moderate form (4.2) (Table 7.1) and at Ludhiana, Akola and Parbhani in traces. At Pantnagar the entries did not differ significantly on resistance and all showed moderately resistant reactions (≤5.0). Leaf blight: The disease was recorded in forage sorghum at Surat (4.2) and Akola (2.5) in moderate severity (Table 7.1). Because of low-moderate disease pressure the entries did not differ significantly at Surat and CV were high. Data should be considered. Sooty stripe: The disease was recorded in forage sorghum at Akola in traces (1.9) (Table 7.1). Because of low and sporadic disease pressure the entries did not differ significantly, CV was high and all the entries showed resistant reactions. Time to flowering: Days to 50% flowering was recorded at Surat and Akola. Location means ranged from 74.4 (Surat) to 89.1 (Akola) days with national mean 81.7 days (Table 7.1). Data were significant at 5% level at all the locations. Among the test entries and checks SPV2580 was the earliest (74 days) and SPV2583 was the latest (88 days) to flower.



Plant height: Plant height was recorded at Akola with mean heights 199.0 cm (Table 7.2). Height differences were significant at 5% level. Among the entries SPH1917 was the shortest (165 cm) and SPV2580 was the tallest (227 cm) in height. Seed weight: Seed weight (g/ 100) was recorded at Akola (2.0) and entries differed significantly from one another (range 1.4 to 2.7). All the test entries wear at par with the checks (Table 7.2).

IV. Evaluation of sweet sorghum experimental varieties/ hybrids/ parental lines for resistance to diseases

This season only one trial for sweet sorghum (Initial and Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Sweet Sorghum) was allotted. Twenty-one genotypes including 16 test entries, 3 sweet sorghum checks (CSH22SS, CSV19SS, CSV24SS) and 2 pathology checks were evaluated at Dharwad, Parbhani and Pantnagar. Entries were evaluated for resistance to grain mold and foliar diseases in hot spot locations under natural conditions along with susceptible and resistant checks for different diseases.

1. Initial and Advanced Varietal and Hybrid Trial Sweet Sorghum (IAVHT-SS)

Grain mold: Grain mold was recorded at Parbhani and Dharwad. Location severity index (LSI) for grain mold were 4.3 (Parbhani) and 3.4 (Dharwad). Panicle grain mold score (PGS): PGS is important for assessing genetic resistance against grain mold in an entry. Trials were laid at three locations and disease pressure was low to moderate. PGS ranged from 1.7 to 5.7 (resistance to susceptible reaction) over locations. Location means were 4.6 (Parbhani) and 3.2 (Dharwad) (Table 8.2). Entries significantly differed in PGS scores at Dharwad. At Parbhani disease pressure was moderate and PGS range was 3.7 to 5.7. At Dharwad PGS ranged from 1.7 to 4.7 with mean 3.2 indicating low disease pressure. The entries SPV2528, SPV2599, SPH 1880, SPV2596 and SPV2605 were resistant (2.8 to 3.3) and others were moderately resistant. Threshed grain mold score (TGS): TGS gives an indication of how much grain surface has been mold impacted and it is important to decide marketability of the grain. Trials were laid at three locations and TGS was reported from Akola. The disease pressure was quite high (6.5). TGS ranged from 5.0 to 7.7 (moderately resistance to susceptible reaction) (Table 8.2). Entries did not differ significantly in TGS scores in the location. All the entries including the checks were susceptible (≥6). Downy mildew: Downy mildew was reported from Dharwad with location mean 9.8%. Standard method of resistance grading [i.e. R =≤5%; MR=6 -10% S= 11-30%; HS=≥30%] was followed. Incidence was highly sporadic and CV was high and data were not considered (Table 8.2). All the test entries recoded <10% incidence and was showing resistant reactions. Most of the entries were moderately resistant except SPV2598, SPV2595, SPV2602 and SPV2601, which were susceptible (>10%). Foliar diseases: IAVHT sweet sorghum entries were evaluated for foliar disease resistance under artificial/natural conditions in hot spots (Pantnagar, Parbhani and Dharwad) locations. The disease severity was scored on a 1-9 rating scale. Leaf diseases like anthracnose, zonate leaf spot, rust and rough leaf spot were reported from these centres. Anthracnose: Anthracnose was reported from Pantnagar with high disease pressure (5.6) (Table 8.1). Disease reactions of the entries differed significantly. The test entries SPH 1880, SPV 2604 and SPV 2605 were moderately resistant (≤5) and others were susceptible (≥6). Zonate leaf spot: The disease was recorded at Pantnagar in moderate form (4.0) and at Dharwad in traces (Table 8.1). No other centre reported the disease this year. At Pantnagar the entries differed significantly and the test entry SPH1880 was resistant and all others were moderately resistant. Rust: Occurrence of low-moderate incidence if rust was reported from Dharwad (2.8) (Table 8.1) and Parbhani in traces (1.4). Entries differed significantly in resistance at Dharwad and disease reactions varied from resistance to moderately resistance. Rough leaf spot: Occurrence of low-moderate incidence if rough leaf spot was reported from Parbhani (4.8) (Table 8.1). Entries did not differ significantly and all behaved as resistant due to low disease pressure.



Leaf blight: Sporadic and minor incidence of leaf blight was reported from Parbhani (1.4) and Dharwad (1.4) (Table 8.1). Time to flowering: Days to 50% flowering was recorded at Parbhani and Dharwad. Location means varied from 80.8 (Parbhani to 80.9 (Dharwad) days with national mean 80.9 days (Table 8.1). Data was significant at 5% level across locations. Among the test entries SPV2462 was the earliest (75 days) and SPV2604 was the latest (88 days) to flower.

V. Bio-management of grain mold A field experiment was conducted with two sorghum hybrids (CSH16 & CSH25) Parbhani, Akola, Dharwad, Surat and Hyderabad using different formulations of two bio-control fungi (Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride) and Control (sterile water). Panicles were sprayed with aqueous suspension of the treatments at 80% anthesis. Immature seed were sampled at 10 days after the spray for isolation of bio-agent and grain mold pathogens (Fusarium and Curvularia spp.). Grain mold score was recorded on threshed grain after harvest. Results are presented in the Table 11.1 to 11.4.

All the treatments significantly reduced Fusarium and Curvularia infection in both the hybrids, as indicated by their frequency of isolation from treated seeds over control. T. harzianum (liq) and T. harzianum (pure culture) caused maximum reduction of fungal infection (~54%) followed by T. harzianum (powder) and Biomix (liq) (~42%). Mold score reduction was maximum T. harzianum (Pure culture) (~40%) followed by T. harzianum (powder) (~39%) and Liq (~34%). T. harzianum liquid and pure culture were found to be the most effective treatment for mold management.

0

20

40

60

80 Infection %

Fus Fus Cur Cur

0

5

10

15

20

25

30 Mold score (1-9)

CSH16 CSH16 CSH25 CSH25



VI. National Grain mold Nursery

1. NGN-I New entries from different AICRP-S centres and IIMR are evaluated for their resistance to grain mold at hot spots locations. During kharif 2018 fifteen entries (including 2 checks B58586, Bulk Y) were evaluated at Surat and Dharwad. Field experiment was conducted in RBD with 3 replications. Each test entry was sown in two rows of 4 m long and 45 cm apart. Grain mold was scored following 1 to 9 rating scale on panicles in the field (PGS) and after threshing (TGS). Other grain mold related characters like seed germination, seed size, days to flowering, panicle compactness and fungal load were recorded. Results are presented in tables 9.1.

Of the thirteen test entries four (SR2914, AKSV383, KR125, AKSV393, SR2872) recorded resistant reactions (≤3) to field grade mold score and remaining were moderately resistant (4–5). Seed size of KR125 and SR2946 was higher (>3.3 g/100) than most of the test entries (2.4 to 2.9) and the resistant check B58586 (2.0). In KR125 mold resistance was combined with greater seed size in semi-compact panicle and medium duration found to be a promising entry. These entries will be tested further for drawing conclusion.

Performance of a few entries in NGN-I during kharif 2018

2. NGN-II The objective of this study is to monitor stability of grain mold resistance in promoted/ newly identified and known sources and study pathogen population across locations. During kharif 2018 sixteen entries (including 3 checks B58586, Bulk Y, 296B) were evaluated at Akola, Parbhani, and Patancheru. Grain mold was scored following 1 to 9 rating scale on panicles in the field (PGS) and after threshing (TGS). Other grain mold related characters like seed germination, seed size, days to flowering, plant height, panicle compactness and fungal load were recorded. Results are presented in tables 9.2 and 9.3.

Of the fourteen test entries four (IS21425, IS20956, AKSV394, IS21645, IS473, IS2379, GMN17-3 and ICSH28001) recorded resistant reactions (≤3) to field grade mold score and remaining were moderately resistant (~4). Resistance in AKSV394 and ICSH28001 were combined with greater seed size (>3.2 g/100), compact panicles and medium plant height (ICSH28001 180cm). Pooled analysis for last 2 years’ data will give better picture for resistance.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PGS(

1-9)

/ PC

(1-3

)/ S

W (g

/100

)

PGS PC SW



Performance of entries in NGN-II during kharif 2018

3. NGN-III During kharif 2018 eleven entries (including 3 checks B58586, Bulk Y, 296B) were evaluated at Akola, Parbhani, and Patancheru. Grain mold was scored following 1 to 9 rating scale on panicles in the field (PGS) and after threshing (TGS). Other grain mold related characters like seed germination, seed size, days to flowering, plant height, panicle compactness and fungal load were recorded. Results are presented in tables 9.2 and 9.3.

Of the eight test entries five (GMN16-4, AKGMR117, AKGMR119, GMN16-3 and PVK1009) recorded resistant reactions (≤3) to field grade mold score and remaining were moderately resistant (~4). Resistance in AKGMR117 and PVK1009 were combined with greater seed size (~3 g/100), compact panicles and medium plant height. Pooled analysis for last 3 year’s data will give better picture for resistance.

Performance of entries in NGN-III during kharif 2018

VII. Management of Anthracnose A field trial was conducted for management of leaf anthracnose on forage sorghum (cv. Pant Chari 23, a cultivar susceptible to anthracnose) at Pantnagar. Bio-control agents (Trichoderma asperellum from copper mining site-isolate 39; T. harzianum Ranichouri isolate No. 39; T. harzianum Pantnagar isolate No. 19, and fungicides (Carbendazim, Captan and Thiram) were used either alone or in combination as seed treatment and /or foliar

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

PGS

(1-9

)/ S

W (g

/100

)PGS SW

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

PGS

(1-9

)/ S

W (g

/100

)

PGS SW



spray. The trial was laid at RBD, three replications with two rows of 4m plot per treatment. Fungicides were used at recommended doses and biocontrol agents @ 10 g talc formulation /lit of water. Anthracnose incidence was recorded as per cent leaf area damaged by the disease at the time of 50% flowering of the crop. All the treatments controlled the disease severity significantly (~44% reduction over untreated control). Mean severity for seed treatments ranged from 39.0 to 43.8% with mean 42% and that supplemented with foliar spray ranged from 37.3 to 39.5% with mean 38% (Table). Among the treatments the bio-agent Trichoderma asperellum was found superior over all other treatments and substantially increased green fodder yield.

Table: Management of anthracnose

Treatment Disease severity (%) Plant height (cm) Fodder yield (kg/plot) Seed treatment Thiram 43.2 250 8.6 Captan 43.0 248 8.5 Carbendazim 39.3 261 9.8 T. asperellum 39.0 260 9.6 T. harzianum R 43.6 251 8.5 T. harzianum P 43.8 244 8.5

Seed treatment + Foliar spray Thiram + T. asperellum 38.5 272 10.2 Captan + T. asperellum 39.5 259 9.7 Carbendazim + T. asperellum 38.3 274 10.2 T. asperellum + T. asperellum 37.3 303 10.8 T. harzianum R + T. harzianum R 38.6 268 10.1 T. harzianum P + T. harzianum P 37.9 281 10.4 Control 71.2 223 5.1 CD (5%) 1.6 11.0 0.4

VIII. National Anthracnose Nursery Objective of this study was to identify new sources of anthracnose resistant that could be used for a breeding programme. Seventeen entries including resistant and susceptible checks were evaluated at hot spot locations (Pantnagar, Hisar, Ludhiana, Surat and Patancheru) during kharif 2018. Disease pressure was moderate to high at most of the locations (Sus check 5.3 to 8.0) except Ludhiana (Table 10.1). Pooled analysis showed that IS10302, ICSV12021, IS23521, IS20956, IS473 were resistant (~3) and all other entries were moderately resistant (~5).

Performance of entries in national anthracnose nursery during kharif 2018

4 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 6 6

4 4 4 4 4 3 5 6 6 7 65 4 7 6 6 61 1 1 1 2 2

2 4 4 5 55 5

5 5 6 6

3 3 3 3 3 65 3

5 5 3 6 5 4 66

8

2 2 2 2 23

4 43 3 4 4 5 5 4

45

3 3 3 3 34

4 45 5 5 5 5 5 5

5

6

ANTH

RACN

OSE

SEV

ERIT

Y (1

-9)

PAN HIS LUD PAT SUR Mean



IX. Grain mold resistance in population breeding derivatives Thirty-five derivatives of population breeding materials, which were selected over the years, were evaluated for grain mold resistance at four diseases prone locations- Parbhani, Akola, Dharwad and Hyderabad during kharif 2018. Parameters for assessing grain mold resistance were recorded including days to flowering, grain mold scores (PGS and TGS), plant height, panicle structure, glume cover, seed size, grain hardness and grain yield. Gm8, Gm25, Gm32 and Gm34 were resistant to grain mold in multiple locations (Table).

Table: Grain mod resistance in population breeding derivatives Derivative PGS (1-9) Grain

hardness Hyderabad Dharwad Parbhani India Gm1 4 5 3 4 12.5 Gm2 4 7 5 5 7.5 Gm3 4 5 4 4 8.0 Gm4 3 3 5 4 7.5 Gm5 4 4 4 4 8.5 Gm6 4 3 4 4 10.5 Gm7 7 4 4 5 6.5

4 Gm8 2 3 3 9.5 Gm9 5 2 4 4 9.0 Gm10 5 5 5 5 6.0 Gm11 7 5 5 6 7.0 Gm12 4 5 5 5 9.5 Gm13 4 4 5 4 7.0 Gm14 4 6 4 5 8.5 Gm15 5 4 5 5 10.0 Gm16 4 3 4 4 9.0 Gm17 4 5 5 5 8.5 Gm18 6 7 4 6 7.5 Gm19 6 4 5 5 9.0 Gm20 4 5 5 5 9.0 Gm21 5 6 6 5 9.5 Gm22 5 6 5 5 8.0 Gm23 4 4 4 4 7.5 Gm24 4 3 5 4 8.5

4 Gm25 3 3 3 9.0 Gm26 5 6 4 5 7.0 Gm27 5 4 3 4 9.0 Gm28 5 3 4 4 7.5 Gm29 3 4 5 4 8.5 Gm30 8 5 4 6 9.0 Gm31 5 4 3 4 8.0

4 Gm32 2 4 3 10.0 Gm33 4 3 4 4 9.5

4 Gm34 2 4 3 9.5 Gm35 9 5 5 6 7.5

X. Publications The group was involved in publishing 18 different publications including 5 journal papers, 1 technical bulletin, 2 book chapters, 6 conference paper and two reports during 2018-19. Scientists from different centres participated in regional and national symposia. The details of the publications are given below.

Journal Article: VM Gholve, SB Ghuge, SV Pawar and PN Gawande (2018). Survey of safflower fields to record the incidence and intensity

of dry root rot in districts of Marathwada Region. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences (Special Issue), 6: 796-802.

PN Gawande, VM Gholve and SB Ghuge (2018). In vitro bio-efficacy of botanicals and organic amendments against dry root rot of safflower. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(11): 2048-2062.



Jinu Jacob, P Madhus, D Balakrishna and IK Das (2019). Magnaporthe grisea infection modifies expression of anti-oxidant genes in finger millet. Journal of Plant Pathology. 101(1):129-134.

P Singh, Y Singh, J Purohit and A Maharshi (2018). A comparative evaluation of bioagents and chemicals for the control of stalk rot of sorghum caused by Dickeya dadantii. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(3): 1053 -1058.

S Singh and Y Singh (2019). Divulging inoculation methods for assessing pathogenicity of Dickeya dadantii inciting stalk rot disease of sorghum. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(1): 1409-1413.

Technical Bulletin RR Chapke, Prabhakar, G Shyamprasad, IK Das and VA Tonapi (2018). Improved millets production technologies and their

impact. Technology Bulletin, ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad 500 030, India: 84p. ISBN: 81-89335-69-3.

Book Chapter: IK Das (2018). Advances in sorghum disease resistance. In: Aruna, C., Visarada KBRS., Bhat, VB., and Tonapi,

VA., (Eds.), Breeding sorghum for diverse end uses. Woodhead Publishing, USA, p.288. Hardcover ISBN: 9780081018798.

Y Singh and D Sharma (2018). Biological control of major diseases of sorghum. In biological control of crop diseases: recent advances & perspectives. Eds. D Singh, BN Chakraborty, RN Pandey and P Sharma. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India. pp. 463-478.

Conference Paper: VM Gholve, IK Das and SP Mehtre (2018). Bio-management of grain mold of Kharif sorghum. Paper presented in National

Symposium organized by Indian Phytopathological Society (West Zone) during 23-24 August 2018 at Goa. VM Gholve, SJ Meher and SP Mehtre (2018). In vitro evaluation of fungicides against Alternaria blight (Alternaria porri) of

garlic. Paper presented in in National Symposium organized by Indian Phytopathological Society (West Zone) during 23-24 August 2018 at Goa.

KK Sharma, Prabhakar, IK Das, P Patotri and S Samdur (2018). Evaluation of sorghum B,R lines, advanced varieties for charcoal rot resistance in post rainy season. Paper presented in National Symposium "Plant and Soil Health Management: New Challenges and Opportunities”, held during November 16-18 at ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur.

VU Sonalkar, A R Gulhane, RB Ghorade, S Nemade, PS Pagire and VV Kalpande (2018). Reaction of grain sorghum hybrids against insect pests during kharif 2018. Paper presented in seminar on “Potential prospects and strategies for doubling farmers income” held during December 15-16, 2018, at Dr. PDKV, Akola.

MB Mohod, S Nemade, RB Ghorade, S Khambalkar, and AR Gulhane (2018). Physiological characterization of sorghum parental lines for yield potential. Paper presented in seminar on “Potential prospects and strategies for doubling farmers income” held during December 15-16, 2018, at Dr. PDKV, Akola.

MB Mohod, S Nemade, R B Ghorade, S Khambalkar, and AR Gulhane (2018). Response of pre-released sorghum genotypes to different fertility. Paper presented in seminar on “Potential prospects and strategies for doubling farmers income” held during December 15-16, 2018, at Dr. PDKV, Akola.

Report: IK Das, SN Chattannavar, VM Gholve, Yogendra Singh, AR Gulhane, Mitalkumari Patel, Ashlesha Atri and B Selvi (2018).

Pathology Report Kharif 2017-18. Pages 01-25, In: Annual Progress Report Pathology, All-India Coordinated Research Project on Sorghum, Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad.

IK Das, KK Sharma, VM Gholve, SN Chattannavar and S Jayalakshmi (2018). Pathology Report Rabi 2017-18. Pages 01-13, In: Annual Progress Report Pathology, All-India Coordinated Research Project on Sorghum, Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad.

XI. Recognitions

Others: NV Radadiya, Mital I Patel and BK Davda (2018). Juvarni agatyani jivato orakha ane niyantran. Main Sorghum Research

Station, Gujarat Agricultural University, Surat-397007, Folder No 67/2017-18. NV Radadiya, Mital I Patel and BK Davda (2018). Juvarna agatyana rogo orakha ane niyantran Main Sorghum Research

Station, Gujarat Agricultural University, Surat-397007, Folder No 68/2017-18.

The research paper on “Bio-management of grain mold of Kharif sorghum authored by VM Gholve, IK Das and SP Mehtre received best poster award in National Symposium organized by Indian Phytopathological Society (West Zone) during 23-24 August 2018, at Goa. Professor SN Chattannavar acted as Member, Board of Studies, UAS, Dharwad and examiner of Ph. D thesis for MPKV, Rahuri apart from guiding M. Sc and Ph. D students as chairman.



Annexure I: Performance of the centres 1. Data recording

Sr. Center Data recording Remarks 1 Akola Followed set procedure Nil 2 Parbhani Followed set procedure Nil

3 Dharwad Followed set procedure Data on TGS, seed weight not recorded. Should use 1 not ‘0’ while using 1-9 scale.

4 Hagari Recorded %, instead of 1-9 Should follow uniformly used scale 1-9 5 Surat Followed set procedure Nil

6 Coimbatore 1-9 scale not followed initially, later revised & data re-sent

Should follow set procedure. New in the sorghum, may undergo 1-2 days training at Hyderabad during crop season

7 Pantnagar Partially followed set procedure Should record data on flowering (for all trials) and plant height, plant stand (for forage trials)

8 Ludhiana Followed set procedure, need bit more

Apart from diseases, should record data on flowering and plant stand. Put 1 instead of ‘-‘ if 1-9 scale

9 Hisar Followed set procedure, need more Apart from diseases, should record data on flowering etc.

2. Data submission quality Sr. No Center Time of

Submission Disease survey

Data sheet format* Remarks for improvement

1 Akola 20 Dec, 2018 Yes Mostly followed the supplied format

Should not keep any cell vacant, put 1 if 1-9 scale

2 Parbhani 7 Dec, 2018 Yes Mostly followed the supplied format

Should not keep any cell vacant, put 1 if 1-9 scale

3 Dharwad 9 Jan, 2019 Yes Not followed format. All trials data were in one sheet!

Should use supplied format unaltered, next time

4 Hagari

25 Mar, 2019 No Not followed format. Instead,

data were sent in word file Data could not be utilized as data received after completion of report. Should follow schedule.

5 Surat

26 Dec, 2018 Yes Partially followed the supplied

format Trait headings changed, and sequence not maintained. Should use supplied format unaltered

6 Coimbatore

29 Nov, 2018 Yes Partially followed the supplied

format Trait headings changed and sequence not maintained. Should use supplied format unaltered

7 Pantnagar 4 Jan, 2019 Yes Not followed format. Instead, data were sent in word file!

Should use the supplied format unaltered, next time

8 Ludhiana 13 Nov, 2018 No Data were sent in word file! Should use the supplied format unaltered, next time

9 Hisar 5 Feb, 2019 Yes Should use format Should use supplied format unaltered, next time.

*Lot of time for data pooling and analysis can be saved when data is submitted using unaltered data sheet, supplied Annexure II: Details of collaborator Centre Collaborator, Address Akola Dr. AR Gulhane, Sorghum Pathologist, Sorghum Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth

Akola- 444104, Maharashtra Parbhani Dr. VM Gholve, Pathologist, AICSIP, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani-413722,

Maharashtra. Dharwad Dr. SN Chattannavar, Prof., Plant Pathology, MSRS, UAS, Dharwad-580005, Karnataka Surat Dr. Mitalkumari Patel, Assist. Research Scientist, Plant Pathology, Main Sorghum Research Station, Gujarat

Agricultural University, Surat-397007, Gujarat Coimbatore Dr. A Sudha, Assist. Professor, Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003, TN Pantnagar Dr. Yogendra Singh, Senior Research Officer, CAS in Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural GB Pant

University of Agriculture &Technology, Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand Ludhiana Dr. Ashlesha Atri, PBG, Punjab Agriculture University Ludhiana 141012, Punjab Hisar Dr. DP Singh, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana Hagari Dr. SB Mallesh, Assist. Professor, Plant Pathology, UAS Raichur, Karnataka



Annexure III: Disease resistant and susceptible checks Checks Grain Mold SDM Rust Anthracnose Zonate LS Leaf blight

IS 14332 R R R R MR R B58586 R - R R MR R Bulk Y S - S - S - 296B S R R R MR R QL 3 - R S - S - DMS 652 - S S - S - H 112 S S S S MR S IS 2312 - R MR S R Kekri Local R S S S S S Rampur Local R - - S S Pant Chari 5 - - - R R SSG 59-3 - - R MR S MR R= resistance, S= susceptible, MR= moderately resistance

Appendix 1.1: Diseases and causal organisms

Grade Disease Causal organism 1 Grain mold Fusarium moniliforme, J. Sheld; Curvularia lunata, Phoma sorghina & other 2 Downy mildew Peronosclerospora sorghi (W. Weston & Uppal ) C. G. Shaw 3 Ergot/Sugar diseases Sphacelia sorghi Mc Rae 4 Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina Tassi. Goid 5 Rust Puccinia sorghi Cooke 6 Anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces G.W. Wils ) 7 Leaf blight Exserohilum turcicum 8 Zonate leaf spot Gloeocercospora sorghi Bain & Edgertom ex Deighton 9 Rough leaf spot Aschochyta sorghi Sacc 10 Gray leaf spot Cercosspora sorghi Ellis & Everh 11 Sooty stripe Ramulispora sorghi (Ellis & Everh ) Olive & Lefebvre in Olive et.al. 12 Target leaf spot Bipolaris sorghi (Sacc ) Shoemaker. 13 Pokkah Boeng Fusarium subglutinans (Formarly F. moniliforme var. subglutinans)

Appendix 1.2: Grades for estimation of diseases Gran mold: Field grade/Panicle grain mold rating (PGS), Threshed grade/threshed grain mold rating (TGS)

Severity Grade

Description (% grains molded on panicle)

Disease Reaction

1 0 to <1 Highly Resistant 2 1-5 Resistant 3 6-10 Resistant 4 11-20 Moderately resistant 5 21-30 Moderately resistant 6 31-40 Susceptible 7 41-50 Susceptible 8 51-75 Highly Susceptible 9 >75 Highly Susceptible



Sugary disease/ Ergot (incidence) Grade Description (% panicle infected) Disease Reaction 1 0 to <1 Highly Resistant 2 1-5 Resistant 3 6-10 Resistant 4 11-20 Moderately resistant 5 21-30 Moderately resistant 6 31-40 Susceptible 7 41-50 Susceptible 8 51-75 Highly Susceptible 9 >75 Highly Susceptible

Downy mildew: Calculate in per cent term for systemically infected plants. Grade disease reactions as follows; Resistant =≤5%; Moderately Resistant =6-10% Susceptible =11-30%; Highly Susceptible =≥30%. Foliar Diseases: (anthracnose, zonate leaf spot, leaf blight, rust, sooty stripe, grey leaf spot, target leaf spot)

Grade Description Disease Reaction 1 No symptoms seen on the leaf and perfectly healthy Highly Resistant 2 1-5% of the total leaf area is affected by spot Resistant 3 6-10% of the total leaf area is affected by spot Resistant 4 11-20% of the total leaf area is affected by spot Moderately resistant 5 21-30% of the total leaf area is affected by spot Moderately resistant 6 31-40% of the total leaf area is affected by spot Susceptible 7 41-50% of the total leaf area is affected by spot Susceptible 8 51-75% of the total leaf area is affected by spot Highly Susceptible 9 >75% of the total leaf area is affected by spot Highly Susceptible

Charcoal rot: (A) CR Incidence

Charcoal rot incidence is the proportion of plants showing charcoal rot infection in an entry. It is measured as percentage [CR incidence (%) = (Number of CR infected plants/ Total number of plants) x 100].

(B) CR Severity Charcoal rot severity is the proportion of stalk tissue damaged due to infection in an individual plant. It is measured using two methods;

i. Mean number of nodes crossed (MNC, No.): It is measured on a 1–5 scale based on number of internodes crossed by the symptoms (1 = one internode invaded, but rot does not pass through any nodal area, 2 = two, 3 = three, 4 = four and 5 = more than four internodes extensively invaded, shredding of stalk and death of plant). As per disease reactions a score of 1 is resistant and 5 are highly susceptible.

ii. Mean length of spread of lesion (MLS, cm). It represents average length of lesion measured on randomly selected 5 charcoal rot plants in an entry. It is useful especially when intermodal length significantly differ among the entries.

(C) Charcoal rot index (CRI) = [Incidence x 0.4 + severity (MLS) x 0.6]. Disease reaction based on CRI values are;

CRI value* Charcoal rot reaction < 5 Highly Resistant (HR) 5–10 Resistant (R) 11–25 Moderately Resistant (MR) 26–40 Susceptible (S) >40 Highly Susceptible (HS)

*Source: Das et al., 2018. Crop Protection, 108: 102-109.

Pathology Annual Progress Report: AICRP Sorghum Kharif 2018 fileAll India Coordinated Research Project on Sorghum, Hyderabad 6-Pathology-Kharif-Report-agm199 Page 1 of 25 Pathology

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