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PAT Review – Biological Diversity

1.1 Types of Variation in Biological Diversity

Variation within a species: Both the wolf (top) and the coyote (bottom) are both in the Family Canidae. Can you spot the differences between the two?

1.

2.

3.

Key Terms

Variation:

Species:

Variation among species. What differences can you spot in these two animals? How are they the same? ( Structure, Behaviour, Reproduction)

Different?

1.

2.

Same?

1.

2.

1.1 Questions

1.2 Niches

Explain what the niche of this animal is:

Above are the pictures of a panda and a mouse. Can you explain which one is a generalist and which one is a specialist? Which one lives in a narrow niche? Which one lives in a broad niche? Determine how each of these elements relate to each other.

1.2 Niches

Complete the following chart.

Name Representation ExamplesMutualismCommencalismParasitism

Explain how this picture is an example of resource partitionning.

Key Terms

Niche: role of a organism in an environment

Generalist: able to spread over large area

Specialist: can only survive in specific area

Broad-niche: can survive using diverse type of resources

Narrow-niche: can survive using only one type of resource

Symbiotic: relationship between two organisms

Mutualism: relation good for both organisms

Commensalism: relation good for one organism but that does not affect the other organism involved

Parasitism: relation good for one organism but bad for the other one.

Specialization: when an organism needs a specific resource to survive.

Resource partitioning: when organisms share different part of a resource.

Interspecific competition: when 2 different species compete for the same resources

FYI: Making practice questions more meaningful:

When looking at questions explain WHY the answer IS CORRECT and WHY the OTHER options are INCORRECT. This way each question allows you to review the concepts better.

Use this space to record your reasons:

1.2 Questions

2. Given the trends on the graph shown above, which species has the broadest niche?

a. Wb. Xc. Yd. Z

3. Use this map to answer the question below

According to the information aboce, the white-tailed jackrabbit has a ______I_______ niche and is a better exemple of a __________ii__________ species than the snowshoe hare.

The statement above is completed by the information in row

Row i iiA. Broader GeneralistB. Broader specialistC. Narrower generalistD. narrower Specialist

1.3& 1.4 Identify the Role of Variation Within a Species

The bird flying above is hunting for mice below. Which of the mice are most likely to fall prey to the bird? Which of the mice are most likely to survive? What pattern do you observe from frame 1 to frame 3?

Variation is found in all organisms. Natural variation occurs as a result of a population of organisms’ interaction with their environment. Natural variation increases the chances of an organism surviving to reproduce. Natural variation can help an organism survive in a severe environment (cold temperature, drought, etc…) or help its survival by increasing its resistance to disease.

Variation: Differences within and between species.

Natural Selection: a process in which the environment “selects” which individuals will survive and reproduce.

1.3 & 1.4 Questions

Questions

Use the following diagram to answer the question below.

4. Which of the following explanations best represents the changes in the diagram above?

a) the variations seen in the ducks has increased its populationb) the variations seen in the ducks has reduced its populationc) as factors in the duck’s environment change, some variations seen in the ducks are more

successful than othersd) as factors in the duck’s environment change, all variations seen in the ducks are successful

Use the following chart to answer the question below.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200

5

10

15

20

25

How Variation Affects Species Ability to Respond to a Particular Disease

variation Avariation Bvariation Cvariation D

time (months)

Population of different vari-ations in the same species

5. Identify the variation within species that is the most resistant to a particular disease using the following chart.

a) Ab) Bc) Cd) D

2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Diagram

General Information

Used in simple organisms Only one parent needed to

procreate All offspring are identical

to parent Examples are: budding,

suckering, runner, tuber, binary fission, spore production, vegetative reproduction

Used in more complex organisms

Involves 2+ organisms coming together to procreate

Have a mix of characteristics from parents

Animals: sperm + egg = zygote Plants: pollen + ova = seed =

new plant Examples are: seed production,

egg fertilization

Create a Venn Diagram showing the similarities and differences between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Sexual

2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Description: There are 4 types of asexual reproduction

Budding is when the organism produce a bud Binary fission the single-celled organism splits in 2

identical halves Spore production is when the parent releases spores

(smaller genetically-identical offspring in the air). Vegetative reproduction is when a plant reproduces an

identical offspring by using a part of its self (ex: roots: tuber and bulbs, branches: runners and suckers).

Asexual Reproduction

Budding

Binary Fission

Spores

Vegetative reprodution

Yeast

Bacteria

Mushroom

Potato

Examples: hydra, yeast, coral

Examples: bacteria, amoeba, algae

Examples: fungi, green algae, moulds, ferns)

Examples: coleus plant, spider plants, strawberries, aspen, potatoes

Budding - the parent organism produces a bud (a smaller version of itself), which eventually detaches itself from the parent and becomes a self-sufficient individual - identical to the parent. Coral also reproduces in this way, but do not detach themselves

Binary Fission - only single-celled organisms reproduce in this way. The cell splits into two cells and each one is identical.

Spore Production - spores are similar to seeds, but are produced by the division of cells on the parent, not by the union of two cells. One parent may produce many spores, each of which will grow into a new individual, identical to its parent.

Sexual Reproduction

In Animals

In Plants

2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Explanation: Sexual reproduction involves the union of 2 gametes (male and female), each of which contain one set of chromosomes. The union of the gametes (=fertilization) creates the first cell of the organism (= zygote) which contains 2 sets of chromosomes. This cell then divides to create the organism

Cross-pollination: when the pollen that lands on the stigma comes from another plant (of the same species)

Cross-fertilization : when the pollen that fertilizes the ova comes from another plant (of the same species)2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Advantages Fast ↑ number of offspring No partner needed Efficient No specialized cells

↑ Genetic diversity Recombine traits Lots of variation (genes

recombining) Help organism survive

environmental change

Disadvantages

No genetic variation Sensitive to environmental

change/need a constant environment for success

Slow ↓ number of offspring 2 parents (need to attract mate) Need special organs Energy Expensive Predation Risk Disease Risk

DID YOU KNOW?

Aphid

Sponge

Fern

Some animals can reproduce in more than one way!

Aphids: sexually AND asexually – dependent on food availability

Sponges: sexually AND asexually

Ferns: spores (get released) and sexual reproduction (needs spore to get fertilized)

2.1 & 3.2 Questions

6. Sexual reproduction in plants and animals relies on the union of two specialized cells called …

A. zygotes B. embryos C. gametes D. stamens

7. When a female cell (egg) is penetrated by a male cell (sperm) this occurs during …

A. fertilization B. cleavage C. pollination D. specialization

8. A benefit of asexual reproduction is that it

A. produces many offspringB. increases genetic diversityC. increases species diversityD. requires specialized structures

9. A sperm cell has the same number of chromosomes asA. an egg cellB. an embryoC. a blood cellD. a zygote

FYI: Making practice questions more meaningful:When looking at questions explain WHY the answer IS CORRECT and WHY the OTHER options are INCORRECT. This way each question allows you to review the concepts better.

Use this space to record your reasons:

10. Which of the following biological processes is best represented by the diagram above?

A. MeiosisB. BuddingC. Binary FissionD. Spore production

Use the following information to answer the next question.

11. Which of the following statements correctly describes the reproductive process of this species?

A. Reproduction is sexual because genetic information is transferred to the offspring only from the femaleB. Reproduction is sexual because a zygote is formedC. Reproduction is asexual because few offspring ate produced at one timeD. Reproduction is asexual because the species might only have an offspring every six months.

Use the diagram below to answer the next numerical response question

Numerical Response #1

Reproductive Characteristics of a Particular Species

Able to reproduce once a year only Able to reproduce two offspring each time it reproduces Genetic information transferred to the offspring during

reproduction One or two zygotes formed in the reproductive process

________ _________ _________ ________Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4

Label the following processes using (some processes may be used more than once)

1 = Mitosis2 = Meiosis3 = Fertilization

12. An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that it allows:

A. Protection for the offspringB. More offspring to be producedC. More genetic variation among the offspringD. None of the above

Label the diagram using these words:

Meiosis SpermFertilization MitosisEgg Zygote

Use the following information to answer the question below

13. Reproduction of this type is known most specifically asA. BuddingB. Binary FissionC. Sexual ReproductionD. Asexual Reproduction

2.1 & 3.2 Sexual vs. Asexual

An adult hydra develops a swelling on the side of its body. Eventually, this swelling grows tentacles and starts to feed. The swelling breaks away from the mother hydra and floats freely until it lands on a surface where it attaches for support and starts to live independently.

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3.0 Describe, in general terms, the role of genetic materials in the continuity and variation of species characteristics

3.1 Describe, in general, the role and relationship of chromosomes, genes and DNA

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Genetic Code components

Encyclopedia components

Definition

Chromosome A volume of an encyclopedia

Chromosomes carry genes, that code for the transmission of traits/hereditary information.

Gene One article of information

Gene is an uninterrupted segment of DNA, which has coded instructions for the organism. Researchers found out that (by working on the fruit fly):

Genes are located in the chromosomes Each chromosome has numerous gene

locations Genes come in pairs Both genes in a pair carry DNA

instructions for the same thing Specific characteristic genes occupy

matching locations on the two chromosomes

DNA code may not be exactly the same in both locations

DNA Word The blueprint that is passed on (heritable characteristic) from the parents to the offspring is found in a molecule of the cell nuclei

2.1/3.1 Questions

Putting it all together:

Describe in your own words how a chromosome, genes and DNA are connected.

FYI: Making practice questions more meaningful:

When looking at questions explain WHY the answer IS CORRECT and WHY the OTHER options are INCORRECT. This way each question allows you to review the concepts better.

Use this space to record your reasons:

Use the information below to answer the next question:

14. Klinefelter syndrome is the result of a defect that occurs during:

A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. Artificial SelectionD. Asexual Reproduction

Use the following information to answer the next question

15. Which biological processes ensures that a male Labrador retriever’s sprem cells will each have 39 chromosomes?

A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. Selective breedingD. Artificial selection

16. Which of the following does mitosis normally accomplish?

A. Production of two identical daughter cellsB. Production of two nuclei with identical genetic content

Human cells normally have 46 chromosomes. Klinefelter syndrome results when human cells have 47 chromosomes.

Labrador retrievers have 78 chromosomes in each of their muscle cells.

C. Precise division of the cytoplasm, and its distribution to two daughter cellsD. Reproduction of mitochondria and chloroplasts

17. Meiosis involves _____ division(s) of a nucleus

A. OneB. TwoC. FourD. Eight

18. Which of the following are ways that meiosis differs from mitosis?

A. In meiosis, the chromosome number is reducedB. In meiosis, the daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cellC. In Meiosis, at least some of the daughter cells differ genetically from each otherD. All of the above

Use the following information to answer the question below

Organism

Number of Chromosomes in a

Body Cell

Number of Chromosomes in a

Gamete Cell

Number of Chromosomes in a

Zygote

Earthworm 36 Y 36Wheat X 21 42Cow 60 30 Z

19. Which of the following rows identifies the values of X, Y, and Z?

Row X Y ZA. 21 18 30B. 21 36 30C. 42 18 20D. 42 36 60

2.2 Discrete and Continuous Variation

Examples :

- straight thumb or bend thumb- attached earlobe or free earlobe- blood type (A, B, AB or O)- can or can’t roll your tongue

Examples :

- height- weight- skin, hair and eye colour

2.2 Questions

Numerical Response #2

the difference in characteristics that have a defined form. "either or"/ "yes or no"There are NO in between possiblities

Discrete Variation

the difference in characteristics that have a range of forms.LOTS of possibillities (ex: all shades of colours)

Continuous Variation

Use the following code to indicate the type of variation that is associated with each of the human traits listed below.

1 = Discrete variation 2 = Continuous variation

Variation: ___________ ___________ ____________

Trait: Gender Height Hand size

20. Which of the following is an example of discrete variation in genetics?

A) weightB) skin colourC) height D) right- or left-handedness

21. Which of the following is an example of continuous variation in genetics?

A) blood typeB) hair colourC) having attached or detached earlobesD) whether you can roll your tongue

2.3 Heritable and Non-heritable Characteristics

2.3 Questions

Heritable Characteristic:- characteristics of parents that are transmitted to the offspring. Past on from genereation to genereation.

Ex: - skin colour (without sun

exposure)-eye colour

- shape of nose- hair texture

Non-heritable Characteristic:- characteristics that aren't transferred by genes from

the parents, they are acquired after fertilzation.

Ex: -fetal alchol syndrome

- scar, fractures- tanning, dying your hair,

piercings, tatoos- learning a language

- learning a sport or how to play an instrument

Characteristics for which heredity and environment

both play a role:- some characteristics that are inherited can also be altered by environmental

factorsEx:

- high impact exercise during growth period can

decrease your height- eating more can make you overweight even if your parents are slim

- sun tanning can make your skin darker

22. Which of the following is strictly hereditary?

a) favourite foodb) hair lengthc) first languaged) eye colour

23. What are the roles of heredity and the environment in the skin colour of a person?

a) heredity plays a role but not the environmentb) the environment plays a role but not the heredityc) heredity and environment both play a roled) neither heredity of environment plays a role

24. Which of the following heritable human traits cannot be influenced by the environment?

A. Height B. WeightC. Skin colour

D. Earlobe attachment

25. Which of the following human traits is influenced by environmental factors?

A. Mass B. Blood type C. Colour-blindness D. Ability to roll tongue

26. Which part of a cell carries information about heritable traits?

A. A cell wall B. A chloroplast C. A chromosome D. A cell membrane

27. Please use the information in the table below to answer this question.

2.4 Dominant and Recessive Traits

Dominant Trait is shown when you have these combinations

BB or Bb

Recessive Trait is shown when you have this combination

bb

the trait that is expressed/visible in all events when it is inherited. Dominan

t traits:

a trait that can be expressed (=visible) only when 2 non-dominant genes are inherited.

Recessive traits:

MaleB b

Fe

mal

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BBB Bb

bBb bb

Male’s gene pair

Fem

ale’

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pair

B b

Possible combinations of gene pairs that

the offspring

can receive

B

b

Explanation: Parents contain a pair of each gene for a specific trait. During reproduction, each parent can only give one gene per specific trait. The offspring inherits two genes (creating a pair) for that specific trait (one from each parent). **Incomplete dominance

28.

A man and a woman who both have brown hair have three children. Two of the children have brown hair and one child has blonde hair.The gene that codes for brown hair (B) is dominant to the gene that codes for blonde hair (b).

The gene pair combinations of the man and the woman are most likely

A. bb and bb B. Bb and Bb C. BB and Bb D. BB and BB

29.

Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, experimented with pea plants. He observedthat when a plant that produced round seeds was mated with a plant thatproduced wrinkled seeds, the resulting offspring produced only round seeds.

A conclusion that can be drawn from Mendel’s experiment is that the wrinkled-seedtrait is

A. dominant and no longer part of the offspring’s DNAB. recessive and still a part of the offspring’s DNAC. dominant and still part of the offspring’s DNA

30.

If you cross a black cow with a white cow and got offspring that were grey, what pattern of inheritance is that?

A) purebredB) dominanceC) incomplete dominanceD) recessiveness

31. Please use the information in the tables below to help answer this question.

B = Black Alleleb = White Allele

 Father's Alleles

(Black Cat)

    B b

Mother's Alleles

(Black Cat)

B BB Bb

b bB bb

If black fur colour is a dominant trait in cats, what percent of offspring from the two black cats in the table are predicted to have a black coat?

A) 25%B) 50%C) 75%D) 0%

32. If cats can only have a black coat or a white coat, and a black coat is a dominant trait, which of the following is not a possible outcome?

A) Two white cats making a black kittenB) Two black cats making a white kittenC) Two white cats making a white kittenD) Two black cats making a black kitten

33. A male fruit fly that has large wings contains 2 alleles of large wings.  It crosses with a female fruit fly that has small wings and contains 2 alleles of small wings.  The offspring all have large wings.  What does this indicate on the large wings trait?

                       a) It’s dominant                       b) It’s recessive                       c) It’s incomplete dominance                       D) none of these answers

34. A species of red flowers is crossed with a species of blue flowers to produce purple offspring.  This is an example of:

                       a) dominant trait                       b) recessive trait                       c) incomplete dominance                       D) none of these answers

35. Genes are to chromosomes like

A) beads are to a necklaceB) the Sun is to planetsC) arms are to legsD) dogs are to cats

3.4 Distinguishing between Natural and Artificial Selection

Key terms:

- Natural Selection- Artificial Selection

Natural Selection:

3 criteria exist for natural selection to occur within a species:

1. There must be variation within the population of organisms2. The variation must be heritable (passed on from parents to offspring)3. There must be differences in reproductive success (the more “fit” pass on their

heritable genes)

** “Fit” does not mean that an individual is in good shape(works out). Fit means they are best able to survive and reproduce in the current environmental conditions. These individuals are the most successful.

Charles Darwin combined these ideas to propose the theory of evolution.

A diagram summarizing what is needed for a species to undergo evolution (successful change over time in regards to adapting to changing environments) which results in speciation. Below is a picture of all the finches found on the Galapagos Islands.

Key terms:

- Natural Selection- Artificial Selection

Did You Know?

- Your family pet is a product of artificial selection

- Farmers have been practicing artificial selection for hundreds of years

What does it mean in the above cartoon with the beaver? Why is this not natural selection?

Artificial Selection:

Human intervention in animal or plant reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits are represented in successive generations.

In your own words, looking at the cartoon – which animal is the product of artificial selection? Why do humans practice artificial selection?

If all dogs originally came from the Grey Wolf, how did so many breeds arise? What type of selection is this (natural or artificial)?

Pros for Artificial Selection – having humans select the desired traits results in “breeds” of animals such as dogs with traits that people want.

Cons for Artificial Selection – a reduction in genetic diversity. As well, the changes within the breed do not reflect the changes that are occurring environmentally. In many cases, artificial selection is making the animal/plant less “fit”.

An example of artificial selection making an animal less fit is:

Explain the similarities and differences between natural & artificial selection with this Venn diagram.

Practice Questions

36. A farmers use of only his best livestock for breeding is an example of?

A. Natural selectionB. Directional selectionC. EvolutionD. Artificial selection

37. Using the picture of the birds (all Finches) beside this question, what process caused for these differences to arise?

A. Natural selectionB. Behavioral isolationC. Artificial selectionD. Inheritance of acquired characteristics

38. Differences among individuals of the same species (using the diagram above of different types of horses) are referred to as _____.

A. variation

B. adaptation

C. fitness

D. natural selection

Please Note – Treat this question below as Numerical Response #3 (not the NR #1 as shown in the diagram) in your answer booklet.

39. Which of the following is not an advantage of artificial selection in dogs?

A. new breeds are createdB. desired characteristics such as coloring is createdC. more genetic variation is created within the speciesD. people desire the dogs because of their breeding qualities

40. Please use the table below to answer the next question.

Which physical adaptation is a result of artificial selection?

A. IB. IIC. IIID. IV

41. Which of the following statements represents best an example of artificial selection?

a) salmon unable to go back to breeding grounds because of a river damnb) a farmer breeds his best milk producing cows to get better milk producing offspringc) overtime, mosquitoes become more resistant to pesticidesd) in a rainforest, plants on the ground produce large leaves in order to compensate for lack of sunlight.

3.5 Genetic Technologies

3.5 Describe, in simple terms, some genetic technologies (eg. Cloning and genetic engineering); and identify questions and issues related to their application.

Key Terms:

- Cloning- Genetic engineering

Cloning - The transplantation of a nucleus from a somatic cell into an ovum, which then develops into an embryo.

- The offspring produced is genetically identical to the parent the cell was taken from

In your own words from this cartoon, what does genetically altered (genetic engineering mean?

Genetic Engineering - Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or

Did You Know?Scientists have genetically modified sweet corn so that it produces a poison which kills harmful insects. This means the farmer no longer needs to fight insects with

Pros for Sweet Corn –

Cons for Sweet Corn –

(hint) think of how it could affect many types of species.

42. What is the name of the process in which the sperm of a bull is collected and inserted inside many cows?

a) in vitro fertilizationb) cross-pollinationc) asexual reproductiond) artificial insemination

43. Scientists can insert a particular gene into corn kernels in order to protect cornagainst insect pests. This procedure is an example of

A. artificial selectionB. artificial inseminationC. selective breedingD. genetic engineering

44. Please use the information below to answer this question

Biotechnology Practices1 Corn plants with desirable characteristics are identified within a crop.Only seeds from these plants are used to grow next year’s crop.2 Cells taken from a pea plant with desirable characteristics are

Genetic Engineering - Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or

Did You Know?Scientists have genetically modified sweet corn so that it produces a poison which kills harmful insects. This means the farmer no longer needs to fight insects with

reproduced in a Petri dish that contains nutrients necessary for growth.3 Embryos are produced from the sperm and eggs of a prize bull and cow.These embryos are implanted into other cows.4 Human genes are inserted into the fertilized eggs of cows.

Which biotechnology practice listed above has the longest history of use?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4

4.1 Species Abundance

4.1

4.1 Questions

Use the map below to answer the following question.

Temperatures at the equator are most suitable for life to flourish whereas the cooler temperatures at the pole create environments which are too harsh for species to survive.

Scientist estimate there are between 3-100 million species on Earth. However this only includes species with complex cells. The most abundant species on our planet is insects which scientists believe make up 60% or Earth'

Vocabulary:

Abundance: A great or plentiful amount.

Cooler Envionments:

Artic/Polar: Typically cold weather, with extended periods of freezing and limited sunlight. (Artic, Antarctic, Northern Canada)

Temperate: A combination of Artic and Tropical locations. (United states and some lower Canadian provinces)

Tropical: Typically warmer and more humid environments that see lots of sun and moisture throughout their year. ( Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua)

Warmer Environments

45.Where would you find the greatest abundance of species?

a) Ab) Bc) Cd) D

46. Which of the following ecosystems would you expect to find the greatest diversity of insects?

a) temperate grasslandsb) tropical rainforestsc) tundrad) oceanic - deep water

47.Identify which of the following graphs best illustrates the impact of a growing population of humans has on the amount of diversity of organisms in the specific area?

4.2 Extinction and Extirpation

4.2

Common Name: Dodo Bird Plains Grizzly Bear

Binomial Name: Raphous cucullatos Ursus arctos

Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation

Catastrophic/Natural Disasters: Volcanoes, floods, fires. Lack of food due to overpopulation Disease related to overpopulation Overspecialization: A species to a narrow set of

environmental condition. If the food they eat disappears they are not able to adapt to a new food source.

Human Causes of Extinctions and Extirpations

Habitat Destruction: Logging, Agricultural, Dams, Introduction of non-native species which out compete natural

species. Over-hunting: such as the over hunting of Bison in the 19th

century by European Settlers

4.2 QuestionsNumerical Response #4:

Extinction: The disappearance of every individual of a species from the entire planet. The dodo bird disappeared from their only habitat of Mauritius Island 80 years after humans first landed there.

Extirpation: Is a local disappearance of a species from a particular area. Plains Grizzly Bears are no longer found in the prairies of Canada, but are found only in mountainous regions now.

Vocabulary:

Threatened: Decreased number of species, possibility of becoming endangered.

Endangered: Could become endangered or extirpated in the near future.

Panda Bears - Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Panda’s only eat bamboo, their digestive tracts are unable to process any other type of plant. If bamboo were to disappear totally Panda would risk extinction.

Newspaper Headlines

1. “Animal Trafficking- Can It Be Stopped?”2. “Banff National Park Celebrates Anniversary”3. “Baby Elephant Born at City Zoo”4. “Disease Destroys Rare Plant Seeds”

Match each of the newspaper headlines numbered above with the conservation strategy to which it BEST relates.

Captive Breeding programs _____Establishment of seed banks _____Designation of protected areas _____Development of international treaties _____

48. Of the causes of the extinction of animal species listed above, the three that could be natural causes are those numbered.

a) II, III, and IV

b) I, IV, and V

c) IV, V and VI

d) I, V and VI

49. The northern Leopard Frog was once present throughout central Alberta, but is no longer found in this area. This species is said to be:

a) Extinct

b) Endangered

c) Threatened

d) Extirpated

Six Causes of Extinction of Animal Species

I. Loss of habitat as a result of coal production

II. Introduction of non-native species

III. Over- hunting

IV. Disease

V. Lightning strike forest fire

VI. Starvation due to overpopulation

4.3 The current goal of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity is too:

1. Conserve biodiversity2. Sustainable use of biodiversity3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic

resources.

Vocabulary:

In-Situ Conservation: Maintenance of a population of wild organisms in their functioning ecosystems without any interruptions:

Ex-Situ Conservation: The conservation of species outside of their natural habitat.

Picture Website:

http://cpawsmb.org/campaigns/parks

Did you Know:

The first National Park in Canada was Banff National Park in 1885.

Ducks Unlimited has over 1800 projects currently on the go in Alberta alone.

The Calgary Zoo has over 1000 animals and 290 different species currently inhabiting the zoo.

In-Situ Conservation

Ex-Situ Conservation

50. Canada is one of the leaders on the international scene with regards to the establishment of National Parks such as in Banff or Jasper. The best reason for the development of National Parks is:

a) Maintenance of a pristine region of land to be admired by all citizens now and for the future.

1. Protected Areas: Each province has protected-areas strategies such as national parks, provincial parks, marine parks and recreation areas with the hope of allowing organisms to live relatively undisturbed in their natural environment.

2. Restoration of Ecosystems and Species: Charities and Non-profit organizations like Ducks Unlimited will acquire land to ensure the protection of native species and natural areas.

3. Resource Use Policies: Laws are created by National and Provincial governments to protect species at risk.

4. Controlling Spread of Exotic Species: Past experience has taught us that introducing new species can be disastrous to native species.

1. Seed banks: Collecting seeds of different plants to maintain their genetic code.

2. Zoo: Maintaining small populations of animals to prevent extinction. Major problem issue is some animals won’t breed in captivity.

b) Stopping the over-hunting of animals due to illegal hunting.c) Saving the natural biodiversity of the area by maintaining the interactions that

naturally occur there.d) Bolstering local and provincial economies by providing a setting ideal for tourism.

51.The European starling, brought by settlers to New York, now lives in almost all of Canada. This is an example of:

a) Ex-situ conservationb) Spread of exotic speciesc) Habitat destructiond) In-situ conservation

52.The protected areas of Canada like National and Provincial parks allow organisms to live undisturbed in their natural habitat. This is an example of:

a) Ex-situ conservationb) Biotechnologyc) Habitat modificationd) In-situ conservation

4.4 Society and Biotechnology

4.4

Society and Biotechnology:

Super Cow Normal Bull

e)f)

4.4 Questions

53.Companies created Round-up ready crops, where by a farmer can use one application of the herbicide to kill weeds in his field. Biologists in the area have recently discovered a weed that is resistant to round-up even though previously it was not. What could be the potential cause of this weeds new found ability to resist herbicides?

Risk in Animals: Artificial Selection reduces genetic variation in descendants which could lead to increased disease or birth defects.

Risk in Plants: Genes like BT (Bacillus Thuringiensis) can be inserted into crops like corn through genetic modification. The concern is that the corn plant will inadvertently cross pollinate with native weeds creating plants that are resistant to herbicides and/or pesticides.

Vocabulary:

Bacillus Thuringiensis: Is a type of bacteria found in guts of caterpillars, moths and butterflies that is toxic to plant eating insects. The gene can be extracted for the toxin can be extracted and inserted into different types of plants.

Genetic Engineering: Refers to any technology that directly alters the DNA of an organism.

Artificial Selection: Is the process of breeding individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring that have theses desired traits.

a) The weed has naturally developed a resistance to the herbicide round up.b) Farmers have applied herbicides wrong.c) Crops with the resistant gene have crossbred with their native weed cousins.d) A new type of weed has been discovered.

54.Most of the fish purchased in groceries stores is now genetically modified farmed fish as opposed to wild salmon species. Identify which of the following are issues related to this type of selected breeding that are a concern for reducing the biological diversity of salmon species.

I. Decreased chance for diseaseII. Reduction of genetic variationIII. Less chance of birth defectsIV. Hybrization between modified and natural species.

a) I and IIIb) II and IIIc) III and IVd) II and IV

 Name: _______________________________ Date:

Numerical Response Section.

Please make sure to write in your answer in the 4 columns, as well as filling in the matching number (bubble) below.

 1.    31.    2.    32.    3.    33.    4.    34.    5.    35.    6.    36.    7.    37.    8.    38.    9.    39.   10.   40.   11.   41.   12.   42.   13.   43.   14.   44.   15.   45.   16.   46.   17.   47.   18.   48.   19.   49.   20.   50.   21.   51.   22.   52.   23.   53.   24.   54.   25.   26.   27.   28.   29.   30.  

    1. 2.

3. 4.

Answer Key for Biological Diversity Booklet

1. C2. A3. D4. C5. B

6. C7. A8. A9. A10. C11. B

Numerical Response #1

2311

12. C13. A14. B15. B16. A17. B18. A19. C

Numerical Response #2

122

20. D21. B22. D23. C24. D25. A26. C27. D28. B29. B30. C31. C32. A33. A34. C35. A36. D37. A38. A

Numerical Response #3

2314

39. C

40. A41. B42. D43. D44. A45. C46. B47. D

Numerical Response #4

3421

48. C49. D50. C51. B52. D53. C54. D