Past, Present and Future of Genetic Cloning By Elizabeth Hernandez.

Past, Present and Future of Past, Present and Future of Genetic CloningGenetic Cloning

By Elizabeth HernandezBy Elizabeth Hernandez

•What is a Clone?What is a Clone?

An organism that has the same An organism that has the same gentic information as another gentic information as another organism or organismsorganism or organisms

What is Genetic Cloning?What is Genetic Cloning?

Cloning is the artificial production Cloning is the artificial production of organisms with the same of organisms with the same genetic material.genetic material.

Scientist definition of genetic Scientist definition of genetic cloning -cloning -

Why is it becoming such Why is it becoming such an issue?an issue?

Past of Cloning- time Past of Cloning- time line??line??

first organisms to be cloned using first organisms to be cloned using nuclear transfer were frogs. (They nuclear transfer were frogs. (They have large egg cells and scientist have large egg cells and scientist can obtain up t0 2000 of them in 1 can obtain up t0 2000 of them in 1 ovulation).ovulation).

Common Reasons for Common Reasons for Cloning (benefits?)Cloning (benefits?)

Common Reasons People Support CloningCommon Reasons People Support Cloning– Support of Scientific ResearchSupport of Scientific Research– Recovery of lost loved onesRecovery of lost loved ones– Infertility: cloning a fertile copy of themselvesInfertility: cloning a fertile copy of themselves– Creation of spare body parts (Organs, blood, Creation of spare body parts (Organs, blood,

kidney’s, etc.)kidney’s, etc.)– Reproduction of their own body partsReproduction of their own body parts– Eugenics*: making a superhuman raceEugenics*: making a superhuman race

EugenicsEugenics

Is the choosing of sepcific traits Is the choosing of sepcific traits and the deleting of others. and the deleting of others.

Scientist could eliminate all the Scientist could eliminate all the disease-causing genes and disease-causing genes and guarentee a healthy baby.guarentee a healthy baby.

But is that ethical?But is that ethical?

Three Ways to Clone Three Ways to Clone Mammals:Mammals:

Twinning (spitting off a cell from an Twinning (spitting off a cell from an embryo)embryo)

The Roslin Technique (which was The Roslin Technique (which was used to create Dolly)used to create Dolly)

The Honolulu TechniqueThe Honolulu Technique

Twinning (19XX) by ...Twinning (19XX) by ...

Once an egg has been fertilized by Once an egg has been fertilized by sperm- it soon starts to divide.sperm- it soon starts to divide.

If it divides into an 8 cell embryo If it divides into an 8 cell embryo and those 8 cells are separated, and those 8 cells are separated, those cells can be implanted into those cells can be implanted into the uteri of 8 separate mothers.the uteri of 8 separate mothers.

8 clones will be born from 8 8 clones will be born from 8 different mothers.different mothers.

The Roslin Technique (also The Roslin Technique (also known as nuclear transfer)known as nuclear transfer)

Current technique used in the Current technique used in the cloning of adult animals.cloning of adult animals.

Nuclear transfer requires 2 cells- a Nuclear transfer requires 2 cells- a doner cell and an oocyte, or egg doner cell and an oocyte, or egg cell.cell.

The Roslin Technique The Roslin Technique

stepssteps

The Honolulu TechniqueThe Honolulu Technique

The Honolulu TechniqueThe Honolulu Technique

stepssteps

Current Research... Current Research...

Cloning & Diseases…Cloning & Diseases…

Cloning & Transplants…Cloning & Transplants…

Body parts/OrgansBody parts/Organs

Genetic Modification of Genetic Modification of LivestockLivestock

Future of Cloning…Future of Cloning…

Transgenic animalsTransgenic animals Xenotranplantation- transplanting Xenotranplantation- transplanting

organs from one species to organs from one species to anotheranother

Conservation of Rare Conservation of Rare BreedsBreeds

resurrecting a Mammoth?resurrecting a Mammoth?

Why Clone Human Why Clone Human Embryos ?Embryos ?

help improve the life of future generationshelp improve the life of future generations be able to determine the causing of spontaneous abortions (if be able to determine the causing of spontaneous abortions (if

contraceptive specialist can determine how an embryo knows contraceptive specialist can determine how an embryo knows where to transplant itself, then maybe they can develop a where to transplant itself, then maybe they can develop a contraceptive that would prevent embryos from implanting in the contraceptive that would prevent embryos from implanting in the uterus).uterus).

Cancer- may be able to determine how to stop cancer growth Cancer- may be able to determine how to stop cancer growth Using embryonic stem cells could be used in treatments for brain Using embryonic stem cells could be used in treatments for brain

and nervous system development.and nervous system development. Genetic screening- used to determine of their child has received a Genetic screening- used to determine of their child has received a

defective gene(Parents who have a history of genetically inherited defective gene(Parents who have a history of genetically inherited disease, such as cystic fibrosis can use embryo screening to disease, such as cystic fibrosis can use embryo screening to determine if their child had received a defective gene. If embryo determine if their child had received a defective gene. If embryo does not contain defective gene, then the use it for implantation).does not contain defective gene, then the use it for implantation).

Spare parts- …...Spare parts- …...

Advantages-Benefits of Advantages-Benefits of CloningCloning

Gene positional cloning- the goal of this procedure is Gene positional cloning- the goal of this procedure is to identify human disease genes and then clone then to identify human disease genes and then clone then for further study. Huntington’s Disease was found this for further study. Huntington’s Disease was found this way!way!

Agriculture- farmers and rancher can have their Agriculture- farmers and rancher can have their strongest crops and animals, so that they are less strongest crops and animals, so that they are less likely to contract diseases.likely to contract diseases.

Transplant patients- have been able to insert portions Transplant patients- have been able to insert portions of human DNA into several species, such as pigs and of human DNA into several species, such as pigs and cow. Pig heart are often used as transplants to cow. Pig heart are often used as transplants to replace human hearts. Donor pigs with human DNA replace human hearts. Donor pigs with human DNA could provide even stronger hearts.could provide even stronger hearts.

Disadvantages of CloningDisadvantages of Cloning

Cloning EthicsCloning Ethics

Should Cloning be Should Cloning be banned?banned?

Several anti-cloning billsSeveral anti-cloning bills Probably not!!Probably not!!

Political Issues- Bills that Political Issues- Bills that have been passed!have been passed!

Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997-Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997-

Some Cloning LinksSome Cloning Links

Questions???Questions???