PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING PHYS 471 SOLAR ENERGY I Presented by: Gülten KARAOĞLAN Instructor: Prof. Dr. Ahmet ECEVIT 2004-1.

PASSIVE SOLAR PASSIVE SOLAR HEATINGHEATING

PHYS 471PHYS 471

SOLAR ENERGY ISOLAR ENERGY I

Presented by: Gülten KARAOĞLANPresented by: Gülten KARAOĞLAN

Instructor: Instructor: Prof. Dr. Ahmet EProf. Dr. Ahmet ECEVITCEVIT

2004-12004-1

TABLE OF CONTENTTABLE OF CONTENT1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

1.1.11.. What Passive Solar Heating isWhat Passive Solar Heating is HeatingHeating CoolingCooling

1.1.2. 2. HistoryHistory1.1.33.. InsulationInsulation1.1.4. 4. Heat Movement PhysicsHeat Movement Physics

ConductionConduction ConvectionConvection RadiantRadiant

1.1.5. 5. Five Elements of Passive Solar DesignFive Elements of Passive Solar Design Aperture (Collector)Aperture (Collector) AbsorberAbsorber Thermal MassThermal Mass DistributionDistribution ControlControl

1.1.6. 6. The Working ConditionsThe Working Conditions

2.2. Direct GainDirect Gain 22..11.. What it isWhat it is

2.2. 2.2. Thermal MassThermal Mass 22..3. 3. DesignDesign 2.3.12.3.1 Interior Space PlaningInterior Space Planing

Main ConsiderationsMain Considerations 2.3.1.1 2.3.1.1 Surface ColourSurface Colour 2.3.1.2 2.3.1.2 ThermalThermal ConductivityConductivity 2.3.1.3 2.3.1.3 Thermal CapacityThermal Capacity 2.3.1.4 2.3.1.4 Design RequirementsDesign Requirements 2.3.1.52.3.1.5 Protection From LossesProtection From Losses

2.3.2 2.3.2 Site Planning for Solar AccessSite Planning for Solar Access2.3.3 2.3.3 Overhangs and Shading Overhangs and Shading2.3.4 2.3.4 LandscapingLandscaping

22..4. 4. Direct Gain System RulesDirect Gain System Rules

3.3. Indirect GainIndirect Gain 33..11.. Thermal Storage Wall (Trombe Wall)Thermal Storage Wall (Trombe Wall)

3.2. 3.2. Roof Pond SystemsRoof Pond Systems33..3. 3. Indirect Gain System RulesIndirect Gain System Rules

4.4. Isolated GainIsolated Gain 44..11.. SunspacesSunspaces 44..22.. Main Functions of SunspacesMain Functions of Sunspaces

Auxiliary HeatingAuxiliary Heating To Grow PlantsTo Grow Plants Living AreaLiving Area

44..33.. Main ConsiderationsMain Considerations SitingSiting Heat DistributionHeat Distribution GlazingGlazing

5.5. CostCost

6.6. The Advantages of Passive Solar DesignThe Advantages of Passive Solar Design

ReferencesReferences

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

1.1.11.. What Passive Solar What Passive Solar Heating isHeating is

►Passive solar design uses sunshine to Passive solar design uses sunshine to heat and light homes and other buildings heat and light homes and other buildings without mechanical or electrical devices without mechanical or electrical devices [1]. Heating the building through the use [1]. Heating the building through the use of solar energy involves the absorption of solar energy involves the absorption and storage of incoming solar radiation, and storage of incoming solar radiation, which is then used to meet the heating which is then used to meet the heating requirements of the space [2]. requirements of the space [2].

► HeatingHeating: : A A successful passive successful passive solar building solar building needs to be very needs to be very well insulated in well insulated in order to make best order to make best use of the sun's use of the sun's energy [1].energy [1].

► CoolingCooling: : Passive Passive solar design can also solar design can also achieve summer achieve summer cooling and cooling and ventilating by ventilating by making use of making use of convective air convective air currents which are currents which are created by the created by the natural tendency of natural tendency of hot air to rise [1].hot air to rise [1].

1.2 History1.2 History

► The Sinagua cliff The Sinagua cliff dwelling known as dwelling known as Montezuma's Castle Montezuma's Castle was occupied was occupied between AD 1100-between AD 1100-1300 and is located 1300 and is located inside a shallow inside a shallow south-facing south-facing limestone rock limestone rock shelter as shown in shelter as shown in the Figure 1. the Figure 1.

Figure 1. Montezuma's CastleMontezuma's Castle [3].

► The O'Odham ki, or The O'Odham ki, or round house round house provides protection provides protection from heat, cold, and from heat, cold, and wind as seen in the wind as seen in the Figure 2 [3]. Figure 2 [3].

Figure 2. O'Odham ki House [3].O'Odham ki House [3].

1.3 Insulation1.3 Insulation

►Materials that insulate well do so because Materials that insulate well do so because they are poor conductors of heat. they are poor conductors of heat. HHaving a aving a home without insulation is doing just that - home without insulation is doing just that - leaving the house open year roundleaving the house open year round. . Ideally, Ideally, you should insulate every surface between you should insulate every surface between your house and the outside worldyour house and the outside world. . There There are lots of choices for insulation - from are lots of choices for insulation - from loose fill, batts or rolls of the "pink stuff," loose fill, batts or rolls of the "pink stuff," to rigid boards and foam-in-place productsto rigid boards and foam-in-place products [4][4]. .

1.4 Physics of Heat-1.4 Physics of Heat-MovementMovement

As a fundamental law, heat moves from warmer materials to cooler As a fundamental law, heat moves from warmer materials to cooler ones until there is no longer a temperature difference between ones until there is no longer a temperature difference between the two.the two. Conduction is the way heat moves through Conduction is the way heat moves through

materials, traveling from molecule to molecule. materials, traveling from molecule to molecule. Convection is the way heat circulates through liquids Convection is the way heat circulates through liquids

and gases. Lighter, warmer fluid rises, and cooler, and gases. Lighter, warmer fluid rises, and cooler, denser fluid sinks. denser fluid sinks.

Radiant heat moves through the air from warmer Radiant heat moves through the air from warmer objects to cooler ones. There are two types of objects to cooler ones. There are two types of radiation important to passive solar design: solar radiation important to passive solar design: solar radiation and infrared radiation. When radiation radiation and infrared radiation. When radiation strikes an object, it is absorbed, reflected, or strikes an object, it is absorbed, reflected, or transmitted, depending on certain properties of that transmitted, depending on certain properties of that object [5].object [5].

1.5 Five Elements of Passive 1.5 Five Elements of Passive Solar DesignSolar Design

► Aperture (Collector)Aperture (Collector): the large : the large glass (window) area through glass (window) area through which sunlight enters the which sunlight enters the building. building.

► AbsorberAbsorber: the hard, darkened : the hard, darkened surface of the storage element. surface of the storage element.

► Thermal massThermal mass: the materials : the materials that retain or store the heat that retain or store the heat produced by sunlight. produced by sunlight.

► DistributionDistribution: the method by : the method by which solar heat circulates from which solar heat circulates from the collection and storage points the collection and storage points to different areas of the house. to different areas of the house.

► ControlControl: roof overhangs can be : roof overhangs can be used to shade the aperture area used to shade the aperture area during summer months [6]. during summer months [6].

The elements can be seen in The elements can be seen in Figure 3.Figure 3.

Figure 3. Five Elements of Passive Five Elements of Passive Solar Design [7].Solar Design [7].

1.6 The Working Conditions1.6 The Working Conditions1.1. Use passive solar heating strategies only when they are Use passive solar heating strategies only when they are

appropriate. Passive solar heating works better in smaller appropriate. Passive solar heating works better in smaller buildings where the envelope design controls the energy buildings where the envelope design controls the energy demand.demand.

2.2. Careful attention should be paid to constructing a durable, Careful attention should be paid to constructing a durable, energy-conserving building envelope. energy-conserving building envelope.

3.3. Specify windows and glazings that have low thermal Specify windows and glazings that have low thermal transmittance values (U values) while admitting adequate transmittance values (U values) while admitting adequate levels of incoming solar radiation. Ensure that the south levels of incoming solar radiation. Ensure that the south glass in a passive solar building does not contribute to glass in a passive solar building does not contribute to increased summer cooling. In many areas, shading in increased summer cooling. In many areas, shading in summer is just as critical as admitting solar gain in winter.summer is just as critical as admitting solar gain in winter.

4.4. For large buildings with high internal heat gains, passive For large buildings with high internal heat gains, passive solar heat gain is a liability, because it increases cooling solar heat gain is a liability, because it increases cooling costs more than the amount saved in space heating.costs more than the amount saved in space heating.

5.5. Design for natural ventilation in summer with operable Design for natural ventilation in summer with operable windows designed for cross ventilation.windows designed for cross ventilation.

6.6. Provide natural light to every room. Some of the most Provide natural light to every room. Some of the most attractive passive solar heated buildings incorporate attractive passive solar heated buildings incorporate elements of both direct and indirect gain. elements of both direct and indirect gain.

7.7. If possible, elongate the building along the east-west axis to If possible, elongate the building along the east-west axis to maximize the south-facing elevation and the number of maximize the south-facing elevation and the number of south-facing windows that can be incorporated.south-facing windows that can be incorporated.

8.8. Plan active living or working areas on the south and less Plan active living or working areas on the south and less frequently used spaces, such as storage and bathrooms, frequently used spaces, such as storage and bathrooms, on the north. on the north.

9.9. Improve building performance by employing either high-Improve building performance by employing either high-performance, low-e glazings or night-time, moveable performance, low-e glazings or night-time, moveable insulation to reduce heat loss from glass at night.insulation to reduce heat loss from glass at night.

10.10. Include overhangs or other devices, such as trellises or Include overhangs or other devices, such as trellises or deciduous trees, for shading in summer. deciduous trees, for shading in summer.

11.11. Make sure there is adequate quantity of thermal mass. In Make sure there is adequate quantity of thermal mass. In passive solar heated buildings with high solar contributions, passive solar heated buildings with high solar contributions, itit can be difficult to provide adequate quantities of can be difficult to provide adequate quantities of effective effective thermalthermal mass. mass.

12.12. Design to avoid sun glare. Room and furniture layouts Design to avoid sun glare. Room and furniture layouts needs to be planned to avoid glare from the sun on needs to be planned to avoid glare from the sun on equipment such as computers and televisions [8].equipment such as computers and televisions [8].

►There are three approaches to passive There are three approaches to passive systems - direct gain, indirect gain, systems - direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain as seen in the Figure and isolated gain as seen in the Figure 4. The goal of all passive solar heating 4. The goal of all passive solar heating systems is to capture the sun's heat systems is to capture the sun's heat within the building's elements and within the building's elements and release that heat during periods when release that heat during periods when the sun is not shining [9]. the sun is not shining [9].

Figure 4. Direct Gain, Indirect Gain, and Isolated Gain [10].

2. DIRECT GAIN2. DIRECT GAIN 2.1 What it is2.1 What it is►The most common passive solar system The most common passive solar system

is called direct gain. Direct gain refers is called direct gain. Direct gain refers to the sunlight that enters a building to the sunlight that enters a building through windows, warming the interior through windows, warming the interior space as seen in the Figure 5. space as seen in the Figure 5. A direct A direct gain system includes south-facing gain system includes south-facing windows and a large mass placed windows and a large mass placed within the space to receive the most within the space to receive the most direct sunlight in cold weather and the direct sunlight in cold weather and the least direct sunlight in hot weather. least direct sunlight in hot weather. Direct gain systems are probably the Direct gain systems are probably the least costly passive system [11]. least costly passive system [11].

Figure 5. Direct Gain [11]

2.2 Thermal Mass2.2 Thermal Mass

► If solar heat is to be used when the sun is If solar heat is to be used when the sun is not shining, excess heat must be stored. not shining, excess heat must be stored. Thermal mass, or materials used to store Thermal mass, or materials used to store heat, is an integral part of most passive heat, is an integral part of most passive solar design. They are the materials with solar design. They are the materials with a high capacity for absorbing and storing a high capacity for absorbing and storing heat (e.g., brick, concrete masonry, heat (e.g., brick, concrete masonry, concrete slab, tile, adobe, water) [13] as concrete slab, tile, adobe, water) [13] as shown in the Figure 6.shown in the Figure 6.

Figure 6. Thermal Mass [14].

2.3 Design2.3 Design2.3.1 Interior Space Planing2.3.1 Interior Space Planing

► Planning room lay out by considering how Planning room lay out by considering how the rooms will be used in different seasons, the rooms will be used in different seasons, and at different times of the day, can save and at different times of the day, can save energy and increase comfort. In general, energy and increase comfort. In general, living areas and other high-activity rooms living areas and other high-activity rooms should be located on the south side to should be located on the south side to benefit from the solar heat. Clustering benefit from the solar heat. Clustering baths, kitchens and laundry rooms near the baths, kitchens and laundry rooms near the water heater will save the heat that would water heater will save the heat that would be lost from longer water lines. Another be lost from longer water lines. Another general principle is that an open floor plan general principle is that an open floor plan will allow the collected solar heat to circulate will allow the collected solar heat to circulate freely through natural convection [15]. freely through natural convection [15].

Main ConsiderationsMain Considerations► Surface Colour Surface Colour The amount of heat storage depends on the amount of The amount of heat storage depends on the amount of

exposed thermal mass within the space, and its colour. Light coloured surfaces exposed thermal mass within the space, and its colour. Light coloured surfaces will reflect light around within the space, distributing it over a greater number of will reflect light around within the space, distributing it over a greater number of surfaces. Dark coloured materials will absorb most of the incident energy as surfaces. Dark coloured materials will absorb most of the incident energy as soon as it strikes.soon as it strikes.

► Thermal ConductivityThermal Conductivity Highly conducting materials will quickly transfer any Highly conducting materials will quickly transfer any heat build away from the surface deeper into the material resulting in less heat build away from the surface deeper into the material resulting in less instantaneous re-radiation back into the space. In a poorly conductive material, instantaneous re-radiation back into the space. In a poorly conductive material, however, the surface will heat up more and will quickly re-radiate most of the however, the surface will heat up more and will quickly re-radiate most of the heat back into the space.heat back into the space.

► Thermal CapacityThermal Capacity For a given amount of incident sunlight, thermally For a given amount of incident sunlight, thermally lightweight materials will heat up more than heavyweight materials.lightweight materials will heat up more than heavyweight materials.

► Design Requirements Design Requirements The recommended mass surface-to-glass area ratio is The recommended mass surface-to-glass area ratio is 6:1. In general, comfort and performance increase with increase of thermal 6:1. In general, comfort and performance increase with increase of thermal mass, and there is no upper limit for the amount of thermal mass. It is important mass, and there is no upper limit for the amount of thermal mass. It is important to locate as much thermal mass in direct sunlight (heated by radiation) as to locate as much thermal mass in direct sunlight (heated by radiation) as possible. Remember that covering the mass with materials such as carpet, cork, possible. Remember that covering the mass with materials such as carpet, cork, wallboard or other thermally resistive materials will effectively insulate the mass wallboard or other thermally resistive materials will effectively insulate the mass from the solar energy you're trying to collect.from the solar energy you're trying to collect.

► Protection From LossesProtection From Losses It is important to note that the same large areas of It is important to note that the same large areas of glazing that let heat in during the day can also readily let heat out at night. glazing that let heat in during the day can also readily let heat out at night. Thus, some form of night-time protection should be incorporated to minimise Thus, some form of night-time protection should be incorporated to minimise any conduction and convection losses through windows. Thick drawn curtains any conduction and convection losses through windows. Thick drawn curtains with a pelmet that forms a good seal at the top can be used as well as insulated with a pelmet that forms a good seal at the top can be used as well as insulated internal/external roller shutters [16].internal/external roller shutters [16].

2.3.2 Site Planning for Solar 2.3.2 Site Planning for Solar AccessAccess► The main objective of site planning for passive solar The main objective of site planning for passive solar

homes is to allow the south side as much unshaded homes is to allow the south side as much unshaded exposure as possible during the winter months. A good exposure as possible during the winter months. A good design balances energy performance with other design balances energy performance with other important factors such as, the slope of the site, the important factors such as, the slope of the site, the individual house plan, the direction of prevailing individual house plan, the direction of prevailing breezes for summer cooling, the views, the street lay breezes for summer cooling, the views, the street lay out and so on. Ideally, the glazing on the house should out and so on. Ideally, the glazing on the house should be exposed to sunlight with no obstructions within an be exposed to sunlight with no obstructions within an arc of 60 degrees on either side of true south, but arc of 60 degrees on either side of true south, but reasonably good solar access will still be guaranteed if reasonably good solar access will still be guaranteed if the glazing is unshaded within an arc of 45 degrees. the glazing is unshaded within an arc of 45 degrees. Buildings, trees, or other obstructions should not be Buildings, trees, or other obstructions should not be located so as to shade the south wall of solar buildings. located so as to shade the south wall of solar buildings. At this latitude, no structures should be allowed within At this latitude, no structures should be allowed within 330 cm of the south wall of a solar building; fences 330 cm of the south wall of a solar building; fences should be located beyond 330 cm; one story buildings should be located beyond 330 cm; one story buildings should be located beyond 560 cm; and two story should be located beyond 560 cm; and two story buildings should be located beyond 1320 cm [1].buildings should be located beyond 1320 cm [1].

2.3.3 Overhangs and 2.3.3 Overhangs and ShadingShading

► Overhangs are one of the Overhangs are one of the best (and least costly) best (and least costly) shade design elements to shade design elements to include in your home. In include in your home. In the summer, when the sun the summer, when the sun is high in the sky, the is high in the sky, the overhangs should shade overhangs should shade the room completely. In the room completely. In the winter, when the sun is the winter, when the sun is low, the overhangs should low, the overhangs should allow the full sun to enter, allow the full sun to enter, warming the air, as well as warming the air, as well as the floor, wall and other the floor, wall and other featuresfeatures [18] as shown in [18] as shown in the Figure 7 and 8the Figure 7 and 8. .

Figure 7. Overhangs [17].

Figure 8. Overhang [18].

2.3.4 Landscaping2.3.4 Landscaping► Trees and other landscaping features may Trees and other landscaping features may

be effectively used to shade east and west be effectively used to shade east and west windows from summer solar gains. Trees on windows from summer solar gains. Trees on the southside, however, can all but the southside, however, can all but eliminate passive solar performance, unless eliminate passive solar performance, unless they are very close to the house and the they are very close to the house and the lower branches can be removed to allow the lower branches can be removed to allow the winter sun to penetrate under the tree winter sun to penetrate under the tree canopy. If a careful study of shading canopy. If a careful study of shading patterns is done before construction, it patterns is done before construction, it should be possible to accomodate the south-should be possible to accomodate the south-facing glazing while leaving in as many trees facing glazing while leaving in as many trees as possible [19].as possible [19].

2.4 Direct Gain System 2.4 Direct Gain System RulesRules

A heat load analysis of the house should be conducted. A heat load analysis of the house should be conducted. Do not exceed 15 cm of thickness in thermal mass materials. Do not exceed 15 cm of thickness in thermal mass materials. Do not cover thermal mass floors with wall to wall carpeting; keep Do not cover thermal mass floors with wall to wall carpeting; keep

as bare as functionally and aesthetically possible. as bare as functionally and aesthetically possible. Use a medium dark color for masonry floors; use light colors for Use a medium dark color for masonry floors; use light colors for

other lightweight walls; thermal mass walls can be any color. other lightweight walls; thermal mass walls can be any color. For every square foot of south glass, use 68 kg of masonry or 18 For every square foot of south glass, use 68 kg of masonry or 18

lt of water for thermal mass. lt of water for thermal mass. Fill the cavities of any concrete block used as thermal storage Fill the cavities of any concrete block used as thermal storage

with concrete. with concrete. Use thermal mass at less thickness throughout the living space Use thermal mass at less thickness throughout the living space

rather than a concentrated area of thicker mass. rather than a concentrated area of thicker mass. The surface area of mass exposed to direct sunlight should be 9 The surface area of mass exposed to direct sunlight should be 9

times the area of the glazing. times the area of the glazing. Sun tempering is the use of direct gain without added thermal Sun tempering is the use of direct gain without added thermal

mass. For most homes, multiply the house square footage by mass. For most homes, multiply the house square footage by 0.08 to determine the amount of south facing glass for sun 0.08 to determine the amount of south facing glass for sun tempering [9].tempering [9].

3. Indirect Gain3. Indirect Gain► In an indirect gain system, thermal mass is located In an indirect gain system, thermal mass is located

between the sun and the living space. The thermal between the sun and the living space. The thermal mass absorbs the sunlight that strikes it and mass absorbs the sunlight that strikes it and transfers it to the living space by conduction. Using transfers it to the living space by conduction. Using a Trombe wall is the most common indirect-gain a Trombe wall is the most common indirect-gain approach. The wall consists of an 20 to 40 cm-thick approach. The wall consists of an 20 to 40 cm-thick masonry wall on the south side of a house. A single masonry wall on the south side of a house. A single or double layer of glass is mounted about 2.5 cm or or double layer of glass is mounted about 2.5 cm or less in front of the wall's surface. Solar heat is less in front of the wall's surface. Solar heat is absorbed by the wall's dark-colored outside surface absorbed by the wall's dark-colored outside surface and stored in the wall's mass, where it radiates into and stored in the wall's mass, where it radiates into the living space as shown in the Figure 9 and 10.the living space as shown in the Figure 9 and 10.

There are two types of indirect gain systems: There are two types of indirect gain systems: Thermal storage wall systems (Trombe Walls)Thermal storage wall systems (Trombe Walls) Roof pond systems [12].Roof pond systems [12].

Figure 9. Indirect Gain [20].

Figure 10. Indirect Gain [12].

3.1 Trombe Wall3.1 Trombe Wall

►A trombe wall is a technique used to A trombe wall is a technique used to capture solar heat that was developed capture solar heat that was developed by French engineer Felix Trombe.by French engineer Felix Trombe.

► In water walls, water is held in light, In water walls, water is held in light, rigid containers. Water provides about rigid containers. Water provides about twice the heat storage per unit volume twice the heat storage per unit volume as masonry, so a smaller volume of as masonry, so a smaller volume of mass can be used [14]. mass can be used [14].

3.2 Roof pond3.2 Roof pond

► A roof pondA roof pond uses a uses a store of water above the store of water above the roof to mediate internal roof to mediate internal temperatures, usually in temperatures, usually in hot desert environments hot desert environments as seen in the Figure 11. as seen in the Figure 11. This system is best for This system is best for cooling in low humidity cooling in low humidity climates but can be climates but can be modified to work in high modified to work in high humidity climates [12]. humidity climates [12].

Figure 11. Roof pond [21].

3.3 Indirect gain system rules3.3 Indirect gain system rules

The exterior of the mass wall (toward the sun) The exterior of the mass wall (toward the sun) should be a dark color. should be a dark color.

Use a minimum space of 10 cm between the Use a minimum space of 10 cm between the thermal mass wall and the glass. thermal mass wall and the glass.

Vents used in a thermal mass wall must be Vents used in a thermal mass wall must be closed at night. closed at night.

If movable night insulation will be used in the If movable night insulation will be used in the thermal wall system, reduce the thermal mass thermal wall system, reduce the thermal mass wall area by 15%. wall area by 15%.

Thermal wall thickness should be approximately Thermal wall thickness should be approximately 60-85 cm for brick, 75-110 cm for concrete, 50-60-85 cm for brick, 75-110 cm for concrete, 50-75 cm for adobe or other earth material and at 75 cm for adobe or other earth material and at least 35 cm for water [12].least 35 cm for water [12].

4. Isolated Gains4. Isolated Gains

► Isolated gain, or sunspace, passiveIsolated gain, or sunspace, passive heating collects the sunlight in an area heating collects the sunlight in an area that can be closed off from the rest of the that can be closed off from the rest of the building as shown in the Figure 12. The building as shown in the Figure 12. The doors or windows between the sunspace doors or windows between the sunspace and the building are opened during the and the building are opened during the day to circulate collected heat, and then day to circulate collected heat, and then closed at night, allowing the temperature closed at night, allowing the temperature in the sunspace to drop [22]. in the sunspace to drop [22].

4.1 Sunspaces4.1 Sunspaces

Figure 12. Sunspaces [17].

4.2 Main Functions of Sunspaces4.2 Main Functions of SunspacesAuxiliary HeatingAuxiliary HeatingTo Grow PlantsTo Grow PlantsLiving AreaLiving Area

4.3 Main 4.3 Main ConsiderationsConsiderations

► SitingSiting: : A sunspace must face south. Due solar A sunspace must face south. Due solar south is ideal, but 30 degrees east or west of due south is ideal, but 30 degrees east or west of due south is acceptable south is acceptable

► Heat Distribution: Heat Distribution: Warm air can be blown Warm air can be blown through ductwork to other living areas. It can also through ductwork to other living areas. It can also move passively from the sunspace into the house move passively from the sunspace into the house through doors, vents, or open windows between the through doors, vents, or open windows between the sunspace and the interior living space. sunspace and the interior living space.

► Glazing: Sloped or Vertical? Glazing: Sloped or Vertical? Although sloped Although sloped glazing collects more heat in the winter, many glazing collects more heat in the winter, many designers prefer vertical glazing or a combination of designers prefer vertical glazing or a combination of vertical and sloped glazing. Sloped glazing loses vertical and sloped glazing. Sloped glazing loses more heat at night and can cause overheating in more heat at night and can cause overheating in warmer weather. Vertical glazing allows maximum warmer weather. Vertical glazing allows maximum gain in winter, when the angle of the sun is low, and gain in winter, when the angle of the sun is low, and less heat gain as the sun rises toward its summer less heat gain as the sun rises toward its summer zenith [23]. zenith [23].

5. Cost5. Cost

► Passive solar technology may still be new to Passive solar technology may still be new to many designers and builders. So you're many designers and builders. So you're sometimes required to pay extra for them to sometimes required to pay extra for them to master unfamiliar design and construction master unfamiliar design and construction details. But if you're lucky enough to be details. But if you're lucky enough to be working with an experienced solar designer working with an experienced solar designer and builder who are committed to excellence, and builder who are committed to excellence, a passive solar home may cost no more than a passive solar home may cost no more than a conventional one or even less in some a conventional one or even less in some situations. Also, properly sized heating situations. Also, properly sized heating equipment, which are typically smaller in equipment, which are typically smaller in passive solar homes, will sometimes offset passive solar homes, will sometimes offset the cost of the passive solar features [5].the cost of the passive solar features [5].

6. The Advantages of 6. The Advantages of Passive Solar DesignPassive Solar Design

► High energy performance: lower energy bills all year High energy performance: lower energy bills all year round.round.

► Investment: independent from future rises in fuel costs, Investment: independent from future rises in fuel costs, continues to save money long after initial cost recovery. continues to save money long after initial cost recovery.

► Value: high owner satisfaction, high resale value Value: high owner satisfaction, high resale value ► Attractive living environment: large windows and views, Attractive living environment: large windows and views,

sunny interiors, open floor plans sunny interiors, open floor plans ► Low Maintenance: durable, reduced operation and Low Maintenance: durable, reduced operation and

repair repair ► Unwavering comfort: quiet (no operating noise), Unwavering comfort: quiet (no operating noise),

warmer in winter, cooler in summer (even during a warmer in winter, cooler in summer (even during a power failure) power failure)

► Environmentally friendly: clean, renewable energy Environmentally friendly: clean, renewable energy doesn't contribute to global warming, acid rain or air doesn't contribute to global warming, acid rain or air pollution [1]. pollution [1].

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9.9. http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/PassSolGuide1-2.http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/PassSolGuide1-2.htmlhtml

10.10. www.arch.mcgill.ca/.../ passive_solar/PS7.htmlwww.arch.mcgill.ca/.../ passive_solar/PS7.html

11.11. http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/homeandwork/homes/construction/http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/homeandwork/homes/construction/solardesign/direct.htmlsolardesign/direct.html

12.12. http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/PassSolGuide1-2.htmlhttp://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/PassSolGuide1-2.html

13.13. www.nmsea.org/Passive_Solar/www.nmsea.org/Passive_Solar/Passive_Solar_Design.htm+passive+heating+solar&hl=trPassive_Solar_Design.htm+passive+heating+solar&hl=tr

14.14. www.nmsea.org/Passive_Solar/Passive_Solar_Design.htm+passive+heatingwww.nmsea.org/Passive_Solar/Passive_Solar_Design.htm+passive+heating+solar&hl=tr+solar&hl=tr

15.15. http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/homeandwork/homes/construction/http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/homeandwork/homes/construction/solardesign/direct.htmlsolardesign/direct.html

16.16. http://www.squ1.com/index.php?http://www.squ1.com/passive/direct-gain.hhttp://www.squ1.com/index.php?http://www.squ1.com/passive/direct-gain.htmltml

17.17. http://www.wbdg.org/media/pdf/mh1003_19.pdfhttp://www.wbdg.org/media/pdf/mh1003_19.pdf

18.18. http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/homeandwork/homes/construction/http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/homeandwork/homes/construction/solardesign/overhangs.htmlsolardesign/overhangs.html

19.19. http://www.state.mn.us/mn/externalDocs/http://www.state.mn.us/mn/externalDocs/Passive_Solar_Design_121702032826_passivesolar.pdfPassive_Solar_Design_121702032826_passivesolar.pdf

20.20. http:/ www.wbdg.org/media/pdf/mh1003_19.pdfhttp:/ www.wbdg.org/media/pdf/mh1003_19.pdf

21.21. http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/arch304/winter2001/atruon1/http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/arch304/winter2001/atruon1/passive_solar/roof_pond.jpgpassive_solar/roof_pond.jpg

22.22. http://www.google.com.tr/search?q=cache:-3XfFBF-Sw0J:www.wbdg.org/http://www.google.com.tr/search?q=cache:-3XfFBF-Sw0J:www.wbdg.org/design/resource.php%3Fcn%3D0%26rpdesign/resource.php%3Fcn%3D0%26rp%3D22+passive+heating+solar&hl=tr%3D22+passive+heating+solar&hl=tr

23.23. http://www.lowes.com/lkn?action=pg&p=/Energy/http://www.lowes.com/lkn?action=pg&p=/Energy/conserv_sunspacebasics.html&rn=RightNavFiles/rightNavEnergyconserv_sunspacebasics.html&rn=RightNavFiles/rightNavEnergy

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