PASSIVE DESIGN APPROACH TOWARDS ENERGY EFFICIENT …eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/60063/1/FathihahAhmadShahMFKA... · 2017-01-18 · PASSIVE DESIGN APPROACH TOWARDS ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING

PASSIVE DESIGN APPROACH TOWARDS ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING

ENVELOPE FOR INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTIAL

FATHIHAH BINTI AHMAD SHAH

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Science (Construction Management)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2015

iii

DEDICATION

To everyone,

To myself,

(As an architect in practice, pregnant lady and part time student)

To make it always seem possible until it is done.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful

I would like to express sincere appreciation to my thesis supervisor,

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rozana Zakaria for her guidance throughout the

whole process of writing this report.

Extended appreciation to all my devoted lecturers, afford me knowledge throughout

my learning process at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Thanks to my colleagues for giving assistance, review and tips at various

circumstance.

Deep sense of gratitude to my partner and family, for their patience and

encouragement.

Thank You and God Bless

v

ABSTRACT

Energy issues are very important nowadays, due to possibility of energy

shortage in the future with the increasing population and living standards.

The concern over the need to reduce energy consumption is growing that influenced

awareness rapidly increases and it encourages the implementation of green building

worldwide. This study focuses on pattern of passive design approach for building

envelope in term of energy efficiency for individual residential. Individual residential

especially bungalows were selected case study due to various approach of design

philosophies for cooling factor in designing building envelope. In the reality,

certainly undeniable that the practice on energy efficiency of building envelope

design is crucial. Building envelope is a critical component of the building that

serves as the outer shell or a protector to the user and building itself. This study

describes an investigation of the effect of six passive design strategies on building

envelope design, namely site planning and orientation, daylighting, façade design,

strategic landscaping, renewable energy and natural ventilation. Calculation of

Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) act as a tool to determine building envelope

performance and it will identify whether the building fulfill the requirement of

energy efficient or not. Based on the guideline in Malaysian Standard, Code of

Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable MS 1527(2007), OTTV of the

selected building should be not exceed 50W/m2. In conclusion, this study outlines

the preferred requirement of passive design approach for building envelope in term

of energy efficiency for individual residential.

vi

ABSTRAK

Isu-isu berkaitan tenaga menjadi penting dewasa ini disebabkan

kebarangkalian akan wujudnya kekurangan tenaga di masa hadapan dengan populasi

dan taraf hidup yang semakin meningkat. Keprihatinan akan keperluan untuk

mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga semakin bertambah yang mempengaruhi

peningkatan pantas akan kesedaran mengenainya dan ini menggalakkan perlaksanaan

bangunan hijau di seluruh dunia. Fokus kajian ini adalah berkaitan corak pendekatan

rekabentuk pasif bagi sampul bangunan yang menerapkan ciri-ciri kecekapan tenaga

untuk bangunan kediaman individu. Bangunan kediaman individu terutamanya

banglo dipilih sebagai kajian kes disebabkan kepelbagaian corak pendekatan bagi

falsafah rekabentuk untuk faktor penyejukan bagi merekabentuk sampul bangunan.

Pada dasarnya, tidaklah dapat dinafikan akan pentingnya amalan kecekapan tenaga

bagi sampul bangunan. Sampul bangunan adalah komponen kritikal bagi sesebuah

bangunan yang bertindak sebagai cangkerang luar ataupun pelindung kepada

pengguna dan juga bangunan itu sendiri. Kajian ini akan menerangkan kesan bagi

enam strategi rekabentuk pasif terhadap rekabentuk sampul bangunan. Ia melibatkan

perancangan dan orientasi tapak, pencahayaan; rekabentuk fasad; perlandskapan

strategik; tenaga boleh diperbaharui; dan pengudaraan semulajadi. Pengiraan

‘Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) bertindak sebagai satu alat untuk

menentukan prestasi sampul bangunan dan ini dapat menegenalpasti sama ada

bangunan tersebut memenuhi keperluan cekap tenaga ataupun tidak. Berdasarkan

garis panduan yang ditetapkan oleh Malaysia Standard, Code of Practice oni Energy

Efficiency and Use of Renewable (MS 1527(2007), OTTV bangunan yang dipilih

tidak seharusnya melebihi 50W/m2. Sebagai kesimpulannya, kajian ini dapat

menggariskan keperluan yang perlu dalam pendekatan rekabentuk pasif bagi

kecekapan tenaga terhadap sampul bangunan untuk bangunan kediaman individu.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE

PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 4

1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 5

1.4 Scope of Research 6

1.5 Brief Research Methodology 7

1.6 Expected Findings 8

1.7 Significant of Research 9

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1 Introduction 10

2.2 Local Climate Condition in Malaysia 11

2.3 Previous Energy Efficiency Studies in Hot-Humid Climate 11

2.4 Sustainability 12

2.4.1 Sustainable Development 14

2.4.1 Sustainable/Green Building 15

2.5 Energy-Efficiency Concept 16

viii

2.6 Building Envelope Design 17

2.6.1 Concept of Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) 18

2.7 Passive Design Strategies 19

2.7.1 Site Planning and Orientation 20

2.7.2 Daylighting 22

2.7.3 Façade Design 24

2.7.3.1 Sun Shading 24

2.7.4 Strategic Landscaping 25

2.7.5 Renewable Energy 26

2.7.6 Natural Ventilation 27

2.7.6.1 Cross Ventilation (Wind-driven) 28

2.7.6.2 Stack Ventilation (Bouyancy-driven) 29

2.8 Awareness of Sustainable Development in Malaysia 29

2.8.1 Malaysia National Energy Policy 31

2.8.2 KETTHA, Incentive for Energy Efficiency 31

2.9 Summary 32

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 34

3.1 Introduction 34

3.2 Stage 1: Preliminary Research 36

3.3 Stage 2: Data Collection 36

3.4 Stage 3: Data Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion 37

3.4.1 Questionnaire Survey Development 38

3.4.2 Record Review and OTTV Calculation Development 39

3.4.2.1 Observation 1: Villa Mutiara, Bentong,

Pahang

39

3.4.2.2 Observation 2: S11 House, Petaling Jaya,

Selangor

43

3.4.3 Checklist Verification Development 45

3.4.4 Methods of Analysis 46

3.4.4.1 Statistical Packages for Social Science

(SPSS)

47

3.4.2.2 Calculation of Overall Thermal Transfer

Value (OTTV)

48

3.4.5 Discussion and Conclusion 59

4 DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT, AND DISSCUSSION 51

4.1 Introduction 51

ix

4.2 Analysis of Respondents’ Demography for Questionnaire

Survey

51

4.3 Analysis of Respondents’ Demography for Verification

Checklist

54

4.4 Findings of Objective 1: To determine the significant

implementation of passive design approach of building

envelope that considered Energy-Efficient concept

55

4.4.1 Reliability Test for Questionnaire Survey 56

4.4.2 Passive Design Strategies Analysis (Questionnaire

Survey)

57

4.4.3 Building Envelope Design Analysis (Questionnaire

Survey)

64

4.5 Findings of Objective 2: To determine comparison between

building envelope performance and difference factor adopt in

passive design

69

4.6 Findings of Objective 3: To propose the preferred requirement

of passive design approach for building envelope in term of

energy efficiency for individual residential

70

4.6.1 Passive Design Strategies Analysis (Verification

Checklist)

70

4.6.2 Building Envelope Design Analysis (Verification

Checklist)

75

4.6.3 Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) Analysis

(Verification Checklist)

79

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 81

5.1 Introduction 81

5.2 Conclusion on Objective 1: To determine the significant

implementation of passive design approach of building

envelope that considered Energy-Efficient concept

81

5.3 Conclusion on Objective 2: To determine comparison between

building envelope performance and difference factor adopt in

passive design

84

5.4 Conclusion on Objective 3: To propose the preferred

requirement of passive design approach for building envelope

in term of energy efficiency for individual residential

85

5.5 Limitation of Research 88

x

5.6 Recommendation for Future Research 88

REFERENCES 89

APPENDICES 94

A Questionnaire Survey 94

B Verification Checklist 102

C Floor Plans Villa Mutiara, Bentong 109

D Floor Plans S11, Petaling Jaya 111

xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1

Solar Orientation Factors

19

2.2 Solar Absorptivity 19

2.3 Shadow Angle Guideline for Kuala Lumpur 25

3.1 Scale for Significant Statement of Questionnaire Survey 39

3.2 Reliability Range 47

3.3 Average Index and Level of Evaluation 48

3.4 Research Design and Method of Analysis 50

4.1 Reliability Statistics for Passive Design Strategies 56

4.2 Reliability Statistics for Building Envelope Design 56

4.3 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in PDS 1: Site

Planning and Orientation Level

58

4.4 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in PDS 2:

Daylighting

59

4.5 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in PDS 3: Façade

Design

60

4.6 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in PDS 4: Strategic

Landscaping

60

4.7 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in PDS 5:

Renewable Energy

61

4.8 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in PDS 6: Natural

Ventilation (Stack Ventilation)

62

4.9 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in PDS 7: Natural

Ventilation (Cross Ventilation)

62

xii

4.10 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in BED 1: Wall 65

4.11 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in BED 2: Window

(Glazing)

65

4.12 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in BED 3: Roof 66

4.13 Average Index Value and Standard Deviation in BED 4: Sun-

shading Device

67

4.14 Comparison of OTTV Calculation between Villa Mutiara and S11

House

69

4.15 Experts’ Review on Significant PDS 1: Site Planning and

Orientation

71

4.16 Experts’ Review on Significant PDS 2: Daylighting 71

4.17 Experts’ Review on Significant PDS 3: Façade Design 72

4.18 Experts’ Review on Significant PDS 4: Strategic :Landscaping 72

4.19 Experts’ Review on Significant PDS 5: Renewable Energy 73

4.20 Experts’ Review on Significant PDS 6: Natural Ventilation 74

4.21 Experts’ Review on Significant Building Envelope Design 76

4.22 Experts’ Review on Significant Overall Thermal Transfer Value 79

5.1 Checklist on Significant Data for Passive Design Strategies 86

5.2 Checklist on Significant Data for Building Envelope Design 87

5.3 Checklist on Significant Data for OTTV Calculation 87

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1

“Three Pillars" of sustainability

13

2.2 Life-cycle Impacts of Buildings 16

2.3 The OTTV of Buildings Envelope Calculation 18

2.4 Solar Angle 21

2.5 Sunpath Diagram for Kuala Lumpur

(latitude 3.2N, longitude 101.7 E)

21

2.6

2.7

2.8

Type of Daylighting

Cross Ventilation Diagram

Stack Ventilation Diagram

23

28

29

3.1 Flow Chart of Research Methodology 35

3.2 Aerial View of Villa Mutiara Residential Complex 40

3.3 Perspective of Type A: Acacia 41

3.4 Perspective of Type B: Bucida 41

3.5 Perspective of Type C: Casuarina 42

3.6 Perspective of Type D: Dalbergia 42

3.7 Front Elevation of S11 House 44

3.8 Internal Area 1 of S11 House 45

4.1 Respondents’ Nature of Field (Questionnaire Survey) 52

4.2 Respondents’ Working Experience (Questionnaire Survey) 52

4.3 Respondents’ Rate of Understanding on Passive Design/Energy

Efficiency (Questionnaire Survey)

53

4.4 Respondents’ Years of Involvement in Passive Design/Energy

Efficiency (Questionnaire Survey)

53

xiv

4.5 Respondents’ Nature of Field (Verification Checklist) 54

4.6 Respondents’ Working Experience (Verification Checklist) 55

4.7 Average Index Value for Passive Design Strategies 63

4.8 Average Index Value for Building Envelope Design Elements 68

4.9 Percentage of Agreement for Significance Passive Design

Strategies

77

4.10 Percentage of Agreement for Significance Building Envelope

Design

78

4.11 Percentage of Agreement for Significance OTTV Checklist 80

A.1 Floor Plan of Type A: Acacia (Villa Mutiara) 109

A.2 Floor Plan of Type B: Bucida (Villa Mutiara 109

A.3 Floor Plan of Type C: Casuarina (Villa Mutiara) 110

A.4 Floor Plan of Type D: Dalbergia (Villa Mutiara) 110

A.5 Basement Plan (S11 House) 111

A.6 Ground Floor Plan (S11 House) 111

A.7 M&E Roof Space Plan (S11 House) 112

A.8 Roof Plan (S11 House) 112

xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AI Average Index

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

EPS Extruded Polystyrene

GBI Green Building Index

GHG Greenhouse Gas

MEDIS Malaysia Energy Database and Information System

ITA Investment Tax Allowance

IEA

KETTHA

MMD

MS

International Energy Agency

Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air

Malaysian Meteorological Department

Malaysia Standard

NDP80 National Depletion Policy 1980

NEB National Energy Balance

NEP79 National Energy Policy 1979

OTTV Overall Transfer Thermal Value

PV Photovoltaic

PDTfH Passive Design Toolkits for Home

RES Renewable Energy Sources

RETV Residential Envelope Transmittance Value

SC Shading Coefficient Factor

SPSS Statistical Packages for Social Science

VAV Variable Air Volume

VLT Visible Light Transmission

WWR Window Wall Ratio

α Solar Azimuth

β Solar Altitude

xvi

4FDP81 Four Fuel Diversification Policy 1981

5FP2000 Fifth Fuel Policy 2000

xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A

Questionnaire Survey

94

B Verification Checklist 102

C Floor Plans Villa Mutiara, Bentong 109

D Floor Plans S11, Petaling Jaya 111

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background

Energy issues are becoming more and more important nowadays. There is

possibility of energy shortage in the future with the increasing population and living

standards (Yilmaz, 2007). The concern over the need to reduce energy consumption

is growing and awareness rapidly increases, thus, it encourages the implementation

of green building worldwide.

A green building is described as a building that is designed, constructed and

operated to be resource efficient (Kubba, 2010; Wedding, 2008; Zigenfus, 2008).

ASTM International defines sustainable or green building as a building that provides

the specified building performance requirements while minimizing disturbance to

and improving the functioning of local, regional, and global ecosystems both during

and after its construction and specified service life. Therefore, energy efficient

concept should be emphasized in order to achieve a green building. International

Energy Agency (IEA) defines energy efficiency as a way of managing and

restraining the growth in energy consumption. Something is more energy efficient if

it delivers more services for the same energy input, or the same services for less

energy input (Yilmaz 2007).

2

Generally, the Earth is suffering global warming because of human activities

affecting the environment. Climate change is caused by a number of things, and it

will take an enormous amount of concerted efforts to fix it. Consequently, it

involves thinkers, politicians, professionals and the public in resolving the associated

problems. (Mir M. Ali, 2008). Besides, the current situation warrants vision,

commitment, and action through partnership and commitment of governments,

policy makers, experts, and the involvement of citizens. Therefore, the collaboration

of urban planners, architects, engineers, politicians, academics, and community

group is required. The energy shortage and global warming will be the legacy of the

twenty-first century unless there is effort towards the notion and implementation of

sustainability (Natee S. et al, 2014).

Sustainability was projected as an agenda to solve the global environment

problems and to facilitate the economic. Sustainability can be seen as balance of

social and economic activities and the environment (Bansal P, 2005) If examines

more deeply, the key issues facing the building fraternity worldwide are buildings,

energy and environmental (N.Al-Tarmimi and S.F.S.Fadzil, 2012).

In order to achieve energy-efficient concept, innovative ways to cut down

energy consumption are necessary. To achieve the collective objectives of energy

security and environmental protection, eco-sensitive buildings that utilize their

resources judiciously, minimize their emissions and have efficient waste

management systems, should be considered and designed (Surabhi C., 2008). On the

other hand, International Energy Agency (IEA) reported electricity generation in

2006 was 96,000GWh, which represented an increase of 328% from 22,400GWh in

1990 (IEA, 2007). From the current trend of global energy consumption picturizes

that there will be a significant increment in energy demand in the future. Meanwhile,

record in 2008 shows that total energy consumption from all sources is 514

exajoules. It is explored that 80% from the total energy consumption in 2008 was

generated from fossil fuels (BP, 2009). As addition, fossils fuels are finite resources

and there is limited supply of them in the earth’s crust. As a non-renewable energy

sources, formation of fossil fuels from the remains dead organism took over millions

3

of years (Sharulnizam M., 2013). Hence, the limited reserves of fossil fuels cannot

accommodate the high demand of energy in future.

Activity of burning fossil fuels to generate energy may cause imbalance of

carbon cycle, which adds mammoth quantities of carbon to the environment. Human

interference in the form of releasing massive quantities of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

into the Earth’s atmosphere has already begun to disturb the equilibrium of the

natural carbon cycle (Kluger, 2007) United Nation’s (UN) Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change had reported on February 2007, warming of the climate system is

unequivocal and human activities have played a significant role by overloading the

atmosphere with carbon dioxide. Hence, it will retain solar heat that would otherwise

radiate away. Based on a research carried by UNEP’s Sustainable Buildings and

Climate Initiative (SBCI), it is discovered that the buildings’ energy consumption

leads to one third of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.

Based on the data driven, Malaysia has a strong need for, and great potential

to apply energy-efficient strategies in lowering energy consumption in buildings by

reducing energy use for space cooling in buildings. It has been reported that more

than 40% of the energy consumed by Malaysian buildings can be reduced if energy

efficiency is practiced and sustainable technologies are applied to building envelope

(Azni Zain, 2008). Building envelope systems are vital part of key component of

residential buildings. The performance of the building envelope is influenced by

various considerations, such as occupant comfort and productivity; energy use and

running costs; strength; stability; durability; fire resistance; and aesthetic appeal of

building (Chua and Chou, 2008).

4

1.2 Problem Statement

In the recent years, Malaysia is strongly maintaining high economic growth

with the development of the economy. Therefore, its energy consumption has

increase dramatically. Air conditioning for cooling accounts for more than 45% of

the total electricity used in the residential sector (N.Al-Tamimi and S.F.S.Fadzil

2012). Due to current situation, the Malaysia government had been expressed interest

in greater implementation of green buildings (Esa et al., 2011).

According to the Ninth Malaysia Plan, energy conservation culture must be

inculcated. Buildings should be designed to optimize energy usage. Such resources

need to be prudently and carefully utilized. The Malaysian government is adopting

measures to reduce wastage by enhancing energy-efficient buildings and increasing

energy sufficiency. On August 2009, the government had been launched the National

Green Technology Policy by following the guideline (9th

Malaysia Plan, 2006). The

objective of the policy is to provide direction towards the management of a

sustainable environment. In addition, the Malaysian Standard (MS) 1525 (2007)

which is the Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy

for Non-residential Buildings was developed as a guide for energy efficient measures

in Malaysia buildings. MS1525 emphasize that passive methods should be utilized

before going to active methods. The basic approach towards good passive design is

to orientate, to shade, to insulate, to ventilate and to daylight buildings.

In the reality, certainly undeniable that the practice on energy efficiency of

building envelope design is crucial. Building envelope is a critical component of the

building that serves as the outer shell or a protector to the user and building itself

(A.Z.A.Halim and A.A.Halim, 2012). The needs of building envelope should be

critically taken into consideration because it is involve the rate of excessive heat gain

into the building.

5

There are few studies on building envelope in term of energy efficiency

buildings and their thermal performance in Malaysia. Those studies were focused in

non-residential buildings such as hotels, offices, etc. and few of those studies

considered the residential factors. In the contrary, there is only limited amount of

literature and research on energy-efficient individual residential building especially

bungalow in in hot and humid climate.

The erection of individual bungalow should consider as energy efficient as

possible. Naturally warm in winter and cool in summer. There are several advantages

to living in an energy efficient home - saving money on energy costs is the most

obvious (Surabhi C., 2008) Architects and designers accomplish the task through

passive design, use of renewable energy technology systems, and/or natural building

materials. Hence, preliminary study needs to be carried out to determine the current

implementation of passive design approach of building envelope design. The

comparison study on those design patterns on the selected individual residential

should be conducted in order to propose the standard requirement of passive design

approach for building envelope design in term of energy efficiency.

1.3 Research Aims and Objectives

The aim of this study is to discover the passive design approach for envelope

building for individual residential in term of energy efficiency.

To attain this aim, the following objectives are pursued:

3.1 To determine the significant implementation of passive design approach

of building envelope that considered Energy-Efficient concept.

6

3.2 To determine comparison between building envelope performance and

difference factor adopt in passive design.

3.3 To propose the preferred requirement of passive design approach for

building envelope in term of energy efficiency for individual residential.

1.4 Scope of Research

The scope of the research focuses on pattern of passive design approach for

building envelope in term of energy efficiency for individual residential. Individual

residential especially bungalows selected as potential case study due to various

approach of design philosophies for cooling factor in designing building envelope.

This research describes an investigation of the effect of six passive design

strategies on building envelope design, namely site planning and orientation;

daylighting; façade design; strategic landscaping; renewable energy; and natural

ventilation and also the four elements of building envelope design, namely wall;

glazing (window); roof; and sun shading device. Calculation of Overall Thermal

Transfer Value (OTTV) can determine whether the building fulfill the requirement of

energy efficient or not. Base on the guideline in Malaysian Standard, Code of

Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-residential

Buildings, 1527(2007), OTTV of the selected building should be not exceed

50W/m2.

7

1.5 Brief Research Methodology

At the first stage, preliminary research stage was done by reviewing

literatures from journals, books and articles about related aspect of sustainable

development, sustainable or green building, energy-efficiency concept, a study on

MS 1525 (2007), Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable

Energy for Non-residential Buildings, passive design strategies, building envelope

design and Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) to define and formulate

conceptual framework of this study.

At the second stage, data collection stage that was involved several

methodologies in getting reliable data for the research. Questionnaire survey forms

were distributed among the consultant that involve in building construction industry

such as architects, mechanical and electrical engineers, civil and structure engineers,

quantity surveyors, clients and developers. In addition, record review of comparison

study between building envelope performance and difference factor adopt in passive

design on selected individual residential were conducted base in the resource and

formula from MS 1525 (2007). Finally, all the significant data collection from

questionnaire survey will be tabulated in verification checklist to be verified by the

experts

At the final stage, in data analysis stage, all the data obtained was analyzed,

follows by the discussion according to the aim and objectives of the research.

Finally, conclusion was prepared to propose the preferred requirement of passive

design approach for building envelope in term of energy efficiency for individual

residential for future studies.

8

1.6 Expected Findings

Several anticipations are expected prior to the research and these can serve as

a mean for better analysis of the outcome on the latter part.

i. The first expected findings touches on the common implementation of

passive design approach of building envelope for individual

residential. As there is only limited amount of literature and research

on energy-efficient individual residential building especially

bungalow in hot and humid climate, the researcher will provide the

source of the literature for consideration of passive design approach

towards energy efficiency of building envelope for individual

residential.

ii. The second expected finding is to provide an understanding of

relationship between the differences factors adopt in passive design

with the building envelope performance base on calculation of Overall

Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The construction practitioners will

take a necessary countermeasure in designing their building envelope

with the passive design approach to create a building that consumes a

less energy.

iii. The last expected findings will disclose the significance of energy

efficiency concept in building envelope design. Hence, the researcher

is able to reduce appropriate passive design approach for building

envelope in term of energy efficiency concept. Therefore, preferred

requirement of passive design approach is proposed to serve as a

guide for future consideration of building envelope design for

individual residential.

9

1.7 Significant of Research

The research effort emphasizes to the literature of construction/project

management in several ways:

i. The results of this study will become a source for construction

practitioners within the Malaysian construction industry to consider

the passive design approach towards energy efficient of building

envelope for individual residential in Malaysia.

ii. The study is expected to provide new insights in which of adoption of

green design for building envelope for individual residential in

Malaysia

iii. This study will also provide the preferred requirement passive design

approach for building envelope design for individual residential in

Malaysia.

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