PAS 2050:2008 Methodology and Experiencesconference.tgo.or.th/download/2011/workshop/190811/PPT/04_CFP.pdfPAS 2050:2008 Methodology and Experiences Shabbir H Gheewala Professor The

PAS 2050:2008Methodology and Experiences

Shabbir H Gheewala

Professor

The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment

King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi

19 August 2011Climate Thailand Conference 2011

PAS 2050:2008

• PAS 2050 has been developed in response to broad community and industry desire for a consistent method for assessing the life cycle GHG emissions of goods and services

• It is a publicly available specification prepared by BSI BritishStandards and co‐sponsored by the Carbon Trust and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)

• PAS 2050 builds on earlier standards – ISO 14040/44 and ISO 14065

• Further clarifies the operational aspects of these standards

• The assessment method has been tested with companies across a diverse set of product types

Prof. Dr. Shabbir H. Gheewala, JGSEE

Development of PAS 2050:2008

• The establishment of an independent steering group

• 11 representatives from business and industry, academia, government, and nongovernment organizations

• Two rounds of public, international stakeholder consultation

• Input from workgroups consisting of international experts in a wide range of fields

• Practical experience gained from pilot companies’trialing the implementation of draft versions of PAS 2050


What does the PAS 2050 include?What does the PAS 2050 include?

• business‐to‐business and business‐to‐consumer use of partial GHG assessment data in full GHG assessments of goods and services;

• scope of greenhouse gases to be included;

• criteria for global warming potential data;

• treatment of emissions from land use change, and biogenic and fossil carbon sources;

• treatment of the impact of carbon storage in products, and offsetting;

• requirements for the treatment of GHG emissions arising from specific processes;

• data requirements and accounting for emissions from renewable energy generation; and

• claims of conformity


Normative referencesNormative references• BS EN ISO 14021, Environmental labels and declarations – Self‐declared

environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling)

• BS EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –Requirements and guidelines, Clause 4.3.4.3

• BS EN ISO/IEC 17050‐1, Conformity assessment – Supplier’s declaration of conformity – Part 1: General requirements

• ISO/TS 14048:2002, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –Data documentation format, Clause 5.2.2

• IPCC 2006, Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

• IPCC 2007, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp., Chapter 2, Table 2.14


Utility of PASUtility of PAS• For organizations

– allows internal assessment

– facilitates the evaluation of alternative product configurations

– provides a benchmark for ongoing programs aimed at reducing GHG emissions;

– allows for a comparison of goods or services using a common, recognized and standardized approach to life cycle GHG emissionsassessment

– supports reporting on corporate responsibility

• For consumers– provides a common basis for reporting and communicating the

results of life cycle GHG emissions assessments that supports comparison and uniformity of understanding

– provides an opportunity for greater consumer understanding of life cycle GHG emissions when making purchasing decisions and using goods and services


Implementation of the PAS 2050

• a business‐to‐consumer assessment, which includes the emissions arising from the full life cycle of the product (cradle‐to‐grave); or

• a business‐to‐business assessment, which includes the GHG emissions released up to and including the point where the input arrives at a new organization (including all upstream emissions) (cradle‐to‐gate)


Sources of GHG emissionsSources of GHG emissions• energy use (including energy sources, such as electricity, that were

themselves created using processes that have GHG emissions associated with them);

• combustion processes;

• chemical reactions;

• refrigerant loss and other fugitive gases;

• operations;

• service provision and delivery;

• land use change;

• livestock and other agricultural processes;

• waste

• CO2 emissions originating from fossil and biogenic carbon sources

• non‐CO2 emissions originating from fossil and biogenic carbon sources


Time period of GHG emissionsTime period of GHG emissions

• The assessment of the impact of GHG emissions arising from the life cycle of products shall be the CO2e impact of the GHG emissions over the 100‐year period following the formation of the product (i.e. the 100‐year assessment period)

• Emissions arising from all life cycle phases of the product, except the use phase and the final disposal phase, shall be treated as a single release of emissions at the beginning of the 100‐year assessment period

• Where all GHG emissions arising from the use phase or from finaldisposal occur within one year following the formation of the product, those emissions shall be treated as a single release of emissions at the beginning of the 100‐year assessment period

• Where emissions arising from the use phase or from final disposal occur over more than one year, a factor shall be applied to represent the weighted average time the emissions are present in the atmosphere during the 100‐year assessment period


Effect of delayed emissionsEffect of delayed emissions

Relative radiativeforcing

T + t0t0

1.0

T

fT


Carbon storage in productsCarbon storage in products

• Where atmospheric CO2 is taken up by a product, and that product is not a living organism, the impact of this carbon storage over the 100‐year assessment period shall be included in the assessment of the life cycle GHG emissions of the product

– food or feed is not included

– more than 50% of the mass of biogenic carbon stays out of the atmosphere for more than 1 year

– the material must be obtained from activities related to human actions (additionality) or recycled/reused


Treatment of stored biogenic carbonTreatment of stored biogenic carbon

• Treatment of biogenic carbon at disposal

• Treatment of biogenic carbon in recycled material

• Treatment of CO2 emissions arising from products containing biogenic carbon

• Treatment of non‐CO2 GHG emissions from products containing biogenic carbon (c.f. CH4)

• Calculation of the CO2 impact of stored carbon

– Weighted average of stored biogenic carbon and atmospheric CO2 taken up by products

– Inclusion of the GHG impact of stored carbon


Land use changeLand use change

• Direct land use change is included

– computed according to IPCC rules

– all direct land use change occurring on or after 1 January 1990

– 5% of the total emissions arising from the land use change shallbe included in the GHG emissions of these products in each year over the 20 years following the change in land use

– Worst conditions are assumed for area and time of land use in case of lack of data

• Indirect land use change is not included (will be considered in the future revisions of PAS)

• Soil carbon change in existing agricultural systems (tilling systems, crop types, etc.) is not included (will be considered in the future revisions of PAS)


Units of analysisUnits of analysis

• Assessment of the GHG emissions arising from the life cycle of products shall be carried out in a manner that allows the mass of CO2e to be reported per functional unit for the product

• Where a product is commonly available on a variable unit size basis, the calculation of GHG emissions shall be proportional to the unit size (e.g. per kilogram or per litre of goods sold, or per month or year of a service provided)

• For services the appropriate reporting unit may be established on a time (e.g. annual emissions associated with an internet service) or event basis (e.g. per night emissions associated with a hotel stay)

• The functional unit may differ according to the purpose of the assessment activity. For example, the functional unit for internal organizational reporting may differ from the functional unit communicated to consumers


System boundarySystem boundary

• Establishing the system boundary

– Product Category Rule (PCR) accordance with ISO 14025, if available

• Partial GHG emission information for business‐to‐business assessment

• Material contribution and threshold

– Materiality threshold: 1% of the LC GHG emissions

– at least 95% of the anticipated LC GHG emissions

– the assessed emissions shall be scaled up to represent 100% of the GHG emissions


System boundarySystem boundary

• Raw materials

• Energy

• Manufacturing and service provision

• Operation of premises

• Transport

• Storage

• Use phase (‘average’ consumer behaviour needs to be defined)

– PCR, published international standards, published national guidelines, published industry guidelines, organization carryingout the assessment


System boundary exclusionsSystem boundary exclusions

• Immaterial inputs (contributing less than 1% of total anticipated life cycle GHG emissions)

• Capital goods excluded (will be considered in the future revisions of PAS)

• human energy inputs to processes and/or preprocessing (e.g. if fruit is picked by hand rather than by machinery);

• transport of consumers to and from the point of retail purchase;

• transport of employees to and from their normal place of work; and

• animals providing transport services


DataData• Data quality rules

– time‐specificity, geographical specificity, technological coverage, accuracy, precision, completeness, consistency, reproducibility, data sources

• Primary activity data

– from those processes owned, operated or controlled by the organization implementing the PAS

– physical measurements of GHG not required (e.g. emissions from livestock, fertilizer application, etc.)

• Secondary data

– When primary activity data is not available or not reliable, data not from direct measurements may be used

– In some cases, secondary data may be preferable to enable consistency and, where possible, comparability

• GWP, electricity emissions, fuel emissions, transport emissions, etc.


Secondary data sourcesSecondary data sources

• PAS 2050 recommends the use of verified PAS data from other sources where available

• Peer‐reviewed publications

• Other competent sources (e.g. national government, official UN publications and publications by UN‐supported organisations)

• Publicly available databases

– LCA software

– Industry‐specific databases

– Country‐specific data sources (e.g. Thai national database)


Data variabilityData variability

• Changes in the life cycle of a product

– Temporary unplanned change

• More than 10% for more than 3 months – reassessment required

– Planned change

• More than 5% for more than 3 months – reassessment required

• Variability in emissions arising from the product life cycle

– Product available on a continuing basis

• at least one year data

– Seasonal products

• particular period associated with the production of the product


Allocation of emissionsAllocation of emissions

• Allocation to co‐products

– Dividing the unit process into subprocesses

– Expanding system boundary

– Economic allocation

• Emissions from waste

– CO2 emissions from waste

– Non‐CO2 emissions from waste

– Combustion of methane emissions from waste (with and without energy recovery)


Allocation of emissions

• Emissions from transport

– mass or volume limited

• Emissions from reuse and remanufacture

– LC GHG emissions excluding use phase divided equally among anticipated number of uses

– LC GHG emissions for any use is equal to the ones calculated above plus those from use and re‐manufacture


Claims of conformityClaims of conformity• Independent third party certification

– “Greenhouse gas emission calculated by [insert unambiguous identification of the claimant] in accordance with PAS 2050, [insert unambiguous identification of the certifying body] certified.”

• Other party verification

– “Greenhouse gas emission calculated by [insert unambiguous identification of the claimant] in accordance with PAS 2050, [insert unambiguous identification of the validating body] certified.”

• Self verification

– “Greenhouse gas emission calculated by [insert unambiguous identification of the claimant] in accordance with PAS 2050, self declared.”


• PAS 2050 does not specify any requirements for communicating a footprint or making reduction claims

• Code of Good Practice for product GHG emissions and reduction claims sponsored by the Carbon Trust and the Energy Saving Trust and developed through a consultative process in conjunction with PAS 2050

• The Carbon Trust Carbon Reduction Label is one option companies have for communicating compliance with PAS 2050 and the Code of Good Practice across a range of channels including:

– Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or other company reports

– on websites, in catalogues or sales brochures

– at point‐of‐sale or on the product pack itself

Communicating the footprintCommunicating the footprint


Communicating the footprintCommunicating the footprint


Carbon Reduction LabelCarbon Reduction Label






• Start‐up– Setting objectives– Choosing products– Engaging suppliers

• Product footprint calculations– Step 1: Building a process map– Step 2: Checking boundaries and prioritisation– Step 3: Collecting data– Step 4: Calculating the footprint– Step 5: Checking uncertainty (optional)

• Next steps– Validating results– Reducing emissions– Communicating the footprint and claiming reductions

Product carbon footprinting procedureProduct carbon footprinting procedure


Calculating C‐Footprint


EXPERIENCES WITH PAS2050:2008EXPERIENCES WITH PAS2050:2008IN THAILANDIN THAILAND

Steamed oven diced chicken

Chicken snack

Canned tuna in sunflower oil

Jasmine rice 100% (AA grade) Dried rice vermicelli/noodle

Sep 08 to Mar 09

May 08 to Aug 09

CF using PAS2050 in ThailandCF using PAS2050 in Thailand


• Mungkung, R., Gheewala, S.H., Towprayoon, S., Poovarodom, N., Tanaparisutti, P., Chupairote, T. (2010) Carbon Footprinting of Thai Rice Products: Practical Issues for a Harmonised Methodology, 9th International Conference on Ecobalance, 09‐12 November 2010, Tokyo, Japan

• Mungkung, R., Gheewala, S.H., Kanyarushoki, C., Hospido, A., van derWerf, H., Poovarodom, N., Bonnet, S., Aubin, J., Moreira, M.T., Feijoo, G. (2010) Practical issues of product carbon footprinting: Experiences from Thailand, LCAFood2010, VII International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri‐food Sector, 22‐24 September 2010, Bari, Italy

Published studies on experiences Published studies on experiences with PAS2050 in Thailandwith PAS2050 in Thailand


Issues of concernIssues of concern

• Consumer understanding

• Type of carbon label

• Consumer understanding

• Land use change

• Unreliable data (IPCC tier 1 default values)

• Baseline year

• Carbon storage in perennial plants

• Economic allocation


• Commitment to revise PAS2050 after 2 years

• Web‐based survey undertaken between 2 September

and 24 September 2010

• Survey completed by 1,018 respondents from organizations of all sizes

– those downloading the PAS2050:2008

– workshops hosted by Defra

– feedback from practitioners

BSI SurveyBSI Survey


Where are respondents based?Where are respondents based?

UK 38.3%

Asia & Pacific

18.6%

Europe 26.2%


Where have respondents used PAS 2050?Where have respondents used PAS 2050?

UK 38.0%

Asia & Pacific

32.5%Europe 34.7%


Topics highlighted for future attention in Topics highlighted for future attention in the revision of PAS 2050the revision of PAS 2050

The application of

a multiplier for

aircraft emissions

Referen

ce to ILCD

as a source of

secondary data

Indirect land

use change

Carbon storage

in soils

Emissions arising

from capital goods

Treatm

ent of

recycling


PAS 2050 RevisionPAS 2050 RevisionSummary of changesSummary of changes

Change to include removals and change to applicable time period and traceability of land-use-change. Introduction of supplementary requirements

5.5 Inclusion and treatment of land use change

Changes to reflect inclusion of biogenic carbon, food exclusion and shift of delayed emissions assessment to parallel activity.

5.4 Carbon storage in products

Change to reflect inclusion of biogenic carbon and food exclusion 5.3 Sources of GHG emissions

Accounting for delayed emissions no longer a requirement. (Option for separate recording)

5.2 Time period for assessment of GHG emissions

Expanded to include emissions and removals from both fossil and biogenic carbon (on basis of -1/ +1) and specific exclusion of emissions from food.

5.1 Scope of GHG emissions

Changes throughout 5 to include emissions and removals from bothfossil and biogenic carbon (on basis of -1/ +1). Exclusion of emissions from food.

5 Emission sources, offsetting and unit of analysis

Minor change to focus on cradle-to-gate/ cradle-to-grave. Clarification of cradle-to-gate

4.5 Implementation of this PAS

Modified to focus entirely on record keeping to the exclusion ofcommunication

4.4 Record keeping

New clause 4.3 Development of supplementary requirements

Some changes to descriptions of principles 4.2 Principles

No changes 4.1 General requirements

4 Principles and implementation

Changes to reflect focus on cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave rather than business-to-business and business-to-consumer, Definition of land use change, added.

3 Terms and definitions

No change 2 Normative references

Expanded to include provision for 'supplementary requirements' 1 Scope

Some changes resulting from changes to the PAS. Introduction of 'supplementary requirements' and clarification of position with regard to communication

Introduction

Nature of change PAS 2050 Clause

Changes to clarify the hierarchy of selection and permit influence of supplementary requirements

General requirement 8.1

Allocation of emissions 8

No change Validity of analysis 7.10

Change to eligibility of renewable energy sources and some minormodifications mainly editorial

Emissions data for fuel, electricity and heat

7.9

Change to introduce consideration of material difference. Non-CO2 emissions data for livestock and soils

7.8

No changes Data sampling 7.7

No changes Variability in emissions arising from the product life cycle

7.6

Clarification only Changes in the life cycle of a product

7.5

Clarification only Secondary data 7.4

Minor changes only Primary activity data 7.3

Change of title 'Data quality requirements' Data quality rules 7.2

General 7.1

Minor changes-general clarification Data 7

No changes System boundary exclusions 6.5

Changes to reflect above modifications, particularly the inclusion of removals and some clarification. Introduction of supplementary requirements

Elements of the product or service system

6.4

Changed to include removals Material contribution and threshold 6.3

Changes to clarify location of gate Cradle-to-gate GHG emission information

6.2

Changes to reflect use of supplementary requirements and cradle-to-gateEstablishing the system boundary 6.1

System boundary 6

Changed to remove reference to reporting Unit of analysis 5.8

Minor editorial changes Offsetting 5.7

Change to permit influence of supplementary requirements Treatment of soil carbon change in existing agricultural systems

5.6

Changes to align with agreed modified approach, focusing on transparency and information transfer for that purpose.

Annex F Provision of supporting information

Not updated possible replacement table sought. Annex E Default land use change values

Modified in line with agreed proposal to provide hierarchy of choice

Annex D Calculation of emissions arising from recyclable material inputs

Significant modifications and merging of proposed Annex D on weighted average of emissions over time.

Annex C Calculation of the weighted average impact of carbon storage in products.

No change Annex B Calculation weighted average impact of emissions from use and disposal phases

Updated table inserted. Annex A GWP table – 100 year assessment period

No change 10.4 Identification of the basis of a claim

No change 10.3 Basis of claim

Deleted 10.2 Scope of claim

Some changes to enhance focus on transparency supporting information rather than communication

10.1 General

10 Claims of conformity

Modification to suit changes above 9 Calculation of the GHG emissions of products

Modified methodology provided in Annex E with objective hierarchy for selection

8.6 Treatment of emissions associated with reuse and remanufacture

No change 8.5 Use of recycled material and recycling

No change 8.4 Emissions from transport

Additional examples to be provided in revised guidance document

8.3 Emissions from energy (CHP emissions)

Changes to confirm allocation to the product system that gave rise to the waste with the exception of methane combustion with energy recovery

8.2 Emissions from waste

PAS 2050:2008 Methodology and Experiencesconference.tgo.or.th/download/2011/workshop/190811/PPT/04_CFP.pdfPAS 2050:2008 Methodology and Experiences Shabbir H Gheewala Professor The

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