Parts of Speech ELA 9. This is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, or idea Martin Luther King Jr. Lamborghini knowledgecomputer New York.

Parts of SpeechParts of SpeechELA 9

This is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, or idea

Martin Luther King Jr.

Lamborghini

knowledge computer

New York

NounsNounsCommon Noun   Proper Noun superhero Batman

river Mississippi River

holiday Fourth of July

religion Buddhism

city London

composer Ludwig van Beethoven

car Volvo

NounsNounsSingular Noun 

• When a noun means only one.

Plural Noun• A plural form of a

noun names more than one. It usually ends with s or es.Singular Plural

lamp  lamps 

box  boxes

butterfly butterflies

Irregular PluralIrregular Plural

goose - geeseman - menmouse - mice

Recognize a concrete noun when you see one.One class of nouns is concrete. You can experience this group of nouns with your five senses: you see them, hear them, smell them, taste them, and feel them.

See Hear Smell Taste Touch

Bread Juice Music

Fish Perfume Cake

Car Water Pizza

Emotions/FeelingsEmotions/Feelings • Love

• Anger

• Sympathy

States/AttributesStates/Attributes• Loyalty

• Beauty

• Pain

In many cases these types of nouns are derived from an addition of a suffix or alteration in the root word. Child is a concrete noun, for example, but childhood is an intangible state, so it is abstract.

Nouns with the following suffixes are often abstract:-tion -ism -ity -ment -ness -age -ance/-ence -ship -ability -acy

THE POSSESSIVE FORM OF NOUNSThe possessive form is used with nouns referring to people, groups of people, countries,

and animals. 'Belonging to' or 'ownership' is one of the relationships it expresses :John owns a car. ('John' is the possessor or owner)

It is John's car.

For names ending in -s:In speaking we add the sound /ª z/ to the name, but in writing it looks like this s’.

James' shop.

Examples:The car of John = John's car.

The room of the girls = The girls' room.Clothes for men = Men's jobs.

The sister of Charles = Charles' sister.The boat of the sailors = The sailors' boat.

This is used instead of a noun to avoid repeating the noun

•These [pancakes sitting here now on my plate] are delicious.

You're going to wear these?

Pronouns take the place of nouns.Pronouns take the place of nouns. The word or phrase replaced by a pronoun is called an antecedentantecedent.

Halloween is one of America's holidays. It is celebrated in October. (HalloweenHalloween is a noun. ItIt is a pronoun that refers to the antecedent, Halloween.)

First Person: the person or people speaking or writing

Second Person: the person or people being spoken or written to

Third Person: the person, people, or things being spoken or written about

Singular Plural

I we me us

you you

she, her theyhe, him them it

This is used instead of a noun to avoid repeating the noun

This shows an action or state of being

State of being

be

like

own

Action

do

break

walk

Action Verbs

•Action verbs are something that a person or thing can do may be used alone as the main verb of a sentence e.g. run, jump, reach, swim, walked, fell etc.

•Action verbs can also be actions you can't see such as 'thought' or ‘wanted’.

•Action verbs can be time-telling verbs. They tell when something takes place - in the present, in the future or in the past

The words are action verbs:

ran

coughed

rideawake

swallowed

sang

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs act as an equals (=) sign in the sentence. The subject is not doing anything. Instead, it is or is like something else in the sentenceLinking verbs tell us that the subject has a word in the predicate that renames it (a noun) or describes it (an adjective)In other words, they are equal

maymightmust 

bebeingbeenamareiswaswere

(main)

dodoesdid

(main)

shouldcouldwould

havehadhas

(main)

willcanshall

23 Helping VerbsA helping verb works with a main verb to help you understand

what action is taking place.

Elmer was usingwas using the computer.

Other things to keep in mind: Not every sentence will have a helping verb with the main verb.

When you see an "ing" verb such as "running", be on the lookout for a helping verb also.

• Happy

• Tall

• Cold

• Sticky

• Colossal

• Ugly

This describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun

Comparative Adjectives

How to Use Comparative Adjectives

Comparative adjectives let you compare one thing to another.

Some adjectives add -er

John is taller than Jim.

Comparative AdjectivesHow to Use Comparative Adjectives

Some adjectives use more

Marching Band is more interesting than sports.

With some adjectives, you can do both!

This describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun

The Superlative!

The superlative shows that something is the most.

Juan is the strongest guy in the class.

This describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun

The Superlative!

Some adjectives add -est

John is the strongest.

This describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun

The Superlative!

Some adjectives use most

History is the most interesting classAgain…with some adjectives, you can do both!

This usually describes a verb, it tells you how something is done, or when/where something happened.

Many adverbs are made by adding –ly

onto the end of an adjective.

Kind

The boy kindly carried the old lady’s bags.

It was strangely quiet in the village.

Strange

An adverb tells you more

about a verb (doing word)

It tells you where, why, or how

much something happens or is done.

Adverbs can also tell you when something happens.

Our friends arrived yesterday.

The holidays will soon be over.

Examples of adverbs and what they do:

David was extremely grumpy.Extremely describeshow grumpy David was.

The runner easily finished first.Easily describes how the runner finished the race.

Jose, my oldest brother, drove slowly by his girlfriend’s house.

Slowly describeshow the brotherdrove the car.

This usually comes before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence.

Picture It Clip Art Preposition Example

                                           to "He carried the rubbish to the bin."

                                           down "He skied down the mountain."

                                       off "The man ran off the cliff."

                                          into "The man poured the sand into the timer.

aboard about above across after against along alongside amid amidst among amongst around asaside at athwart atop barring before behind

below beneath besidebesides between beyond but by circa concerning despite down during except failing following for from in inside into

like mid minus nearnext notwithstanding of off on onto opposite out outside over pace past per plus regarding round save

sincethan through throughout till times to toward towards under underneath unlike until up upon versusvia with within without worth

Coordinating Conjunctions

and but or yet for nor so

This joins two words, phrases, or sentences together.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

afteralthoughasas ifas long asas thoughbecausebeforeeven ifeven though

ifif onlyin order thatnow thatoncerather thansinceso thatthanthat

thoughtillunlessuntilwhenwheneverwherewhereaswhereverwhile

These stand alone in a sentence. They are used to express emotion.

Wow!

Ouch! Ugh!

Psst!Doh!