1.2 PARTS OF SPEECH . 96 PARTS OF SPEECH NOUN ADVERB INTERJECTION PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION VERB ADJECTIVE PRONOUN
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1.2 PARTS OF SPEECH.
96
PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUN
ADVERB
INTERJECTION
PREPOSITION
CONJUNCTION VERB
ADJECTIVE
PRONOUN
1.2.1 PART OF SPEECH: NOUNS.
97
NOUNS
Names of anything and everything seen and unseen.
ABSTRACT NOUN
An abstract noun is the
name of something that
we can only think of or
feel but cannot see.
PROPER NOUN
A proper noun is the
special name of a
particular person, place,
etc. A proper noun also
begins with a Capital Letter.
COMMON NOUN
A common noun is a
name given in common to
every person or thing of
the same class or kind.
COLLECTIVE NOUN
A collective noun is the
name of a number of persons or things taken or
thought of as one.
EXAMPLES OF NOUN.
98
EXAMPLES OF NOUNS
COMMON NOUN
Man Town Village Mountain River Girl Shop Lady University
Woman City Sea Restaurant Country Bank State Ocean Lake
PROPER NOUN
Ah Liaw Ahmad Hassan Joel Ramesh Mani Megala Daud Kamal Nur Fadiyanah
Bukit Tinggi Melaka National Park Sabah Lahad Datu Tebobon Malaysia Rex Cinema Restaurant Ali
ABSTRACT NOUN
Width Truth Bravery Newness Wisdom Length Death Growth Anger
Childhood Motherhood Kingship Friendship Loss Sale Strength Beauty Thought
COLLECTIVE NOUN(in bold letter)
An army of soldiers. A band of musicians. A choir of singers. A drove of horses. A litter of cubs A nest of ants. A staff of employees. A pride of lions. An album of photographs. A book of notes.
THE GENDER OF NOUNS.
o Gender tells whether a person or an animal is a male or a female.
o In the others words, gender also tells the sex of a person, animal, etc.
o Gender also tells about things which have no sex.
o Nouns have four genders.
99
THE GENDER
NOUNS
MASCULINE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all males.
Examples:
Boy, man, father, brother, uncle, etc.
FEMININE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all females.
Examples:
Girl, woman, mother, sister, aunt, etc.
COMMON GENDER
The common gender is used where
the noun can be both male and female.
Examples:
Cousin, friend, person, child, student,
etc.
NEUTER GENDER
The neuter gender is used for things
which have no life or sex or are not
thought of as having life or sex.
Examples:
Tables, chair, pencil, book, house,
bag, etc.
NUMBER OF NOUNS.
100
NUMBER OF NOUNS
SINGULAR NUMBER
Shows only one person,
animal, thing, or place.
Example: A boy
A dog
A paper
PLURAL NUMBER
Shows more than one
person, animal, thing, or
place.
We do not use ‘a’ in the
plural number.
Example: Boys
Dogs
Papers
SPECIAL CASE
Some nouns have no singular number. They are used only in the plural.
Example: Trousers, shorts, scissors, clothes, peoples, etc.
8) Some nouns have no plural forms:Singular Plural
101
THE PLURALS OF NOUNS ARE FORMED BY THE FOLLOWING WAYS
1) By changing -y, after a consonant, into ‘ies’, Singular Plural
ArmyBabyCurryLadyStorySpy
Glory
ArmiesBabiesCurriesLadiesStoriesSpies
Glories
2) By adding ‘s’ to the Singular (the general rule):
Singular PluralAnt
CupfulHandfulThingBoy
PictureLay-by
AntsCupfulsHandfulsThingsBoys
PicturesLay-bys
3) By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in a hissing sound, that is, ending in –x, -sh, -s:Singular Plural
TaxWatchBox
GlassVirusFlashSix
TaxesWatches
BoxesGlassesVirusesFlashesSixes
4) By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in -o:
Singular PluralBuffaloHero
TomatoVeto
VolcanoMangoPotato
BuffaloesHeroes
TomatoesVetoes
VolcanoesMangoesPotatoes
3) There are exception to this rule, among which are the following:
Singular PluralDynamoBamboo
CurioLassoPianoTattooTwo
DynamosBamboos
CuriosLassosPianosTattoosTwos
4) If the -y is after a vowel (a, e, I, o, u), we follow the ordinary rule and add ‘s’.
Singular PluralBayDay
DelayBoyJoy
DecoyKey
BaysDays
DelaysBoysJoys
DecoysKeys
5) By changing –‘f’ or ‘fe’ into ‘ves’.
Singular PluralCalfLifeWifeLeafLoaf
SheafHalf
CalvesLivesWivesLeavesLoaves
SheavesHalves
9) Some nouns are used in the plural form only.
ClothesContents
ShortsTrousersThanks
PyjamasPeople
GoodsStatistics
PantsSpectacles
ScissorsCompassesGymnastics
5) There are exception to this rule:
Singular PluralBeliefDwarfRoofTurfHoofBluffSerf
BeliefsDwarfsRoofsTurfsHoofsBluffsSerfs
6) By changing the inside vowel:
Singular PluralAxisFoot
FungusCactus
EmporiumCrisisTooth
AxesFeetFungiCacti
EmporiaCrisesTeeth
7) These words take -‘en’ -‘ren’:
Singular PluralChildOx
Brother
ChildrenOxen
Brothers or Brethren (old use)
AdviceDeer
KnowledgeSeriesNewsMusicSheep
AdviceDeer
KnowledgeSeriesNewsMusicSheep
102
11) Compound Nouns (i.e. words formed by joining other words) add ‘s’.
Singular PluralBrother-in-law
Looker-onCommanderLord Justice
Father-in-law-in-chief
Passer-by
Brothers-in-lawLookers-on
CommandersLords Justice
Fathers-in-law-in-chief
Passers-by
10) Some nouns are plural in form but are used in the singular.
Athletics
Economics
Ethics
Mathematics
News
Politics
12) The following are foreign words:
Singular PluralAbacus
AntithesisBacillusFormulaGenusLarvaOasisRadiusDictumLacuna
Maximum
AbaciAntitheses
BacilliFormulaeGeneraLarvaeOasesRadiiData
Lacunae (Lacunas)Maxima
1.2.2 PART OF SPEECH : PRONOUNS.
103
PRONOUNS
Word used for or instead of a noun. It shows the person or thing without giving the name.
A pronoun stands alone. It is not used with a Noun. An Adjective is used with a Noun.
Subject Pronouns
Pronoun used BEFORE a verb.
Example: I, you, he, she, it,
we, they.
Objective Pronouns
Pronoun used AFTER a verb.
Example: Me, you, him, her, it,
us, them.
KIND OF PRONOUNS.
104
KIND OF PRONOUNS
Personal Pronoun
Example:
I, we, you, he, she, it, they.
Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronoun
Example:
Myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Demonstrative Pronoun
Example:
This, that, these, those, such, same, etc.
Possessive Pronoun
Example:
Mine, ours, yours, his, her, its, theirs.
Interrogative Pronoun
Example:
Who? Which? What? Whose?
Indefinite Pronoun
Example:
One, any, each, some, all, none, nothing, anyone, something, somebody, etc.
Distributive Pronoun
Example:
Each, either, neither, etc.
Relative Pronoun
Example:
Who, which, that, what, whom, as, whoever, whichever, whatever, etc.
THE GENDER OF PRONOUNS.
105
Personal Pronouns Stand For Three Persons
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
THE GENDER
PRONOUNS
MASCULINE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all males.
Examples:
He, him, himself.
FEMININE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all females.
Examples:
She, her, herself.
COMMON GENDER NEUTER GENDER
Personal Pronouns Used as Subject of Verbs
(Who? What?) (The Nominative Case)
First Person:Second Person:Third Person:
SINGULARI
YouHeSheIt
PLURALWeYouTheyTheyThey
Example:
a. I made a cake.b. We saw a dog.c. You ran fast.d. He went out.e. She read a book.f. It made a noise.g. They sang songs.
FIRST PERSON The person or persons speaking. Example:
I, we.
SECOND PERSON The person or persons spoken to. Example:
You.
THIRD PERSON The person or persons or thing spoken
about. Example:
He, She, They, It.
Personal Pronouns Used as Objects of Verbs.
(Who? What?) (The Nominative Case)
First Person:Second Person:Third Person:
SINGULARMeYouHimHerIt
PLURALUs
YouThemThemThem
Example:
a. Give me some money.b. You told us some lies.c. She gave you the book.d. I told him the story.e. Give her the pen.f. Give it some food.g. We told them everything.
NUMBER OF PRONOUNS.
106
COMMON GENDER NEUTER GENDER
NUMBER OF PRONOUNS
1.2.3 PART OF SPEECH : VERB.
107
SINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBER
o Io Youo Heo Sheo Ito Meo Himo Hero Mineo Yourso Hiso Herso Myselfo Yourselfo Himselfo Herselfo Itselfo Thiso Thato Oneo Whoo Whoseo Whomo Which
o Weo Youo Theyo Theyo Theyo Uso Themo Themo Ourso Yourso Theirso Theirso Ourselveso Yourselveso Themselveso Themselveso Themselveso Theseo Thoseo Oneso Whoo Whoseo Whomo Which
108
VERB
A verb is a saying-word. The verb tells us what a person or
thing does.
ONE WORD
Example: Maria eats every day.
Joe reads every day.
Daniel studies every day.
Sasha plays every
evening.
MORE THAN ONE WORD
AUXILIARY VERBS
The words that helping a verbs.
VERB: TO BE
Present Tense (Time): now, every day, always, often, usually, etc.
SINGULAR(one)
I amYou are
He isShe is
It is
PLURAL(more than one)
We areYou are They are They areThey are
Past Tense (Time): yesterday, last night, last month, last year, etc.
SINGULAR(one)
PLURAL(more than one)
We were
VERB: TO HAVEPresent Tense (Time): now, every day, always, often, usually, etc.
SINGULAR(one)
I haveYou haveHe hasShe has
It has
PLURAL(more than one)
We haveYou haveThey haveThey haveThey have
Past Tense (Time): yesterday, last night, last month, last year, etc.
SINGULAR(one)
I hadYou hadHe hadShe had
It had
PLURAL(more than one)
We hadYou hadThey hadThey hadThey had
Future Tense (Time): tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, etc.SINGULAR
(one)
I shall haveYou will haveHe will haveShe will have
It will have
PLURAL(more than one)
We shall haveYou will haveThey will haveThey will haveThey will have
109VERB
110
TRANSITIVE VERBS
o The transitive verb is the verb which needs an object to make its meaning clear or complete.
o The object is a noun or pronoun. So, we ask the question “what?” or “whom?” after the verb to find its object.
o Example:1. Tom played football.
Verb: playedQuestion: Played what?Answer: footballfootball = objectplayed = Transitive verb
2. I helped him.Verb: helpedQuestion: helped who?Answer: himhim = objecthelped = Transitive verb
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
o An Intransitive Verb does not need an object to complete its meaning or sense.
o Example:1. He comes every day. (no object)2. She sings well. (no object)3. You talk loudly. (no object)4. He runs fast. (no object)
o NOTE: The words, every day, well, loudly and fast do not answer the question, “what?” or “whom?” after the verb. They answer the question, “when?" or “how?” They are therefore not nouns or objects. They are verbs.
VERB
1.2.4 PART OF SPEECH : ADJECTIVES.
111
FINITE VERBS
o The finite verb is the Verb that changes
with the person and number of the subject.
o Every sentence must have a finite verb.
o Example:
1. We go to school. (go = finite verb)He goes to school.
2. They come here every day. (come = finite verb)She comes here every day.
3. We do not tell lies. (do = finite verb)He does not tell lies.
INFINITIVE VERBS
o The Infinitive verb is a verb that does not
change with the person and the number of the subject.
o It also likes a noun because it names,
that is, it names an action. But the
infinitive can take an object. So, the
infinitive can take an object.o Example:
1. He wants to eat rice.
(to eat = infinitive)
(to eat what? rice)
(rice = object)
2. He likes to play football.
(to play = infinitive)
(to play what? football)
(football = object)
3. They like to hear music.
(to hear = infinitive)
(to hear what? music)
(music = object)
ADJECTIVE
A word which tells something more about a noun, that is, about a thing or a person.
It also a describing-word. It is a word added to a noun to tell us something more about that noun.
Example:Beautiful, good, poor, etc.
1.2.5 PART OF SPEECH : ADVERB.
112
Possessive Adjective
An adjective which shows that something belongs to a person of thing.
Its shows ownership or possession. It answers the question, “whose?”
Example:My, your, her, our, his, their, etc.
1.2.6 PART OF SPEECH : CONJUCTIONS.
113
TYPE OF ADVERB
Adverb of Time
This shows when an action or something is done or happens.
Example: He comes always. She is eating now. He told me then.
Adverb of Place
This shows where an action or something is done or happens.
Example: He is standing outside. She came in. They walked out.
Adverb of Manner
This shows how an action or something is done or happens.
Example: He speaks softly. She walks quickly. He failed badly.
Adverb of Degree
This answers the questions, “to what degree?” or “how much?”
Example: He read much. She shouts too now. I am very sorry.
Affirmative Adverb (Yes) and Adverb of
Negation (No)
Example: Yes, surely, certainly,
indeed, by all means. No, not at all, by no
means.
Interrogative Adverb (question)
Example: When? Where? How? Why? How much? How often?
Relative Adverb (when,where,how,why)
The words are not questions.
Example: He read much. She shouts too now. I am very sorry.
114
CONJUNCTIONS Words that joining words. Example:
And, but, because, since, if, so, although, before, until, unless, therefore, or, yet, for, etc.
A Conjunction Can Join Words
Example:
I saw a man and a dog. (joining two Nouns)
She spoke and I laughed. (joining two Verbs)
He was hungry and thirsty. (joining two Adjectives)
He speaks gently and softly. (joining two Adverbs)
A Conjunction Can Phrases
Example:
They started on the journey, full of hope and happy together.
(Phrases: full of hope; happy together)
A Conjunction Can Sentences
Example:
James is 1.8 metres tall and weighs 80 kilograms.
(Sentences: James 1.8 metres tall; james weighs 80 kilograms)
1. If both Subject are Singular, the verb which follows “either … or”, “neither … nor” must be in the Singular.
Example:
a. Either his father or his mother is ill.(mother = Singular Subject, is = Singular
2. If both Subject are Plural, then the Conjunctions “either … or”, “neither … nor” must be in the Plural Verb.
Example:
a. Either my friends or your friends have done it.
1.2.7 PART OF SPEECH : PREPOSITIONS.
115
1. If both Subject are Singular, the verb which follows “either … or”, “neither … nor” must be in the Singular.
Example:
a. Either his father or his mother is ill.(mother = Singular Subject, is = Singular
2. If both Subject are Plural, then the Conjunctions “either … or”, “neither … nor” must be in the Plural Verb.
Example:
a. Either my friends or your friends have done it.
116
PREPOSITIONS Word which is used before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to
some other word in the sentence. The same word may used as a Preposition, an adverb or a Conjunction. It also always governs the Noun or Pronoun; the Adverb modifies the
Verb.
EXAMPLE
o His hat is on his head. (on = Preposition) (head = Noun)
o He walked past the door. (past = Preposition) (door = Noun)
o They were in the room. (in = Preposition) (room = Noun)
PREPOSITIONS INDICATE
Direction
Joel went to town. Jerad walked towards me.
Position
Rahimah sat on the chair. We live under one roof.
117
Direction
Joel went to town. Jerad walked towards me.
Position
Rahimah sat on the chair. We live under one roof.
Like Something
The wrestler walks like a gorilla. Sharizam runs like cheetah. Debora cry like the sound of the cat.
SIMPLE PREPOSITION
-Word of only one syllable
-at, down, by, from, for, in, like, of, off, on,
COMPOUND PREPOSITION
-Word of two or more syllable and is usually made up of two or more word or is formed by prefixing and suffixing.
1.2.8 PART OF SPEECH : PREPOSITIONS.
118
TYPES OF PREPOSITION
There are four types of preposition: simple, compound, participle, phrase.
SIMPLE PREPOSITION
-Word of only one syllable
-at, down, by, from, for, in, like, of, off, on,
COMPOUND PREPOSITION
-Word of two or more syllable and is usually made up of two or more word or is formed by prefixing and suffixing.
PARTICIPLE PREPOSITION
-A participle form used with the force of preposition rather than with the force of an adjective, gerund or a verbal noun
-concerning, considering, providing, regarding, etc.
PHRASE PREPOSITION
-A group of two words or more word
-Because of according to, as to, by means of, in accordance with, together with, etc.
Hush!
-Used to warn people to listen and not to make noise.
Oh!
-Used to express surprise, wonder, anger, fear,
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