1/25/2017 1 Flowers
1/25/2017 1
Flowers
1/25/2017 Flowers 2
Parts of a Flower
Stamen = anther + filament
Pistil = stigma + style + ovary
Petals (corolla)
Sepals (calyx)
Perianth =
calyx + corolla
Receptacle
Peduncle / Pedicel
1/25/2017 Flowers 3
Flower Parts
Receptacle
Stamens
TepalsPistil
1/25/2017 Flowers 4
Complete vs. Incomplete
Complete
having all parts sepals, petals, stamens, and a pistil or pistils
Incomplete
flowers lacking one or more of the “parts”
FothergillaYoshino Cherry
1/25/2017 Flowers 5
Perfect flower
Having both functional stamens and pistils
Examples: Rose, Crabapple, Cherry, and Tuliptree.
Rosa moyesii
‘Neveda’
1/25/2017 Flowers 6
Sterile flowers
Barren, not able to produce seed.
Examples: Many of the double flowering cultivars.
Viburnum plicatum
Japanese Snowball
Viburnum plicatum var.
tomentosum
Doublefile Viburnum
1/25/2017 Flowers 7
Quiz time
Complete or Incomplete
Floral parts Complete or Perfect or
Present Incomplete Imperfect
S + P + St. + Pistil
S + St. + Pistil
S + St. Incomplete Imperfect
Incomplete Perfect
Complete Perfect
1/25/2017 Flowers 8
Types of Ovary Position
Superior Hypogynous
Half-inferior Perigynous
Inferior Epigynous
Ex. Peach Ex. Cherry Ex. Apple
Receptacle
Hypanthium
1/25/2017 Flowers 9
Types of Ovary Position
Superior - The superior ovary of the pistil is above the site of attachment of other floral parts (stamens, sepals, & petals)
Inferior - The inferior ovary is below the site of attachment of other floral parts
Half-inferior - These are flowers that show varying degrees of ovary position
1/25/2017 Flowers 10
Inferior Ovary - Apple
Perianth tube
An apple develops from the
flower’s perinath tube.
1/25/2017 Flowers 11
Petal-like
structures
Bracts
Poinsettia & Dogwood
Tepals
Tulip & Magnolia
1/25/2017 Flowers 12
Nectar Guides - pollination
Iris Foxglove
1/25/2017 Flowers 13
Inflorescences
Spike. The flowers
are attached to the stem without stalks (no peduncle).
Acanthus sp.Crabgrass
1/25/2017 Flowers 14
Inflorescences
Raceme. The
flowers are attached to the stem by short stalks (pediuncle).
Sweet Broom
Genista racemosa
1/25/2017 Flowers 15
Inflorescences
Panicle. The
flowers are attached on pedicels on a main axis called the peduncle, which is an extension of the stem (peduncles & pedicels).
Begonia sp.
1/25/2017 Flowers 16
Inflorescences
Umbel. The
flowers stalks arise from one point at the tip of a stem.
Agapanthus africanus
African Lily
1/25/2017 Flowers 17
Inflorescences
Composite head.An inflorescence composed of many tightly packed, small flowers.
Out flowers - Ray
flowers (showy and sterile)
Inner flowers - Disc flowers (fertile flowers)
1/25/2017 Flowers 18
Inflorescences
Solitary. Occurring
alone, not paired or clustered.
Rosa x ‘Voodoo’
1/25/2017 Flowers 19
Monoecious - Separate male and
female flowers (cones) on the same plant
Male conesFemale cones
1/25/2017 Flowers 20
Dioecious - Separate male and female
flowers (cones) on the different plants
Ginkgo Holly
1/25/2017 Flowers 21
It just keeps going!
Polygamo-monoeciousrefers to condition where male, female and perfect flowers occur on the same plant.
Polygamo-dioecioushaving male and female flowers on separateplants, but these plants having perfect flowers as well.
MulberryRed Maple
1/25/2017 Flowers 22
Quiz time
Which of these two flowers is capable of producing fruit and seed? A or B
Need
Both
A
B
1/25/2017 Flowers 23
Reproductive Process
Pollination - The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma.
Fertilization - The fusion of gametes
1/25/2017 Flowers 24
Self-unfruitful/self-sterile
The pollen of the flowers of a single plant will not fertilize the pistils of the flowers of that plant. In other words, pollen from another plant of a different clone is necessary, or cross-fertilization is required.
Bradford Pear
1/25/2017 Flowers 25
Parthenocarpy
(parthenocarpic)
Development of fruit without pollination, fertilization or seed development
Other examples Nellie R. Stevens Holly, Burford Holly, Banana, and most varieties of Figs (e.g., Brown Turkey
and Celeste)Nellie R. Stevens Holly
1/25/2017 Flowers 26
Reasons plants stopped flowering
Insufficient light - decreasing light levels
overtime
Winter injury, late frost or wind (tissue
desiccation)
Drought / heat stress
Improper pruning
Lack of vigor
1/25/2017 Flowers 27
Reasons plants stopped flowering -
cont....
Diseases, pests and injuries
Misuse of pesticide sprays
Leaf and flower buds may be killed or damaged by
spraying when temperatures are below 40oF
Over-spraying of dormant oil, lime sulfur and other
fungicides and insecticides may damage buds and
blooms
1/25/2017 Flowers 28
Reasons plants fail to fruit
Plants only produce sterile flowers
Plants only produce male flowers
Plants need to be cross pollinated
Growing season is too short
Improper or lack of pruning
Pests e.g., squirrels, deer, etc.
Stress e.g., drought, borers
Plants that have never set fruit
1/25/2017 Flowers 29
Plants that have stopped setting
fruit or have dropped fruit
Pollen source has be removed
Insufficient light
Improper or lack of pruning
Lack of vigor
High and low temperatures, e.g., kills pollen, inhibits
fertilization, and causes flowers to abort.
Drought stress, excessive water
Insufficient pollination, lack of insect pollinators
Plants that have stopped setting fruit
1/25/2017 Flowers 30
Questions
Developed by Steve Dubik
Montgomery College
240-567-7803