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 Parton Distributions for the LHC James Stirling Cambridge University (with Alan Martin, Robert Thorne, Graeme Watt)
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Parton Distributions for the LHC - University of … · 2008-11-20 · Parton Distributions for the LHC ... xu x xd x xs x F x d e q x eq xq x q q q q q ... perturbation theory ...

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Page 1: Parton Distributions for the LHC - University of … · 2008-11-20 · Parton Distributions for the LHC ... xu x xd x xs x F x d e q x eq xq x q q q q q ... perturbation theory ...

 Parton Distributions for the LHC

James StirlingCambridge University

(with Alan Martin, Robert Thorne, Graeme Watt)

Page 2: Parton Distributions for the LHC - University of … · 2008-11-20 · Parton Distributions for the LHC ... xu x xd x xs x F x d e q x eq xq x q q q q q ... perturbation theory ...

2

deep inelastic scatteringand

 parton distributions

1

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deep inelastic scattering

X

electron

proton

• variablesQ2 = –q2 

x = Q2 /2p∙q   (Bjorken x)

( y = Q2 /x s )

• resolution

    at HERA, Q2 < 105 GeV2 ⇒ λ > 10­18 m = rp/1000

• inelasticity

    ⇒ 0 < x ≤  1

QQh GeVm102 16−×==λ

222

2

pX MMQQx

−+=

•in general, we can write

     where the Fi(x,Q2) are called structure functions

0 .0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .80 .0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1 .0

1 .2

 

Q 2    (G e V 2 ) 1 .5 3 .0 5 .0 8 .0 1 1 .0 8 .7 5 2 4 .5 2 3 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 0 0 0

F2(x

,Q2 )Bjorken

Scaling

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• photon scatters incoherently off massless, pointlike, spin­1/2 quarks

• probability that a quark carries fraction ξ of parent proton’s momentum is q(ξ),  (0< ξ < 1)

the parton model (Feynman 1969)

• the functions u(x), d(x), s(x), … are called parton distribution functions (pdfs) ­ they encode information about the proton’s deep structure

...)(91)(

91)(

94

)()()()( 2

,

21

0,

2

+++=

=−= ∑∫∑

xsxxdxxux

xqxexqedxF qqq

qqq

ξδξξξ

infinitemomentumframe

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5

extracting pdfs from experiment• different beams (e,µ,ν,…) & 

targets (H,D,Fe,…) measure different combinations of quark pdfs  

• thus the individual q(x) can be extracted from a set of structure function measurements

•  gluon not measured directly, but carries about 1/2 the proton’s momentum

[ ][ ]...2

...2

...)(91)(

94)(

91

...)(91)(

91)(

94

2

2

2

2

+++=

+++=

++++++=

++++++=

sduFusdF

ssdduuF

ssdduuF

n

p

en

ep

ν

ν

( ) 55.0)()(1

0=+∫∑ xqxqxdx

q

eNN FFss 22 365 −== ν

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6

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7

40 years of Deep Inelastic Scattering

0 .0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .80 .0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1 .0

1 .2

 

Q 2     (G e V 2 ) 1 .5 3 .0 5 .0 8 .0 1 1 .0 8 .7 5 2 4 .5 2 3 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 0 0 0

F2(x

,Q2)

x

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8

scaling violations and QCD

quarks emit gluons!0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0

0

2

4

6

 

x

F2

Q1

Q2 > Q1

The structure function data exhibit systematic violations of Bjorken scaling:

DGLAPequations

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1972­77 1977­80 2004

going to higher orders in pQCD is straightforward in principle, since the above structure for F2 and for DGLAP generalises in a straightforward way:

The 2004 calculation of the complete set of P(2) splitting functions by Moch, Vermaseren and Vogt (hep­ph/0403192,0404111) completes the calculational tools for a consistent NNLO pQCD treatment of Tevatron & LHC hard­scattering cross sections

beyond lowest order in pQCD

see above         see book           see next slide!

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summary: how pdfs are obtained• choose a factorisation scheme (e.g. MSbar), an order in 

perturbation theory (see below, e.g. LO, NLO, NNLO) and a ‘starting scale’ Q0 where pQCD applies (e.g. 1­2 GeV)

• parametrise the quark and gluon distributions at Q0,, e.g.

• solve DGLAP equations to obtain the pdfs at any x and scale Q > Q0 ; fit data for parameters {Ai,ai, …� S}

• approximate the exact solutions (e.g. interpolation grids, expansions in polynomials etc) for ease of use; thus the output ‘global fits’ are available ‘off the shelf”, e.g.

 input |                   output

SUBROUTINE PDF(X,Q,U,UBAR,D,DBAR,…,BBAR,GLU)

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the asymmetric sea•the sea  presumably  arises when ‘primordial‘ valence quarks emit gluons which in turn split into quark­antiquark pairs, with suppressed splitting into heavier quark pairs

•so we naively expect

• but why such a big d­u asymmetry? Meson cloud, Pauli exclusion, …?

...csdu >>>≈

The ratio of Drell­Yan cross sections for pp,pn � ¡+μ- + X provides a measure of the difference between the u and d sea quark distributions

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strangeearliest pdf fits had SU(3) symmetry: 

later relaxed to include (constant) strange suppression (cf. fragmentation):

with κ = 0.4 – 0.5

nowadays, dimuon production in υN DIS  (CCFR, NuTeV) allows ‘direct’ determination:

in the range 0.01 < x < 0.4 

data seem to prefer

theoretical explanation?!

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MSTW

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charm, bottomconsidered sufficiently massive to allow pQCD treatment: 

distinguish two regimes:(i)        include full mH dependence to get correct threshold behaviour(ii)        treat as ~massless partons to resum αS

nlogn(Q2/mH2) via DGLAP

FFNS: OK for (i) only ZM­VFNS: OK for (ii) only

consistent GM(=general mass)­VFNS now available (e.g. ACOT(χ), Roberts­Thorne) which interpolates smoothly between the two regimes

Note: definition of these is tricky and non­unique (ambiguity in assignment of O(mH

2//Q2) contributions), and the implementation of improved treatment (e.g. in going from MRST2006 to MSTW 2008)  can have a big effect on light partons

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charm and bottom structure functions

MSTW 2008

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18

MSTW*

2

*Alan Martin, JS, Robert Thorne, Graeme Watt

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19

the MRS/MRST/MSTW project

•  since 1987 (with Alan Martin, Dick Roberts, Robert Thorne, Graeme Watt), to produce ‘state­of­the­art’ pdfs

• combine experimental data with theoretical formalism to perform ‘global fits' to data to extract the pdfs in user­friendly form for the particle physics community

 • currently widely used at HERA and the Fermilab 

Tevatron, and in physics simulations for the LHC

• currently, the only available NNLO pdf sets with rigorous treatment of heavy quark flavours 

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

MRS(E,B)MRS(E’,B’)

MRS(D­,D0,S0)

MRS(A)MRS(A’,G)MRS(Rn)MRS(J,J’)MRST1998MRST1999MRSTS2001E

MRST2004MRST2004QED

MRST2006

MSTW2008

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20

MSTW 2008 update

• new data (see next slide)

• new theory/infrastructure

− δ fi from new dynamic tolerance method− new definition of αS (no more ΛQCD)− new GM­VFNS for c, b (see Martin et al., arXiv:0706.0459)− new fitting codes: FEWZ, fastNLO− new grids: denser, broader coverage− slightly extended parametrisation at Q0

2 :34­4=30 free parameters including αS 

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21

data sets used in fit

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MSTW input parametrisation

Note: 20 parameters allowed to go free for eigenvector PDF sets, cf. 15 for MRST sets

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MSTW2008(NLO) vs. CTEQ6.6

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impact of pdfs on precision phenomenology at LHC

3

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27

Scattering processes at high energy hadron colliders can be classified as either HARD or SOFT

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the underlying theory for all such processes, but the approach (and the level of understanding) is very different for the two cases

For HARD processes, e.g. W or high­ET jet production, the rates and event properties can be predicted with some precision using perturbation theory

For SOFT processes, e.g. the total cross section or diffractive processes, the rates and properties are dominated by non­perturbative QCD effects, which are much less well understood

What can we calculate?

WJS

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28

SUSY

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29

where X=W, Z, H, high­ET jets, SUSY sparticles, black hole, …, and Q is the ‘hard scale’ (e.g. = MX), usually µF = µR = Q, and σ is known …  

•  to some fixed order in pQCD, e.g. high­ET jets

•  or in some leading logarithm approximation (LL, NLL, …) to all orders via resummation

 the QCD factorization theorem for hard­scattering (short­distance) inclusive processes

^

σ̂

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30

DGLAP evolution

momentum fractions x1 and x2 determined by mass and rapidity of X

x1P

proton

x2P

proton

M

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31

pdfs at LHC – the issues• high precision cross section predictions require accurate 

knowledge of pdfs: δσth = δσpdf + … 

    ,  improved signal and background predictions     ∙  easier to spot new physics

• ‘standard candle’ processes (e.g. σZ) to–  check formalism (factorisation, DGLAP, …)–  measure machine luminosity?

• learning more about pdfs from LHC measurements. e.g. –   high­ET jets    gluon? –   W+,W–,Z0   quarks? –   forward DY ¿ small x?–    …

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32

how important is pdf precision?

Catani et al, 

• Example 1: : (MH=120 GeV) @ LHCδδ pdf ≈  ±2%,   δδ ptNNL0 ≈  ± 10%

              δδ ptNNLL ≈  ± 8% � δδ theory ≈  ± 10%

• Example 2: : (Z0) @ LHCδδ pdf ≈  ±2%,   δδ ptNNL0 ≈  ± 2%    

   δδ theory ≈  ± 3%

    

±2%

MSTW

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33

• Example 3: : (tt) @ LHCδδ pdf ≈  ±2%,   δδ ptNNL0approx ≈  ± 3%    

   δδ theory ≈  ± 4%

• Example 4: quantitative limits    on New Physics depend     on pdfs    

Moch, Uwer

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•  LED accelerate the running of r S as the compactification scale Mc is approached

•  sensitivity attentuated by pdf uncertainties in SM prediction

sensitivity of dijet cross section at LHC to large extra dimensions

Ferrag (ATLAS), hep­ph/0407303

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35

parton luminosity functions•  a quick and easy way to assess the mass and collider energy dependence of production cross sections

s                 Ma

b

•  i.e. all the mass and energy dependence is contained in the X­independent parton luminosity function in [ ]•  useful combinations are •  and also useful for assessing the uncertainty on cross sections due to uncertainties in the pdfs

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Tevatron

LHC

LHC / Tevatron

Huston, Campbell, S (2007)

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37

parton luminosity uncertainties at LHC

1 0 2 1 0 3­1 5

­1 0

­5

0

5

1 0

1 5

 g  g  ®  X q  q b a r  ®  X G  G  ®  X |y

X| <  2 .5

G  =  g  +  4 /9  ¡q(q  +  q b a r)

p a r to n   lu m in o s ity  u n c e r ta in t ie sa t L H C  (M S T W 2 0 0 8 N L O )

 

lum

ino

sity

 un

cert

ain

ty (

pe

rce

nt)

MX  (G e V )

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LHC at 10 TeV

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39

future hadron colliders: energy vs luminosity?

1 02

1 03

1 04

1 0­1

1 00

1 01

1 02

1 03

1 04

1 05

1 06

1 07

1 08

1 4  T e V

4 0  T e V

p a r to n  lu m in o s ity : g g  → X

 

glu

on­g

luo

n lu

min

osi

ty  

  [p

b]

MX  [G e V ]

for MX > O(1 TeV), energy ×  3 is better than luminosity ×  10 (everything else assumed equal!)

recall parton­parton luminosity:

so that

with τ  = MX2/s 

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pdfs at LHC – the issues• high precision cross section predictions require accurate 

knowledge of pdfs: δσth = δσpdf + … 

    ,  improved signal and background predictions     ∙  easier to spot new physics

• ‘standard candle’ processes (e.g. σZ) to–  check formalism (factorisation, DGLAP, …)–  measure machine luminosity?

• learning more about pdfs from LHC measurements. e.g. –   high­ET jets    gluon? –   W+,W–,Z0   quarks? –   forward DY ¿  small x?–    …

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comparison with measured Tevatron cross sections

data errors dominated by ±6% systematic error from luminosity uncertainty!

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• Absolute luminosity – from the parameters of the LHC machine 

(immediate, but only 10­15% accuracy)– rate of pp� Z0, W± ± l+ l­ , l  etc.– from elastic scattering in the Coulomb region 

(ALFA = roman pots at 240m), high β* running,     eventually 2­3% accuracy– combinations of above

• Relative luminosity– LUCID Cerenkov monitor, large dynamic range, 

excellent linearity

           R

50 1 2 43 6 7 8 y109                 TAS

Barrel

FCAL LUCIDTracking

EndCap

RP ZDC/TAN

Diffraction/Proton Tagging Regionµ ­chambers

pp

bgdobs

LANN

⋅⋅−

σ exp

( )2

2

0

2

42 t

eit

aFFLdtdN EM

NCt

B−

++−≈+= L tot

πππ

ATLAS aims for 2­3% accuracy in L, eventually

Luminosity measurements in ATLAS

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L from a fit to the t­spectrum 

( ) ( )( )

++−=

+=

−−

2

222/

2

22

2

1614

ce

te

tcL

FFLdtdN

tBtot

tBtot

NC

μ

πρσαρσπα

π

4.24%

0.59%

0.74%

1.5 %

error

B

� tot

L

92%0.15020.15

64%17.95 Gev­218 Gev­2

­99%101.1 mb100 mb

8.162 10268.124 1026

correlation fitinput

Simulating 10 M events,running 100 hrsfit range 0.00055­0.03

large stat.correlation between L and other parameters

from a talk by: Hasko Stenzel on behalf of 

the ATLAS Luminosity & forward physics WG

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• cross sections (total and rapidity distributions) known to NNLO pQCD and NLO EW; perturbation series seems to be converging quickly

 • EW parameters well measured at LEP • samples pdfs where they are well measured (in x) in DIS

• … although the mix of quark flavours is different: F2 and σ(W,Z) probe different combinations of u,d,s,c,b  �  sea quark distributions important

•  precise measurement of cross section ratios at LHC (e.g. σ(W+)/σ(W­), σ(W±)/σ(Z)) will allow these subtle effects to be explored further

standard candles: σ(W,Z) @ LHC

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LHC

Tevatron

at LHC, ~30% of W and Z total cross sections involves s,c,b quarks

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• MRST/MSTW NNLO: 2008 ~ 2006 > 2004 mainly due to changes in treatment of charm

• CTEQ: 6.6 ~ 6.5 > 6.1 due to changes in treatment of s,c,b• NLO: CTEQ6.6 2% higher than MSTW 2008 at LHC, because of 

slight differences in quark (u,d,s,c) pdfs, difference within quoted uncertainty

predictions for σ(W,Z) @ Tevatron, LHC

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R(W/Z)=σ(W)/σ(Z) @ Tevatron & LHC

CDF 2007:   R = 10.84 ± 0.15 (stat) ± 0.14 (sys)

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Note: at NNLO, factorisation and renormalisation scale variation M/2 �  2M gives an additional ± 2% change in the LHC cross sections

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predictions for σ(W,Z) @ LHC (Tevatron)

MSTW

2.001  (0.2543)21.32  (2.733)Alekhin 2002 NLO1.977  (0.2611)21.13  (2.805)Alekhin 2002 NNLO

2.043  (0.2393)21.58  (2.599)CTEQ6.6 NLO1.917  (0.2519)20.23  (2.724)MRST 2004 NNLO1.964  (0.2424)20.61  (2.632)MRST 2004 NLO2.044  (0.2535)21.51  (2.759)MRST 2006 NNLO2.018  (0.2426)21.21  (2.645)MRST 2006 NLO

2.051  (0.2507)21.72  (2.747)MSTW 2008 NNLO2.001  (0.2426)21.17  (2.659)MSTW 2008 NLO

Bll .σZ   (nb)Blυ .σW   (nb)

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δ� th ≈  δδ pdf ≈  ±1%,   

δδ expt ≈  ???

    

R± = σ(W+ �l +υ) / σ(W−−l−υ) 

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• high precision cross section predictions require accurate knowledge of pdfs: δσth = δσpdf + … 

    ,  improved signal and background predictions     ∙  easier to spot new physics

• ‘standard candle’ processes (e.g. σZ) to–  check formalism (factorisation, DGLAP, …)–  measure machine luminosity?

• learning more about pdfs from LHC measurements. e.g. –   high­ET jets    gluon? –   W+,W–,Z0   quarks? –   forward DY ¿  small x?–    …

pdfs at LHC – the issues

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impact of LHC measurements on pdfs• the standard candles: 

central σ(W,Z,tt,jets) as a probe and test of pdfs in the x ~ 10 ­2±1, Q2 ~ 104­6 GeV2 range where most New Physics is expected (H, SUSY, ….)

• forward production of (relatively) low­mass states (e.g. γ *,dijets,…) to access partons at x<<1 (and x~1)

W,Z

γ*

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 Unique features

• pseudo­rapidity range 1.9 ­ 4.9– 1.9 ­ 2.5 complementary to ATLAS/CMS– > 2.5  unique to LHCb

• beam defocused at LHCb: 1 year of running = 2 fb­1

• trigger on low momentum muons: p > 8 GeV, pT > 1 GeV

  access to unique range of (x,Q2)

LHCb

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LHCb`  detect forward, low pT muons from 

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58Ronan McNulty et al, at DIS08

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Impact of 1 fb­1 LHCb data for forward Z and γ* (M = 14 GeV) production on the gluon distribution uncertainty

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summary• precision phenomenology at high­energy colliders such 

as the LHC requires an accurate knowledge of the distribution functions of partons in hadrons

• determining pdfs from global fits to data is now a major industry… the MSTW collaboration is about to release its latest (2008) LO, NLO, NNLO sets

• pdf uncertainty for ‘new physics’ cross sections not expected to be too important (few % level), apart from at very high mass

• ongoing high­precision studies of standard candle cross sections and ratios

• potential of LHCb to access very small x via low­mass Drell­Yan lepton pair production

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extra slides

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PDF eigenvector sets

• the Hessian matrix

• diagonalise the covariance matrix C ≡  H­1

• produce eigenvector pdf sets Sk± with parameters ai shifted from the 

global minimum 

   with t adjusted to give the desired tolerance

• then calculate uncertainties on a quantity F with

CTEQ

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criteria for choice of tolerance TParameter­fitting criterion

• T2 = 1 for 68% (1σ) c.l., T2 = 2.71 for 90% c.l., etc• appropriate if fitting consistent data sets with ideal Gaussian errors to 

a well­defined theory• in practice: minor inconsistencies between fitted data sets, and 

unknown experimental and theoretical uncertainties, so• therefore not appropriate for global PDF analysis

Hypothesis­testing criterion (CTEQ)

• much weaker than the parameter­fitting criterion: treat eigenvector pdf sets as alternative hypotheses

• determine T2 from the criterion that each data set should be described within its 90% c.l. limit

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see G. Watt at DIS08 for more details

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MSTW2008(NLO) vs. NNPDF1.0

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68Adam, Halyo, Yost, Zhu, arXiv:0808.0758

acceptance for W a  lυ with ATLAS/CMS­type cuts

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summary of DIS data+ neutrino FT DIS data  Note: must impose cuts on 

DIS data to ensure validity of leading­twist DGLAP formalism in the global analysis, typically:

Q2 > 2 ­ 4 GeV2

W2 = (1­x)/x Q2 > 10 ­ 15 GeV2

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Z0

H(130GeV)Z’(1TeV)

(note: production at y=0 assumed)