K Sivasubramaniyan Assistant Professor Madras Institute of Development Studies 79, Second Main Road, Gandhinagar, Adyar, Chennai 600 020 E-mail: [email protected]Web: http://www.mids.ac.in/siva.htm PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT UNDER TANKS THE CASE OF IAMWARM PROJECT
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Participatory irigation management under tanks_ K. Sivasubramaniam_2013
In this presentation, K. Sivasubramaniam from the Madras Institute of Development Studies brings out the importance of tanks in irrigation and need for them to be managed effectively. He takes up the case of the Tamil Nadu - Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water-bodies Restoration and Management (IAMWARM) project and discusses his research findings.
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K SivasubramaniyanAssistant ProfessorMadras Institute of Development Studies79, Second Main Road, Gandhinagar, Adyar, Chennai 600 020
1 LAND – Possibility of ownership 2 AIR - Unknown (invisible) strength3 WATER - Possibility of ownership 4 FIRE - No ownership 5 ATMOSPHERE - Possibility of ownershipAmong the 5 constituents, the quality of the first 3 only
determine the environmental sustainability. So, all of us should be careful against this LAW (= Land, Air & Water) and not to pollute them but protect these natural resources.
Special Features of WATER• Among the five constituents of NRs, the WATER has its special features. • ¾ of land area is made up of water, but only 2.4 % is possible for utilisation. • Without water, nothing will move on this earth.• This resource is available in three forms such as Seawater, freshwater and
groundwater. The source for the latter two forms, is only by rainfall.• In some coastal areas the source for groundwater is Seawater, but it is fully saline. • This resource has no Boarders to hold in the world. As a result, any wrong doing to
this resource (Seawater Pollution) will affect the entire globe. • A very important postulate is: For the basic source of water, the quantum of annual rainfall
occurred on the earth is equal almost in all the years, but its distribution varies considerably. • By having all these special features, WATER serves better to one and all for a
happy living. But, what are we doing in our life to help the WATER RESOURCE?
• The possible answer is CONSERVE WATER & PREVENT POLLUTION IN ANY FORM
Table 1 Trends in Net Area Irrigated by Sources from 1950-51 to 2010-11 (Area in lakh ha)Source 1950-51 to 1959-60 1960-61 to 1969-70 1970-71 to 1979-80 1980-81 to 1989-90 1990-91 to 1999-2000 2000-01 to 2010-11
Percentage to Total 25.4 54.7 21.0 45.3 46.3 100.0 Note: 1 MCM = 0.035314 TMCft or 35.314 MCft. All percentages and TMCft calculations are done by us. Chennai basin potential includes 340 MCM as per Krishna water agreement. Cauvery basin potential includes Cauvery in Tamil Nadu (4655MCM) and from Karnataka as per interim Tribunal order (5805 MCM). All basins surface water potential @ 75 % dependability is 24,159 MCM (Hence the Capacity is 25%). Source: XI FYP 2007-2012 SPC, Chennai, December 2007. Pp. 216 - 217.
Figure 2 Trends in NIA by Sources in Tamil Nadu - 1905-2006
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Year
Are
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a
Canal Tank Well Other Sources
Trends in Sources of Irrigation in Tamil Nadu 1950s to 2000s
1. In TN, canal irrigation declined from 8.0 lakh hec to 7.3 L Hec.
2. Tank irrigation also declined from 7.8 lakh hec to 5.1 L Hec.
3. Well irrigation increased from 5.0 lakh hec to 14.8 L Hec.
4. Overall net irrigated area increased from 21 lakh hec to 27 L Hec. However, NSA increased marginally from 57 to 58 lakh hec.
A TRICKY QUESTION IS: HOW, WELL IRRIGATION HAS BEEN INCREASING?
1. Area under both Canals & Tanks have been declining. These are the main sources for recharging groundwater source.
2. The interesting point is: whether canals / tanks are irrigating or not, it is only secondary, but the primary concern is that once these two surface sources get water supply – either through rains or through dams – the next second onwards continuously these sources seeps, percolates water into the soil to penetrate it into the sub-surface strata to store it as groundwater source.
3. Hence, the groundwater is in one way, the other form of surface source and its judicial use is considered important.
Trends in Sources of Irrigation in Tamil Nadu 1950s to 2000s
1. In TN, canal irrigation declined from 8.0 lakh hec to 7.3 L Hec.
2. Tank irrigation also declined from 7.8 lakh hec to 5.1 L Hec.
3. Well irrigation increased from 5.0 lakh hec to 14.8 L Hec.
4. Overall net irrigated area increased from 21 lakh hec to 27 L Hec. However, NSA increased marginally from 57 to 58 lakh hec.
A TRICKY QUESTION IS: HOW, WELL IRRIGATION HAS BEEN INCREASING?
1. Area under both Canals & Tanks have been declining. These are the main sources for recharging groundwater source.
2. The interesting point is: whether canals / tanks are irrigating or not, it is only secondary, but the primary concern is that once these two surface sources get water supply – either through rains or through dams – the next second onwards continuously these sources seeps, percolates water into the soil to penetrate it into the sub-surface strata to store it as groundwater source.
3. Hence, the groundwater is in one way, the other form of surface source and its judicial use is considered important.
Characteristics of Kaveripakkam, Dusi-Mamandur and Chembarambakkam Tanks --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Technical Details KPT DMT CPT ___________________________________________________________________________________ Number of villages served 14 18 38 Number of sluices 10 4 8 Number of fillings 1 1 1 Number of supply sources 1 3 3 Number of surplus weirs 3 2 2 Depth of tank at FRL (feet) 31 30 24 Original / Present storage capacity at FTL (mcft) 1474 (1100) 1799 3130 (3645) Registered ayacut (acres) 1983 (UDR) 5853 4139 13572 Water Spread area (m.sq.feet) 173 151 275 Free catchment area (sq.miles) 12 12 30 Combined catchment area (sq.miles) 49 116 138 Length of bund (miles) 5 2 6 Length of main channels under all sluices (Kms) 23 36 NA Length of Branch channels under all sluices (Kms) 67 23 NA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: Updated Settlement Registers. FTL = Full Tank Level. Source: PWD Memoirs – KPT, DMT and CPT.
Table 4 District wise net sown, net irrigated and tank irrigated area in Tamil Nadu 2005-06 to 2010-11 (area in hectares)
Sl.No. Districts --> 2005-06 to 2010-11 <-- Col.5/
Col.4*100
Col.5/ Col.3*1
00
No.of Tanks Total Avg.NIA/
tank
Name of river basin
NSA NIA by during 2010-11All Sources Tanks > 40 ha < 40 ha
Source: Descriptive Memoirs of Villages Served by Kaveripakkam Tank, 1913.
<---------- Demographic Pressure ---------->Big Land Lords From To
Multiplicity of tenants (Agre for Survival) Upper LowerTenants became owners
Land to the tiller (Govt's Policy)Devpt of Wells Leads to
Weakening of OrganisationLess cooperation with the Orgn led to
Most non-well farmers got affectedPoor utilisation of available water
Less (yield) Productivity
However, the beneficiaries involvement is totally lacking in the TN-IAMWARM Project now it is nearing completion
Hence a strong organisational set-up is necessary to effectively run the irrigation system
Finally, while attempting on tank modernisation / rehabilitation and any other improvements the Govt / NGO should take into account the socio-economic, demographic and technological transformation that have occurred in the village economies over time. Most importantly the users / beneficiaries should be involved in the Development Process.
CHANGES IN IRRIGATION INSTITUTIONSIncrease in Pop; Land SD; Pattadars
LAND CONTROL CASTE
Landed Community: BR; MR; NR; SC
Difficult to avoid drought; reduce scarcity in surface supply; quality of irrigation
(Assured, adequate & timely supply)
Farmers without depending on tanks are not interested to cooperate
THE IAMWARM PROJECTIrrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water Bodies Restoration and Management
Objective : More Yield per Drop of Water
Budget & Years: 2200 Crore & 7 Years (2007-2013)
Depts. Involved: 1 Agri. 2 Agl Engg. 3 Agl Marketing. 4 Animal Husbandry. 5 Fisheries. 6 Horti. 7 TNAU & 8 WRD.No. of Tanks to be Rehabilitated : About 5000 in 63 SBs.C-A: Irri. System Modernisation @ SB Framework – 55 % Budget
C-C: Institutional Modernization for Irri. Agre - 10 %
C-D: Water Resources Mgt. - 1 %
C-E: Project Management Support - 2 %.
Period: Start – April 1, 2007 and Closing – March 31, 2013.
DEPARTMENT WISE INTERVENTIONS
1 Water resources department (WRD)1 Supply Channel Desiltation 2 Sluices & Surplus Weirs Repair / Reconstruction 3 Strengthening of Tank Bund4 Lining of Field Channels 5 Laying of Boundary Stones 6 All Other Works (model section, steps, measuring
devise, weir shutter and protection wall…)
2 Department of Agriculture (Agri)
1. Introducing modern techniques – SRI, Pulses mission, popularizing oilseeds and so on.
2. Increasing CI, Crop diversification and Productivity.
3. Identification of commodity groups.
4. Capacity building activities.
3 Agricultural Engineering Department (AED)
1. Improving conveyance efficiency of water.
2. Improving Application Efficiency by drip / sprinkler.
3. Improving groundwater recharge through developing farm-ponds.
4. Popularizing agl. Machineries to improve productivity of crops
4 Agricultural Marketing Department (AMD)
1. Ensure market driven profitable crops.
2. Facilitate value addition crops.
3. Improve transport arrangement for marketing of products.
4. Provide cold storage/godowns & ABCs.
5. Identifying & forming commodity groups.
6. Improve market awareness using latest techniques.
5 Animal Husbandry Department (AHD)
1. Upgrading local cattle population.
2. Improving health care of livestock.
3. Nutrient management of animals.
4. Developing entrepreneurship in livestock through training unemployed veterinary graduates.
6 Fisheries Department (DoF)
1. Promoting Pisciculture / Quality fish seed production in Farm Ponds.
2. Promoting sustainable Aquaculture in Irrigation Tanks.
3. Promoting small Ornamental Fish Culture units to increase income.
7 Department of Horticulture (DoH)
1. Crop diversification to HYV & Water Efficient Crops / Techniques.
2. Introducing Hybrid Varieties in Vegetables / Fruits / Spices to increase income
3. Promotion of INM / IPM for sustaining soil health.
4. Promoting Organic Farming
8 Tamil Nadu Agl University (TNAU)1. Promoting large scale adoption of modern / scientific
technologies – SRI, Oilseeds, Pulses to increase PDY.
2. Spreading of Precision Farming / sprinkler / Drip technology to increase yield & save water.
[Tomato in 1 ha yield is 30,000 kg – Normal cultivation.
In Precision farming this yield is 1.5 lakh kg.
In Israel the same is 5 lakh kg. The plant is 16’ high and the crop period is 8-9 months].
3. Popularizing Crop Diversification / Labour saving implements.
4. Promotion of Seed Village Concept (SVC) to produce quality seeds.
Component Wise IAMWARM Project Cost and Expenditure (Figures in Rs. Crores)
Sl. No. Component / DepartmentsProject Cost in Rupees
Expenditure Details
Total Expenditure for the Year 2012-13
(till Dec. 2012)
Cumulative Total for the Project
Component A – Irrigation Systems Modernization
1 Water Resources Department 1,272 255 1,071Component B – Agl Intensification & Diversification
6 Horticulture Department 73 0.90 547 Animal Husbandry Department 39 2.03 288 Fisheries Department 17 0.03 9
Total (Component B) 748 14.87 308Component C (WRD – Institutional Modernization) 237 1.64 38Component D (WRD) – Water Res. Mgt . (SWaRMA) 23 0.68 0.95Component E (MDPU) – Project Mgt. Support 37 3.26 24.39
Total 2,317 311 1,452
Problems and Issues Identified among the WUAs and Depiction made by them During the Training
Name of the WUAs Problems and Issues Identified
1. Koivaneri anicut
WUA
t ha;f ;f hy ; rhp nra;a Nt z ;Lk;. ki l i a J }h;t hw Nt z ;Lk; ki l i a , bj ;J fl ;l Nt z ;Lk; f z ;kha; kz ; t pt rhaj ;J f ;F gad ;gLj ;j Nt z ;Lk;. t uj ;J f ;f hy ;t ha; mi l j ;J K l ;f s ; t s h;e;J s ;s J t uj ;J f ; f hy ;t ha; mf yg;gLj ;j Nt z ;Lk; fi uapy ; kz ;mhpg;G c s ;s J . kPd ;p Vy j ;j hy ; j z ;z Ph; j pwe;J t pLt j py ; rpf ;f y ;.
2. Thailakulam tank
WUA
f z ;kha;f ;F s ; t pt rhak; nra;f pwhh;f s ;. f z ;kha;
j z ;z Pi u gpLq;f p t pLf pwhh;f s ;.
3. Malli Periyakulam Anaithalaiaru & Peyanaru WUA
t uj ;J f ;f hy ;t ha; ePh; t ut py ;i y . gps hl ;
Mf ;f pukpg;i g mf w;wp rhp nra;a Nt z ;Lk;.;
4. Pottakualam anicut & Vasudevanallur tank WUA
F s j ;j py ; c s ;s nrbfi s mf w;Wj y ; 1. ePh;t uj ;J Mw;i w rh;Nt nra;J Mf ;f pukpg;Gfi s
mf w;w Nt z ;Lk; 2. Mw;WePi u Nkhl ;l huhy ; C WQ;Rj y ;.
Name of the WUAs
Problems and Issues Identified
1. Pudukulam
tank WUA
direct
kPd ; F j ;j i fi a ePhpi d gad ;gLj ;J Nt hh; rq;f j ;J f ;Nf muR K O c hpi k t oq;f Nt z ;Lj y ;.
nghJ f ;Fwpg;G Nkw;F nj hl h;;r ;rp ki yg;gF j papy ; c s ;s
%d ;W F s q;f s pd ; c ghp ePh; C hpd ; eLg;gF j papy ; nry ;Y k; f ypq;f yhuhy j w;NghJ rhf ;fi l MW Mf khwp c s ;s J ; mi j Rj ;j k; nra;J me;j ePH; c ghp ePUl d ; f y f ;f hky ; nra;j y ;.
2. Ariyur
Periyakulam
WUA
ehd ;F I e;J Mz ;l hf ki o , y ;yhj f huz j ;j hy ; F s j ;j pd ; c s ;Ns , uz ;L rK j ha f pz W Nj hz ;b gk;G nr l ;L mi kj ;J %d ;W ki l f ;F k; F oha; gj pj ;J f ; nf hLj ;j y ;.
3. Athikulam Senkulam tank Anaithalaiaru and Peyanaru WUA
f hy ;t ha; rPh;j pUj ;j g;gl Nt z ;Lk;. j pUt py ;ypGj ;J }h; ef uhl ;rp f opg;gpl f opTfi s , rhag;gl ;l i w f opTePh;f s t uj ;J f ; f hy ;t hapy ; Nghl ;L %Lf pd ;wd h;.
nrq;F s k; f z ;khapd ; Nkw;F gF j papy ; t PLf s ; fl ;b , l k; Mf ;f pukpg;G nra;f pd ;wd h;.
Name of the WUAs Problems and Issues Identified
1. Indhiraperikulam & Peikulam WUA
f z ;khapy ; mj pf Moj ;j py ; kz ; ms ;s g;-gLf pwJ . ki l f ;F j z ;z Ph; Neuhf t uhi k.
2. Ilanthaikulam Sirukulam WUA
f z ;khapy ; nrq;f y ; R+i s f ;F mD kj p t oq;F j y ;
3. Thirthakkal anicut WUA
f z ;khapy ; c s ;s t pt rha epyq;fi s Mf ;f pukpg;G mf w;Wj y ; mj pf khf c s ;s J .
4. T. Manakaseri tank Anaithalaiaru and Peyanaru WUA
f z ;khapy ; kz ; ms ;S t j w;F mD kj p
murhq;f k; nf hLf ;f t py ;i y
5. Pudukottai tank and Thathaperumalkulam tank WUA
mof hGhp gf ;f K s ;s VIP rpl ;b; c s ;s f z ;kha;f ;F ghj ;j pag;gl ;l f hy ;t hi a Mf ;f pukpg;i g c s ;s J .
f z ;khapy ; j z ;z Phpy ;yh Neuj ;j py ; t pt rhaj ;j pw;F rK j ha f pdW mi kf ;f Nt z ;Lk;
6. Sankanaperi Anicut Direct Ayacut WUA &
Vw;f d Nt 8000 A+dpl ; kz y ; Mw;wpy ; vLj ;j j hy ; epy j ;j b ePh; F i we;J t pt rhak; ghj pf ;f g;gl ;L c s ;s J .
7. Sengulam anicut WUA
ePh;gpbg;G gF j pf s py ; C uhl ;rp F g;i gf i s nj hl ;b t Uf pwhh;f s ;. , j dhy ; ePh;gpbg;G F i we;J t Uf pwJ
Name of the WUAs Problems and Issues Identified 1. Padharankulam &
Chittaru WUA nrq;f y ; R+i s f s ; c gNahf j ;j pw;F kz ;
vLf ;f mD kj p ms pf ;ff ; $ l hJ . 2. Keelachinthamani
Tank WUA rpWki l gOJ nra;J 6 khj k; $ l
Mf t py ;i y . mJ K Oi kAk; rhpe;J t pOe;J t pl ;l J . j z ;z PNu t ut py ;i y .
3. Valaikulam tank, Peyanaru WUA
f ypq;f ypy ; fl e;j IAMWARM Nt i y f s py ; Gj pa , Uk;G mi l g;ghd nra;j hh;f s ;. mJ K w;wpY k; Nr j ki l e;J gi oa kur l ;l h;fi s khl ;b c gNahf pj ;J t Uf pNwhk;. mj py ; epi wa ePh; nt s pNaWf pwJ . kz y ;t hhpapY k; ePh; nt s pNaWf pwJ .
4. Vagaikulam WUA t hi ff ;F s k; f z ;khapy ; c s ;s ePh;gpbg;G gF j papy ; c s ;s j d pahh; Mf ;f pukpg;G kw;Wk; murhq;ff ; fl ;bl k; (mq;f d ;t hb i kak;) mf w;wg;gl Nt z ;Lk;.
1984Mk; t Ul k; UDRapy ; rh;Nt nra;ag;gl ;l j py ; gy ;Nt W F s Wgbf s ; c s ;s J . mi j kWgbAk; hPrh;Nt nra;J c z ;i kahd gl ;l hj huh;f S f ;F ngah; khw;wk; nra;J nf hLf ;f Nt z ;Lf pNwhk;.
5. Manalur Periyakulam and Perunkottur WUA
ePH; gha;r ;Rt j w;F Ms ; Nj i t . ePh;gpbg;G gF j papy ; Mf ;f pukpg;G rq;f j ;j pw;F rpwpa mY t y f k; Nj i t .
Major Problems in Tank Irrigation Reporting Data 1. Most of the available official statistics of tanks are inadequate, inconsistent and incomplete. 2. No clear data on no. of tanks & the area irrigated by them. 3. Regional studies indicate that not much reduction in the ayacut area under tanks; but at macro level – state / national – it is difficult to see the full extent of area irrigated under tanks even in good rainfall years. 4. This raises doubts about the data recording system. 5. No data are available for the quantum of supply available to each tank and the quantum of water utilised from each tank. All available data are merely approximations. 6. Development of well irrigation affects the growth, mainly due to poor functioning of IIs / stability of tank irrigation. So, regulation required. 7. But the tricky point is: all the wells get their supply either from rainfall or from surface water sources, if so, why farmers do not realise this fact and act upon cooperatively to maintain the tanks?
Critical Factors Affecting Tank Irrigation
1. Three important sets of factors: a) PHYSICAL – Location, sources of supply, siltation and weeds in the tank & supply
channels, encroachments in supply channels, foreshore area, tank beds and the catchment area.
b) INSTITUTIONAL – This problem is more severe in recent decades: Social (caste
and class structure); economic (land holding pattern), demographic (population pressure on land); and Political (poor attention, no policy change, lethargic attitude of politicians in many tank related aspects).
c) TECHNICAL – Conditions of water supply; drainage conditions; soil quality, the
spread of well irrigation and so on. 2. Most importantly all these factors do not act in isolation and there is strong inter-connection among them, which complicate the smooth functioning of institutions.
Suggestions for Improvement and Restoration
1. Converting local ponds into full-fledged tanks and non-system tanks into system tanks. 2. A thorough survey of existence of tanks and their present position in the state.
3. Studying the effectiveness of tanks in terms of groundwater banking. That is, the quantum withdrawal
and quantum recharged in each year.
4. To restore the original storage capacity of tanks in the 14 ITI districts, for which suitable no. of bulldozers to be provided by the government to maintain the tanks fully.
5. The GIS to be utilised for tank improvement purpose.
6. The LAWS should be tightened to evict encroachers from all water bodies instantly.
7. To educate the farmers on the importance of tank maintenance, the govt. agencies such as PWD,
Revenue, Forestry, Mining as well as the NGOs should be involved. At present these departments itself are not properly functioning for tank improvement purposes.
8. The government’s effort should be to link the southern peninsular rivers first and then these should be
interconnected to bigger tanks, which must be given priority in the planning process.
Conclusion: The tank improvement programmes undertaken in recent decades have been inadequate in scale, misconceived in design, poor in implementation and dubious in their impact - A. Vaidyanathan – Former Central PC Member. The apt eg for this point still is the currently moving IAMWARM Project in TN. Hence, due importance should be given in the Plan investments for betterment of tank irrigation.