Participatory City

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

@fredgarnett #cmircity Bristol 18th Dec 2015

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

City HistoriesWeb 2.0Ambient Learning CityContextParticipatory City FuturesDiscussion;CityZens in Network Society

City Histories

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

City Histories

The City in History – Lewis Mumford

fromAlleys(medieval)

toSquares

(modern)

toAnarchists

(self-organised)

In 1666 the Great Fire of London

Burnt through alleys; requiring a new city

Fortunately Covent Garden was waiting

In 1649 Duke of Bedford had proposed Squares

Grids were rejected (Philadelphia)

Garden Squares accepted

In 1971 property development was planned

But residents objected, occupied, changed

Leaving the Covent Garden of today

Tourist Attraction, heart of the West End

In 1992 Deptford Creek faced Regeneration

But residents objected, occupied, changed

Instead of a high-end Marina

We kept the Creek tidal & an open public space

Creekside Centre Sustainable build…

Used in Olympics 2012 build (IOC standard)

Urban Ecology rools OK!

Crofton Fields (Riverways project)

Recently celebrated on BBC TV Culture Show

For Art Walks (SLAW) & cultural regeneration

Social action

Cultural regeneration

Property speculation

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

Anarchism and the City tomorrow Kropotkin Ealham

Garden Cities

Barcelona

Conclusion; interesting cityscapes come -

from sustained collaborative citizen action

Web 2.0

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

Web 2.0from

Access(internet)

toContent

(WorldWideWeb)

toContext

(Web2.0)

Web 2.0

I’m interested in social change through technology use;Technological Innovation Process TIP1771-2021 (in 50yr cycles)Kondratieff long-wave cycles of meta-technologies; microprocessorNetworks, Services, Users model

Web 2.0

TIP Effects of technology use;1st Order effects – planned use-ve 1st Order Effects – side-effects2nd Order Effects – unanticipated -ve 2nd Order effects – crises…Social change comes through 2nd Order Effects; Trains > Metroland

Web 2.0

Arguably in tech-enabled change; Change is socially dialogical

rather than intellectually dialectical

It comes from users modifying designers’ original intentions

So web 2.0 allows users to shape tech-use

Permanent beta, architectures of participation

So how can Web 2.0 help designers?

John Cook & I designed a social network before social networksFormed lastfridaymob; argued Public technology must be;

Creative, interactive, participative…

Web 2.0 & Learning

We formed Learner-Generated Contexts group (2006)“A coincidence of motivations leading to agile configurations”Open Context Model of LearningUsing a “development framework” the PAH Continuum

P A HTeacher

School

Teacher/Learner

Learner

Research

Cognition Epistemic

Cognition

Meta-Cognitio

n

Adult

Pedagogy Andragogy Heutagogy

From Andragogy to Heutagogy Pedagogy Andragogy Heutagogy Continuum

Pedagogy the institutionalisation of learning around facts, resource scarcity, subject disciplines; education as a delivery system (cognition)

Andragogy negotiated, collaborative, interest-driven learning brokered into ‘open’ spaces – at best the community is the curriculum (meta-cognition)

Heutagogy self-determined learning where learner creativity enables innovation (epistemic cognition)

Web 2.0 & Context shaping

If web 2.0 with user-generated content & participative qualities Allows for “context-shaping” Can we design a development framework That allows us to shape learning contexts?

Ambient Learning City

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

Ambient Learning City

fromAmbient(environmental)

toSmart

(wired)

toSocial (collaborative)

Ambient Learning City

Being “insanely ambitious”We decided to investigate howA multiple-context Ambient Learning City might workWe had Emergent Learning Model…Well! How did I get here?

Emergent Learning Model

Ambient Learning City

In 2000 Proboscis created; “Urban Tapestries” in BrightonEnabling participative use of mobile phones in urban contexts In 2005 Mudlarking in Deptford 2006 Ealing Northala Ambient Learning Park then Kew Gardens

Ambient Learning City

2007 EU-IST 7 Future of LearningFor the “classroom of the future” but learning context-responsive2010 Ambient Learning City>>2011 MOSI-ALONG Ambient Learning Open Network Group

Ambient Learning City

Ambient Learning City

1998 Lewisham Citizens ConnectCan the Internet be used to stimulate “Active Citizenship”?TaLENT Community Grid for Learning (CGfL) (CoP model)but Best CGfL in Manchester… learners.org

Ambient Learning City

Question; can we use our development framework toDesign interactive learning - In multiple contexts in Manchester1 Participative curatorial strategies2 Object-centred socialityHistory of Manchester in 100 objects

Ambient Learning City; New Metaphors

Digital / Cabinets of Curiosities

Ambient Learning City; New Models

Aggregate then Curate; Social Media Participation Model

Social Cities of Tomorrow

Some AnswersNew metaphors

New relationshipsObject-centred sociality

Participative curatorial strategiesAggregate then Curate

Post-institutional thinkingParticipatory Cities

Social cities not smart cities

Ambient Learning City

Answer; 1. New reframing metaphorsDigital Cabinets of Curiosity2. New user-inclusive processesAggregate then CurateNo Taxonomies – interest-driven

Ambient Learning City

Effectively we were getting our hands dirty on 2nd order effects; The problem was we were in an industrial city with 150 years experience of doing that…We were learning about contexts but we weren’t context-shaping…

Ambient Learning City

Question; how do we move from context-responsive processes to Context-shaping capabilities?What new problems do we need to solve… So that we can create a dialogical development process?

Context

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

Context-shaping

fromRepresentative

(19th century taxonomies)

toOpen

(access to hierarchy)

toParticipatory

(folksonomies)

Context

In 2010 Proboscis asked me to critically review their workI wrote “enabling consequences” about shaping second-order effectsAs generative innovations / platforms Giles Lane, as an artist & cultural broker, argued that they were…

Enabling Consequences

Context

“Moving Criteria across contexts”

Or what Steven Johnson callsexaptation

Or what we call#heutagogy or…

Context

Creativity! Playing with formCreating platforms for changeBUT!!!Are we using new technologies;To e-enable existing processesOr to Transform them?

Context

Manchester Historic knowledge context1845 Museums Act1850 Public Libraries Act1871 Education ActThe 19th century created a context where taxonomic hierarchies wereThe basis of institutional organisationStill in that form in the 21st century

Context

In an Internet of People @BenHammersley said that “network society cannot be born”Because people who grew up in hierarchies are still in POWERHow do we move from hierarchies to a participatory network society?

An Internet of People British Council Lecture 2011

Context

The Industrial Revolution threw a bomb into communitySeparating Home Work Leisure & Markets from each otherYet the digital revolution has the potential to…Re-integrate all our daily lives(If you want it)…

Context (18th century)

Piece Hall, Halifax, Yorkshire; a user-owned “factory”

Participatory City Futures

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

Participatory City Futures

fromSubject

(monarchy)

toCitizens

(constitutional monarchy)

toCityZens

(who knows?)

Participatory City Futures

Post-war and post-modern urban plan solutions

Participatory City Futures

Why are we talking about Smart Cities?…Social Cities, Hybrid Cities, Port Cities,City 2.0, Green Cities, Happy Cities, Future Cities, Messy Cities, Invisible CitiesTransition Towns, Planet of Slums?We are facing a “paradigm shift” in our thinking about cities…

Against the Smart City Adam Greenfield

Participatory City Futures

20 years ago I started teaching aboutInformation Systems in SocietyAs digital technology use developed beyond business organisations then…Their impact would be felt in our social livesThis would create a Kondratieff long-wave change process in our society (1971-2021)And we have a choice in what that means because we are the USERS of new tech

Participatory City Futures

Paradigm Shift (from Kuhn) features A transformation process not an elaboration of the existing (19th century) paradigmWith “debates about fundamentals” (or types of cities – as in this presentation)No need for “consensus-forming” around existing City Hall paradigm…“Smart Cities” approach by Intel Cisco IBM Siemens is exactly this “consensus-forming”

Participatory City Futures

BUT!As Hazel Henderson said

Technology is the essence of politics

Our technology choices createThe kind of society we live in

Participatory City Futures

Cities are where the eternal human conflictBetween settlers and nomads is resolvedSettlement requires ownershipNomads need to shareBut ownership & mobility are challenged by collaborative economy & smart phonesTetrad (Digital McLuhan) shows new tech; enhances^, >retrieves, <reverses, removes∨AND we have a choice IF we are informed

“Technology is the essence of politics”

But are we e-enabling or transforming?

Participatory City Futures

So, how do we engage with this social change process as it affects us day-by-day?How do we frame our thoughts on the kind of cities we want to live in?Web 2.0 holds potential for participation But existing organisations want more of the same (same as <the past only more intense)Transition Cities or privatised Municipalities?

Participatory City Futures

Some ideas from Origin of Spaces (EU)ZAWP – BilbaoRolling process of hyper-local partnerships, permanently debating w/the council “from action to process”LX Factory – LisboaHyper-cool Coworking hub, designing in a social mix. “Hoxton in a factory” a “post-welfare state” solutionROJC – Pula Rebuilding Civil Society (post Civil-War) through NGOsDarwin – Bordeaux Ecological transitions to a sustainable economy

Co-creating Coworking Spaces

“from action to process”

Lxfactory Lisboa

Participatory City Futures

On the design side we need…Development Frameworks to help the dialogical design of The city we choose to live in! Both for

Network Society & City 2.0 or…

CityZens Context EngineeringDevelopment Framework for Network Society

Context Engineering the Participatory CityMunicipality Smart City

Participatory City 2.0

City City Hall Real-time City Hall

Distributed City Hall

Institution Bricks & Mortar

Clicks & Mortar

Arch of Participation

Street Tarmac Wifi/Digital Context Engineering

Strategy Urban Plan Urban Vision

Collaborative Vision

Conclusions

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

1. CityZen action creates diverse city spaces 2. Web 2.0 allows dialogical user choices3. Social change needs new framing devices4. We can shape the contexts we live in5. Mashups maketh new – we need dialogical development frameworks that are CityZens-centric 6. CollaborativeVisioning…

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

ThankYou More information on this will be found in;Digital Futures and the City of Today (forthcoming 2016)Chapter with Context Engineer Dr. Carl Smith entitled…Context Shaping City 2.0; how to use Hybrid Technologies and Techniques to make the Smart City 2.0 participatory & Cityzen-centric

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

Some Resources&LinksUnsmart Cities blogThe City in History – Lewis MumfordDeptford Creekside CentreWhat is Web 2.0?Open Context Model of LearningEmergent Learning ModelAmbient Learning CityAggregate then CurateEverything is a MetaphorSocial Cities of TomorrowWhere Good Ideas come fromEnabling ConsequencesAgainst the Smart City

Designing Participatory Smart Cities

@fredgarnett http://bit.ly/CityPeeps

WikiQuals “Yes You Can!”Learning not Education

Liminal not Institutionalised Bio-diversity not Monoculture

Learner-centric not Student-centredLearner-generated not Course-defined

Community as Curriculum not Syllabus definedCommunity of Sqolars not Community of PracticePersonal Learning Networks not Content-delivery

Quality Assured not Quality ControlledDynamic Quality not Static Quaity

Affinity not SupervisionEmergent not Linear

Trust the learner to be themselves; Identity…