Participation of Myanmar Females in Science and Arts : Gender Impact of Science and Arts at University of Yangon Dr Mya Kay Thi Aung Lecturer Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar (27-8-2015)
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Participation of Myanmar
Females in Science and Arts : Gender
Impact of Science and Arts at University
of Yangon
Dr Mya Kay Thi Aung
Lecturer Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon,
Yangon, Myanmar
(27-8-2015)
Participation of Myanmar Females
in Science and Arts : Gender Impact of Science and
Arts at University of Yangon
ABSTRACT
Once ago, especially in education, Myanmar females have been kept at home for
looking after younger siblings and older people so most of Myanmar females in the
previous time were illiterate. However, at present, they have better opportunities of
enrollment in education. In this present study of education in Myanmar, compared
to the ratio of Myanmar population, more women than men, are found in most of
the educational sectors as not only the learners of higher education, but also as the
outstanding scientists as well as professionals. The main targeted groups of concern
in gender analysis are both science and arts of teaching staff as well as researchers
and outstanding undergraduate students in University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
between 2013 and 2015. Resembling the dominance of women in our country’s
population, the female educators in our university also outweigh these of males in
almost all of the sectors even though most of the top administrators are men. All in
all, most of the males in the majority of the professional institutes have much better
opportunities in enrolling these institutes or universities. Thus, males have better
opportunities regarding with their matriculation marks for university entrees in
almost all fields of studies in any institutes.
Keywords: Myanmar, females, illiterate, education, researchers
2
OUTLINE
BACKGROUND OF MYANMAR
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN MYANMAR
TEACHING STAFF AND STUDENTS AT
UNIVERSITY OF YANGON
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3
MYANMAR
LOCATION
latitudes 09°32’ and 28°31’ N
longitudes 92°10’ and 101°11’ E
AREA
261228 square miles
(676,578 square kilometres)
LAND AREA
The largest country in Southeast Asia
POPULATION
The fifth largest country
STANDARD TIME
six hours and thirty minutes ahead of GMT 4
People’s
Republic of
China
Lao
Peoples’
Republic
Thailand
Republic of
India
People’s
Republic
of
Bangladesh
The Bay of
Bengal
Andaman Sea
Male Population
48.2%
Female Population
51.8%
2014 CENSUS
Females - 26,598,244
Males - 24,821,176
6
Summary Statistics
Region South-Eastern Asia
Currency Kyat (MMK)
Surface area (square kilometres) 676578
Population in 2012 (estimated, 000) 52797
Population density in 2012 (per square
kilometre) 78.0
Capital city and population in 2011 (000) Nay Pyi Taw (1060)
United Nations membership date 19 April 1948
MYANMAR
Myanmar Population 2015
Burma, or the Republic of the Union of Myanmar shortened to
Myanmar, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia.
Myanmar is the 24th most populous country in the world, and
the 40th largest country by area, with an estimated population
of 53.7 million.
7
GENERAL SITUATION OF
WOMEN IN MYANMAR
The Status of Women in Myanmar
has always been high since the days of Pyu Kingdom
(from 5th to 9th Century A D)
no social inequalities can be discerned between men and
women
no discrimination based on culture, class or colour
although there are regional differences based on
local customs
From childhood, young Myanmar girls are trained to
undertake work in and around the house 8
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
Myanmar: Structure of the Education (2015)
Education Structure BASIC EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION
Age 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+ 11+ 12+ 13+ 14+ 15+ Computer Science
Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Economics
Primary Middle High Education
Nursing
Paramedical
Pharmaceutical
Community Health
Veterinay Science
Agriculture
Forestry
Dental
Engineering
Medicine
UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES Arts and Science Universities
Degree Colleges
University of Distance Education
University (Law)
1st Degree / (Honours)
Post Graduate Degrees Master /M. Res
Doctorate Degrees 9
EDUCATION Years of schooling
Primary - 5 secondary (lower) - 4 secondary ( Higher ) - 2
Basic Education High School Examination
Total Number of Students Completing Secondary School (46.8% Are Females)
Institutes of Higher Education
10
eleven years
EDUCATION OF
MYANMAR WOMEN
PREVIOUS
Girls were kept at home to do the housework and to look after younger siblings
the ability to read and write was considered “ornamental” and most of Myanmar women were illiterate
"Education for All" by the Year 2000
AT PRESENT
no gender gap at any level in the developing regions 11
Education
The schools in Myanmar are basically "FEMININE SETTINGS " Most teachers are women
According to the statistics from DBE
% OF WOMEN TEACHERS
Primary - 72.9% Secondary (Lower) - 72.9% Secondary ( Higher ) - 70.5% DBE = Department of Basic Education 12
Myanmar Female Participations in Science
13
participation of Myanmar females have been
increasing in education
14
VISION AND MISSION
'To create an education system that will generate
a learning society capable of facing the
challenges of the Knowledge Age‘
MOTTO
'To Build a Modern Developed Country Through
Education‘
RATE OF FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENCE (31-12-2013)
UNIVERSITY OF YAGON(SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE) (31-12-2013)
No DEPARTMENT
PROFESS
ORS
ASSOCIATE
PROFESSORS LECTURERS
ASSISTANT
LECTURERS
DEMONSTRATORS/TU
TORS TOTAL
MA
LES
FEMAL
ES MALES FEMALES
MAL
ES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES
1 CHEMISTRY 0 5 0 4 4 44 2 20 1 1 7 74
2 PHYSICS 0 2 4 2 4 33 4 34 4 3 16 74
3 MATHEMATICS 1 1 3 3 3 22 1 6 0 0 8 32
4 ZOOLOGY 0 2 0 3 0 29 2 31 2 13 4 78
5 BOTANY 1 2 2 4 3 22 1 35 0 6 7 69
6 GEOLOGY 3 0 0 0 1 2 4 4 0 0 8 6
7 INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 3 0 12
8 COMPUTER
SCIENCE 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 6 0 0 1 8
9 METERIOLOGY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 BOIOTECH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 ECONOMICS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 ENVIRONMENTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 5 14 9 17 16 320 14 139 7 26 51 353
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
PROFESSORS MALES PROFESSORS FEMALES
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS MALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES
LECTURERS MALES LECTURERS FEMALES
ASSISTANT LECTURERS MALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES
Figure:1 Rate of Female Participation in Science (31-12-2013)
44
33 34 35
UNIVERSITY OF YAGON(SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN ARTS) (30-6-2013)
No DEPARTMENT
PROFESS
ORS
ASSOCIATE
PROFESSOR LECTURER
ASSISTANT
LECTURER
DEMONSTRAT
ORS/TUTORS TOTAL
MALE
S FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES
1 MYANMAR 1 0 1 3 4 18 2 12 0 3 8 36
2 ENGLISH 0 3 0 1 3 11 0 15 0 1 3 31
3 GEOGRAPHY 2 0 0 2 2 22 0 6 0 1 4 31
4 HISTORY 0 3 0 4 3 27 2 13 0 2 5 49
5 PHILOSOPHY 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 1 2 8
6 PSYCHOLOGY 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 3 3
7 LAW 0 3 0 0 1 6 0 2 0 4 1 15
8 ORIENTAL
SCIENCE 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 7
9 INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONSHIP 0 3 0 1 0 9 3 6 0 6 3 25
10 ANTHROPOLOGY 0 1 0 2 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 11
11 ARCHAEOLOGY 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 1 1 7 3
12 LIBRARY
AND LITERATURE
0 0 0 0 1 7 1 4 0 0 2 11
TOTAL 4 17 1 13 17 115 15 65 1 20 38 230
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PROFESSORS MALES PROFESSORS FEMALESASSOCIATE PROFESSORS MALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALESLECTURERS MALES LECTURERS FEMALESASSISTANT LECTURERS MALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALESDEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS MALES DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS FEMALES
RATE OF FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN ARTS (31-12-2013)
Figure:2 Rate of Female Participation in Arts (31-12-2013)
27
22
18
15
PROFESSORS
MALES FEMALES
MYANMAR 1 1
ENGLISH 0 3
GEOGRAPHY 1 1
HISTORY 0 3
PHILOSOPHY 0 2
PSYCHOLOGY 0 2
LAW 0 3
ORIENTAL
SCIENCE 0 2
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONSHIP 0 3
ANTHROPOLOGY 0 2
ARCHAEOLOGY 1 9
LIBRARY AND
LITERATURE 0 9
CHEMISTRY 0 5
PHYSICS 0 2
MATHEMATICS 0 2
ZOOLOGY 0 2
BOTANY 1 2
GEOLOGY 2 0
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY 0 2
COMPUTER
SCIENCE 0 0
METERIOLOGY 0 0
BOIOTECH 0 0
ECONOMICS 0 0
ENVIRONMENTAL 0 0
Professor Numbers of Each Department of Science and Arts in University of Yangon (31-12-2013)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
MYA
NM
AR
ENG
LISH
GEO
GR
AP
HY
HIS
TOR
Y
PH
ILO
SOP
HY
PSY
CH
OLO
GY
LAW
OR
IEN
TAL
SCIE
NC
E
INTE
RN
ATI
ON
AL
REL
ATI
ON
SHIP
AN
THR
OP
OLO
GY
AR
CH
AEO
LOG
Y
LIB
RA
RY
AN
D L
ITER
ATU
RE
CH
EMIS
TRY
PH
YSIC
S
MA
THEM
ATI
CS
ZOO
LOG
Y
BO
TAN
Y
GEO
LOG
Y
IND
UST
RIA
L C
HEM
ISTR
Y
CO
MP
UTE
R S
CIE
NC
E
MET
ERIO
LOG
Y
BO
IOTE
CH
ECO
NO
MIC
S
ENV
IRO
NM
ENTA
L
FEMALES
MALES
PROFESSORS(31-12-2013)
Figure:3 Number of Professors in each department of Science and Arts at University of Yangon (31-12-2013)
9
9
5
18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
PROFESSORS MALES PROFESSORS FEMALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS MALES
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES LECTURERS MALES LECTURERS FEMALES
ASSISTANT LECTURERS MALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS MALES
DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS FEMALES
UNIVERSITY OF YAGON
(SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE AND ARTS) (31-12-2013)
Figure:4 Summary of Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon (31-12-2013)
44
33 34 35
27
22
18 15
19
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
PROFESSORS MALES PROFESSORS FEMALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS MALESASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES LECTURERS MALES LECTURERS FEMALESASSISTANT LECTURERS MALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS MALESDEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS FEMALES
UNIVERSITY OF YAGON
(SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE AND ARTS) (31-12-2014)
Figure:5 Summary of Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon (31-12-2014)
41
37 36
37
26
38
23 22
19
15 17
UNIVERSITY OF YAGON(SUMMARY OF FEMALE TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE AND ARTS)(31-12-2014)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
PROFESSORS FEMALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES
LECTURERS FEMALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES
DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS FEMALES
Figure:6 Summary of Female Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon (31-12-2014)
41
37 36
37
26
38
23 22
19
15 17
UNIVERSITY OF YAGON (SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE AND ARTS) (30-6-2015)
Figure:7 Summary of Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon (30-6-2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PROFESSORS MALES PROFESSORS FEMALES
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS MALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES
LECTURERS MALES LECTURERS FEMALES
ASSISTANT LECTURERS MALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES
DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS MALES DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS FEMALES
35 36
46 45
52 50
43
49
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
MY
AN
MA
R
ENG
LISH
GEO
GR
AP
HY
HIS
TOR
Y
PH
ILO
SOP
HY
PSY
CH
OLO
GY
LAW
OR
IEN
TAL
SCIE
NC
E
INTE
RN
AT
ION
AL
REL
ATI
ON
SHIP
AN
TH
RO
PO
LOG
Y
AR
CH
AEO
LOG
Y
LIB
RA
RY
AN
D L
ITER
ATU
RE
CH
EMIS
TRY
PH
YSI
CS
MA
TH
EMA
TIC
S
ZOO
LOG
Y
BO
TAN
Y
GEO
LOG
Y
IND
UST
RIA
L C
HEM
ISTR
Y
CO
MP
UTE
R S
CIE
NC
E
MET
ERIO
LOG
Y
BO
IOTE
CH
ENV
IRO
NM
ENTA
L
201320142015
2013 FEMALES MYANMAR
ENGLISH
GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
PHILOSOPHY
PSYCHOLOGY
LAW
ORIENTAL SCIENCE
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP
ANTHROPOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGY
LIBRARY AND LITERATURE
CHEMISTRY
PHYSICS
MATHEMATICS
ZOOLOGY
BOTANY
GEOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
COMPUTER SCIENCE
METERIOLOGY
BOIOTECH
ENVIRONMENTAL
2014 FEMALES
MYANMAR
ENGLISH
GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
PHILOSOPHY
PSYCHOLOGY
LAW
ORIENTAL SCIENCE
INTERNATIONALRELATIONSHIPANTHROPOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGY
LIBRARY ANDLITERATURECHEMISTRY
PHYSICS
MATHEMATICS
ZOOLOGY
2015 FEMALES MYANMAR
ENGLISH
GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
PHILOSOPHY
PSYCHOLOGY
LAW
ORIENTAL SCIENCE
INTERNATIONALRELATIONSHIPANTHROPOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGY
LIBRARY AND LITERATURE
CHEMISTRY
PHYSICS
MATHEMATICS
FEMALE PARTICIPATION
AS TEACHING STAFF AT YANGON UNIVERSITY
Figure:8 Summary of Female Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon Between 2013 and 2015
The Educational Pathway for Teaching Staff at University of Yangon(2015)
Professors
17.89%
Males
(34)
82.11% of Females (156)
15.91%
Males
(14)
84.09% Females (74)
22.22%
Males
(8)
88.87% Females (431)
13.95%
Males (6) 86.05% Females
(37)
23
Associate Professors
Lecturers
Assistant Lecturers
Demonstrators/Tutors
11.13%
Males
(54)
77.78%
Females
(28) Professor Associate Professor
Lecturer Assistant Lecturer
Demonstrator/Tutor
24
25
Figure:9 Summary of Undergraduate Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015
020406080
100120
2015 BSc/BA MALES 2015 BSc/BA FEMALES
01020304050
2013 BSc/BA MALES 2013 BSc/BA FEMALES
020406080
100120
2014 BSc/BA 2014 BSc/BA
26
PhD Students at University of Yangon (2013, 2014, 2015)
Figure:10 Summary of PhD Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2013 MALES
2013 FEMALES
2014 MALES
2014 FEMALES
2015 MALES
2015 FEMALES
108
103 95
72 78
87
80
46
57 52
56
96
80
46
59
27
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MA
JOR
S
MY
AN
MA
R
ENG
LISH
GEO
GR
AP
HY
HIS
TOR
Y
PH
ILO
SOP
HY
PSY
CH
OLO
GY
LAW
OR
IEN
TA
L SC
IEN
CE
INTE
RN
ATI
ON
AL
REL
ATI
ON
SHIP
AN
THR
OP
OLO
GY
AR
CH
AEO
LOG
Y
CH
EMIS
TR
Y
PH
YSI
CS
MA
THEM
ATI
CS
ZOO
LOG
Y
BO
TAN
Y
GEO
LOG
Y
IND
UST
RIA
L C
HEM
IST
RY
LIB
RA
RY
AN
D L
ITER
ATU
RE
NU
CLE
AR
PH
YSI
CS
ENG
INEE
RIN
G P
HY
SIC
S
ENG
INEE
RIN
G M
ATH
EMA
TIC
S
BIO
CH
EMIS
TRY
MIC
RO
BIO
LOG
Y
BIO
TEC
HN
OLO
GY
PO
LITI
CA
L SC
IEN
CE
STA
TIST
ICA
L A
CC
OU
NTI
NG
CO
MP
UTE
R
SOC
IOLO
GY
MY
AN
MA
R L
ITER
ATU
RE
2013
2014
2015
Female PhD Students at University of Yangon (2013, 2014, 2015)
Figure:11 Summary of Female PhD Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015
108
103 95
28
2013 2014 2015
MALES MALES MALES
MYANMAR 6 6 7
ENGLISH 0 0 0
GEOGRAPHY 6 5 7
HISTORY 24 22 17
PHILOSOPHY 7 4 2
PSYCHOLOGY 2 3 3
LAW 18 12 20
ORIENTAL SCIENCE
1 0 0
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP
3 4 3
ANTHROPOLOGY 0 3 0
ARCHAEOLOGY 6 28 3
CHEMISTRY 25 54 26
PHYSICS 54 11 43
MATHEMATICS 9 7 6
ZOOLOGY 9 4 8
BOTANY 7 13 3
GEOLOGY 16 0 17
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
3 2 1
LIBRARY AND LITERATURE
2 4
COMPUTER 7 7 7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2013 MALES 2014 MALES 2015 MALES
54
26 25
54
43
Figure:11 Total Male Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015
TOTAL MALE STUDENTS IN ALL SUBJECTS
29
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2013 FEMALES 2014 FEMALES 2015 FEMALES
TOTAL FEMALE STUDENTS IN ALL SUBJTECTS OF UNIVERSITY OF YANGON
Figure:12 Total Female Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015
The Educational Pathway for Students at University of Yangon (2015)
BSc/BA
MSc/MA
MRes
PhD
21.46% of
Males
(261)
78.54% of Females (955)
33.08%
Males
(172)
66.92%
Females (348)
22.86%
Males
(24)
77.14%
Females
(81)
20.02%
Males
(177)
79.98% Females
(707)
BSc / BA MSc/MA
M Res PhD
31
2015 INTAKE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’
ENROLMENT MARKS
FOR DIFFERENT INSTITUTES AND UNIVERSITIES
IN MYANMAR LOWEST MARKS
MALES FEMALES
Institute of Medicine 486 505
Dental Institute 456 495
Pharmaceutical University 440 440
Paramedical University 434 434
Nursing University 437 437
Yangon Technological University 509 498
Mandalay Technological University 485 480
Government Technological Colleges 412 418
Myanmar Marine Institutes 473 483
Yangon Institute of Education (Science) 448 474
Yangon Institute of Education (Arts) 420 440
Nowadays, participation of Myanmar females have been increasing in
all sectors including education and respected employment. In this
paper, the main focus of females are not only from the science but also
from the arts of University of Yangon, to survey their participation rate
and it can be noted that among the majority of people, female
participation has been rising in not only the job sectors as educators,
but also higher number of the students at the universities are also
females even though there are still some discrimination between the
regarded entrance marks for some institutes and universities.
32
CONCLUSION
33
REFERENCES
Education in Burma (2015) –Wikipedia , the Free Encyclopedia.htm
Living Document (2013-2015): UNESCO Country Programming Document for Myanmar
BGK/UCPD p-6, 7, 12-15
Martin, R. (2013), Recovery of the Education System in Myanmar, 48-50
Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and
Gender in Myanmar, (July, 2010), p-77-78, 159
The Union Report(2015): The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, Nay Pyi Taw:
Ministry of Immigration and Population, Census Report Volume 2. , p-12
The ECs-Burma/Myanmar Strategy Paper (2007-2013) p-43, 44
http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/10000-military-spending-still-dwarfs-
education-and-health.html. Retrieved 2014-11-18
34
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